DOCSLIB.ORG

Analytical Model for Assessing Collapse Risk During Mountain Tunnel Construction Guo-Hua Zhang, Yu-Yong Jiao, Li-Biao Chen, Hao Wang, and Shu-Cai Li

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Analytical Model for Assessing Collapse Risk During Mountain Tunnel Construction Guo-Hua Zhang, Yu-Yong Jiao, Li-Biao Chen, Hao Wang, and Shu-Cai Li 326 ARTICLE Analytical model for assessing collapse risk during mountain tunnel construction Guo-Hua Zhang, Yu-Yong Jiao, Li-Biao Chen, Hao Wang, and Shu-Cai Li Abstract: Risk management for safety in mountain tunnel construction is of great significance. However, existing research lags behind engineering applications. In this paper, the risk of mountain tunnel collapse is used as an example to illustrate a new assessment method based on case-based reasoning, advanced geological prediction, and rough set theory. First, the risk sur- roundings and risk factors involved in tunnel collapse are integrated and summarized, and a risk assessment index system is established for tunnel collapse. At the same time, because the dynamic response parameters obtained by the advanced geological prediction usually indicate a typical geological structure, sensitive response parameters are introduced in the assessment index system. Advanced risk assessment can be performed for tunnel sections at a certain distance ahead of the tunnel face. Second, the major risk surroundings and the advanced geological prediction results are analyzed for the tunnel under assessment. Cases with similar attribute characteristics are selected via comparison with previous cases. Attribute reduction and calculation of weights are subsequently performed for the risk surroundings and risk factors of similar cases based on the attribute signifi- cance theory of rough sets. Finally, index screening and objective weights are applied in the fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. The results of this paper can be used to improve the theoretical level and reliability of risk assessment in tunnel safety and serve as a reference for tunnel construction. Key words: mountain tunnel, case-based reasoning, advanced geological prediction, rough set, risk assessment. Résumé : La gestion des risques visant a` garantir la sécurité des chantiers de construction des tunnels de montagne revêt une grande importance. Cependant, la recherche accuse un retard important par rapport l’ingénierie liée a` ce domaine. Dans le présent article, le risque d’effondrement des tunnels de montagne est utilisé comme exemple d’application d’une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation axée sur le raisonnement par cas, sur la prévision avancée des risques géologiques sur la théorie des ensembles approximatifs. Dans un premier temps, les risques et facteurs de risque associés a` l’effondrement d’un tunnel sont rassemblés et synthétisés et un système d’indices d’évaluation de ces risques est créé. Parallèlement, étant donné que les paramètres de la réponse dynamique obtenus par prévision avancée des risques géologiques sont généralement associés a` une structure géologique typique, les paramètres de la réponse sensible sont incorporés au système d’indices d’évaluation. Il est For personal use only. possible de réaliser une évaluation poussée des risques d’effondrement dans des segments de tunnel situés a` l’avant du front de taille du tunnel, a` l’avant de ce dernier. Dans un deuxième temps, les risques majeurs associés et les résultats de la prévision avancée des risques géologiques sont analysés dans le cas du tunnel évalué. On sélectionne des cas d’étude présentant des caractéristiques similaires, en les comparant a` d’autres exemples passés. On procède ensuite a` une réduction des attributs et au calcul des poids dans le cas des risques associés et des facteurs de risques de cas similaires, a` l’aide de la théorie des ensembles approximatifs basée sur l’importance des attributs. Enfin, on applique le filtrage des indices et les poids objectifs au modèle flou d’évaluation exhaustive. Les résultats de la présente étude peuvent servir a` améliorer le niveau théorique et la fiabilité du processus d’évaluation des risques visant a` garantir la sécurité des tunnels et servir d’outil de référence pour la construction de tunnels. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : tunnel de montagne, raisonnement par cas, prévision avancée des risques géologiques, ensemble approximatif, évaluation des risques. Introduction (mud gushing, water inrush), and other hazards frequently occur. Complex geological conditions, intensive tectonic movements, During construction of mountain tunnels, risk accidents such as sophisticated construction technology, and unforeseeable risks collapses and gushing not only result in construction delays, dam- are usually encountered during construction of mountain tun- age to equipment, and increased investment, but also pose a great nels. The construction technology and management level can threat to the safety of construction workers. Therefore, many hardly catch up with the rapid development of large-scale moun- studies have been conducted on the mechanisms of tunnel collapse tain tunnels. In addition, due to the nonobjective evaluation of and gushing and the countermeasures to control the risk level the risks during underground engineering construction, nonsci- within an acceptable range via risk assessment and management. entific risk management, and insufficient investment in risk man- Einstein et al. (1978) and Einstein (1996) proposed risk analysis Can. Geotech. J. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by "Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, CAS" on 02/03/16 agement, tunnel collapses (including large deformation), gushing for tunnel engineering and initiated an upsurge in studies on risk Received 10 February 2015. Accepted 24 July 2015. G.-H. Zhang, Y.-Y. Jiao, and H. Wang. State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, P.R. China. L.-B. Chen. Fujian Provincial Expressway Construction Directorate, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, China. S.-C. Li. Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Centre, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, P.R. China. Corresponding author: Yu-Yong Jiao (e-mail: [email protected]). Can. Geotech. J. 53: 326–342 (2016) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0064 Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/cgj on 17 August 2015. Zhang et al. 327 assessment for underground engineering. In the early days, Sturk Algorithm of attribute reduction et al. (1996), Bielecki (1998), Stille et al. (1998), Isaksson et al. (1999), Rough set (RS) theory can be viewed as a mathematical tool that Reilly (2000), and Choi et al. (2004) conducted a large number of enables approximate reasoning that involves uncertainty and studies on risk assessment for road tunnels, undersea tunnels, vagueness in decision-making processes (Pawlak 1982). Due to its and subway tunnels, and proposed some concepts and methods advantages, which include the elimination of the need for addi- for tunneling risk assessment. These studies established the the- tional information about data and the ability to extract rules di- oretical and practical bases for tunneling risk assessment. In 2004, rectly from data itself, this theory has been used in more and the International Tunnel Association released the “Guidelines for more domains. The fundamental knowledge about RS theory is Tunneling Risk Management”, which provides a reference and introduced in Appendix A. method for tunneling risk management (Eskesen et al. 2004). At It is well known that when the condition attributes for any the same time, the Monte Carlo (Chung et al. 2006; Ruwanpura decision-making information system are used in classifications, and Ariaratnam 2007; Min et al. 2008), Bayesian networks (Shin the significance of each attribute is different. Certain attributes et al. 2009; Sousa and Einstein 2012), and artificial neural net- play dominant roles, others are less important, and other attri- works (Benardos and Kaliampakos 2004) methods have been used butes might be redundant. Attribute reduction is a process used to in tunnel risk assessment. These models are able to describe in obtain a concise decision-making information system by remov- detail the uncertainties involved in the prediction of geotechnical ing those redundant or insignificant attributes while the classifi- conditions and the common variations of performance rates or cation remains unchanged. For the discretized decision-making unit costs, but in general, they fail to consider the impact of other information system, the information entropy theory of rough sets factors, including extraordinary events (e.g., collapse, deforma- is applied for attribute reduction and weight calculation accord- tion, water inrush) as well as construction and organizational ing to the following procedures: factors. In particular, the latter ones lead to a significant increase Step 1 in the uncertainty of the project cost and duration, and should be For the discretized information system S =<U, C ഫ D, V, f >, included in a realistic model (Sousa and Einstein 2012). equivalence partitioning is performed. The indiscernible relation- Various research software packages for risk analysis during tun- ships U|IND͑D͒ and U|IND͑C͒ are calculated for the decision attri- nel construction have been developed over recent years, and the bute D and the condition attribute C, respectively. U is a finite set most important one is Decision Aids for Tunneling (DAT). The DAT of objects, V is a domain of attributes, and f is an information approach is based on an interactive program that uses probabilis- function. tic modeling of the construction processes to analyze the effects of geotechnical uncertainties and construction uncertainties on Step 2 the construction costs and duration (Einstein 2002). However, the Calculation of the condition information
