Notes and References

Home , Enemies (play), Flight (play), Nikolai Erdman, The Days of the Turbins, The White Guard

CHAPTER 1: RUSSIAN DRAMA BEFORE THE REVOLUTION

1. G. Chulkov, 'Printsipy teatra budushchego' in Teatr (St Peterbsurg~ Shipovnik, 1908) p. 203. 2. C. Stanislavski, My Life in Art (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1967) p. 189. 3. Ibid., pp. 301-2. 4. V. Bryusov, 'Realizm i uslovnost' na stsene' in Teatr, pp. 245-6. 5. Ibid., pp. 248-9. 6. V. Meyerkhol'd, 'Teatr (k istorii i tekhnike)' in Teatr, p. 147. 7. Ibid., p. 175. 8. See F. Sologub, 'Teatr odnoy voli' in Teatr, pp. 177-98. 9. Stanislavski, My Life in Art, pp. 362-3. 10. M. Gor'kiy, Meshchane in Sobranie sochineniy, 25 vols, vol. VII (Moscow: Nauka, 1970) p. 95. 11. R. Ben'yash, '"Meshchane" segodnya', Zvezda, 1968, no. 3, p. 159. 12. Gor'kiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII, p. 584. 13. A. Chekhov, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy i pisem, 20 vols, vol. XIX (Moscow: OGIZ, 1950) p. 180. 14. B. Byalik, M. Gor'kiy - dramaturg, 2nd edn (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1977) p. 84. 15. Stanislavski, My Life in Art, p. 364. 16. Anon., 'Production which gets near heart of play', The Times, 10 May 1962, p. 5. 17. Ibid., p. 5. 18. I. Wardle, 'Problems of form or content', The Times, 19 Nov. 1979, p. 7. 19. D. Mirsky, A History of Russian Literature (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1968) p. 381. 20. V. Luzhskiy quoted in M. Stroeva, Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1898-1917 (Moscow: Nauka, 1973) p. 112. 21. Interview of 12 June 1903 quoted in Byalik, M. Gor'kiy- dramaturg, p. 93. 22. Gor'kiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII, pp. 622-3. 23. Stanislavski, My Life in Art, p. 366. 24. Ibid., p. 369. 25. V. Nemirovich-Danchenko, Izbrannye pis'ma, vol. 1 (Moscow: Iskus• stvo, 1979) pp. 307 and 310. 26. Gor'kiy, Vragi in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII, p. 532.

168 Notes and References to pp. 20-42 169

27. Ibid., p. 515. 28. R. Bryden quoted in Gorky, Enemies (London: Eyre Methuen, 1972) p.i. 29. M. Billington, 'Dying gentry beneath Gorky microscope', The Times, 23 July 1971, p. 16. 30. Meyerkhol'd, '0 teatre' in V. E. Meyerkhol'd: Stat'i, pis'ma, rechi, besedy, vol.l (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968) p. 103. 31. A. Pyman, The Life of Aleksandr Blok, vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, 1979) p. 433. 32. A. Blok, 'Predislovie k sborniku "Liricheskie dramy" ' in Sobranie sochineniy, 8 vols, vol. IV (Moscow and Leningrad: Khudozhestven• naya literatura, 1961) p. 433. 33. Ibid., p. 434.

CHAPTER 2: SOVIET DRAMA, 1917-21

1. A. Yufit (ed.), Lenin. Revolyutsiya. Teatr (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1970) pp. 10-11. 2. KPSS v rezolyutsiyakh i resheniyakh s'ezdov, konferentsiy i plenumov TsK, Part 1, 7th edn (Moscow: Politicheskaya literatura, 1954) p. 420. 3. P. Kerzhentsev, Tvorcheskiy teatr, 4th edn (Petrograd: Gosudar- stvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1920) p. 29. 4. Ibid., p. 49. 5. Ibid., p. 49. 6. P. Kogan, V preddverii gryadushchego teatra (Moscow, 1921) p. 39. 7. SeeR. Russell, 'An English Influence on Russian Revolutionary Festi• vals', Theatre Notebook, XL (1986) pp. 115-23. 8. Vestnik teatra, 1920, no. 48, p. 12. 9. A. Lunacharskiy, 'K voprosu o teatral'noy politike', Vestnik teatra, 1920, no. 74, p. 2. 10. V. E. Meyerkhol'd: Stat'i, pis'ma, rechi, besedy, vo!. II, p. 514. 11. S. Fitzpatrick, The Commissariat of Enlightenment (Cambridge Univer• sity Press, 1970) p. 153. 12. Yufit (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr. Dokumenty i materialy, vo!. 1 (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1968) p. 360. 13. See A. Anastas'ev (ed.), Istoriya sovetskogo dramaticheskogo teatra, vol.l (Moscow: Nauka, 1966) p. 154. 14. Red Truth (Krasnaya pravda) and other plays of the Civil War period were republished in V. Pimenov (ed.), Pervye sovetskie p'esy (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1958). 15. Pravda, 26 Feb. 1918, cited in L. Tamashin, Sovetskaya dramaturgiya v gody grazhdanskoy voyny (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1961) p. 58. 16. Yufit (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr, p. 263. 17. Ibid., p. 266. 18. R. Fiilop-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism (London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1927) p. 145. 19. For a more detailed discussion of the mass revolutionary festivals 170 Notes and References to pp. 42-66

seeR. Russell, 'People's Theatre and the October Revolution', Irish Slavonic Studies, VII (1986) pp. 65--84; F. Deak, 'Russian Mass Spec• tacles', The Drama Review, XIX (1975) pp. 7-22; A. Gvozdev and A. Piotrovskiy, 'Petrogradskie teatry i prazdnestva v epokhu voennogo kommunizma' in V. Rafalovich (ed.), Istoriya sovetskogo teatra, vol. 1 (Leningrad: Gos. akademiya iskusstvoznaniya, 1933) pp. 264--90. 20. V. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, 13 vols, vol. I (Moscow: Khudo• zhestvennaya literatura, 1955) p. 25. 21. E. J. Brown, Mayakovsky: a Poet in the Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973) p. 335; R. Leach,' A Good Beginning: "Victory over the Sun" and "Vladimir Mayakovsky, a Tragedy" Re-assessed', Russian Literature, XIII (1983) p. 116. 22. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XII (1959) p. 200. 23. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. II (1956) p. 245. 24. Ibid., p. 245. 25. Ibid., p. 204. 26. I. Il'inskiy, Sam o sebe (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1984) pp. 196--7. 27. K. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1981) p. 275. 28. Ibid., p. 255. 29. Brown, Mayakovsky, p. 200.

