Blether Is a Collection of True Stories Written by the People of Scotland
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From Custom to Code. a Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football
From Custom to Code From Custom to Code A Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football Dominik Döllinger Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Humanistiska teatern, Engelska parken, Uppsala, Tuesday, 7 September 2021 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Associate Professor Patrick McGovern (London School of Economics). Abstract Döllinger, D. 2021. From Custom to Code. A Sociological Interpretation of the Making of Association Football. 167 pp. Uppsala: Department of Sociology, Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-506-2879-1. The present study is a sociological interpretation of the emergence of modern football between 1733 and 1864. It focuses on the decades leading up to the foundation of the Football Association in 1863 and observes how folk football gradually develops into a new form which expresses itself in written codes, clubs and associations. In order to uncover this transformation, I have collected and analyzed local and national newspaper reports about football playing which had been published between 1733 and 1864. I find that folk football customs, despite their great local variety, deserve a more thorough sociological interpretation, as they were highly emotional acts of collective self-affirmation and protest. At the same time, the data shows that folk and early association football were indeed distinct insofar as the latter explicitly opposed the evocation of passions, antagonistic tensions and collective effervescence which had been at the heart of the folk version. Keywords: historical sociology, football, custom, culture, community Dominik Döllinger, Department of Sociology, Box 624, Uppsala University, SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. -
Long Corner Kicks in the English Premier League
Pulling, C.: LONG CORNER KICKS IN THE ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE... Kinesiology 47(2015)2:193-201 LONG CORNER KICKS IN THE ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE: DELIVERIES INTO THE GOAL AREA AND CRITICAL AREA Craig Pulling Department of Adventure Education and Physical Education, University of Chichester, England, United Kingdom Original scientific paper UDC: 796.332.012 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate long corner kicks within the English Premier League that entered either the goal area (6-yard box) or the critical area (6-12 yards from the goal-line in the width of the goal area) with the defining outcome occurring after the first contact. A total of 328 corner kicks from 65 English Premier League games were analysed. There were nine goals scored from the first contact (2.7%) where the ball was delivered into either the goal area or the critical area. There was a significant association between the area the ball was delivered to and the number of attempts at goal (p<.03), and the area the ball was delivered to and the number of defending outcomes (p<.01). The results suggest that the area where a long corner kick is delivered to will influence how many attempts at goal can be achieved by the attacking team and how many defensive outcomes can be conducted by the defensive team. There was no significant association between the type of delivery and the number of attempts at goal from the critical area (p>.05). It appears as though the area of delivery is more important than the type of delivery for achieving attempts at goal from long corner kicks; however, out of the nine goals observed within this study, seven came from an inswinging delivery. -
Club Constitution & Rules
CLUB CONSTITUTION & RULES 1.NAME: The name shall be Macclesfield Football Club. 2.OBJECTIVES: The objective of the club is to provide a safe environment in which to play Association football and arrange social activities for its members regardless of age, race, gender, religion or ability. The Club also aims to promote football and sport as a means of enhancing health education, learning opportunities and local community involvement, with young people acquiring sporting and personal skills from which they will derive lifelong benefits, self-respect, self-esteem, self-confidence, integrity and respect for others. 3.COLOURS: The Club home colours shall be Royal Blue/White/White for all teams. The Club away colours shall be White, Black, White for all teams. All kit and equipment shall remain the property of Macclesfield Football Club. 4.STATUS OF RULES: These rules (The Club rules) form a binding agreement between each member of the Club. 5.RULES AND REGULATIONS: The Club shall have the status of an Affiliated Member Club of The Cheshire Football Association Ltd by virtue of this affiliation. The rules and regulations of The Football Association Ltd and the Parent County Association and leagues or competitions to which the club is affiliated for the time being shall be deemed to be incorporated into the club rules. The club will also abide by The FA’s Child Protection Policies and Procedures, Code of Conduct and the Equal Opportunities and Anti-Discrimination Policy. 6. PLAYERS: The Club shall keep a list of players it registers containing the following details: – Name, Address, Contact details, DOB, School year, Next of Kin details and date of joining the Club. -
