MultipleMultiple CroppingCropping SystemSystem ofof MountainMountain--SlopeSlope AgricultureAgriculture inin thethe CentralCentral PartPart ofof JapanJapan
International Symposium Alternative Approaches to Enhancing Small-Scale Livelihoods and Natural Resources Management in Marginal Areas - Experience in Monson Asia - UNU, 29-30 October 2003
Kazutoshi Hoshikawa Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University TableTable ofof ContentsContents 99BackgroundBackground PresentPresent conditionsconditions ofof landuselanduse inin mountainousmountainous region.region. 99StudyStudy areaarea andand methodmethod ObservationObservation ofof environmentenvironment andand cropcrop farmingfarming inin studystudy area.area. 99HighlightHighlight datadata andand somesome discussiondiscussion RelationshipsRelationships amongamong environment,environment, cropcrop farmingfarming andand locallocal skills.skills. 99SummarySummary
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 2 Agriculture BackgroundBackground (1)(1)
99TopographicalTopographical andand meteorologicalmeteorological conditionsconditions MountainousMountainous countrycountry withwith complexcomplex topographytopography HumidHumid monsoonmonsoon climateclimate withwith fourfour seasonsseasons
99AgriculturalAgricultural landland--useuse inin mountainousmountainous regionregion SmallSmall inin scale,scale, laborlabor intensiveintensive andand lowlow efficiencyefficiency
ReductionReduction inin thethe numbernumber ofof farmersfarmers IncreaseIncrease inin anan abandonedabandoned farmlandfarmland
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 3 Agriculture BackgroundBackground (2)(2) NotNot onlyonly thethe abandonmentabandonment ofof farmlandfarmland butbut alsoalso villagevillage communitiescommunities havehave beenbeen simplysimply disappearingdisappearing asas inhabitantsinhabitants growgrow older.older. TheThe surroundingsurrounding abandonedabandoned farmlandsfarmlands faceface thethe crisiscrisis ofof environmentalenvironmental destruction.destruction.
ToTo obtainobtain knowledgeknowledge ofof traditionaltraditional agriculture,agriculture, whichwhich hashas utilizedutilized thethe mountainmountain environmentenvironment andand hashas harmonizedharmonized withwith thethe condition.condition. ToTo clarifyclarify thethe rolerole andand effecteffect ofof mountainmountain agricultureagriculture onon environmentalenvironmental conservationconservation andand landland management.management.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 4 Agriculture StudyStudy areaarea Kami-mura
9Located on the southern slope in the Akaishi mountain ranges 99ValleyValley ofof anan enclosedenclosed systemsystem surroundedsurrounded byby thethe highhigh mountainsmountains Shimoguri
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 5 Agriculture ShimoguriShimoguri:: BeBe reachingreaching upup towardtoward thethe heavensheavens
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 6 Agriculture OutlineOutline ofof ShimoguriShimoguri
99 TypicalTypical smallsmall agriculturalagricultural settlementsettlement inin KamiKami--mura,mura, thethe southernsouthern endend ofof NaganoNagano 99 AltitudeAltitude (m)(m) :: 890890 ~~ 1,1001,100 99 TemperatureTemperature ((℃℃)) :: YearlyYearly averageaverage 10,10, maxmax :: 31,31, min:min: --1414 99 PrecipitationPrecipitation (mm)(mm) :: 19001900 ~2100~2100 99 5858 householdshouseholds andand 7878 inhabitantsinhabitants (1998)(1998) 99 UplandUpland cultivationcultivation (No(No paddypaddy andand nonnon useuse ofof machinery)machinery) 99 AcreageAcreage ofof cultivationcultivation byby eacheach farmhousefarmhouse (a)(a) :: 21.521.5 99 AverageAverage inclineincline ofof farmlandfarmland (deg.):(deg.): 3030
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 7 Agriculture HarshHarsh environmentalenvironmental conditionsconditions
Frequent occurrence of a landslide Multiple-cropping on the slopes
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 8 Agriculture Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 9 Agriculture Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 10 Agriculture Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 11 Agriculture SomeSome resultsresults ofof observationobservation
1.1. TopographicalTopographical conditionsconditions 2.2. MeteorologicalMeteorological conditionsconditions 3.3. CropCrop farmingfarming
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 12 Agriculture --TopographicalTopographical conditionsconditions --
Soil erosion and Runoff of topsoil
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 13 Agriculture -- MeteorologicalMeteorological conditionsconditions --
TableTable 1.1. VariationsVariations ofof airair temperaturtemperaturee (Unit(Unit：： ℃℃ observedobserved hourlyhourly atat 1998)1998)
YearlyYearly DailyDaily HourlyHourly meanmean MaxMax MinMin MaxMax MinMin
10.110.1 24.324.3 --9.59.5 31.331.3 --13.513.5
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 14 Agriculture KindKind andand cultivationcultivation periodperiod ofof cultivatedcultivated cropcrop onon samplesample farmfarm
Multiple cropping farm
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 15 Agriculture LandLand useuse mapmap ofof samplesample farmfarm
Wide varieties are grown densely in every location
Intensive agricultural landuse
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 16 Agriculture ThreeThree featuresfeatures ofof thethe agricultureagriculture inin ShimoguriShimoguri
99 SmallSmall--scale,scale, selfself--sustainingsustaining agricultureagriculture 99 UplandUpland agricultureagriculture usingusing slopeslope fieldsfields 99 MultipleMultiple--croppingcropping agricultureagriculture
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 17 Agriculture RelationshipsRelationships amongamong environment,environment, cropcrop farmingfarming andand locallocal skillsskills
Environment
Crop farming Local skill
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 18 Agriculture Relation among topography, climate and crop farming
TThehe temperaturetemperature nearnear thethe groundground surfacesurface almostalmost nevernever fallsfalls belowbelow zerozero degreedegree..
