DOCSLIB.ORG

Chile-Perú: Border Migration Flow Miguel Yaksic Introduction This

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chile-Perú: Border Migration Flow Miguel Yaksic Introduction This Chile-Perú: Border Migration Flow Miguel Yaksic Introduction This chapter explores the various aspects that characterize and define the border that Chile and Perú share. This territory has become increasingly complex in migratory terms, especially since Chile has become one of the most important migratory destinations in South America. While this chap- ter will focus on the Chile-Perú border, there will inevitably be references to the border that both countries share with Bolivia, mainly because specific migratory routes head south through Bolivia. This article begins with a description and characterization of the ter- ritory and the cross-border relationships between the inhabitants of Tacna (Perú) and Arica (Chile), two cities increasingly connected through labour and commercial networks. In addition, this territory will be addressed as cru- cial regarding the migratory and refugee movements of thousands of people. After the socio-demographic characterization of the border, the cen- tral part of the text will focus on Peruvian and Chilean State compliance of international human rights obligations. This analysis will further inves- tigate the vulnerabilities to which migrants are exposed to in a continually changing context. Accordingly, the emphasis will be both on Venezuelan migration and human smuggling. The circumstances at the Chile-Perú border are changing rapidly, and local realities are altering and transforming migratory flows. There is, conse- quently, a significant shortage of studies, publications, or updated and reliable statistics that would allow us to understand the magnitude and character- istics of this new reality. Therefore, this chapter has been constructed based on exploratory and descriptive research of an ethnographic nature based on participant observation and qualitative research techniques. Since the bibli- ography is scarce and the context is subject to continuous transformations, bibliographic sources, statistics, and data are limited or outdated. That is, they serve little to understand where the most severe violations of migrant human rights, in situations of vulnerability, are taking place. 97 Miguel Yaksic For the preparation of this chapter, 28 Venezuelan migrants who were in Tacna during the first week of January 2019 were interviewed. They were all waiting for the opportunity to continue their trip to Chile. In addi- tion, civil society organization workers from organizations such as the Jesuit Migrant Service (Servicio Jesuita a Migrantes [SJM] in Spanish) (Santiago and Arica), Encuentros (Lima and Tacna) and Casa del Migrante (Tacna) were also interviewed. Interviews were held as well with representatives of the Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (National Institute of Human Rights) in Chile and with prosecutors from the Fiscalía Nacional (National Prosecutor’s Office). Finally, different international organization workers from both sides of the border were also interviewed. Likewise, observations were made at the International Terminal of Tacna, the streets of Tacna, at the Chilean border control in Chacalluta, in the waiting room of the offices of specific non-profit organizations, and Casa del Migrante in Tacna. Specialized bibliography was consulted, and updated information was requested from the relevant platforms for access to public information of the Transparency Portal of the State of Chile. The Bolivian, Peruvian, and Chilean press was also reviewed. Characterization of the Chile-Perú border If we incorporate Bolivia, the Chile-Perú border is a triple border with Bolivia sharing a border with both countries (see Figure 1). The Línea de la Concordia, established by the 1929 Treaty of Lima established that the Province of Arica belonged to Chile and that Tacna belonged to Perú, and divides Perú and Chile. This treaty came into effect some decades after the Pacific War, which took place between 1879 and 1883, and pitted Chile against Peruvian and Bolivian allies. Up until then, the