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Masaryk University Masaryk University Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature French influence on English fashion vocabulary Bachelor thesis Brno 2017 Supervisor: Author: Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Aneta Vyšehradová Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných pramenů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy univerzity a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb., o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. ………..........................................................…. Brno 15 March, 2017 Aneta Vyšehradová Acknowledgements: Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. for his helpful advice and beneficial impulses while working on the thesis and especially for his understanding and patience. Secondly, I would like to thank my family and friends for their ceaseless support and benevolence throughout my studies and their encouragement to overcome all kinds of obstacles. Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of French on the English language, especially on the fashion vocabulary. The purpose is to chronicle the historical background, which determined the formation of new expressions related to fashion based on already existing French terms, to depict basic procedures of enriching English lexicon and to examine concrete examples of the vocabulary. The theoretical part includes historical research portraying the development of English language and its connection with French culture, language and lifestyle. It also determines specific methods used to create or transform words in order to expand English lexicon. The practical part then analyses a list of chosen English fashion vocabulary items inspired by French language and classifies them from the historical point of view, takes into consideration word classes of given words and evaluates particular resemblances and anomalies throughout the process. As a whole, the thesis serves as a source of comparison of historical and modern forms of the fashion vocabulary and may be used as an initial point to further studies of the given subject. Key words Fashion vocabulary, French influence, borrowings, French-English relation, historical development, expanding lexicon Abstrakt Tato práce se zabývá studií vlivu francouzského jazyka na jazyk anglický a především na slovní zásobu týkající se tématu móda. Jejím záměrem je popsat historické pozadí, které zapříčinilo vznik nových módních termínů v angličtině ovlivněných již existujícími termíny z francouzštiny, poskytnout přehled způsobů rozšiřování anglické slovní zásoby a pozorovat konkrétní příklady. Teoretická část zahrnuje historickou rešerši, která dokládá vývoj anglického jazyka a jeho vztah s francouzskou kulturou, jazykem a životním stylem. Zároveň uvádí jednotlivé metody pro tvorbu nebo úpravu slov se záměrem rozšířit anglické lexikum. Praktická část zkoumá seznam vybraných anglických výrazů spojených s významovým okruhem módy, která byla ovlivněna francouzštinou, klasifikuje je z historického hlediska s ohledem na slovní druhy a vymezuje určité podobnosti a anomálie, ke kterým během procesu došlo. Práce jako celek slouží jako porovnání historické a současné podoby dané slovní zásoby a může být využita jako výchozí bod pro další studie zvolené problematiky. Klíčová slova slovní zásoba móda, vliv francouzštiny, slovní výpůjčky, francouzsko-anglický vztah, historický vývoj, rozšiřování lexika List of abbreviations and symbols used in the thesis Abbreviations adj. adjective n° number AL. Anglo-Latin n. noun AN. Anglo-Norman OE Old English alt. alternation OF. Old French Arab. Arabic OHG. Old High German Balt.-Sl. Balto-Slavonic Old Fris. Old Frisian c. century ON Old Norse Celt. Celtic ONF. Old Northern French CODEE The Concise Oxford orig. origin Dictionary of English OS. Old Saxon Etymology perh. perhaps conj. conjuction Pers. Persian dial. dialect, dialectal prep. preposition F. French prob. probably Frank. Frankish Pr.-Ger. Proto- Germanic G. German Prov. Provençal Gmc. Germanic Rom. Roman, Romance Gr. Greek Sp. Spanish interj. interjection unkn. unknown It. Italian v. verb L. Latin var. variant(s) MHG. Middle High German VL. Vulgar Latin Symbols < = from Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 9 I. Theoretical part .................................................................................................................. 10 1. Introduction to language and to English ....................................................................... 11 1.1. Functions of a language ......................................................................................... 11 1.2. Historical development of English ......................................................................... 12 1.2.1 Old English ..................................................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Middle English ............................................................................................... 14 1.2.3 Modern English .............................................................................................. 15 2. Enriching English lexicon ............................................................................................. 16 2.1. Affixation ............................................................................................................... 17 2.2. Compounding ......................................................................................................... 17 2.3. Conversion and back-formation ............................................................................. 18 2.4. Clipping and blending ............................................................................................ 19 2.5. Eponymy and onomatopoeia .................................................................................. 20 2.6. Reduplication and acronyms .................................................................................. 20 2.7. Borrowings ............................................................................................................. 21 3. French influence on individual domains of English ...................................................... 22 3.1. Spelling .................................................................................................................. 22 3.2. Pronunciation ......................................................................................................... 23 3.3. Syntax .................................................................................................................... 24 3.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................. 25 II. Practical part ..................................................................................................................... 27 4. Historical assortment ..................................................................................................... 28 4.1. Twelfth century ...................................................................................................... 30 4.2. Thirteenth century .................................................................................................. 30 4.3. Fourteenth century ................................................................................................. 31 4.4. Fifteenth century .................................................................................................... 32 4.5. Sixteenth century ................................................................................................... 32 4.6. Seventeenth century ............................................................................................... 33 4.7. Eighteenth century ................................................................................................. 34 4.8. Nineteenth century ................................................................................................. 35 4.9. Twentieth century .................................................................................................. 35 5. Foreign influence on fashion vocabulary ...................................................................... 36 5.1. Latin ....................................................................................................................... 37 5.2. Germanic, Roman, Italian ...................................................................................... 38 5.3. Greek, Frankish, Arabic, Persian ........................................................................... 39 5.4. Celtic, Dutch and other origins .............................................................................. 40 5.5. Solely French influence ......................................................................................... 40 5.6. French dialects ....................................................................................................... 41 5.7. Proper name based vocabulary .............................................................................. 41 6. Multiple meanings of fashion vocabulary ..................................................................... 42 6.1. Shifts in meanings .................................................................................................
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