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Local Wisdom Values of Maritime Community in Preserving Marine Resources in Indonesia

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Local Wisdom Values of Maritime Community in Preserving Marine Resources in Indonesia Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration, 4 (2) 2020: 84-94 | E-ISSN: 2579-9215 Local Wisdom Values of Maritime Community in Preserving Marine Resources in Indonesia Sem Touwe History Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Pattimura University, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia DOI: https://doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v4i2.4812 Abstract This study identifies and describes the local wisdom carried out by the coastal Received: communities, especially the people of North Seram, Maluku in preserving the May 1, 2020 island and marine environment as well as the customary institutions in determining and guarding local wisdom of coastal communities to manage Revised: marine resources. The marine resource is started to weaken along with the December 23, 2020 development of modern technology. This paper provides contemporary Accepted: phenomena regarding the weakness of customary laws and traditional December 25, 2020 institutions that regulate marine resources, including social values in the form of rituals, representing the relationship between humans and their *Corresponding Author: environment. The protection of marine resources around them will be an [email protected] important discussion to see the role of government and society in preserving marine and coastal resources. This study used a qualitative approach to produce descriptive explanations from reports, book reviews, and documents that describe theories and information of both past and present. The result is that the local wisdom maintained as superior cultural practices that are beneficial to human survival, especially in maintaining the sustainability and balance between humans and living objects. Keywords: Local Wisdom; Coastal Area Resources; Local Institutions. Introduction The 1957 Juanda Declaration and UNCLOS 1982 designated Indonesia as an archipelago state with a huge maritime economic potential. As the largest archipelago state in the world, Indonesia has a total sea area of 5,8 million km2 comprising of territorial area of 3,2 million km2 and Indonesia Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEEI) of 2,7 million km2 (Sulistiyono 2017, 55). In addition, there are 17.840 islands in Indonesia with 90. 000 km coastline. Moreover, there is a total of 22,000 species of fish which inhabit our planet; it is estimated that most of them are found in the Indonesian waters (Allen 1999, 11). Spatially, not all of the potential coastal area can be utilized for aquaculture. Therefore, according to Lumban-Gaol et al. (2018), the coastline and coastal areas should get attention from the government to develop the fishery of coastal areas and small islands. With such a wide and extensive scope, the Indonesian maritime definitely possess diverse potential marine resources, both biological and non-biological. In addition to that, the majority of Indonesian people depend their living from the sea, by utilizing local genius, way of living, and household economic dependency from generation to generation to utilize marine resources to meet their daily lives. The vast marine area with a total of 17.840 islands, certainly provides an enormous value for the natural resources such as fish and coral reefs with biological richness with high economic value. Unfortunately, the Indonesian paradigm regarding the sea tends to be different from the actual reality. The sea is viewed as a pool of waste due to disposal of industrial waste, household waste and agricultural waste to the sea, as if the sea is a waste disposal. Not only waste, but misuse of toxic chemicals, bombs, and tiger trawl may damage the marine biota and coral reefs. This condition needs to be highlighted by the government as well as practitioner, humanist, scientist, including historian and all society elements who focus on maritime field. Ironically, given that around 75 percent of this 84 Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration, 4 (2) 2020: 84-94 | E-ISSN: 2579-9215 country consists of waters with thousands of island spreading from Sabang to Merauke, and from Rote to Sangir Talaut, until now it has not been well-utilized by the government of Indonesia. Human needs to realize that they do not preserve the environment. Not only destroying the livelihood of most Indonesian, this irresponsible activity can also cause disaster for humans themselves. Therefore, it is important to recognize the benefits of ecology for human life since an early age. Many environmental conservation projects have been done, including (1) Campaign on cleaning the beach by not throwing garbage at the sea; (2). Recycling the industrial and factory waste before discharging it into water, sea and air; (3) Prohibition to damage coral reefs as a habitat for various marine life; (4) Prohibition to break some parts of the coral as a souvenir or building materials; (5) Prohibition to do illegal fishing; (6) Prohibition to use fish bomb, poison and trawl in