Province of Arica belonged to Perú and Antofagasta belonged to Bolivia. After the war, both territories became part of the State of Chile. This war has influenced the relationship between these countries to this day. It is still a territory characterized by historical territorial conflicts. As recent as 27 January 2014, the International Court of Justice ruled on the so-called triángulo terrestre (land triangle), a territory whose sovereignty had remained polemic between Perú and Chile for many years. The Court’s ruling defined the bi-national maritime boundary and its starting point. In parallel, the plurinational State of Bolivia filed a case against Chile with 98 80 Martinique (FRANCE) 60 40 HONDURAS Caribbean Sea ST. LUCIA Tegucigalpa Netherlands ST. VINCENT AND BARBADOS Martinique (FRANCE) 80 Isla de Aruba Antilles THE GRENADINES 60 San Andrés (NETH.) (NETH.) NICARAGUA (COLOMBIA) GRENADA Managua Port-of-Spain ST. LUCIA CaribbeanBarranquilla Sea Maracaibo Caracas Cartagena TRINIDAD AND Valencia NetherlandsTOBAGO N o r t h BARBADOS San José Barquisimeto ST. VINCENT AND N Panama o Arubarinoc Antilles Cúcuta ío O Ciudad COSTA RICA a S R THE GRENADINESA t l a n t i c San Andrés n San Cristóbal (NETH.)Guayana (NETH.)Georgetown e PANAMA l a d E VENEZUELA Paramaribo Medellín g GRENADA (COLOMBIA) a G GUYANA M U O c e a n D I A Cayenne N A Bogotá H Isla de Malpelo N I G SURINAME French o H (COLOMBIA) í Port-of-Spain L A Guiana R Boa Vista N Caracas Barranquilla A COLOMBIA D (FRANCE) Cali Maracaibo S Cartagena TRINIDAD AND ValenciaMacapá TOBAGO R Quito io Equator BarquisimetoN eg zon 0 A M A Z O N ro ma 0 ECUADOR n A Belém azo Manaus Panama Guayaquil m o São Luís A Santarém in oc Iquitos O r Cúcuta u íog Ciudad a n Fortaleza a r R i S ei ad X Teresina M n San Cristóbal Guayana o s R i n PANAMA Piura í e R i o t l n Natal M B A S I N o a i c a a R r o a E VENEZUELA T ñ ó d Medellín n g Rio Pôrto Trujillo Huánuco io Recife a Branco Velho R GUYANA G PERUM D B R A Z I L U I Maceió U R A i c í R a o n N Lima y í a e o l B A A i MATO GROSSO B R A Z I L I A N o o BogotáCusco í M c s H N R PLATEAU i S o u t h a c Lago m i I N Trinidad a n Salvador D o a G Titicaca r u r e g Cuiabá F H o E a í r a Brasília ão L S P P a c i f i c Arequipa La Paz S o A R Goiânia i BoaR Vista o BOLIVIA i COLOMBIA A R A L H I G H L A N D S T Cochabamba Santa Cruz I O c e a n P Cali Arica L Sucre A N A Potosí Belo O Uberlândia T Horizonte Iquique A Campo á C n Grande ra A Vitória a P 20 M 20 ío A PARAGUAY R Rio de Janeiro D orn Antofagasta E São Paulo f Capric Salta Tropic o S Asunción Santos E Curitiba R Quito R San Miguel i T o de Tucumán Isla San Ambrosio Resistencia Florianópolis N Isla San Félix (CHILE) e á g n (CHILE) a r r A M A Z O N a o CHILE P ECUADOR Pôrto Alegre Cerro Aconcagua o n o z (highest point in Córdoba Santa Fe í R a Manaus Guayaquil South America, 6962 m) S Saltom Mendoza A Valparaíso Rosario A P URUGUAY ARCHIPIÉLAGO S o u t h JUAN FERNÁNDEZ Santiago M Buenos Aires (CHILE) Iquitos A A La Plata Montevideo N P A t l a n t i c Concepción D ARGENTINA ra ei E O c e a n Bahía Blanca Mar del Plata ad S M San Carlos de Bariloche o Piura R Puerto Montt i ío A R I 40 B A S I N 40 M N a O r Comodoro Rivadavia a G ñ ó A n Laguna del Carbón T Trujillo (lowest point in South America and Pôrto Huánuco A the Western Hemisphere, Rio-105 m) Scale 1:35,000,000 P Velho Río Strait of Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Gallegos Magellan BrancoStanley 500 Kilometers Falkland Islands 0 (Islas Malvinas) 0 500 Miles Punta Arenas (administered by U.K., South Georgia and the Ushuaia claimed by ARGENTINA) South Sandwich Islands Boundary representation is (administered by U.K., not necessarily authoritative. U R Cape claimed by ARGENTINA) 100 Horn i 8060c í R 40 20 Lima a o n í y e a o B li MATO Cusco o í GROSSO M R PLATEAU A a m Trinidad Lago o N r PERU Titicaca e B R A Z I L D La Paz E Arequipa S o u t h S BOLIVIA A Cochabamba P a c i f i c L T Santa Cruz I O c e a n P Arica L Sucre A N Potosí Figure 1. South America Map Source: Wikimedia Commons. 