BEYOND PATRIOTIC PHOBIAS: CONNECTIONS, CLASS, AND STATE FORMATION IN THE PERUVIAN-CHILEAN PACIFIC WORLD A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Joshua Savala May 2019 © 2019 Joshua Savala BEYOND PATRIOTIC PHOBIAS: CONNECTIONS, CLASS, AND STATE FORMATION IN THE PERUVIAN-CHILEAN PACIFCI WORLD Joshua Savala, Ph.D. Cornell University 2019 Abstract: My dissertation is a social history of the Peruvian-Chilean maritime world in the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. The primary questions are: what forms of cooperation or solidarity existed between Peruvians and Chileans? And how does an oceanic perspective change terra-centric approaches? These questions challenge a literature based on endless conflict between the two states. I approach these questions through three perspectives: medical communities; maritime and port workers; and policing. I show how cholera’s spread into Chile in late-1886, only three years after the end of the divisive War of the Pacific (1879-1883), led doctors in both countries to work together to confront the epidemic, developing a “science without a nation.” Maritime and port workers in Peru and Chile built transnational bonds of solidarity across the South American littoral and into the Pacific. Laboring alongside people from around the world, and engaging with anarchist politics, they produced and circulated anti-nationalist narratives that competed with nationalist sentiments. Cognizant of the oceanic organizing, each state created new police forces and criminological techniques to surveil these networks. By pulling these threads together, I show how professionals, proletarians, and the police actively forged, on a quotidian level, relations of mutual support through the Pacific World. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Born and raised in San Bernardino, California, Joshua Savala graduated with a BA in History and Sociology from the University of California, Davis in 2007. Afterward Savala worked as a union organizer with AFSCME Local 3299 in San Diego, California for two years. In 2012 Savala finished an MA in History at Tufts University, where he wrote a thesis on the 1906 Valparaíso earthquake, a revised version of which appeared in the Journal of Social History as “‘Let Us Bring it with Love’: Violence, Solidarity, and the Making of a Social Disaster in the wake of the 1906 Earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile,” 51, no. 4 (Summer 2018), and which won the prize for the best graduate student paper by the Labor Studies Section of the Latin American Studies Association. After graduating from Cornell University in Spring 2019, Savala will begin a one year Visiting Assistant Professor position at Rollins College. To Robert Gilbert Sanchez and Amado Savala, my grandfathers, who saw me begin the doctoral journey but did not make it to see the end. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS When I finally found a home in History after a brief stint in Chemical Engineering during my time as an undergraduate, I used to pick up books and immediately flip to the endnotes and the acknowledgments sections. The endnotes showed me some of the material the author used in the book. And the acknowledgements helped me get a sense of the people who influenced the book. I did not know back then that I would be in a place to write the acknowledgements to my own dissertation, but now that I am finishing up, it is certainly humbling to go through the number of people, institutions, and financial funders who have all played a part in this process. As an undergraduate at the University of California, Davis, Chuck Walker welcomed me to the world of Latin American history. Chuck sparked an interest in natural disasters (which later became the inspiration for an MA thesis and my first journal article), encouraged my desire to study abroad, taught me how to do research, and spoke to my worried mother when I forgot to call her after arriving in Cuzco. He has also spent entirely too much time talking to me about graduate school and looking out for me in a number of ways. A number of other people at UC Davis read my rambling papers and were willing to continue chatting about history and politics outside of the classroom, including: Louis Segal, Omnia El Shakry, Sunaina Maira, Neil Larsen, and Vera Candiani. While at Davis I also had the fortune to take Spanish with Claudia Darrigrandi, who tried her best to bring me up to speed on Chilean Spanish. Claudia also kindly let me sleep on her couch years later as I conducted research in Santiago during my MA program, helped vi me with any number of things in Santiago at various times, and is simply a wonderful friend. At Tufts University I had the pleasure of working with Peter