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BREEDING and MIGRATION ECOLOGY of COMMON CRANE ( Professor Veiko Uri 21

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IVAR OJASTE IVAR VIIS VIIMAST KAITSMIST KAIE METSAOTS HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL SHALE REGION AS AN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE, RECREATIONAL, SPORTS AND TOURISM DISTRICT PÕLEVKIVIREGIOONI TERVIKLIK ARENDAMINE TÖÖSTUSPÄRANDI-, PUHKE-, SPORDI- JA TURISMIPIIRKONNANA Professor Kalev Sepp 27. juuni 2019 GUNNAR MOROZOV BREEDING AND MIGRATION ECOLOGY CARBON AND NITROGEN FLUXES IN BIRCH AND GREY ALDER STANDS GROWING ON DIFFERENT SITES OF COMMON CRANE (GRUS GRUS) SÜSINIKU- JA LÄMMASTIKUVOOD ERINEVATE KASVUKOHTADE KAASIKUTES JA HALL-LEPIKUTES CRANE ( OF COMMON ECOLOGY BREEDING AND MIGRATION Professor Veiko Uri 21. august 2019 RISTO RAIMETS SOOKURE (GRUS GRUS) EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC AND BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ON HONEY PESITSUS- JA RÄNDEÖKOLOOGIA BEES AND BUMBLE BEES SÜNTEETILISTE JA BIOLOOGILISTE PESTITSIIDIDE MÕJUD MEEMESILASTELE JA KIMALASTELE Professor Marika Mänd, Reet Karise 26. september 2019 PEETER PADRIK IVAR OJASTE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF SEMEN FROM ESTONIAN HOLSTEIN AI BULLS, AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEMEN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND IN VIVO FERTILITY EESTI HOLSTEINI TÕUGU SUGUPULLIDE SPERMA KVALITEET, SEDA MÕJUTAVAD TEGURID NING SEOS IN VIVO VILJAKUSEGA A Thesis Professor Ülle Jaakmaa, Professor Olev Saveli for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied 01. november 2019 GRUS Biology TARMO NIINE IMPACT OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS ON THE ACUTE Väitekiri PHASE RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RUMINANTS ) filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks rakendusbioloogia erialal SEEDEKULGLAT TÕVESTAVATE ALGLOOMADE MÕJU MÄLETSEJALISTE ÄGEDA JÄRGU VASTUSELE NEONATAALPERIOODIL Professor Toomas Orro ja doktor Brian Lassen 21. november 2019 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-698-00-4 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-698-01-1 (pdf) Tartu 2019 Eesti Maaülikooli doktoritööd Doctoral Theses of the Estonian University of Life Sciences BREEDING AND MIGRATION ECOLOGY OF COMMON CRANE (GRUS GRUS) SOOKURE (GRUS GRUS) PESITSUS- JA RÄNDEÖKOLOOGIA IVAR OJASTE A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Biology Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks rakendusbioloogia erialal The thesis is dedicated to the memory of my supervisor Dr. Aivar Leito Tartu 2019 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 6-14/13-3 of October 28, 2019, the Doctoral Committee of the Environmental Sciences and Applied Biology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Biology. Opponent: Prof. Zsolt Végvári, PhD Director, Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungary Supervisor: Prof. Kalev Sepp, PhD Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Research Professor Aivar Leito, PhD † Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Senior Researcher Ülo Väli, PhD Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Defence of the thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 2A1, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, on December 2, 2019, at 12:15 The English in the current thesis was revised by Prof. Stephen J.G. Hall and the Estonian by Urve Ansip. Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences. This research was supported by European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa, Archimedes Foundation and by institutional research funding IUT21-1 of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. © Ivar Ojaste, 2019 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-698-00-4 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-698-01-1 (pdf) CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................7 AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ARTICLES: ....................7 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................8 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................9 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...................................................12 2.1. Population patterns of long-lived bird species ............................12 2.2. Migration strategies of birds ..........................................................15 2.3. Ecology of family Gruidae .............................................................17 2.4. Common Crane: status, ecology and migration .........................19 3. HYPOTHESES AND AIMS OF THE STUDY ..............................24 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................25 4.1. Increasing population and potential nesting sites (I, IV) ...........25 4.2. Nest site selection (II) ......................................................................26 4.3. Impact of changes of agricultural land use for cranes (III) ......27 4.4. Function of the ecological network (IV) ......................................27 4.5. Long-distance migration pattern of Common Cranes (V) ........29 4.6. Statistical analysis (I–V) ...................................................................29 5. RESULTS ..................................................................................................31 5.1. Breeding ecology of Common Crane ...........................................31 5.1.1. Increasing process of Common Crane population (I, IV) .31 5.1.2. Nest site selection and nesting success (II) ...........................33 5.1.3. Breeding phenology of Common Crane (II) .......................35 