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Satiric Image of Soviet Reality in the Works of M.A. Bulgakov Pjaee, 17 (7) (2020)

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Satiric Image of Soviet Reality in the Works of M.A. Bulgakov Pjaee, 17 (7) (2020) SATIRIC IMAGE OF SOVIET REALITY IN THE WORKS OF M.A. BULGAKOV PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) SATIRIC IMAGE OF SOVIET REALITY IN THE WORKS OF M.A. BULGAKOV Guo Cong1*, Chistyakov Alexander Valerianovich2 1*PhD Student of the Department of Russian and Foreign Literature, Faculty of Philology, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. 2Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Literature, Faculty of Philology,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. 1*Guo Cong Guo Cong, Chistyakov Alexander Valerianovich.Satiric Image of Soviet Reality in the Works of M.A. Bulgakov-- Palarch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology 17(7), 5670-5681. ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: M.A. Bulgakov, Satire, Grotesque, Parody, Infernal Elements. ABSTRACT The article is devoted to the originality of the satirical depiction of the Soviet system in the stories of M.A. Bulgakov's "Diaboliad", "Fatal Eggs", "Heart of a Dog" and the novel "The Master and Margarita". The main artistic techniques of Bulgakov's satire are considered - grotesque, fantastic assumption, irony and parody. A characteristic feature of Bulgakov's artistic method is highlighted - a combination of a realistic image of Soviet society with carnival and infernal motives.The present study examines specific features of satirical image of the Soviet system in M.A. Bulgakov's novels “Diaboliad”, “The Fatal Eggs”, “Heart of Dog” and “The Master and Margarita”. Basic art techniques of Bulgakov's satire, such as grotesque, fantastic assumption, irony, parody, are reviewed. In addition, the combination of realistic image with carnival and infernal motives is described as a typical feature of Bulgakov‟s art method. INTRODUCTION M. A. Bulgakov (1891-1940) was a famous Russian novelist and playwright in the 20th century. Born in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1891, in a typical intellectual family, this family atmosphere contributed to the development of M.A. 5670 SATIRIC IMAGE OF SOVIET REALITY IN THE WORKS OF M.A. BULGAKOV PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) Bulgakov's interest and love for literature and art, and also became an inexhaustible source of his future creations. From 1918 to 1919, as a doctor, in a situation of constant war and uncertainty. In 1920 he abandoned medical practice and embarked on a creative path. With the publication of his works "White Guard", "Fatal eggs", "Notes of a young doctor" and the play "Days of the Turbins", "Zoykina's apartment" and "Crimson Island", MA Bulgakov became a famous satirist and playwright in the 1920s. His profound observations of poignant and humorous language created a satirical kingdom of the absurd. Whether it is the absurdity of "Heart of a Dog", the melancholic riddle of the "White Guard" or the mystical "The Master and Margarita", all this reflects the main goal of the writer: never compromise with all the forces of evil and decisively attack the hypocrisy, ignorance, greed and cowardice of humanity... MA Bulgakov inherited the grotesque and satirical methods of Gogol and Shedelin, removed the mask of human hypocrisy and ugliness, allowing readers to understand the dark side of society, at the same time to receive emotions and soul renewal. [8, p. 42]. However, in the 1920s, when the Soviet ideology was extremely harsh about his works, since then, from the late 1920s until the writer's death, none of his novels were published in the Soviet Union, and his plays were practically banned. Since the 1960s, the works of Mikhail Bulgakov have been published in the Soviet Union after Stalin's death and the so-called "Thaw". The first "publications by M. A. Bulgakov" appeared in the Soviet Union, and in the mid-1980s, the publication of the novel "The Master and Margarita" by M. A. Bulgakov began in the Soviet Union. Chudakova, Smelyanskiy, Yanovskaya, Ninov, Lakshchen, Sokolov and other specialists conducted an in-depth and detailed study of the work of M. A. Bulgakov, his life and works became the center of research for many scientists. In 1991, during the 100th anniversary of M.A.Bulgakov, UNESCO declared M.A.Bulgakov to be 1991 in recognition of his great contribution to world literature. MAIN CONTENT Formation of M.A. Bulgakov as a writer took place in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, in an era of global changes and social upheavals, which was characterized by a radical rethinking of the foundations of life and the creation of a new system of values. Bulgakov did not accept the revolutionary changes in Russia. Besides, in the revolution, he saw the destruction of the foundations of civilization and the victory of chaos. From his perspective, the displacement of religion and the replacement of the Christian faith with atheistic ideology became are other