99 Miguel Yaksic that same Court to demand sea access and redefine the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 that established the borderline between the two coun- tries. The end of the Pacific War implied a sort of ‘Chileanization’ process over the former Peruvian and Bolivian territories. Geographically, the south of Perú and the north of Chile are desert territories. To the west lies the Pacific Ocean and to the east the Andes mountain range and the altiplano (highlands). The altiplano that Bolivia, Perú, and Chile share today has been an area inhabited since ancient times by the Aimara indigenous communities, peasant farmers and merchants who have adapted their lives to that territory despite its height.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Current Legal Developments International Court of Justice
    THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE The International Journal of AND COASTAL Marine and Coastal Law 30 (�0�5) 36�–370 LAW brill.com/estu Current Legal Developments International Court of Justice ∵ Ocean Order in South America: The Maritime Dispute between Peru and Chile On 27 January 2014, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) delivered its judg- ment in the Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) case.1 This judgment addresses a number of important issues in relation to the delimitation of maritime bound- aries, including the treatment of existing maritime boundaries, the use of the three-stage methodology and the procedure of the ICJ. This contribution out- lines the background to the dispute and aims to analyse the main issues arising from the judgment. Background to the Dispute The maritime dispute between Peru and Chile can be traced back to the time the countries obtained independence from Spain. However, it was the discov- ery of guano along the coastline of the Atacama Desert and the subsequent inland exploration for nitrate that contributed to the territorial tensions in the region, and which ultimately changed the political map of South America. The War of the Pacific (1879–1883) between Chile and the joint forces of Peru and Bolivia2 resulted in a redrawing of the boundaries, with Peru and Chile emerging as new neighbours.3 The Treaty of Peace and Friendship (‘Treaty of 1 Maritime Dispute (Peru v Chile) Judgment of 27 January 2014, available at: <http://www.icj-cij. org/docket/files/137/17930.pdf > (hereafter Peru/Chile). 2 Bolivia withdrew from the war in November 1879.
    [Show full text]
  • Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty Of
    Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Brad T. Eidahl December 2017 © 2017 Brad T. Eidahl. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile by BRAD T. EIDAHL has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Patrick M. Barr-Melej Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT EIDAHL, BRAD T., Ph.D., December 2017, History Writing the Opposition: Power, Coercion, Legitimacy and the Press in Pinochet's Chile Director of Dissertation: Patrick M. Barr-Melej This dissertation examines the struggle between Chile’s opposition press and the dictatorial regime of Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1973-1990). It argues that due to Chile’s tradition of a pluralistic press and other factors, and in bids to strengthen the regime’s legitimacy, Pinochet and his top officials periodically demonstrated considerable flexibility in terms of the opposition media’s ability to publish and distribute its products. However, the regime, when sensing that its grip on power was slipping, reverted to repressive measures in its dealings with opposition-media outlets. Meanwhile, opposition journalists challenged the very legitimacy Pinochet sought and further widened the scope of acceptable opposition under difficult circumstances. Ultimately, such resistance contributed to Pinochet’s defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, initiating the return of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • 12233—Víctor Améstica Moreno and Others in Chile