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 19 Agriculture CumulativeCumulative wisdomwisdom andand skilledskilled techniquestechniques toto improveimprove thethe environmentenvironment andand stabilizestabilize cropcrop productionproduction
SelectionSelection ofof winterwinter cropscrops thatthat growgrow atat lowlow temperature.temperature. PreservationPreservation andand useuse ofof traditionaltraditional crops.crops. KeepingKeeping cropcrop--rotation.rotation. AdjustmentAdjustment ofof sowingsowing andand harvestharvest time.time. KeepingKeeping thethe groundground warmwarm byby coveringcovering thethe soilsoil surfacesurface withwith fallenfallen leaves,leaves, plants.plants.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 20 Agriculture AA specialspecial harvestingharvesting methodmethod isis usedused forfor cultivationcultivation ofof teatea
Dead leaves and sprouts of tea plats
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 21 Agriculture Relation among soil properties and land management
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 22 Agriculture SoilSoil propertiesproperties andand soilsoil conservationconservation
The comparatively large pebbles with gravel mixed in the soil.
Half of the soil: large pebbles with a diameter of 1 mm or more The remaining half: fine gravel particles with a well-developed structure.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 23 Agriculture SpecialSpecial soilsoil propertiesproperties
TheThe largelarge pebblespebbles componentcomponent decreasedecrease thethe impactimpact ofof raindropsraindrops andand helphelp protectprotect againstagainst soilsoil erosion.erosion.
TheThe remainingremaining finefine componentcomponent makemake aa wellwell--structuredstructured andand fertilefertile soil.soil.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 24 Agriculture WisdomWisdom andand skillsskills forfor soilsoil conservationconservation andand landland managementmanagement
Choosing a kind of crop according to topographical and soil conditions. Keeping crop-rotation. Protection of soil erosion by covering the soil surface with fallen leaves and the plants body. Use of various organic fertilizers: leaves, plants, compost. Plowing in the grasses and brushwood. Contour furrowing and farming. Development of own plowing method: “Sakasa Unai”. Installation of the materials which prevents soil erosion.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 25 Agriculture Contour furrowing Installation of the materials which and farming prevents soil erosion.
Use of various organic fertilizers
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 26 Agriculture Contour furrowing and farming. Digging of small pits.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 27 Agriculture CropCrop consumption:consumption: gastronomicgastronomic cultureculture
VariousVarious distinctivedistinctive recipesrecipes forfor agriculturalagricultural products.products. DengakuDengaku fromfrom potatopotato BeanBean pastepaste containingcontaining PerillaPerilla BuckwheatBuckwheat cakescakes ofof saltysalty PacificPacific saury,saury,
TraditionTradition ofof oldold gastronomicgastronomic cultureculture
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 28 Agriculture Potato baked and coated with miso (Imo Dengaku)
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 29 Agriculture AgriculturalAgricultural techniquestechniques onon multiplemultiple croppingcropping systemsystem 99SimpleSimple andand smallsmall scale.scale. 99VariousVarious andand numerousnumerous skillsskills ofof cropcrop andand landland managementmanagement havehave beenbeen handedhanded down.down. 99TraditionalTraditional skillsskills andand farmerfarmer’’ss lifestyleslifestyles havehave beenbeen intertwinedintertwined inin thethe studystudy area.area. 99TheseThese compoundcompound andand integratedintegrated skillsskills havehave aa hugehuge rolerole inin thethe conservationconservation ofof mountainmountain biologicalbiological resourcesresources andand landland management.management.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 30 Agriculture Relationship among environment, skill and crop production
Mountain Special soil properties
Harsh Steep slope environment Skills for soil conservation Small-scale Skills to improve crop environment Hard field winter Skills to stabilize production
Use of mountain weather Agricultural landuse: Crop farming, Land management Mountain resources Multiple crop production Livestock
Gastronomic culture (self-consupmtion, self-sufficiency)
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 31 Agriculture MultipleMultiple materialmaterial--recyclingrecycling systemsystem Mountain: closed system Harsh environment Natural resources Farmland
Land use Land management Crop farming
Production
Organic Gastronomic culture Crops matter Traditional skills
Community (self-sufficient system)
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 32 Agriculture Summary:Summary: FundamentalFundamental wisdomwisdom inin thethe agricultureagriculture ofof ShimoguriShimoguri
1.Small1.Small--scale,scale, selfself--sufficientsufficient organizationorganization basedbased onon multiplemultiple cropcrop production.production. 2.2. EstablishmentEstablishment ofof multiplemultiple materialmaterial--recyclingrecycling systemsystem makingmaking thethe mostmost ofof locallocal skillsskills relatingrelating toto thethe environment,environment, landland use,use, agriculturalagricultural productionproduction andand foodfood consumption.consumption. 3.3. InheritingInheriting andand maintainingmaintaining locallylocally developeddeveloped agriculturalagricultural skillsskills andand gastronomicgastronomic cultureculture suitablesuitable toto thethe area.area. 4.4. AcquisitionAcquisition ofof knowledgeknowledge relatingrelating toto environmentalenvironmental conservationconservation ofof mountainsmountains andand farmlandsfarmlands throughthrough multiplemultiple cropcrop farmingfarming system.system.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 33 Agriculture AA smallsmall mountainmountain villagevillage likelike ShimoguriShimoguri indeedindeed mirrorsmirrors thethe fundamentalfundamental paradigmparadigm whichwhich connectsconnects naturenature andand humanhuman life.life.
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 34 Agriculture ThankThank youyou veryvery muchmuch forfor youryour attentionattention
Multiple Cropping System of Mountain-Slope 35 Agriculture