CHAPTER 3: THE CIVIL WAR IN SOVIET DRAMA

1. S. Tret'yakov, '0 p'ese "Rychi, Kitay!"' in Slyshish', Moskva?!, Protivogazy, Rychi, Kitay! (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1966) p. 159. 2. Ibid., p. 159. 3. L. Kleberg, 'Ejzenstejn's Potemkin and Tret'jakov's Ryci, Kitaj!', Scando-Slavica, XXIII (1977) p. 34. 4. Ibid., pp. 35--7. 5. S. Radlov, ' "Rychi, Kitay!" 'in Desyat' let v teatre (Leningrad: Priboy, 1929) pp. 144--5. 6. K. Trenev, P'esy, stat'i, rechi (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1980) p. 602. 7. Ibid., p. 191. 8. E. Proffer, 'Mikhail Bulgakov: Documents for a Biography', Russian Literature Triquarterly, VII (1973) p. 472. 9. E. Polyakova, Spektakl' MKhAT 'Bronepoezd 14-69' (Moscow: Nauka, 1965) p. 31. 10. K. Stanislavskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VI (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1959) p. 10. 11. Stroeva, Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1917-1938 (Moscow: Nauka, 1977) p. 214. 12. Polyakova, Spektakl' MKhAT, p. 25. Notes and References to pp. 67-86 171

CHAPTER 4: BULGAKOV'S THE WHITE GUARD AND FLIGHT

1. M. Bulgakov, Teatra/'nyy roman in Romany (Moscow: Khudozhestven• naya literatura, 1973) pp. 307-8. 2. See Ya. Lur'e and I. Serman, 'Ot Belay gvardii k Dnyam Turbinykh', Russkaya literatura (1965) 2, pp. 194--203; and L. Yanovskaya, Tvor• cheskiy put' Mikhaila Bulgakova (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1983). 3. Stroeva, Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1917-1938, p. 145. 4. The account which follows is greatly abbreviated. For fuller details see E. Proffer, Bulgakov (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1984) pp. 184--204. 5. L. Milne, Introduction to Bulgakov, Belaja gvardija (Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1983) p. 7. 6. For a negative view see Proffer, Bulgakov, pp. 186--7; for a more positive view see Milne, p. 7. 7. Proffer, 'Mikhail Bulgakov: Documents', p. 450. 8. Ibid., p. 460. 9. Bulgakov, Dni Turbinykh in Dramy i komedii (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1965) p. 88. 10. Ibid., p. 114. 11. Milne, Introduction to Bulgakov, The White Guard (London: Eyre Methuen, 1979) p. x. 12. V. Sakhnovskiy quoted in Milne, Introduction to Bulgakov, Belaja gvardija, p. 5. 13. 'Pis'mo M. Bulgakova sovetskomu pravitel'stvu', Grani, 66 (1967) pp. 155--61. 14. J. Stalin, 'Reply to Bill-Belotserkovsky' in Works, vol.XI (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954) p. 343. 15. F. Mikhal'skiy and M. Rogachevskiy (eds), Moskovskiy Khudo• zhestvennyy teatr v sovetskuyu epokhu (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1974) p. 544. 16. Rudnitsky, 'Bulgakov's Plays', Russian Literature Triquarterly, XV (1978) p. 128. 17. Proffer, Bulgakov, p. 223. 18. Bulgakov, Beg in Dramy i komedii, p. 167. 19. A. C. Wright, Mikhail Bulgakov: Life and Interpretations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978) pp. 124--5. 20. Ibid., p. 136. 21. Bulgakov, Beg, p. 168. 22. Ibid., p. 166. 23. Wright, Mikhail Bulgakov, p. 131. 24. Yanovskaya, Tvorcheskiy put' Mikhaila Bulgakova, p. 194. 25. Stalin, 'Letter to Bill-Belotserkovsky', p. 342. 26. Pyman, Introduction to Bulgakov, On the Run (London: Ginn and Co., 1972) p. 22. 27. Wright, Mikhail Bulgakov, p. 140. 28. Ibid., p. 140. 172 Notes and References to pp. 87-105

CHAPTER 5: SATIRICAL COMEDY AND MELODRAMA

1. See R. Chapple, Soviet Satire of the Twenties (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1980) p. 7. 2. B. Romashov, Vozdushnyy pirog in P'esy (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1954) p. 70. 3. Ibid., p. 70. 4. Ibid., p. 91. 5. A. Trabskiy (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr. Dokumenty i materialy, vol. III, Russkiy sovetskiy teatr 1921-1926 (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1975) pp. 239-40. 6. See H. Segel, Twentieth-Century Russian Drama from Gorky to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979) pp. 192-3. 7. Trabskiy (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr, vol. III, p. 242. 8. P. Markov' "Vozdushnyy pirog". Teatr revolyutsii', Krasnaya gazeta, 4 March 1925. Reprinted in Markov, 0 teatre, vol. III (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1976) pp. 24:Hi. 9. N. Gorchakov, 'Rabota K. S. Stanislavskogo nad sovetskoy p'esoy' in Voprosy rezhissury (Moscow, 1954) pp. 84-143. 10. L. Belozerskaya-Bulgakova, My Life with Mikhail Bulgakov (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1983) p. 129. 11. Gorchakov, 'Rezhisserskie kommentarii k p'ese V. Kataeva "Kvadra• tura kruga" ', foreword to Kataev, Kvadratura kruga (Moscow and Leningrad, 1929). 12. B. Romashov, 'Korolevskiy bradobrey v Studii im. F. I. Shalyapina', Izvestiya, 16 Oct. 1923, p. 6. Cited in A. Al'tshuler et al. (eds), Ocherki istorii russkoy sovetskoy dramaturgii (Leningrad and Moscow: Iskus• stvo, 1963) p. 311. 13. See, for example, N. A. Gorchakov, The Theater in Soviet Russia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957) p. 190. 14. See the letter cited in Yanovskaya, Tvorcheskiy put' Mikhaila Bulgakova, pp. 141-2. 15. Proffer, Bulgakov, p. 225. 16. Proffer, Introduction to Bulgakov, Zoykina kvartira (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1971) p. xvi. 17. Proffer (ed.), The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1972) p. 314.