    OEA/Ser.L/V/II.150 REPORT No. 137 /19 Doc. 147 6 September 2019 CASE 12.233 Original: Spansih FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT VICTOR AMESTICA MORENO AND OTHERS CHILE Approved electronically by the Commission on September 6, 2019 Cite as: IACHR, Report No. 137/2019 , Case 12.233. Friendly Settlement. Victor Amestica Moreno and others. Chile. September 6, 2019. www.cidh.org REPORT No.137/19 CASE 12.233 FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT VÍCTOR AMÉSTICA MORENO ET AL. CHILE SEPTEMBER 6, 20191 I. SUMMARY AND PROCEDURAL ASPECTS RELATED TO THE FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT PROCESS 1. On November 1, 1999, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (hereinafter “the Commission” or the “IACHR”) received a petition from the Corporación de Promoción de la Defensa de los Derechos del Pueblo [Corporation for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights], or CODEPU (hereinafter “the petitioners”), against the Republic of Chile (hereinafter “the State” or “the Chilean State”), alleging that Víctor Améstica Moreno, Alberto Araneda Muñoz, Héctor Martínez Vasquez, Oscar Sepulveda Alarcon, and Alejandro César Sánchez Canales—all members of Carabineros de Chile2 (hereinafter “the Carabineros”)—had been victims of an arbitrary evaluation process carried out by officials of the Carabineros, in which their basic rights were violated, and that they had then been expelled from the institution with no substantive judicial decision having been issued regarding the violation of their rights. They further alleged that their respective spouses, Jenny Burgos Orrego, Marisol Valencia Poblete, Johanna Valdebenito Pinto, Carmen Araya Cordero, and María Angélica Olguín (hereinafter “the spouses of the Carabineros”), were discriminated against for being their wives.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Assessment on VAW CHILE
    Country Assessment on VAW CHILE Consultant: Soledad Larrain, in collaboration with Lorena Valdebenito and Luz Rioseco Santiago, Chile July 2009 0 RESPONSIBILITIES The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report are solely the responsibility of the authors and not attributable in any way to the United Nations, its associated organizations, its member states, or the members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries that they represent. The United Nations does not guarantee the exactitude of the information included in this publication and assumes no responsibility for the consequences of its use. 1 Table of Contents Responsibilities 1 Abbreviations 3 I. Executive Summary 4 1.1 Conceptual considerations 4 1.2 Main findings and challenges 5 1.3 Significant advances in GBV response 5 1.4 Pending challenges 9 1.5 Final comments 15 II. Country Profile 16 III. Scale of the Problem 17 IV. Public Policies 23 4.1 The route from the initial formal complaint to an integral victim response 23 4.2 Legal frameworks 27 4.3 The response of government agencies to gender-based violence 35 4.4 Campaigns from non-governmental organizations 56 4.5 Registration of information 57 V. Non-Governmental Organisations 59 VI. Conclusions and Challenges 63 VII. Final Comments 73 VIII. Bibliography 74 2 Abbreviations Centre for Victims of Sexual Assaults CAVAS Response. Centres for Violent Crime Victim CAVIS Response. Gender-based Violence GBV Inter American Human Rights CIDH Commission Inter American Women’s Commission CIM Intra-family
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Bch 2018 Judgment
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE Peace Palace, Carnegieplein 2, 2517 KJ The Hague, Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0)70 302 2323 Fax: +31 (0)70 364 9928 Website: www.icj-cij.org Twitter Account: @CIJ_ICJ YouTube Channel: CIJ ICJ LinkedIn page: International Court of Justice (ICJ) Summary Not an official document Summary 2018/5 1 October 2018 Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) Summary of the Judgment of 1 October 2018 Procedural background (paras. 