fishing; (7) Reducing soil, water, and air pollution; (8) Campaign on mangrove action projects. The direction of development policy since the independence of Indonesia is lacking of focus on the sea because it tends to emphasize on continental-based development, therefore the maritime sector becomes a peripheral sector. The maritime field which is defined as the sector of fishery, marine tourism, mining, maritime industry, sea transportation, building and maritime service, seem to be separated. There is no clear principal and where these sectors will be directed. The government of Indonesia should follow the examples of other archipelago states that are relatively smaller compared to Indonesia such as Japan, Korea, Thailand which comprehend their maritime potential well so they can proudly become developed countries since they utilize their maritime potential well and responsibly. That is why the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fishery in the era of President Megawati Soekarnoputri, Rohkmin Dahuri, once emphasized that the demand of marine resources-based development must be made the top priority in developing the nation’s economy, as quoted by Ralahalo (2007, 28). Indonesia’s marine wealth should be the primary sector in the development of national economy. Therefore, it is only appropriate if the government starts to direct the course of policies to maritime-based development. The point is, it is the time for Indonesian people to leave the tendency to look at the models of development in continental states such as the United States of America, China, Australia and many others. Some of the functions of the sea that should become the government’s consideration in setting out maritime-based policies are; sea as a medium to unite the nation, transportation medium, resources medium, medium to establish social relation, medium of bio-ecology education, and medium of security defence. Identifying the values of maritime culture is a highly important aspect to reconstruct and lay the paradigm of the appropriate marine development to maintain the sustainability of the sea ecosystem in an integrated manner. Therefore, Rochwulaningsih et al (2019) questions why Indonesia has not been able to become a great maritime state according to its economic opportunities through the availability of abundant natural resources, geographical conditions, and historical reality. They emphasized on the statement that if Indonesia intends to become a great maritime state, it is necessary to build strong maritime power in shipping, defence, and military. In Indonesia, the maritime communities with maritime values created by their ancestors as a monumental cultural work, are inherited from generation to generation to meet the family needs as a beneficial life skill either for their living or maintaining the harmony of the sea environment including its content. They manage the resources collectively and live in harmony with the surrounding sea environment. The local wisdom of coastal community in managing the marine resources has always been integrated with the philosophy of life of the maritime community who uphold the principles of harmony, balance, and compatibility of relationship between human and the nature, as well as between human and the creator. Unfortunately, many types of local wisdom of the coastal and small islands community have shifted; even currently, some of them are no longer being practiced at all. The values of maritime cultures which is the social normal that are intentionally inherited by the ancestors and are kept from generation to generation both in daily practices as well as in collective memory of the maritime community in Indonesia, now becomes weaker. As such, this writing aims to describe the shifting of local wisdom values of the maritime community in managing the marine resources in Indonesia by highlighting the issue of the weakening of local wisdom of the maritime community as the social 85 Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration, 4 (2) 2020: 84-94 | E-ISSN: 2579-9215 capital in preserving and maintaining the marine environment as the source to meet daily needs of the maritime community. The role and status of local wisdom as the law or regulation implemented in this coastal area is very important. Viewed from the historical perspective, it was obtained through a very long process and passed down orally by the community from generation to generation. From the point of view of its application in particular, it serves as a control over human nature whose needs and desires are endless, allowing the local wisdom to greatly affect the preservation of human environment as a place to live, especially in the coastal areas (Jumiarta et al. 2013,1). The potential local wisdom related to the preservation of marine environment for example is Petik Laut, a ritual carried out by the people in Gili Island by making a replica boat containing offerings in the form of tumpeng and cow’s head, then it is floated on the sea accompanied by a fishing boat (Jumiarta et al. 2013, 1) Another example regarding traditional ceremony to protect the sea is Jamu Laut or Pesta Jamu Laut that is generally found in the coastal communities of East Sumatra.
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