Winn. Much of what I know about Chile, and about labor and working-class history, is a direct result of those late-night seminars with Peter and Romina Akemi Green Rioja. Beginning and finishing the MA with Romina as a cohort member, intellectual interlocutor, and political partner made Tufts all the more enjoyable. Kris Manjapra taught me much about South Asia, urban history, spatial theory and history, and comparative analysis. Kris also brought passion and compassion to the field. Many thanks. David Ekbladh, too, opened up some new avenues of research. While applying to PhD programs, I wrote to Ray Craib about the possibility of studying with him at Cornell. We scheduled a phone call and I came prepared with a long list of questions—Ray must have thought to himself: “what in the world did I get myself into here?” Ryan Edwards, one of Ray’s students, told me how happy he was to have chosen Cornell to work with Ray. And I could not possibly have imagined all that came with when he told me. Ray has read every paper I have written over these past seven years, given comments on my work that would themselves add up to a book length treatment, and has taught me the field and the academic culture, with his own twist, of course. This dissertation owes quite a bit to Ray, and I will forever be thankful. Ernesto Bassi arrived at Cornell the same year as I did, and brought with him a joy for history and the oceanic perspective. Readings with Ernesto and his questions have left their mark on my work. Eric Tagliacozzo, similarly, has always asked me probing comparative and vii methodological questions throughout this process. Ray, Ernesto, and Eric as a committee meant a committee of people who get along socially and intellectually, and I really could not have asked for a better committee. I initially met Paulo Drinot early in my PhD years, and though he joined my committee late in the process, I owe thanks to Paulo for reading and commenting on my work, saving me from my own interpretations, and thinking about me when it came to book reviews. I also want to thank Kyle Harvey, the other Latin Americanist in my cohort. We read one another’s work time and time again, discussed books and articles in the numerous classes we took together, and drank a few too many beers on more than one occasion. Kyle is one of the closest and most careful readers I have met over these years, and one of the more creative young historians I have had the pleasure of working with; I am excited for the world to read him. The 2012 cohort at Cornell is also an example of cooperative intellectual work. When many of us were applying to the same grants, we read and critiqued one another’s proposals to make them better; it was never about competition, but rather improving the proposals as a whole. To Nick Bujalski, Osama Sidiqui, Matt Minarchek, Ai Baba, Margaret Moline, Matts Fidiger, Shiau-Yun Chen, Kaitlin Pontzer, and Jason Kelly. A number of other people at Cornell have made my time in Ithaca much better. Daniela Samur, many thanks for everything. And to Molly Reed, Max McComb, Al Milian, Jackie Reynoso, and Nick Meyers. The research for the dissertation was conducted mostly in Peru and Chile. In the summer of 2013, I wrote to Chuck Walker about archives in Peru, and he immediately put me in touch with José Ragas. José, without having ever met me nor even heard of me, had viii lunch with me to talk about archives in Peru and helped me sort through the pedido process at the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima. In later years, José opened his home to me, talked with me about Peruvian and Latin American history, and put me in contact with a number of other people. Paty Palma brought me to the Archivo de la Facultad de Medicina, shared coffee with me, and patiently listened to me as I began to learn about the history of medicine. I am also appreciative of other historians in Lima who made my time there much more enjoyable, both intellectually and socially: Agnes Telamarinera, Mark Dries, Matthew Casey, and Victor Arrambide. In Arequipa, Andrea Ocampo showed me around town, took me to my first chichería, and advised me on the archive. A number of people in Chile made my time in Santiago a lovely year. Marianne González Le Saux, Brandi Townsend, Alfonso Salgado, Javier Puente, Ignacio Mujica Torres, Denisa Jashari, Roberto Velázquez, and Mara Freilich all overlapped with me in the archive, restaurants and bars, and in the streets. The Taller Team also read the cholera chapter and have been an active, transnational support network ever since. Tamara Alicia Araya Fuentes and I shared many lunches, dinners, and beers, talked about our research, and I look forward to the day we can continue these conversations in person.