1-15) The Court recalls that, on 24 April 2013, the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (hereinafter “Bolivia”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of Chile (hereinafter “Chile”) with regard to a dispute “relating to Chile’s obligation to negotiate in good faith and effectively with Bolivia in order to reach an agreement granting Bolivia a fully sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean”. On 15 July 2014, Chile raised a preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court. By its Judgment of 24 September 2015, the Court rejected the preliminary objection raised by Chile and found that it had jurisdiction, on the basis of Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, to entertain the Application. Public hearings were held from 19 March to 28 March 2018. I. HISTORICAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND (PARAS. 16-83) Due to the importance of the historical context of this dispute, the Court begins by examining certain events that have marked the relationship between Bolivia and Chile. 1. Events and treaties prior to 1904, including the 1895 Transfer Treaty (paras.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT No. 138/18 PETITION 687-11 FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT GABRIELA BLAS BLAS and C.B.B.1 CHILE NOVEMBER 21, 20182
    OEA/Ser.L/V/II. REPORT No. 138 /18 Doc. 155 21 November 2018 PETITION 687- 11 Original: Spanish FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT REPORT GABRIELA BLAS BLAS AND HER DAUGHTER C.B.B. CHILE Elctronically approved by the Commission on November 21, 2018. Cite as: IACHR, Report No. 138/ 18, Petition 687-11. Friendly Settlement G.B.B. and C.B.B. November 21, 2018 . www.cidh.org REPORT No. 138/18 PETITION 687-11 FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT GABRIELA BLAS BLAS AND C.B.B.1 CHILE NOVEMBER 21, 20182 I. SUMMARY AND PROCEDURAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO THE FRIENDLY SETTLEMENT PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE IACHR 1. On May 15, 2011, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (hereinafter “the Commission” or “the IACHR”) received a petition lodged by the Humanas Corporation Regional Human Rights and Gender Justice Center and the Observatory on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, alleging the international responsibility of the Chilean State (hereinafter “the State” or “the Chilean State”) for the alleged violation of Article 1.1 (obligation to respect rights), Article 2 (domestic legal effects), Article 5 (right to humane treatment), Article 7 (right to personal liberty), Article 8.1 (right to a fair trial), Article 17 (rights of the family), Article 19 (rights of the child), Article 24 (right to equal protection), Article 25 (right to judicial protection), and Article 26 (progressive development) of the American Convention on Human Rights (hereinafter “the Convention” or “the American Convention”), and for violating Articles 7 (a) and (b), 8, 9, and 26 of the Convention of Belem do Para, with respect to Gabriela Blas and her daughter C.B.B.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ATACAMA DISPUTE: the Legal Proceedings Between Chile and Bolivia Regarding the Resources Present in the Area
    Department of Political Science Chair of International Law THE ATACAMA DISPUTE: The legal proceedings between Chile and Bolivia regarding the resources present in the area Eleonora Colitti Prof. Roberto Virzo Matr. 082202 SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE Academic Year 2018/2019 1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………. 4 1. Historical Context………………………………………………………………………........ 8 1.1 Spanish Colonization ……………………………………………………………........ 8 1.2 The first Aggression ………………………………………………………………….10 1.3 The Boundary Treaty between Chile and Bolivia ………………………………….12 1.4 The Treaty of 1874 ………………………………………………………………...…13 1.5 The Secret Treaty …………………………………………………………………….14 1.6 The War of the Pacific………………………………………………………………..15 1.7 The Conference of Arica …………………………………………………………… 16 1.8 Argentina’s diplomatic efforts against Chile ……………………………………… 17 1.9 The Peace Treaty ……………………………………………………………………. 18 1.10 Tacna and Arica ……………………………………………………………………. 19 1.11 The start of Diplomatic Negotiations …………………………………………….... 22 2. Obligation to Negotiate Sovereign Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) ………25 2.1 Overview of the Case ……………………………………………………………….. 25 2.2 The Bolivian Position ……………………………………………………………….. 