CHAPTER 6: THE PLAYS OF NIKOLAY ERDMAN

1. Trabskiy (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr, vol. III, p. 222. 2. N. Erdman, Mandat (edited by W. Kasack), (Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1976) p. 30. 3. Ibid., p. 82. 4. Ibid., p. 109. 5. Ibid., p. 67. 6. Ibid., p. 17. Notes and References to pp. 105-18 173

7. E. Garin, '0 Mandate i o drugom' in M. Valentey (ed.), Vstrechi s Meyerkhol'dom (Moscow: VTO, 1967) p. 326. 8. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 378. 9. Ibid., p. 379. 10. Garin, '0 Mandate i o drugom', p. 324. 11. Trabskiy (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr, vol. III, p. 222. 12. H. Carter, The New Spirit in the Russian Theatre (London: Brentano's, 1929) p. 215. 13. Meyerkhol'd, Perepiska (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1976) p. 309. 14. Erdman, Samoubiytsa (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1980) p. 35. 15. Ibid., p. 31. 16. Review by F. Rich, New York Times, 10 Oct. 1980. 17. Erdman, Samoubiytsa, p. 20. 18. Ibid., p. 87. 19. Ibid., pp. 88--9. 20. N. Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1975) pp. 390---1. 21. For a more extensive discussion of similarities with Hamlet see M. Hoover, 'Nikolai Erdman: a Soviet Dramatist Rediscovered', Russian Literature Triquarterly, IV (1972) pp. 413---34. 22. Erdman, Samoubiytsa, p. 51. 23. Ibid., p. 83. 24. Ibid., pp. 61-2. 25. Hoover, 'Nikolai Erdman', p. 432. 26. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 466. 27. Letter from Markov to Nemirovich-Danchenko in Trabskiy (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr. Dokumenty i materialy, vol. IV, Russkiy sovetskiy teatr 1926-1932. Chast' pervaya (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1982) p. 180. 28. C. Proffer, 'Erdman's The Suicide: An Unpublished Letter from Stalin to Stanislavsky', Russian Literature Triquarterly, VII (1973) p. 425. 29. M. Gussow, 'Yale Rep's "Suicide"', New York Times, 22 Nov. 1980. 30. J. Fenton, 'The comic side of a search for death', The Sunday Times, 3 Aug. 1980, p. 38. 31. Wardle, 'The Suicide', The Times, 1 Aug. 1980, p. 11. 32. J. Freedman, 'Nikolai Erdman: An Overview', Slavic and East Euro• pean Journal XXVIII (1984) p. 467. 33. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope, p. 66.

CHAPTER 7: MAYAKOVSKY'S THE BEDBUG AND THE BATHHOUSE

1. Freedman, 'Nikolaj Erdman', p. 465. 2. Mayakovskiy, Klop in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XI (1958) p. 225. 3. Ibid., p. 273. 4. For a more detailed discussion of the sources of The Bedbug see R. Russell, 'Introduction' in Mayakovskiy, Klop, edited by R. Russell (Durham University Modern Language Series, 1985) pp. 15-29. 174 Notes and References to pp. 118-34

5. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XII, p. 190. 6. R. Jakobson, 'On a Generation that Squandered its Poets' in Brown (ed.), Major Soviet Writers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973) pp. 26-7. 7. B. Thomson, The Premature Revolution (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972) p. 152; P. Blake, 'The Two Deaths of Vladimir Mayakovsky' in Mayakovsky, The Bedbug and Selected Poetry, edited by Blake and M. Hayward (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961) p. 37. 8. Brown, Mayakovsky, p. 332. 9. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XII, p. 508. 10. V. E. Meyerkho/'d: Stat'i, pis'ma, rechi, besedy, vo!. II, p. 177. 11. Il'inskiy, 'S Mayakovskim' in V. Mayakovskiy v vospominaniyakh sovre• mennikov (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1963) pp. 299- 300. 12. M. Sukhanova, 'Tri p'esy V. V. Mayakovskogo' in V. Mayakovskiy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov, p. 312. 13. Mayakovskiy, Klop, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XI, p. 251. 14. Jakobson, 'On a Generation', p. 18. 15. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 444. 16. M. Zagorskiy cited in Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 443. 17. Mayakovskiy, Banya in Sobranie sochineniy vol. XI, p. 308. 18. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XII, p. 200. 19. Mayakovskiy, Banya, p. 305. 20. Ibid., pp. 288---9. 21. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XII, p. 200. 22. Mayakovskiy, Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XI, p. 353. 23. Mayakovskiy, Banya, p. 307. 24. Ibid., p. 317. 25. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 449. 26. Il'inskiy, Sam o sebe, p. 298. 27. Cited in W. Woroszylski, The Life of Mayakovsky (London: Victor Gollancz, 1972) p. 483. 28. Sukhanova, 'Tri p'esy V. V. Mayakovskogo', p. 487. 29. Brown, Mayakovsky, p. 335.