The History of Offside by Julian Carosi
The History of Offside by Julian Carosi www.corshamref.org.uk The History of Offside by Julian Carosi: Updated 23 November 2010 The word off-side derives from the military term "off the strength of his side". When a soldier is "off the strength", he is no longer entitled to any pay, rations or privileges. He cannot again receive these unless, and until he is placed back "on the strength of his unit" by someone other than himself. In football, if a player is off-side, he is said to be "out of play" and thereby not entitled to play the ball, nor prevent the opponent from playing the ball, nor interfere with play. He has no privileges and cannot place himself "on-side". He can only regain his privileges by the action of another player, or if the ball goes out of play. The origins of the off-side law began in the various late 18th and early 19th century "football" type games played in English public schools, and descended from the same sporting roots found in the game of Rugby. A player was "off his side" if he was standing in front of the ball (between the ball and the opponents' goal). In these early days, players were not allowed to make a forward pass. They had to play "behind" the ball, and made progress towards the oppositions' goal by dribbling with the ball or advancing in a scrum-like formation. It did not take long to realise, that to allow the game to flow freely, it was essential to permit the forward pass, thus raising the need for a properly structured off-side law. -
Law 8 - Start & Restart of Play
Law 8 - Start & Restart of Play U.S. Soccer Federation Referee Program Entry Level Referee Course Competitive Youth Training Small Sided and Recreational Youth Training 2016-17 Coin Toss The game starts with a kick- off and that’s decided by the coin toss. The coin toss usually takes place with the designated team captains. The visiting captain usually gets to select heads or tails before the coin is tossed by the referee. Coin Toss The winner of the coin toss selects which goal they will attack in the first half (or period). The other team must then take the kick-off to start the game. In the second half (or period) of the game, the teams change ends and attack the opposite goals. The team that won the coin toss takes the kick-off to start the second half (or period). Kick-off The kick-off is used to start the game and to start any other period of play as dictated by the local rules of competition. First half . Second half . Any add’l periods of play A kick-off is also used to restart the game after a goal has been scored. Kick-off Mechanics . The referee crew enters the field together prior to the opening kick-off. They move to the center mark, the referee carries the ball. Following final instructions and a handshake, the ARs go to their respective goals lines, do a final check of the goals/nets and then move to their positions on the touch lines. Kick-off Mechanics . Before kick-off, the referee looks over the field & players and makes eye contact with both ARs. -
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR of OLD ENGLISH Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies
AN INTRODUCTORY GRAMMAR OF OLD ENGLISH MEDievaL AND Renaissance Texts anD STUDies VOLUME 463 MRTS TEXTS FOR TEACHING VOLUme 8 An Introductory Grammar of Old English with an Anthology of Readings by R. D. Fulk Tempe, Arizona 2014 © Copyright 2020 R. D. Fulk This book was originally published in 2014 by the Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies at Arizona State University, Tempe Arizona. When the book went out of print, the press kindly allowed the copyright to revert to the author, so that this corrected reprint could be made freely available as an Open Access book. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE viii ABBREVIATIONS ix WORKS CITED xi I. GRAMMAR INTRODUCTION (§§1–8) 3 CHAP. I (§§9–24) Phonology and Orthography 8 CHAP. II (§§25–31) Grammatical Gender • Case Functions • Masculine a-Stems • Anglo-Frisian Brightening and Restoration of a 16 CHAP. III (§§32–8) Neuter a-Stems • Uses of Demonstratives • Dual-Case Prepositions • Strong and Weak Verbs • First and Second Person Pronouns 21 CHAP. IV (§§39–45) ō-Stems • Third Person and Reflexive Pronouns • Verbal Rection • Subjunctive Mood 26 CHAP. V (§§46–53) Weak Nouns • Tense and Aspect • Forms of bēon 31 CHAP. VI (§§54–8) Strong and Weak Adjectives • Infinitives 35 CHAP. VII (§§59–66) Numerals • Demonstrative þēs • Breaking • Final Fricatives • Degemination • Impersonal Verbs 40 CHAP. VIII (§§67–72) West Germanic Consonant Gemination and Loss of j • wa-, wō-, ja-, and jō-Stem Nouns • Dipthongization by Initial Palatal Consonants 44 CHAP. IX (§§73–8) Proto-Germanic e before i and j • Front Mutation • hwā • Verb-Second Syntax 48 CHAP. -