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an Area with Increased Risk
    REPORT Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an area with increased risk February 2014 Published by: Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB) 2015 ISBN: 978-82-7768-350-8 (PDF) Graphic production: Erik Tanche Nilssen AS, Skien Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an area with increased risk February 2014 CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 01 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Mandat .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Questions and scope ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Organisation of the project ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4
    [Show full text]
  • The Follo Line Project LONGEST
    The Follo Line Project LONGEST. URBAN. COMPLEX. FASTER. 2015/3 Norwegian National Rail Administration THE FOLLO LINE PROJECT | 1 2 | THE FOLLO LINE PROJECT The project The Follo Line Project is currently the largest infrastructure The project includes: new double track line between Oslo Central project in Norway and will include the longest railway tunnel Station and the public transport hub at Ski in the Nordic countries. The new double track rail line forms 20 km long twin rail tunnel extensive work at Oslo Central Station the core part of the InterCity development southwards construction of a new station at Ski and from the capital. surface alignment necessary realignment of the existing Østfold Line, both on the approach to Oslo Central Station (with a new tunnel), and between the The Follo Line tunnel will be Norway’s first long twin new Ski Station and the future tunnel for the tube rail tunnel and one of the first to be constructed Follo Line using tunnel boring machines. The main construction work started in 2015, with completion in December 2021. Important preparatory work with the alignment of the new line and the construction sites was finalized in 2014/2015. THE FOLLO LINE PROJECT | 3 4 | THE FOLLO LINE PROJECT Overview Efficient and forward-looking at Ski. In tandem with the Østfold Line, which possible. Groundwater and properties that might be The Follo Line Project in total will comprise around currently runs between Oslo and Ski, the Follo Line affected are closely monitored Thorough planning is 64 km of new railway tracks. The new double track will give improved service to passengers.
    [Show full text]
  • Again and Again and Again Music As Site, Situation and Repetition
    Eivind Buene Again and Again and Again music as site, situation and repetition NordART The Arne Nordheim Centre for Artistic Research Eivind Buene Again and Again and Again music as site, situation and repetition Publications from The Arne Nordheim Centre for Artistic Research, vol. 2 NMH Publications 2017:7 Published by Norwegian Academy of Music NMH Publications 2017:7 © Norwegian Academy of Music and Eivind Buene Cover photo: Box Seats, RKO Hamilton Theatre. ISSNCopyright 0333-3760 2017 Matt Lambros. www.afterthefinalcurtain.net ISSN 2535-373X (elektroniske utgaver) ISBN 978-82-7853-216-4 ISBN 978-82-7853-231-7 (pdf) ISBN 978-82-7853-232-4 (ebok) Norwegian Academy of Music P.O. Box 5190 Majorstua 0302 OSLO Tel.: +47 23 36 70 00 E-mail: [email protected] nmh.no Print: 07 Media, www.07.no, 2018 Contents Introduction 5 Excavation, Exhumation, Autopsy 11 The Symphony Orchestra as Site Body and Site 29 Reading Kwon, thinking of Gould Brief Note on Repetition 46 Critical Music? 53 A spanner in the works Brief Note o n Infinite Endings 68 Delirious Brahms 71 Investigating the music chamber Brief note on Hacktivism 85 Posthumous Passions 89 A different perspective Brief Note on Transcription 98 ‘Smart critiques. Stupid creates’, Part 1 105 ‘Smart critiques. Stupid creates’, Part 2 114 ‘Smart critiques. Stupid creates’, Part3 123 Brief Note instead of a Conclusion 128 APPENDIX Works 133 Notes 134 Introduction Writing reflections Writing is not so much an activity that is ‘about’ or pursed alongside music, as it is a way of critically thinking, reinventing and experimenting with music.