CHAPTER 8: INDIRECT SOCIAL COMMENT

1. E. Zamyatin, Ogni svyatogo Dominika. Obshchestvo pochetnykh zvonarey (Wi.irzburg: Jal reprint, 1973) p. 10. 2. Ibid., p. 13. 3. Ibid., p. 58. 4. Ibid., p. 29. 5. Ibid., p. 10. 6. Ibid., p. 25. 7. For critical reaction to the play see A. Shane, The Life and Works of Notes and References to pp. 135-57 175

Evgenij Zamjatin (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968) pp. 138-9. 8. Zamyatin, Ogni svyatogo Dominika, pp. 48-9. 9. Bulgakov, The Crimson Island in E. Proffer (ed.), The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov, p. 241. 10. Ibid., p. 339. 11. Stalin, 'Letter to Bill-Belotserkovsky', pp. 343-4. 12. Bulgakov, Kabala svyatosh [Mol'er] in Dramy i komedii, p. 238. 13. See Stroeva, Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1917-1934 pp. 332-66. 14. Antony Sher interviewed by F. Simon, The Sunday Times, 24 July 1983, p. 40. 15. Bulgakov, Master i Margarita in Romany, p. 703. 16. Bulgakov, Kabala svyatosh, pp. 273-4. 17. Proffer, Bulgakov, p. 435. 18. Cited in Wright, Mikhail Bulgakov, p. 192. 19. Wardle, 'Melodrama with Flair', The Times, 23 Mar. 1972. p. 11. 20. Wardle, 'Moliere the clown plays his "tragic farce" ' The Times, 9 Mar. 1983, p. 8. 21. Fenton, 'Moliere: the subtle servant of two masters', The Sunday Times, 15 Aug. 1982, p. 31.

CHAPTER 9: TOWARDS SOCIALIST REALISM

1. Yu. Olesha, Spisak blagodeyaniy in P'esy (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968) p. 94. 2. Rudnitsky, Meyerhold the Director, p. 491. 3. Olesha, Spisak blagodeyaniy, p. 97. 4. On this point see C. Avins, Border Crossings: The West and Russian Identity in Soviet Literature, 1917-1934 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1983) p. 115. 5. Olesha, Ni dnya bez strochki (Moscow: Sovetskaya Rossiya, 1965) p. 161. 6. Olesha, 'Moya rabota s MKhAT' in P'esy, p. 323. 7. Olesha, Spisak blagodeyaniy, p. 137. 8. A. Afinogenov, Strakh in P'esy, stat'i, vystupleniya, vol. 1 (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1977) p. 229. 9. Ibid., p. 230. 10. V. Vishnevskiy, 'Kak ya pisal "Pervuyu Konnuyu" 'in Sobranie soch• ineniy (5 vols), vol. I (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1954) pp. 551, 554. 11. Cited inS. Vladimirov and D. Zolotnitskiy (eds), Ocherki istorii russkoy sovetskoy dramaturgii (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1963) p. 467. 12. Vishnevskiy, 'Kak ya pisal "Pervuyu Konnuyu" ', p. 551. 13. Vishnevskiy, Pervaya Konnaya in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. I, p. 85. 14. Vishnevskiy, 'Kak ya pisal "Pervuyu Konnuyu" ', p. 559. 15. Vishnevskiy, Pervaya Konnaya, p. 171. 176 Notes and References to pp. 157-67

16. Gor'kiy, Egor Bulychov i drugie in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XIX (1973) p. 10. 17. Ibid., pp. 19-20. 18. Ibid., p. 37. 19. Ibid., p. 49. 20. Ibid., p. 33. 21. Ibid., p. 58. 22. Ibid., p. 41. 23. Ibid., p. 50. 24. See M. Slonim, Russian Theater from the Empire to the Soviets (London: Methuen, 1963) pp. 323-4 and Byalik, M. Gor'kiy - dramaturg, pp. 494-7. 25. A. van Gyseghem, Theatre in Soviet Russia (London: Faber & Faber, 1943) pp. 106--7. 26. See B. Zakhava, 'Pyat' postanovok Egora Bulychova' in Byalik (ed.), "Egor Bulychov i drugie": Materialy i issledovaniya (Moscow: VTO, 1970) p. 164. 27. Byalik, M. Gor'kiy- dramaturg, p. 497. 28. Letter of 1 Jan. 1936 cited in Byalik et al. (eds), Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestva A. M. Gor'kogo, vypusk 4, 1930--1936 (Moscow: Izd. ANSSSR, 1960) p. 558. 29. Gor'kiy, Vassa Zheleznova (vtoroy variant) in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XIX, p. 135. 30. Wardle, 'Masterpiece transcending any schematic intention', The Times, 18 Nov. 1985, p. 15. 31. Interview in The Times, 18 Nov. 1985, p. 15. 32. Gor'kiy, Vassa Zheleznova, p. 147. 33. Ibid., p. 149. 34. Ibid., p. 149. 35. Wardle, The Times, 18 Nov. 1985, p. 15. Bibliography

EDITIONS OF THE PLAYS DISCUSSED

In Russian

Afinogenov, Aleksandr, Strakh in P'esy, stat'i, vystupleniya, vol. I (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1977). Blok, Aleksandr, Balaganchik in Sobranie sochineniy, 8 vols, vol. IV (Moscow and Leningrad: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1961). Bill-Belotserkovskiy, Vladimir, Shtorm in P'esy (Moscow and Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1940). Bulgakov, Mikhail, Belaja gvardija (Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1983). --, Dramy i komedii (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1975). Contents include: Dni Turbinykh, Beg, Kabala svyatosh (Mol'er]. --, Zoykina kvartira (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1971). Erdman, Nikolaj, Mandat (Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner, 1976). --, Samoubiytsa (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1980). Gor'kiy, Maksim, Egor Bulychov i drugie in Sobranie sochineniy, 25 vols, vol. XIX (Moscow: Nauka, 1973). --, Meshchane in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII (1970). --, Na dne in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII. --, Vassa Zheleznova in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XIX. --, Vragi in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. VII. Ivanov, Vsevolod, Bronepoezd 14-69 in P'esy (Moscow, 1964). Kataev, Valentin, Kvadratura kruga in Sobranie sochineniy, 9 vols, vol. VII (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1971). Lavrenev, Boris, Razlom in Sobranie sochineniy, 6 vols, vol. V (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1965). Lunts, Lev, Obez'yany idut in Rodina i drugie proizvedeniya Oerusalem, 1981). Mayakovskiy, Vladimir, Banya in Sobranie sochineniy, 13 vols, vol. XI (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1958). --, Klop in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. XI. --, Misteriya-Buff in Sobranie sochineniy, vol. II (1956). Olesha, Yuriy, Spisok blagodeyaniy in P'esy (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968). Romashov, Boris, Konets Krivoryl'ska in P'esy (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1954). --, Vozdushnyy pirog in P'esy. Trenev, Konstantin, Lyubov' Yarovaya in P'esy, stat'i, rechi (Moscow: Iskus• stvo, 1980).