Futsal Rules
Futsal Rules 20-minute-periods Futsal matches comprise two periods each lasting 20 minutes of actual playing time. The clock is stopped every time the ball goes out of play and is restarted when play resumes. Unlimited-substitutions A match is played by two teams, each consisting of not more than five players (a goalkeeper and four outfield players) and substitutes. There is no restriction on the number of substitutions that may be made during a match. Substitutions may be made at any time during stoppage of play. The-goalkeepers Goalkeepers have only four seconds in which to play the ball, with either their hands or feet, and may not touch it again if it has been deliberately played to them by a team-mate without an opponent playing or touching it. Goalkeepers are also now free to play anywhere on the pitch and throw the ball beyond the halfway line, which was not previously permitted. Two-more-things Unlike 11-a-side football, goals may not be scored directly from the kick-off in futsal and there is no offside. Ball out of play Ball out of play: When it has wholly crossed the goal line or touchline; when the game has been stopped by a referee; when the ball hits the ceiling (restart: kick-in at the place closest to where the ball touched the ceiling). Lines: Touchlines and goal lines are considered inside the playing area. Method-of-scoring When the whole of the ball has passed over the goal line, between the goal posts and under the crossbar (except by illegal means). -
Annual Report Independent Football Ombudsman 2009-10
Annual Report OF THE Independent Football Ombudsman 2009-10 FOREWORD present my second Annual Report to the Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport and to the three Football Authorities (The Football Association, The Premier League and The Football League). The report Iis being made available to the wider public through the circulation to football stakeholders. It is also available for downloading from the IFO website: www.theifo.co.uk The second year of operation of the Ombudsman service has been characterised by an increased number of people contacting the IFO and by the emergence of some signifi cant issues arising from the formal adjudication of complaints. As last year, I wish to place on record my thanks to offi cers of all three Football Authorities, and their member clubs, who have cooperated fully with IFO investigations. I have been ably assisted by my colleague, Alan Watson Deputy Ombudsman, and I thank him most warmly for his extensive contribution to the work of the IFO. We have also had available to us the members of the Advisory Panel, with their specialist knowledge. In order to share and learn from the good practice of other Ombudsman schemes, the IFO is now an Associate Member of the British and Irish Ombudsman Association (BIOA). PROFESSOR DEREK FRASER OMBUDSMAN AUGUST 2010 IFO Annual Report 2009-10 03 Annual Report OF THE Independent Football Ombudsman 2009-10 SECTION 1 THE IFO AND ITS ACTIVITIES IN THE SECOND YEAR The Independent Football Ombudsman (IFO) was established in the summer of 2008T by the English Football Authorities (the Football Association [FA], the Premier League and The Football League) with the agreement of Government. -
Cardiff Met Repository
CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) SPORT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS 2015-6 A COMPARISON OF CORNER KICKS BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM FOUR TEAMS DURING THE 2014/2015 ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE SEASON (Dissertation submitted under the area of Performance Analysis) HARRY LOWE A COMPARISON OF CORNER KICKS BETWEEN THE TOP AND BOTTOM FOUR TEAMS DURING THE 2014/2015 ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE SEASON Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd Certificate of student By submitting this document, I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, that all quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged, and that the word count given below is a true and accurate record of the words contained (omitting contents pages, acknowledgements, indices, tables, figures, plates, reference list and appendices). I further certify that the work was either deemed to not need ethical approval or was entirely within the ethical approval granted under the code entered below. Ethical approval code: 15/5/269U (enter code or 'exempt') Word count: 9977 Name: Harry Lowe Date: 24.04.2016 Certificate of Dissertation Supervisor responsible I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own effort and was either deemed to not need ethical approval (as indicated by 'exempt' above) or was entirely within the ethical approval granted under the code entered above. I have received dissertation verification information from this student. Name: Date: Notes: The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document. Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... -
Original Influence of Match Status on Corner Kicks