26 2.2.1 Chapter I of the Bolivian Memorial: Historical Background ……………...… 26 2.2.2 Chapter II of the Bolivian Memorial: The Chilean Obligation ……………… 31 2.2.3 Chapter III of the Bolivian Memorial : Chile’s Breach of Its Obligations …... 33 2.3 Economic reasons of Bolivia ……………………………………………………….. 34 2.4 Rights of Access of Landlocked States to and from the Sea and Freedom of Transit ……………………………………………………………………………. 35 2.5 The Chilean Position ……………………………………………………………….. 36 2.5.1 The Chilean Preliminary Objection to the Bolivian Memorial ………………... 36 2.5.2 The Bolivian written Statement About the Objection ………………………..... 37 2.5.3 The Chilean Counter-Memorial ……………………………………………... 39 2.6 The Judgement of October 1st, 2018 ……………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean Obligation De Négocier Un Accès À L'océan Pacifique
    INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS OBLIGATION TO NEGOTIATE ACCESS TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN (BOLIVIA v. CHILE) JUDGMENT OF 1 OCTOBER 2018 2018 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES OBLIGATION DE NÉGOCIER UN ACCÈS À L’OCÉAN PACIFIQUE (BOLIVIE c. CHILI) ARRÊT DU 1er OCTOBRE 2018 5 CIJ1150.indb 1 22/05/19 10:55 Official citation : Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018, p. 507 Mode officiel de citation : Obligation de négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique (Bolivie c. Chili), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2018, p. 507 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente : 1150 ISBN 978-92-1-157349-7 5 CIJ1150.indb 2 22/05/19 10:55 1 OCTOBER 2018 JUDGMENT OBLIGATION TO NEGOTIATE ACCESS TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN (BOLIVIA v. CHILE) OBLIGATION DE NÉGOCIER UN ACCÈS À L’OCÉAN PACIFIQUE (BOLIVIE c. CHILI) 1er OCTOBRE 2018 ARRET 5 CIJ1150.indb 3 22/05/19 10:55 507 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs Chronology of the Procedure 1-15 I. Historical and Factual Background 16-83 1. Events and treaties prior to 1904, including the 1895 Transfer Treaty 19-24 2. The 1904 Peace Treaty 25 3. Exchanges and statements in the 1920s 26-46 A. The 1920 “Acta Protocolizada” 26-31 B. Follow-up exchanges (1920-1925) 32-41 C. The 1926 Kellogg Proposal and the 1926 Matte Memo- randum 42-46 4. Bolivia’s reaction to the 1929 Treaty of Lima and its Supple- mentary Protocol 47-49 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples and United Nations Human Rights Bodies A
    Indigenous Peoples and United Nations Human Rights Bodies A Compilation of UN Treaty Body Jurisprudence and the Recommendations of the Human Rights Council Volume IV 2009-2010 Compiled and Edited by Fergus MacKay Forest Peoples Programme 1c Fosseway Business Centre, Stratford Road, Moreton-in-Marsh GL56 9NQ, UK tel: (44) 01608 65289 email: [email protected] Preface This document contains Volume IV of the series of compilations of United Nations human rights bodies’ jurisprudence pertaining to indigenous peoples and covers the years 2009 and 2010.1 Among others, this jurisprudence reflects some degree of positive evolution in thinking about the rights of indigenous peoples in Africa, with three countries either adopting legislation that explicitly addresses indigenous peoples or ratifying ILO Convention No. 169. In the case of the Congo, the law was inspired by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). During 2009-2010, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) continued to adopt detailed and responsive observations and recommendations, including under its follow up and early warning and urgent action procedures. CERD also clarified that indigenous peoples’ rights, which are permanent rights, should not be confused with temporary ‘special measures’ – which are measures intended to remedy past discrimination or to correct contemporary inequalities – in a general comment on special measures (see Sec I.C.1 herein). In the case of Guatemala, CERD recommended that participation procedures and protections against relocation be adopted in accordance with ILO 169 and the UNDRIP. It also urged that states increase their efforts to implement the UNDRIP (see, for example, Japan).