5.2. Migration ecology of Common Crane .........................................36 5.2.1 Impact of changes of agricultural land use for cranes (III) 36 5.2.2. Viable ecological network of cranes (IV, V) .........................38 5.2.3. Long-distance migration pattern of Common Crane (V) ..40 6. DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................43 6.1. Development of the Common Crane population ......................43 6.2. Selection of nesting site, nesting success and climate impact ...44 6.3. Number of staging cranes correlates with availability of cereal fields ................................................................................................45 5 6.4. Viable ecological network supporting Common Crane population .................................................................................................46 6.5. Long-distance migration pattern ....................................................48 7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................50 REFERENCES ............................................................................................52 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................76 ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS.................................................................77 CURRICULUM VITAE ...........................................................................174 ELULOOKIRJELDUS ............................................................................177 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................180 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS The present thesis is based on the following research papers, which are referred to by their Roman numerals (I-V in the text). I Leito, A., Truu, J., Leivits, A., Ojaste, I. 2003. Changes in distribution and numbers of the breeding population of the Common Crane Grus grus in Estonia. Ornis Fennica 80: 159–171. II Leito, A., Ojaste, I., Truu, J., Palo, A. 2005. Nest site selection of the Eurasian Crane Grus grus in Estonia: an analysis of nest record cards. Ornis Fennica 82: 44–54. III Leito, A., Truu, J., Õunsaar, M., Sepp, K., Kaasik, A., Ojaste, I., Mägi, E. 2008. The impact of agriculture on autumn staging Eurasian Cranes (Grus grus) in Estonia. Agricultural and Food Science 17: 53–62. IV Leito, A., Bunce, R.G.H., Külvik, M., Ojaste, I., Raet, J., Villoslada, M., Leivits, M., Kull, A., Kuusemets, V., Kull, T., Metzger, M.J., Sepp, K. 2015. The potential impacts of changes in ecological networks, land use and climate on the Eurasian crane population in Estonia. Landscape Ecology 30: 887–904. V Ojaste, I., Leito, A.†, Suorsa, P., Hedenström, A., Sepp, K., Leivits, M., Truu, J., Sellis, U., Väli, Ü. 2020. From northern Europe to Ethiopia: long-distance migration pattern of Common Cranes (Grus grus). Ornis Fennica xxx–xxx [Accepted]. Papers are reproduced by kind permission of the journals concerned. Author’s contributions to the articles: Article I II III IV V Idea and study design * Data collection * * * * * Data analysis * * * Manuscript preparation * * * * * 7 ABBREVIATIONS CLC – Corine land cover EnS – environmental stratum/strata EnZ – environmental zone/zones NAO – North-Atlantic Oscillation UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator 8 1. INTRODUCTION Understanding the basic ecology of a bird species starts from its distribution, at least from nearest history until nowadays, does the distribution broaden or tighten, what is the population trend, what is the habitat requirement and availability of potential nesting habitat for the species, clutch and brood size, sex and survival rate at different ages. It is important to understand the features of high-quality nesting sites while the production of the offspring that eventually recruited into the breeding population is related to territory quality (Sergio et al. 2009).
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    www.naturaindomita.com BIRDS CHECKLIST C = Common R = Resident. All year round. Steppe Birds of Calatrava LC = Less Common S = Spring & Summer. Usually breeding. Calatrava Steppes and Guadiana Steppes R = Rare or Scarce W = Autumn & Winter M = Only on migration Familia Nombre Científico Inglés Español Frequency Season 1 Podicipedidae Podiceps nigricollis Black-Necked Grebe Zampullín Cuellinegro 2 Podicipedidae Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Zampullín Común 3 Podicipedidae Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe Somormujo Lavanco 4 Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant Cormorán Grande 5 Ardeidae Botaurus stellaris Great Bittern Avetoro 6 Ardeidae Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern Avetorillo Común R S 7 Ardeidae Nycticorax nycticorax Black-Crowned Night Heron Martinete Común LC S 8 Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Garcilla Bueyera CR 9 Ardeidae Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron Garcilla Cangrejera RS 10 Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret Garceta Común CR 11 Ardeidae Egretta alba Great Egret Garceta Grande LC R 12 Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Garza Real LC R 13 Ardeidae Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Garza Imperial RS 14 Ciconiidae Ciconia ciconia White Stork Cigüeña Blanca CR 15 Ciconiidae Ciconia nigra Black Stork Cigüeña Negra 16 Threskiornithidae Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis Morito Común LC S 17 Threskiornithidae Platalea leucorodia Eurasian Spoonbill Espátula Común LC S 18 Phoenicopteridae Phoenicopterus ruber Greater Flamingo Flamenco Común 19 Anatidae Anser albifrons Greater White-Fronted Goose Ánsar
  • An Assessment of Threats to Anatidae in Iran