    [Show full text]
  • Subsurface Exploration Methods for Soft Ground Rapid Transit Tunnels
    fft ATS 3H5 JUI 8 197S ORT NO. UMTA-MA-06-0025-76- Library /A SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION METHODS FOR SOFT GROUND RAP I D TRANSIT TUNNELS Volume I: Sections 1-6 and References Parsons, Bri nckerhof f , Qu'ade and Douglas 250 West 34th Street, New York NY 10001 Soil and Rock Instrumentation, Inc. 30 Tower Road, Newton Upper Falls MA 02164 it APRIL 1976 FINAL REPORT DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE, SPRINGFIELD, VIRGINIA 22161 Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION Office of Research and Development Washington DC 20590 . / NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Govern- ment assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse pro- ducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are con- sidered essential to the object of this report. I 1I.5 .A37 T5c -ttiUr/9 - no . Oo r- Technical Report Documentation Pag 76-3 1 . Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient s Catalog No. V. / UMTA-MA- 06-0025-76-1 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION METHODS FOR April 1976 SOFT GROUND RAPID TRANSIT TUNNELS 6. Performing Organization Code Volume I: Sections 1-6 and References 8. Performing Organization Report No. 7 . Autior's) Birger Schmidt,* Bruno Matarazzi,* Dunnicliff ** and Stephen Alsup** ’ DOT - TSC -UMTA- 7 6-3. C. John , 9. Per'orming Orgomzation Name and Address 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Norwegian Bergen Hosts World Cycling Championships American Story on Page 8 Volume 128, #19 • October 6, 2017 Est
    the Inside this issue: NORWEGIAN Bergen hosts World Cycling Championships american story on page 8 Volume 128, #19 • October 6, 2017 Est. May 17, 1889 • Formerly Norwegian American Weekly, Western Viking & Nordisk Tidende $3 USD Who were the Vikings? As science proves that some ancient warriors assumed to be men were actually women, Ted Birkedal provides an overview of historical evidence for real-life Lagerthas WHAT’S INSIDE? « Den sanne oppdagelsesreise Nyheter / News 2-3 TERJE BIRKEDAL består ikke i å finne nye Business 4-5 Anchorage, Alaska landskaper, men å se med Opinion 6-7 In the late 19th century a high-status Viking-era were buried with a sword, an axe, a spear, arrows, and nye øyne. » Sports 8-9 grave was excavated at Birka, Sweden. The grave goods a shield. The woman from Solør was also buried with a – Marcel Proust Research & Science 10 included a sword, an axe, a spear, a battle knife, several horse with a fine bridle. Another grave from Kaupang, armor-piercing arrows, and the remains of two shields. Norway, contained a woman seated in a small boat with Norwegian Heritage 11 Two horses were also buried with the grave’s inhabitant. an axe and a shield boss. Still another high-status grave Taste of Norway 12-13 Until 2014 the grave was thought to belong to a in Rogaland, Norway, turned up a woman with a sword Norway near you 14-15 man, but a forensic study of the skeleton in 2014 sug- at her side. Many other graves throughout Scandinavia Travel 16-17 gested that the buried person was a woman.
    [Show full text]
  • Kleverud-Sørli-Åkersvika
    The Dovre Line: Kleverud-Sørli-Åkersvika Stine Ilebrekke Undrum Project Director Bane NOR Tender Conference June 5. 2019 Important HSE principles for Bane NOR • Safety always has first priority • Our safety culture shall ensure that we work systematically with safety to avoid human injury and environmental or material damages. − we adhere to the highest safety standards. − we understand and consider risk. − we have zero tolerance for breach of safety regulations • The Working Environment Act applies to EVERYONE working in Norway, both Norwegian and foreign nationals. − http://www.arbeidstilsynet.no/working-conditions-in- norway.html Everybody safely home 4 Infrastructure Construction Division Infrastrucure Construction Einar Kilde Project 2020 Plan & Portfolio Brede Nermoen Elsebeth A Bakke Finance & Communication projectcontrol Cecilie Melland Birger Steffensen Contract & Market Safety & Quality Henning Scheel Vigdis Bjørlo Technique & Concept HR Trude Anke Gry Jødestøl Folloline Ringerikeline/ E16 East (Østfoldline & West/Mid Vestfoldline New Oslo-tunnel Per David Morten Dovreline) Hans-Egil Larsen Lars A Tangerås Anne Siri Haugen Borenstein Klokkersveen Stine I Undrum 5 East – Østfold Line & Dovre Line Project director Stine Ilebrekke Undrum Dep. Projectcontrol Project director Tor-A Holst Larsen Per B Vilnes Communication HR TBN Arild Sæthre Contract & Safety & Quality strategy Bente Gamst Karin Kaasen Hornnæs Venjar – Langset Kleverud – Sørli – Planprojects Sandbukta – Moss Planprojects Rønnaug-Ingeborg Åkersvika Dovreline – Såstad
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences with Capacity Reductions on Urban Main Roads – Rethinking Allocation of Urban Road Capacity?