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeography of the Sigmodontine Rodent, Phyllotis Xanthopygus, And
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 Phylogeography of the Sigmodontine Rodent, Phyllotis Xanthopygus, and a Test of the Sensitivity of Nested Clade Analysis to Elevation-Based Alternative Distances James Christopher Albright Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SIGMODONTINE RODENT, PHYLLOTIS XANTHOPYGUS, AND A TEST OF THE SENSITIVITY OF NESTED CLADE ANALYSIS TO ELEVATION-BASED ALTERNATIVE DISTANCES By JAMES C. ALBRIGHT A thesis submitted to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2004 The members of the Committee approve the thesis of James Albright defended on November 1, 2004. ______________________________ Scott Steppan Professor Directing Thesis ______________________________ Don Levitan Committee Member ______________________________ David Swofford Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii I am dedicating this thesis to my family: a group that includes those bound to me either by kinship or by friendship. This extended clan includes the FSU E&E graduate students, and my friends of BYOE just as much as it does my parents and siblings. Particularly close to my heart are my close friends Dave Low, Sarah Tso, and Toni Sturtevant and my “big sister” Jill Holliday. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to acknowledge the myriad contributions that have added so much to this project. First off, I would like to thank my adviser, Scott Steppan, for his guidance, patience, support and general, all-around sagacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Estadísticas Culturales. Informe Anual 2018
    ESTADÍSTICAS — CULTURALES — INFORME ANUAL 2018 ESTADÍSTICAS — CULTURALES — INFORME ANUAL 2018 ESTADÍSTICAS CULTURALES INFORME ANUAL 2018 Primera edición: diciembre, 2019 isbn 978-956-352-352-2 Ministra de las Culturas, las Artes y el Patrimonio Profesionales responsables de proyecto Consuelo Valdés Chadwick Ada Guzmán Riquelme, Departamento de Estudios de la Subsecretaría de las Culturas y de las Artes Director Nacional del Instituto Raúl Baez Araneda, Coordinador Cultura y Artes Nacional de Estadísticas (ine) del Subdepartamento de Condiciones de Vida del Guillermo Pattillo Álvarez Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (ine) Subsecretario de las Culturas y las Artes Profesionales participantes Juan Carlos Silva Aldunate Ministerio de las Culturas, las Artes y el Patrimonio: Claudia Gamboa Oyarzo, Nicolás Muñoz Lizana, Subsecretario del Patrimonio Cultural Patricio Altamirano Arancibia Emilio de la Cerda Errázuriz Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas: Subdirectora Técnica del Damaris Carvallo Barahona, Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (ine) Marco Gambra Garrido, Verónica Krause Rodas, Sandra Quijada Javer Alexis Díaz Moyá Jefe del Departamento de Estudios Coordinación editorial y edición de textos de la Subsecretaría de las Culturas y de las Artes Aldo Guajardo Salinas, Subsecretaría Andrés Keller Riveros de las Culturas y de las Artes Jefe del Subdepartamento de Estadísticas de Diseño y diagramación Condiciones de Vida del Instituto Estudio Vicencio Nacional de Estadísticas (ine) Ignacio Zapata Minaya Agradecemos la colaboración de los equipos
    [Show full text]
  • Policías Rurales En Chile: Los Gendarmes De Las Colonias (1896-1907)1
    Claves. Revista de Historia, Vol. 3, Nº 4 Montevideo, Enero-Junio 2017 (pp. 105-134) ISSN 2393-6584 Policías rurales en Chile: los Gendarmes de las Colonias (1896-1907)1 Rural Police in Chile: the Gendarmes de las Colonias (1896-1907) Daniel Palma Alvarado Doctor en Historia. Universidad Alberto Hurtado Recibido: 30/03/2017 Aceptado: 13/05/2017 Resumen. El artículo presenta algunos resultados de una investigación más amplia sobre el proceso de conformación de policías en Chile durante el siglo XIX. Se ocupa principalmente del cuerpo de los Gendarmes de las Colonias, creado en 1896 para enfrentar el bandolerismo en las regiones del sur del país. Esta fuerza, encabezada por el controvertido capitán de ejército Hernán Trizano, cumplió labores policiales en aquellos parajes y, a poco andar, se extendió también hacia otras provincias. En el texto se exponen los antecedentes sobre los gendarmes recopilados a partir de archivos de ministerios e intendencias. Asimismo, se discuten las condiciones de operación y los efectos de la intervención de esta fuerza, cuya organización, modelo operativo y carácter militarizado inspiró al futuro cuerpo de los Carabineros de Chile. Palabras clave: gendarmes - policía rural – bandolerismo - Araucanía Abstract. The article presents some results of a more extensive investigation about the creation of modern police forces in Chile during the nineteenth century. It deals with the so- called Gendarmes de las Colonias, created in 1896 to fight against banditry in the southern regions of the country. This force, headed by the controversial army captain Hernan Trizano, fulfilled police work in those places and was quickly extended to other provinces.
    [Show full text]