factors in the degradation of society. The changes take place in the society. The shortcomings and weaknesses of Soviet 5671 SATIRIC IMAGE OF SOVIET REALITY IN THE WORKS OF M.A. BULGAKOV PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) reality are reflected in the writer's works in satirical and grotesque coverage. The artistic world of Bulgakov “developed as a laughter one with all the features inherent in this kind of phenomenon” [7, p. 309]. By the definition of M.M. Bakhtin, satire is "a figurative denial of modern reality in its various moments, which necessarily includes - in one form or another, with varying degrees of concreteness and clarity - and the positive moment of affirming a better reality" [1, p. 15]. Satire is the leading way of depicting reality in the works of M.A. Bulgakov. The tools of the satirical depiction of reality are grotesque, irony, hyperbole and caricature. Satire on the Soviet system is vividly represented in such works of the writer as the stories "Heart of a Dog", "Diaboliad", "Fatal Eggs" and the novel "The Master and Margarita". The destruction of the established order of life, forgetfulness of moral norms, ignorance of education and rejection of the simplest achievements of civilization in everyday life are subjected to satirical denial. However, above all, Bulgakov's satire has a life-affirming, creative character. As noted by A.F. Petrenko, “Bulgakov's critical laughter is not misanthropic, alienating and destructive, since it has weighty ideological and moral foundations and is justified and positively significant in this sense” [5, p. 188]. Fatal Eggs The story "Fatal Eggs" satirically depicts both the time of war communism and the period of NEP. According to Bulgakov‟s sarcastic remarks, the artistic details emphasizing the catastrophic nature of war communism - a clock that has stopped on the wall of the house (symbolically indicating a violation of the course of times), gilded chairs that are going to kindle the stove and the cockroaches that die out of hunger - show the „malicious‟ attitude to the policy of war communism. In accordance with Bulgakov, the most important reason for the country's degradation was the new government's ignorance of education. This idea is expressed in the story based on hyperbolic plot details. Professor of zoology Persikov blames the People's Commissar for Education for the death of his terrarium. In the icy, frozen auditorium, the professor, continues to lecture, although only eight students come to listen to his lesson. By convincing students of not knowing elementary things during the exam, Persikov suspects them of being Marxists. In 1919, Professor Persikov was deprived of three of his five rooms. The return of the rooms in 1926 indicates a change in social policy. However, the establishment of NEP did not cause the elimination of the serious vices of the socialist system. 5672 SATIRIC IMAGE OF SOVIET REALITY IN THE WORKS OF M.A. BULGAKOV PJAEE, 17 (7) (2020) The story "Fatal Eggs" shows that even an ingenious invention in the conditions of Soviet reality can lead to the disaster. Persikov discovered the amazing properties of the red ray, the “ray of life,” which enhances the vitality and activity. The red ray has deep symbolism. The simplest amoeba, finding themselves in the field of action of the ray, began to wage a fierce struggle for existence. Consequently, the strongest and the most vicious won. The red ray is a communist ideology that releases destructive instincts and brings to the surface the most cruel and unprincipled ones. Professor Persikov could not continue the experiments. Alexander Semyonovich Rokk, a former flutist who became a Soviet functionary, decided to take advantage of his discovery. An exemplary state farm "Red Ray" was organized, in which, based on the "ray of life", Rokk hoped to achieve the success in chicken breeding. This character is a caricature of a Soviet worker in charge. After the revolution, leading positions began to be occupied by people who did not possess professional knowledge and experience. Bulgakov ironically presents how a flutist playing in the foyer of a cinema writes works about irrigation of the Turkestan region or performs complex scientific experiments. In addition, the writer also satirically depicts the methods of leadership of such workers. To change the mood of the peasants in the village, who called him the Antichrist, he plans to hold a meeting and deliver a speech on the international situation. Loyalty to the party ideology cannot replace knowledge and professionalism. Bulgakov brings the readers to this conclusion. The fatal mistake of the postal workers, who confused the delivery of the parcel with chicken and snake eggs, leads to the death of a large number of people, riots and, in the end, to the death of Professor Persikov and the destruction of the institute. However, this mistake, according to the writer, is not an accident, but a consequence of a vicious social system in which negligence is extremely natural. The ending of the story is permeated with bitter irony.
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