177 178 Bibliography

Vermishev, Aleksandr, Krasnaya pravda in V. Pimenov (ed.), Pervye sovet• skie p'esy (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1958). Vishnevskiy, Vsevolod, Pervaya Konnaya in Sobranie sochineniy, 5 vols, vol. I (Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1954). Zamyatin, Evgeniy, Ogni svyatogo Dominika (Wiirzburg: Jal-reprint, 1973).

In English Translation

Afinogenov, Alexander, Fear. See Lyons, Six Soviet Plays. Blok, Alexander, The Puppet Show [The Puppet Booth] in F. D. Reeve (ed.), An Anthology of Russian Plays, vol. 2: 1890-1960 (New York: Vintage, 1963). Bulgakov, Mikhail, The Early Plays of Mikhail Bulgakov, edited by Ellendea Proffer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972). Contains: The Days of the Turbins [The White Guard], Zoya's Apartment, Flight, The Crimson Island, A Cabal of Hypocrites [Moliere]. --, On the Run [Flight], tr. by Avril Pyman (London: Ginn & Co., 1972). --, The White Guard, tr. by Michael Glenny (London: Eyre Methuen, 1979). Erdman, Nikolai, The Mandate, tr. by Marjorie Hoover in The Mandate and The Suicide (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1975). --, The Suicide, tr. by George Genereaux Jnr and Jacob Volkov in The Mandate and the Suicide. --, The Suicide, tr. by Peter Tegel (London: Pluto Press, 1979). Gorky, Maxim, Collected Works in Ten Volumes, vol. IV (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.). Contains: The Petty Bourgeois [Philistines], The Lower Depths, Enemies, Summer Folk, Yegov Bulychov and Others, Vassa Zheleznova. --, Enemies, tr. by Kitty Hunter-Blair and Jeremy Brooks (London: Eyre Methuen, 1972). --, The Lower Depths, tr. by Kitty Hunter-Blair and Jeremy Brooks (London: Methuen, 1973). --, Seven Plays of Maxim Gorky, tr. by A. Bakshy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945). Contents include: The Lower Depths, Enemies, Vassa Zheleznova (1st version). Kataev, Valentin, Squaring the Circle, See Lyons, Six Soviet Plays. Lyons, Eugene, Six Soviet Plays (London: Victor Gollancz, 1935). Contents include: Afinogenov, Fear; Bulgakov, The Days of the Turbins; Kataev, Squaring the Circle. Mayakovsky, Vladimir, The Bedbug, in The Bedbug and Selected Poetry, edited by P. Blake and M. Hayward (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1961). --,The Bedbug, tr. by Max Hayward (London: Davis and Poynter, 1974). --, The Complete Plays of Vladimir Mayakovsky, tr. by Guy Daniels (New York: Washington Square Presss, 1968). Contains: The Bathhouse, The Bedbug, Mystery-Bouffe, Vladimir Mayakovsky: A Tragedy. Olesha, Yury, A List of Blessings [A List of Benefits] in The Complete Plays, tr. by Michael Green and Jerome Katsell (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1983). Bibliography 179

Trenyov, Konstantin, Lyubov Yarovaya in A. Bakshy (ed.), Soviet Scene: Six Plays of Soviet Life (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1946).

SECONDARY WORKS

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Gorchakov N., 'Rabota K. S. Stanislavskogo nad sovetskoy p'esoy' in Voprosy rezhissury (Moscow, 1954) pp. 84-143. Gorchakov, N., The Theater in Soviet Russia, tr. by E. Lehrman (New York: Columbia University Press, 1957). Gourfinkel N., Le Theatre russe contemporain (Paris: Bibliotheque de !'amateur de theatre, 1930). Gvozdev A. and Piotrovskiy A., 'Petrogradskie teatry i prazdnestva v epokhu voennogo kommunizma' in V. Rafalovich (ed.), Istoriya sovet• skogo teatra, vol. 1 (Leningrad: Gos. akademiya iskusstvoznaniya, 1933). Gyseghem A. van, Theatre in Soviet Russia (London: Faber & Faber, 1943). Hare, R., Maxim Gorky: Romantic Realist and Conservative Revolutionary (London: Oxford University Press, 1962). Hoover, M., Meyerhold: The Art of Conscious Theater (Amherst: University of Massachussets Press, 1974). --, 'Nikolai Erdman: A Soviet Dramatist Rediscovered', Russian Litera• ture Triquarterly, IV (1972) pp. 413-34. Jakobson R., 'On a Generation that Squandered its Poets' in E. J. Brown (ed.), Major Soviet Writers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 7-32. Kaun R., Maxim Gorky and His Russia (London: Jonathan Cape, 1932). Kerzhentsev P., Tvorcheskiy teatr, 4th edn (Petrograd: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1920). Khaychenko G., Stranitsy sovetskogo teatra (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1983). Markov, P., 0 teatre, 4 vols (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1974-77). Markov P., The Soviet Theatre (London: Victor Gollancz, 1934). Meyerkhol'd V., V. E. Meyerkhol'd: Stat'i, pis'ma, rechi, besedy, 2 vols (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1968). Mikulasek M., Pobednyy smekh (Brno: Universita J. E. Purkyne, 1975). Milyavskiy B., Satirik i vremya (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1963). Muchnic H., From Gorky to Pasternak (London: Methuen, 1961). Polyakova E., Spektakl' MKhAT "Bronepoezd 14--69" (Moscow: Nauka, 1965). Proffer E., Bulgakov (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1984). --, (ed.), 'Mikhail Bulgakov: Documents for a Biography', Russian Litera• ture Triquarterly, VII (1973) pp. 445-74. Radlov S., Desyat' let v teatre (Leningrad: Priboy, 1929). Ripellino A. M., Maiakovski et le theatre russe d'avant-garde (Paris: 1' Arche, 1965). Rostotskiy B., Mayakovskiy i teatr (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1952). --, 0 rezhisserskom tvorchestve V. E. Meyerkhol'da (Moscow: VTO, 1960). Rudnitsky K., 'Bulgakov's Plays', Russian Literature Triquarterly, XV (1978) pp. 123-66. --, Meyerhold the Director, tr. by G. Petrov (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1981). Russell R., 'People's Theatre and the October Revolution', Irish Slavonic Studies, VII (1986) pp. 65-81. Segel H., Twentieth-Century Russian Drama from Gorky to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979). Shane, A., The Life and Works of Evgenij Zamjatin (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968). Bibliography 181