Rev.int.med.cienc.act.fís.deporte - vol. 17 - número 68 - ISSN: 1577-0354 Casal, C.A.; Losada, J.L.; Maneiro, R. y Ardá, T. (2017) Influencia táctica del resultado parcial en los saques de esquina en fútbol / Influence of Match Status on Corner Kick in Elite Soccer. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte vol. 17 (68) pp. 715-728 Http://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista68/artinfluencia851.htm DOI: https://doi.org/10.15366/rimcafd2017.68.009 ORIGINAL INFLUENCE OF MATCH STATUS ON CORNER KICKS TACTICS IN ELITE SOCCER INFLUENCIA TÁCTICA DEL RESULTADO PARCIAL EN LOS SAQUES DE ESQUINA EN FÚTBOL Casal, C.A1; Losada, J.L.2; Maneiro, R.3; Ardá, T.4 Spanish-English translator: Anne Murray, [email protected] 1 Doctor en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Profesor del departamento de Ciencias Actividad Física y Deporte, Universidad Católica de Valencia “San Vte Mártir” (Spain) [email protected] 2 Doctor en Psicología. Profesor del departamento de Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Universidad de Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] 3 Doctor en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte. Profesor del departamento de Ciencias Actividad Física y Deporte, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca (Spain) [email protected] 4 Doctor en Educación Física. Profesor del departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad de A Coruña (Spain) [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study forms part of a research project on exercise and sport as motivators for a healthy lifestyle “La actividad física y el deporte como potenciadores del estilo de vida saludable: Evaluación del comportamiento deportivo desde metodologías no intrusivas” funded by the Department of Research, Development and Innovation of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2015-66069-P; MINECO/FEDER, UE) for the period 2016-2018. -
The Evolution of the Football Jersey – an Institutional Perspective
Journal of Institutional Economics (2021), 17, 821–835 doi:10.1017/S1744137421000278 RESEARCH ARTICLE The evolution of the football jersey – an institutional perspective David Butler and Robert Butler* Department of Economics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] (Received 6 March 2020; revised 31 March 2021; accepted 2 April 2021; first published online 4 May 2021) Abstract This paper explores the interaction of informal constraints on human behaviour by examining the evolu- tion of English football jerseys. The jersey provides an excellent setting to demonstrate how informal con- straints emerge from formal rules and shape human behaviour. Customs, approved norms and habits are all observed in this setting. The commercialisation of football in recent decades has resulted in these infor- mal constraints, in many cases dating back over a century, co-existing with branding, goodwill and identity effects. Combined, these motivate clubs to maintain the status quo. As a result, club colours have remained remarkably resilient within a frequently changing landscape. Key words: Custom; football; habit; identity; jersey JEL codes: Z20; Z21 1. Introduction Association football, or football as it is more commonly known outside of North America, is an excel- lent example of an institution. Indeed, Douglas North used a metaphor derived from a sporting context when explaining institutions as ‘the rules of the game…to define the way the game is played. But the objective of the team within that set of rules is to win the game’ (North, 1990:3–5). Such a description is perfect for understanding how football is played. -
Sheffield: the Home of Football the Perambulations of Barney the Irishman
SHEFFIELD T HE HOME OF FOOTBALL SHEFFIELD THE HOME OF FOOTBALL An early photograph of Sheffield FC - Founded in 1857 Sheffield: The Home of Football The Perambulations of Barney the Irishman Football, or soccer, is the most popular spectator sport in the world and the 2012 In Sheffield, an account of a mob football game at Bents Green was described World Cup final in South Africa between Spain and the Netherlands had 3.2billion by Bernard Bird in 1793: “There were selected six young men of Norton, dressed viewers, more than 40% of the global population. The spiritual home of football in green; and six young men of Sheffield, dressed in red. The play continued for is in Sheffield and this programme provides some details of its remarkable three consecutive days. At the arch which was erected at each end of the place heritage which are summarised in the centre pages (12-13). selected, there was a hole in the goal, and those of the Sheffield side would prevent the ball from passing through the hole. Then those on the Norton side Early Games of Football (not being so numerous as those of Sheffield) sent messengers to the Peak and other places in the county of Derby; in consequence thereof, a great number of For many people there is an instinctive reaction to kick a small stone or tin can men appeared on the ground from Derbyshire. when they are encountered along a pathway, and this instinct is evident in the numerous early games of football found in many countries across the globe.