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Transportation Research Procedia 19 ( 2016 ) 4 – 17 International Scientific Conference on Mobility and Transport Transforming Urban Mobility, mobil.TUM 2016, 6-7 June 2016, Munich, Germany Experiences with capacity reductions on urban main roads – rethinking allocation of urban road capacity? Aud Tennøy *, Paal B. Wangsness, Jørgen Aarhaug and Fredrik Alexander Gregersen Institute of Transport Economics, Gaustadalléen 21, 0361 Oslo, Norway Abstract This paper presents results from a study concerning effects and consequences of a temporary (one year) capacity reduction on an urban main road tunnel in Oslo, Norway. The main findings are that reduction of the road capacity from in total four to two lanes in the Smestad tunnel, carrying about 50 000 vehicles per workday, caused few or no effects or consequences. Three months after the capacity reduction was implemented, traffic volumes were about the same as before, there are only small increases in delays, and the road users (commuters and freight traffic) have not made significant adaptions. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (©http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.). Peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of the of organizing the organi committeezing committee of mobil.TUM of mobil.TUM 2016. 2016. Keywords: Reduction of urban road capacity; traffic volumes, delays, behavioural adaption 1. Introduction Ten tunnels on the urban main-road system in Oslo will undergo substantial rehabilitation in the period 2015 – 2020. These are dual tunnels, carrying 20 – 75 000 cars a day.
    [Show full text]
  • ITA Report #3
    ENVIRONM E NTAL AND SU S TAINABL E DE V E LOPM E NT RE A S ON S FOR GOIN G UND E R G ROUND ITA –AITES Working Group 15 Underground works and the environment N° ISBN : 978-2-9700624-2-4 ITA REPORT N°003 / JANUARY 2010 ITA Report n°003 - Environmental and sustainable development reasons for going underground - N°ISBN : 978-2-9700624-2-4 / JANUARY 2010 Layout : Longrine – Avignon – France – www.longrine.fr The International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association/Association Internationale des Tunnels et de l’Espace Souterrain (ITA/AITES) publishes this report to, in accordance with its statutes, facilitate the exchange of information, in order: to encourage planning of the subsurface for the benefit of the public, environment and sustainable development to promote advances in planning, design, construction, maintenance and safety of tunnels and underground space, by bringing together information thereon and by studying questions related thereto. This report has been prepared by professionals with expertise within the actual subjects. The opinions and statements are based on sources believed to be reliable and in good faith. However, ITA/AITES accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the material published in this report. This material is: information of a general nature only which is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual or entity; not necessarily comprehensive, complete, accurate or up to date; This material is not professional or legal advice (if you need specific advice,
    [Show full text]
  • Views of the International Transport Forum Or the OECD
    CPB Corporate Partnership Board Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo Measures for Zero Growth 181 Roundtable in Urban Traffic Aud Tennøy Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Discussion Paper Oddrun Helen Hagen Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Reallocation of Road and Street Space in Oslo Measures for Zero Growth 181 Roundtable in Urban Traffic Aud Tennøy Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo Discussion Paper Oddrun Helen Hagen Norwegian Centre for Transport Research, Oslo The International Transport Forum The International Transport Forum is an intergovernmental organisation with 62 member countries. It acts as a think tank for transport policy and organises the Annual Summit of transport ministers. ITF is the only global body that covers all transport modes. The ITF is politically autonomous and administratively integrated with the OECD. The ITF works for transport policies that improve peoples’ lives. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of the role of transport in economic growth, environmental sustainability and social inclusion and to raise the public profile of transport policy. The ITF organises global dialogue for better transport. We act as a platform for discussion and pre- negotiation of policy issues across all transport modes. We analyse trends, share knowledge and promote exchange among transport decision-makers and civil society. The ITF’s Annual Summit is the world’s largest gathering of transport ministers and the leading global platform for dialogue on transport policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Road Tunnels