Slonim M., The Russian Theatre from the Empire to the Soviets (London: Methuen, 1963). Stanislavski C., My Life in Art (Harmondsworth Middx: Penguin Books, 1967). Stroeva M., Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1898-1917 (Moscow: Nauka, 1973). --, Rezhisserskie iskaniya Stanislavskogo 1917-1938 (Moscow: Nauka, 1977). Symons, J., Meyerhold's Theatre of the Grotesque (Cambridge: Rivers Press, 1973). Tamashin, L., Sovetskaya dramaturgiya v gody grazhdanskoy voyny (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1961). Teatr: kniga o novom teatre (St Petersburg: Shipovnik, 1908). Trabskiy A. (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr: Dokumenty i materialy, vol. III, Russkiy sovetskiy teatr 1921-1926 (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1975). --, (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr. Dokumenty i materialy, vol. IV, Russkiy sovetskiy teatr 1926-1932. Chast' pervaya (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1982). Vladimirov S. and Zolotnitskiy D. (eds.), Ocherki istorii russkoy sovetskoy dramaturgii (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1963). V. Mayakovskiy v vospominaniyakh sovremennikov (Moscow: Khudozhestven- naya literatura, 1963). Weil, I., Gorky (New York: Random House, 1966). Woroszylski W., The Life of Mayakovsky (London: Victor Gollancz, 1972). Wright, A. C., Mikhail Bulgakov: Life and Interpretations (University of Toronto Press, 1978). Yanovskaya L., Tvorcheskiy put' Mikhaila Bulgakova (Moscow: Sovetskiy pisatel', 1983). Yershov P., Comedy in the Soviet Theater (New York: Praeger, 1956). Yufit A. (ed.), Lenin. Revolyutsiya. Teatr (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1970). --, (ed.), Sovetskiy teatr. Dokumenty i materialy, vol. 1, Russkiy sovetskiy teatr 1917-1921 (Leningrad: Iskusstvo, 1968). Index

Afinogenov, Alexander, 144, 145 Blake, Patricia, 119, 174 Fear, 151-4, 155, 167, 175 Blockade of Russia, see festivals, mass Alexandrinsky Theatre, 1, 31, 32, revolutionary 33 Blok, Alexander, x, 1, 6, 22-6, 169 Alpers, Boris, 91 The Puppet Booth, 22-6 Altshuler, A., 172 Blok, Lyubov, 23, 25 Anastasev, A., 169 Blue Blouse, 47 Andersen, Hans Christian, 150-1 Bolshoy Theatre, 28, 32 Andreyev, Leonid, x, 1, 5, 22 Brecht, Bertolt, 12, 50 Andreyeva, Maria, 43 Bristol Old Vic, 86 Annenkov, Yury, 40-1 Brown, E. J., 119, 130, 170, 174 Antoine, Andre, 4 Bryden, Ronald, 20, 169 Antokolsky, Pavel, 97 Bryusov, Valery, 2, 4, 168 Avins, Carol, 175 Budyonny, Sergey, 154 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 56, 171 Black Snow, 69, 137 Babanova, Maria, 54 The Crimson Island, 100, 135-8, Baranov, Nikolay, 12 141, 175 Batalov, Nikolay, 64 Fatal Eggs, 67 Beckett, Samuel, 130, 132 Flight, 67, 80-6, 100, 141 Behrend, Max, 17 The Master and Margarita, 69, 83, Belozerskaya-Bulgakova, Lyubov, 100, 140-1, 175 93, 172 Moliere (A Cabal of Hypocrites), Bely, Andrey, 23 138-43, 175 Benyash, R., 168 The White Guard (Days of the Bernhardt, Sarah, 146 Turbins), 61, 64-5, 67-80, Biberman, Herbert, 54 81-3, 86, 98, 100, 128, 141 biblical imagery, 46 The White Guard (novel), 68-9, 97 Bill-Belotserkovsky, Vladimir, 74, Zoya's Apartment, 88, 92, 97-100, 85, 131, 138, 171, 175 141 Echo, 52 Byalik, B., 168, 176 The Gale, 56-7, 61, 63, 64, 67, 78 Port Helm, 52 Billington, Michael, 21, 169 Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, 33 biomechanics, see under Meyerhold Carter, Huntly, 106, 173