    An Assessment of Threats to Anatidae in Iran

    Nourani, E; Kaboli, M; Collen, B; (2014) An assessment of threats to Anatidae in Iran. Bird Conservation International 1 - 16. 10.1017/S0959270914000264. Downloaded from UCL Discovery: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1450324 ARTICLE An assessment of threats to Anatidae in Iran Elham Nourani1, Mohammad Kaboli*1, Ben Collen2 1Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 2Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom. *Corresponding author: Mohammad Kaboli, Tel: +98-2632223044; Fax: +98-2632229721;Email: [email protected] Abstract The network of wetland systems in Iran provides valuable staging and wintering areas for waterbirds in the African-Western Eurasian flyway. The West Siberian/Caspian/Nile population of Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans) regularly overwinters and stops-over in Iran, and is considered an economically and culturally important group of birds in the country. Conservation of such migratory birds requires the identification of the key threat factors impacting them throughout the flyway. Since documented data on the status and threats facing Anatidae in Iran is very scarce, in this paper, we attempted to determine the general population trend for the 26 Anatidae species in Iran using annual waterbird census data and to identify and score the most important threat factors affecting each species by consulting the top ornithologists and professional birdwatchers in the country by means of a survey. Our results indicate that the most prevalent threats affecting all 26 species are dam construction, water management practices, and hunting. Our results provide the necessary material for Red List assessment of these species at the national level, an important tool for conservation priority setting within Iran and in the flyway.
  • Another Common Crane in Nebraska with a Summary of North American Records

    Another Common Crane in Nebraska with a Summary of North American Records

    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Bird Review Nebraska Ornithologists' Union 9-1996 Another Common Crane in Nebraska with a Summary of North American Records Gary Lingle The Platte River Whooping Crane Trust Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebbirdrev Part of the Ornithology Commons, Poultry or Avian Science Commons, and the Zoology Commons Lingle, Gary, "Another Common Crane in Nebraska with a Summary of North American Records" (1996). Nebraska Bird Review. 526. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nebbirdrev/526 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Ornithologists' Union at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Bird Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Lingle, "Another Common Crane in Nebraska with a Summary of North American Records," from Nebraska Bird Review (September 1996) 64(3). Copyright 1996, Nebraska Ornithologists' Union. Used by permission. 80 The Nebraska Bird Review Vol. 64 ANOTHER COMMON CRANE IN NEBRASKA WITH A SUMMARY OF NORTH AMERICAN RECORDS Gary R. Lingle, Platte River Whooping Crane Maintenance Trust 2550 N. Diers Ave., Suite H, Grand Island, NE 68803 On 30 March 1996 around 1000 h CST, Bob Janssen and Jim Williams of Minnetonka, Minnesota discovered a Common Crane (Grus grus) feeding in corn stubble with a flock of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) in Section 34 T9R10 Hall County, Nebraska. The Common Crane associated with the Sandhill Cranes, which were at peak numbers in the Platte River valley. Later that day, several observers, including myself, witnessed the bird in Section 32, about 500 yards away, where it mingled with a few hundred Sandhill Cranes.
  • Repetitive Dna Sequence from Whooping Cranes (Grus Americana)

    Repetitive Dna Sequence from Whooping Cranes (Grus Americana)

    The Auk 109(1):73-79, 1992 CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF A REPETITIVE DNA SEQUENCE FROM WHOOPING CRANES (GRUS AMERICANA) JAMIE LOVE1'3 AND PRESCOTTDEININGER 1'2 •Departmentof Biochemistryand Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA; and 2Departmentof MolecularGenetics, Alton OschnerResearch Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana70212, USA Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/109/1/73/5172808 by guest on 29 September 2021 ABSTR•CT.--Wesurveyed a WhoopingCrane (Grus americana) genomic library enrichedfor repetitiveclones, and isolateda clonewhose insert hybridized stringently to a repeated-DNA family in the genomesof Whooping Cranes,but not Sandhill Cranes(G. canadensis).This tandemsequence, repeated approximately 500 times in theWhooping Crane genome, displays taxon-specificproperties suggesting that the CommonCrane (G. grus) is the Whooping Crane's nearestliving relative. Low-stringencyhybridizations with this repeatproduced conserved patternsin all cranesexcept crowned-cranes (Balearica), which indicatesan earlydivergence of the crowned-cranesand the remainingcranes. Sequence and DNA-hybridization analyses imply that this repeatis a satellitesequence of similarcomplexity and organizationto the primatealphold DNA-sequencefamily, which alsohas chromosome and speciesspecificity. Received13 December1990, accepted 30 April 1991. A SUBSTANTIALportion of the eukaryotic ge- throughout the genome. The large, complex nome consistsof sequencesrepeated thousands, tandem repeats,which are lessstudied in birds, to hundreds of thousands, of times. Because most are the subjectof this paper. We isolated from repetitive sequencesdo not codefor genes,they a Whooping Crane (Grusamericana) an autoso~ often escapeselection and may accumulatemu- mal, complex tandem repeat with taxon speci- tationsrapidly. Consequently,repeats are good ficity and suggestthat it may contribute to the candidatesfor the study of closely related spe- isolating mechanism in cranes.