    Design of Road Tunnels DN-STR-03015 December 2000 DN Design Standards TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IRELAND (TII) PUBLICATIONS About TII Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) is responsible for managing and improving the country’s national road and light rail networks. About TII Publications TII maintains an online suite of technical publications, which is managed through the TII Publications website. The contents of TII Publications is clearly split into ‘Standards’ and ‘Technical’ documentation. All documentation for implementation on TII schemes is collectively referred to as TII Publications (Standards), and all other documentation within the system is collectively referred to as TII Publications (Technical). This system replaces the NRA Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (NRA DMRB) and the NRA Manual of Contract Documents for Road Works (NRA MCDRW). Document Attributes Each document within TII Publications has a range of attributes associated with it, which allows for efficient access and retrieval of the document from the website. These attributes are also contained on the inside cover of each current document, for reference. For migration of documents from the NRA and RPA to the new system, each current document was assigned with new outer front and rear covers. Apart from the covers, and inside cover pages, the documents contain the same information as previously within the NRA or RPA systems, including historical references such as those contained within NRA DMRB and NRA MCDRW. Document Attributes TII Publication Title Design of Road Tunnels TII Publication DN-STR-03015 Number Activity Design (DN) Document Set Standards Stream Structures (STR) Publication Date December 2000 Document 03015 Historical BD 78 Number Reference NRA DMRB and MCDRW References For all documents that existed within the NRA DMRB or the NRA MCDRW prior to the launch of TII Publications, the NRA document reference used previously is listed above under ‘historical reference’.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Mass Transit Report Information and Analysis on the Global Mass Transit Industry
    MARCH 2014 VOLUME V, ISSUE 4 Global Mass Transit Report Information and analysis on the global mass transit industry MobiCloud BRT in US Promoting mobile cloud apps Upcoming projects present opportunities obiCloud is a project funded by the European Union (EU) ities in the US are opting for bus rapid transit (BRT) Mto promote the use of mobile-based services in the cloud C systems, having realised the cost advantages these and support the emergence of a European ecosystem of systems offer over conventional rail-based modes of mobile cloud application (app) developers. transport. Although the concept of BRTs is still nascent in the US, several notable BRT systems have commenced service It is a collaborative platform for developing, deploying and over the last decade in various cities including Cleveland, managing mobile cloud apps for business-critical scenarios Eugene, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, and Las Vegas. The Federal such as public transport, field service or construction. Transit Administration (FTA) has been a supporter of BRT The reduction in the cost and complexity of mobile app projects and funds them under the New Starts programme. development using cloud technologies is a strategic objective Currently, BRT projects, which together span at least 213 km, of the European Commission (EC). are under development. The Commission therefore aims to enable and facilitate Table 1 lists the key upcoming BRT projects in the US. faster adoption of cloud computing throughout all sectors of the economy to cut information and communications Upcoming BRT projects technology (ICT) costs and, in combination with new digital business practices, to boost productivity, growth and jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Physicist Rolf Widerøe – a Giant in the History of Accelerators
    Springer Biographies Obsessed by a Dream The Physicist Rolf Widerøe – a Giant in the History of Accelerators AASHILD SØRHEIM Springer Biographies Te books published in the Springer Biographies tell of the life and work of scholars, innovators, and pioneers in all felds of learning and throughout the ages. Prominent scientists and philosophers will feature, but so too will lesser known personalities whose signifcant contributions deserve greater recognition and whose remarkable life stories will stir and motivate readers. Authored by historians and other academic writers, the volumes describe and analyse the main achievements of their subjects in manner accessible to nonspecialists, interweaving these with salient aspects of the protagonists’ personal lives. Autobiographies and memoirs also fall into the scope of the series. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13617 Aashild Sørheim Obsessed by a Dream The Physicist Rolf Widerøe – a Giant in the History of Accelerators Aashild Sørheim Oslo, Norway Translated by Frank Stewart, Bathgate, UK ISSN 2365-0613 ISSN 2365-0621 (electronic) Springer Biographies ISBN 978-3-030-26337-9 ISBN 978-3-030-26338-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26338-6 Translation from the Norwegian language edition: Besatt av en drøm. Historien om Rolf Widerøe by Aashild Sørheim, © Forlaget Historie & Kultur AS, Oslo, Norway, 2015. All Rights Reserved. ISBN: 9788283230000 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2020. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if you modifed the licensed material.
    [Show full text]