182 Index 183 censorship, 18, 57-8, 62, 71-4, Freedman, J., 173 137-8, 141 Frisch, Max, 113 Chaplin, Charlie, 148, 150-1 Fiilop-Miller, Rene, 40, 169 Chapple, R., 172 Fyodorov, V., 54 Chekhov, Anton, 1-2, 5-7, 9-11, 14, 16-17, 20-1, 33, 63, 66-7, Garin, Erast, 105-6, 173 70, 75, 86, 144, 165, 168 Gladkov, Alexander, 115 The Cherry Orchard, 2, 4, 10, Glavrepertkom, see Repertkom 20-1, 75-6, 128 Gogo!, Nikolay, 1, 17, 33, 102, 129 The Seagull, 74 The Government Inspector, 17, 33, The Three Sisters, 21, 73, 75-6 91, 105, 122 Uncle Vanya, 76, 128 Gorchakov, N. A., 172 Chekhov, Mikhail, 147 Gorchakov, Nikolay, 93, 142, 172 Children's Theatre, 32 Gorky, Maxim, ix, x, 1-2, 5, 6-22, Chronegk, Ludwig, 2 26, 33-4, 36, 43, 66, 70, 85, Chulkov, Georgiy, 2, 168 107, 113, 167-9 constructivism, 47, 54, 122 Children of the Sun, 18, 21 'conventional theatre', 1-6, 25-6, Dostigaev and the Others, 157 127, 132, 144-5 Egor Bulychov and the Others, Crommelynck, Fernand 157-63, 165-6, 176 The Magnanimous Cuckold, 33, 47 Enemies, 18-22, 26, 163 Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, 49-50 Foma Gordeyev, 6 cultural revolution, 153 The Lower Depths, 1, 6-7, 12-18, 66, 161, 163 Deak, F., 170 Mother, 18 Deyneka, Alexander, 129 Philistines, 6, 7-12, 16 Diky, Alexey, 11 Somov and the Others, 157 The Stormy Petrel, 6 Einstein, Albert, 121 Vassa Zheleznova, 157, 163-7, 176 Eisenstein, Sergey, 42, 48, 52-3, 55 Great Dramatic Theatre, Erdman, Nikolay, 88, 98, 117, 119 Leningrad, 9, 11, 61, 163 The Mandate, 88, 91, 102-7, 108, Greenwich Theatre, London, 164, 115, 129 166-7 The Suicide, 105, 107-14, 116, Griboedov, Alexander, 17 172-3 Gripich, Alexey, 92 Ermilov, V., 130 Gussow, M., 173 Ermolova Theatre, 85 Gvozdev, A., 170 Evreinov, Nikolay, x, 1, 22 Gyseghem, A. van, 176 expressionism, 157 Hauptmann, Gerhart, 9 Fayko, Alexey Havel, Vaclav, 113 Bubus the Teacher, 88 Hayward, Max, 174 Lake Lyul, 88 Hoover, Marjorie, 173 The Man with the Suitcase, 88 fellow-travellers, 51, 145 Fenton, J., 173, 175 Ibsen, Henrik, 9, 16, 33, 70, 165 festivals, mass revolutionary Ilf, Ilya; and Petrov, Evgeny, 37-42, 128, 144 The Golden Calf, 89 Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 169 The Twelve Chairs, 89 184 Index

Ilinsky, Igor, 47, 112, 120, 123, 170, 43, 47, 50, 73, 85, 95, 105, 144, 174 169 Ivanov, Vsevolod Lunts, Lev Armoured Train 14-69, 56-7, The Apes are Coming, 131-2 61-6, 70, 78 Luzhsky, V., 169 Lyutse, Vladimir, 129 Jacobi, Derek, 113 Jakobson, Roman, 118, 121-2, 174 Maeterlinck, Maurice, 2, 23 Jurasas, Jonas, 113 Malashkin, Sergey, 94-5 Malevich, Kazimir, ix, 46 Kachalov, Vasily, 17, 21, 51, 63 Maly Theatre, 1, 28, 32, 51, 57 Kaganovich, Lazar, 113 Mandelstam, Nadezhda, 110, 114, Kamerny Theatre, 32, 138 173 Kasack, W., 172 Mariinsky Theatre, 32 Kataev, Valentin, 61, 86 Markov, Pavel, 70, 92, 112, 172-3 The Embezzlers (novel), 92, 99 Maupassant, Guy de, 148 The Embezzlers (play), 93 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, ix, 32-3, Squaring the Circle, 92-5, 128, 172 37, 52, 74, 170, 174 Time, Forward!, 128 About This, 121-2 Kaut-Howson, Helena, 166 The Bathhouse, 43, 49, 91, 115, Kedrov, Mikhail, 64 118, 121, 123-30 Kerensky, Alexander, 40, 42, 136 The Bedbug, 49, 98, 109-10, Kerzhentsev, Platon, 29-30, 154, 115-23, 126 169 The Fifth International, 122 Khmelyov, Nikolay, 63 Forget about the Hearth, 118 Kirshon, Vladimir, 144, 167 'A Letter to Comrade Kostrov Kleberg, Lars, 170 from Paris on the Nature of Knipper, Olga, 17 Love', 121 Kogan, P., 30, 169 'Lost in Conference', 125 Koltai, Ralph, 143 Mystery-Bouffe, 32-3, 42-50, 115, Kozlov, P., 126, 128-9 Legend of the Communard, 37 Meiningen Theatre, 1-3 Komissarzhevskaya, Vera, 22 melodrama, 34, 95 Kugel, A., 51 Meyerhold, Vsevolod, ix, x, 2, 4-5, Kukryniksy, 122 22-4, 26, 32-3, 43, 46-8, 50, 65, 91-2, 102, 107, 112-3, 117, Lavrenyov, Boris, 126, 144, 167-9, 173-4 Breakup, 56-7, 60-1 The Bathhouse, 123, 129-30 Leach, R., 170 The Bedbug, 117, 119, 120, 122-3 LEF (Left Front of Art), 52 biomechanics, 47-8, 54 Lenin, Vladimir, x, 27-8, 30-1, 34, The Earth Rampant, 52 37, 42, 50, 125, 136 The Forest, 106 Leonidov, Leonid, 154, 162 The Government Inspector, 33 Leonov, Leonid, 61 A List of Benefits, 145, 147-8 literature of fact, 52-3 The Magnanimous Cuckold, 33, 47 Littlewood, Joan, 50 The Mandate, 103-7, 129 Lope de Vega, 33 Mystery-Bouffe, 46-8 Lukyanova, L., 138 The Puppet Booth, 22-6 Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 27-8, 31-4, Roar, China!, 54-5 Index 185

Tarelkin's Death, 47 Popova, Lyubov, 47 Theatre No. 1 of the RSFSR, Proffer, Carl, 173 32-3 Proffer, Ellendea, 170-2, 175 Theatrical October, 32-3 Proletkult, ix, 28-30, 32, 37-8, 42, Mikhailovsky Theatre, 32 46-7, 50, 52 Mikhalsky, F., 171 Provisional Government, 31, 33, Milne, Lesley, 171 40, 43 Mirsky, Dmitry, 168 psychologism, 145, 155, 167 Moliere, 33, 118-9, 129, 137-43 Pushkin, Alexander, 33, 68, 129 monumentalism, 145, 154-5, 167 Pyman, Avril, 169, 171 Mordvinov, B., 113 Moscow Art Theatre (MKhAT), x, Racine, Jean, 165 1-4, 6-7, 9, 12, 15-17, 21-2, Radlov, Sergey, 48, 55, 170 26-8, 31-4, 51, 57, 60-3, 66, Rafalovich, V., 170 69-70, 74-5, 83, 85, 93, 95, Raikh, Zinaida, 129 98, 107, 112-13, 127-8, 141-2, RAPP (Russian Association of 144-5, 153-4, 162-3 Proletarian Writers), x, 126-7, Moscow Satire Theatre, 49, 114 144, 153 Moscow Trade Union Theatre, 56 Rasputin, Grigory, 158 Moskvin, Ivan, 17 realism, 1-2, 4-6, 25-6, 105, 127-8, Mystery of Freed Labour, see festivals, 144-5, 154-5 mass revolutionary Red Army Theatre, 155 Rees, Roger, 113 Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vladimir, Reinhardt, Max, 17 1, 3, 17, 60, 142, 163, 168, 173 Repertkom/Glavrepertkom New Economic Policy (NEP), 42, (censorship committee), 57, 87-8, 99-100 62, 85, 113 Rich, F., 173 Olesha, Yury, 107 Rodchenko, Alexander, 122 The Conspiracy of Feelings, 145 Rogachevsky, M., 171 Envy, 145 Rolland, Romain, 29, 34 A List of Benefits, 145-51, 175 Romashov, Boris, 172 The Three Fat Men, 145 The End of Krivorylsk, 95-7 Orwell, George, 132 The Meringue Pie, 88-92, 96, 98, Ostrovsky, Alexander, 1, 33, 50, 115, 119 106, 144 ROSTA (Russian Telegraph O'Neill, Eugene, 12 Agency), 45 Other Place, Stratford, 143 Royal Court Theatre, 17 Royal Exchange Theatre, People's House Theatre, Manchester, 14 Leningrad, 129 Royal Shakespeare Company, Pilnyak, Boris, 61 20-1, 75, 113, 143 Pimenov, V., 169 Rudnitsky, Konstantin, 47-8, 76, Pinter, Harold, 132 105, 123, 147, 170-1, 173-5 Piotrovsky, A., 170 Russell, Robert, 169-70, 173 Pirandello, Luigi, 131 Russian Association of Proletarian Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 125 Writers, see RAPP Pogodin, Nikolay, 144, 167 Polyakova, E., 170 Sakhnovsky, V., 113, 171 186 Index

Schiller, Friedrich, 33 Tolstoy, Leo, 1, 33, 66, 68, 78 Segel, Harold, 172 'The Death of Ivan Ilich', 160 Shakespeare, William, 33, 165 Trabsky, A., 170-3 Hamlet, 110-11, 146-9 Trenyov, Konstantin, 131 Macbeth, 81 Lyubov Yarovaya, 56-61, 63-4, Shaw Theatre, London, 142 67, 78, 170 Shane, Alex, 174 The Pugachyov Rebellion, 51-2, 57 Shchukin, Boris, 162 Tretyakov, Sergey, 170 Sher, Antony, 139-40, 143, 175 Do You Hear, Moscow?!, 52 Shostakovich, Dmitry, 119 Roar, China!, 52-6 Shtraukh, Maxim, 129 Trotsky, Lev, 51, 136 Simon, F., 175 Tsentroteatr, 32 Simov, Victor, 3, 66 Turgenev, Ivan, 1, 33 Slashchov, Ya., 81-2 Slonim, Marc, 176 Vakhtangov, Sergey, 129 Smeral, Bohumir, 39 Vakhtangov Theatre, 57, 60-1, 98, Socialist Realism, x, 56-7, 66, 167 107, 112, 145, 162 Sologub, Fyodor, 5-6, 22, 168 Venables, Clare, 49 Stalin, Joseph, 74-5, 85, 103, 112, Verhaeren, Emil 130, 135, 138, 140-1, 171, 175 Dawns, 32-3 Stanislavsky, Konstantin, ix, 1-4, Vermishev, Alexander, 6-9, 11-12, 14-17, 31, 93, 107, Red Truth, 34-7, 70 112-3, 154, 168, 170 Verne, Jules, 136 Armoured Train 14-69, 62, 65-6 Vishnevsky, Vsevolod, 144 The Lower Depths, 16-17 First Cavalry, 154-7, 167, 175 Moliere, 139, 141-2 Vladimirov, S., 175 Philistines, 7-9 Stepanova, Varvara, 47 Storming of the Winter Palace, see Wardle, Irving, 113, 142-3, 168, festivals, mass revolutionary 173, 175-6 Stroeva, M., 168, 170-1, 175 Williamson, Nicol, 14 Sudakov, Ilya, 60, 65, 70, 153-4 Woroszylski, W., 174 Sukhanova, Maria, 130, 174 Wrangel, Baron P., 37-8 Suzman, Janet, 165 Wright, Colin, 171-5 Tairov, Alexander, 32, 138 Tamashin, L., 169 Yanovskaya, L., 171-2 TEO (Theatrical Section, Yufit, A., 169 Commissariat of Enlightenment), 31-2, 95 Zagorsky, M., 174 Theatre (almanach, 1908), 3-4 Zakhava, Boris, 163, 176 Theatre Guild, New York, 54 Zamyatin, Evgeny, Theatre of the Revolution, 91 The Fires of St Dominic, 132-5, Thomson, Boris, 119, 174 174-5 Tovstonogov, G., 9, 11 Islanders, 132 Towards a World Commune, see We, 129, 132 festivals, mass revolutionary Zolotnitsky, D., 175 Tolstoy, A. K., 3 Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 129