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BREEDING and MIGRATION ECOLOGY of COMMON CRANE ( Professor Veiko Uri 21

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BREEDING and MIGRATION ECOLOGY of COMMON CRANE ( Professor Veiko Uri 21 IVAR OJASTE IVAR VIIS VIIMAST KAITSMIST KAIE METSAOTS HOLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL SHALE REGION AS AN INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE, RECREATIONAL, SPORTS AND TOURISM DISTRICT PÕLEVKIVIREGIOONI TERVIKLIK ARENDAMINE TÖÖSTUSPÄRANDI-, PUHKE-, SPORDI- JA TURISMIPIIRKONNANA Professor Kalev Sepp 27. juuni 2019 GUNNAR MOROZOV BREEDING AND MIGRATION ECOLOGY CARBON AND NITROGEN FLUXES IN BIRCH AND GREY ALDER STANDS GROWING ON DIFFERENT SITES OF COMMON CRANE (GRUS GRUS) SÜSINIKU- JA LÄMMASTIKUVOOD ERINEVATE KASVUKOHTADE KAASIKUTES JA HALL-LEPIKUTES CRANE ( OF COMMON ECOLOGY BREEDING AND MIGRATION Professor Veiko Uri 21. august 2019 RISTO RAIMETS SOOKURE (GRUS GRUS) EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC AND BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ON HONEY PESITSUS- JA RÄNDEÖKOLOOGIA BEES AND BUMBLE BEES SÜNTEETILISTE JA BIOLOOGILISTE PESTITSIIDIDE MÕJUD MEEMESILASTELE JA KIMALASTELE Professor Marika Mänd, Reet Karise 26. september 2019 PEETER PADRIK IVAR OJASTE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF SEMEN FROM ESTONIAN HOLSTEIN AI BULLS, AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEMEN QUALITY PARAMETERS AND IN VIVO FERTILITY EESTI HOLSTEINI TÕUGU SUGUPULLIDE SPERMA KVALITEET, SEDA MÕJUTAVAD TEGURID NING SEOS IN VIVO VILJAKUSEGA A Thesis Professor Ülle Jaakmaa, Professor Olev Saveli for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied 01. november 2019 GRUS Biology TARMO NIINE IMPACT OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS ON THE ACUTE Väitekiri PHASE RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RUMINANTS ) filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks rakendusbioloogia erialal SEEDEKULGLAT TÕVESTAVATE ALGLOOMADE MÕJU MÄLETSEJALISTE ÄGEDA JÄRGU VASTUSELE NEONATAALPERIOODIL Professor Toomas Orro ja doktor Brian Lassen 21. november 2019 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-698-00-4 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-698-01-1 (pdf) Tartu 2019 Eesti Maaülikooli doktoritööd Doctoral Theses of the Estonian University of Life Sciences BREEDING AND MIGRATION ECOLOGY OF COMMON CRANE (GRUS GRUS) SOOKURE (GRUS GRUS) PESITSUS- JA RÄNDEÖKOLOOGIA IVAR OJASTE A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Biology Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks rakendusbioloogia erialal The thesis is dedicated to the memory of my supervisor Dr. Aivar Leito Tartu 2019 Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 6-14/13-3 of October 28, 2019, the Doctoral Committee of the Environmental Sciences and Applied Biology of the Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Biology. Opponent: Prof. Zsolt Végvári, PhD Director, Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Hungary Supervisor: Prof. Kalev Sepp, PhD Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Research Professor Aivar Leito, PhD † Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Senior Researcher Ülo Väli, PhD Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Defence of the thesis: Estonian University of Life Sciences, room 2A1, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, on December 2, 2019, at 12:15 The English in the current thesis was revised by Prof. Stephen J.G. Hall and the Estonian by Urve Ansip. Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences. This research was supported by European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalisation Programme DoRa, Archimedes Foundation and by institutional research funding IUT21-1 of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. © Ivar Ojaste, 2019 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-698-00-4 (trükis) ISBN 978-9949-698-01-1 (pdf) CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................7 AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ARTICLES: ....................7 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................8 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................9 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ...................................................12 2.1. Population patterns of long-lived bird species ............................12 2.2. Migration strategies of birds ..........................................................15 2.3. Ecology of family Gruidae .............................................................17 2.4. Common Crane: status, ecology and migration .........................19 3. HYPOTHESES AND AIMS OF THE STUDY ..............................24 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................25 4.1. Increasing population and potential nesting sites (I, IV) ...........25 4.2. Nest site selection (II) ......................................................................26 4.3. Impact of changes of agricultural land use for cranes (III) ......27 4.4. Function of the ecological network (IV) ......................................27 4.5. Long-distance migration pattern of Common Cranes (V) ........29 4.6. Statistical analysis (I–V) ...................................................................29 5. RESULTS ..................................................................................................31 5.1. Breeding ecology of Common Crane ...........................................31 5.1.1. Increasing process of Common Crane population (I, IV) .31 5.1.2. Nest site selection and nesting success (II) ...........................33 5.1.3. Breeding phenology of Common Crane (II) .......................35 5.2. Migration ecology of Common Crane .........................................36 5.2.1 Impact of changes of agricultural land use for cranes (III) 36 5.2.2. Viable ecological network of cranes (IV, V) .........................38 5.2.3. Long-distance migration pattern of Common Crane (V) ..40 6. DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................43 6.1. Development of the Common Crane population ......................43 6.2. Selection of nesting site, nesting success and climate impact ...44 6.3. Number of staging cranes correlates with availability of cereal fields ................................................................................................45 5 6.4. Viable ecological network supporting Common Crane population .................................................................................................46 6.5. Long-distance migration pattern ....................................................48 7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................50 REFERENCES ............................................................................................52 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................76 ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS.................................................................77 CURRICULUM VITAE ...........................................................................174 ELULOOKIRJELDUS ............................................................................177 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................180 6 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS The present thesis is based on the following research papers, which are referred to by their Roman numerals (I-V in the text). I Leito, A., Truu, J., Leivits, A., Ojaste, I. 2003. Changes in distribution and numbers of the breeding population of the Common Crane Grus grus in Estonia. Ornis Fennica 80: 159–171. II Leito, A., Ojaste, I., Truu, J., Palo, A. 2005. Nest site selection of the Eurasian Crane Grus grus in Estonia: an analysis of nest record cards. Ornis Fennica 82: 44–54. III Leito, A., Truu, J., Õunsaar, M., Sepp, K., Kaasik, A., Ojaste, I., Mägi, E. 2008. The impact of agriculture on autumn staging Eurasian Cranes (Grus grus) in Estonia. Agricultural and Food Science 17: 53–62. IV Leito, A., Bunce, R.G.H., Külvik, M., Ojaste, I., Raet, J., Villoslada, M., Leivits, M., Kull, A., Kuusemets, V., Kull, T., Metzger, M.J., Sepp, K. 2015. The potential impacts of changes in ecological networks, land use and climate on the Eurasian crane population in Estonia. Landscape Ecology 30: 887–904. V Ojaste, I., Leito, A.†, Suorsa, P., Hedenström, A., Sepp, K., Leivits, M., Truu, J., Sellis, U., Väli, Ü. 2020. From northern Europe to Ethiopia: long-distance migration pattern of Common Cranes (Grus grus). Ornis Fennica xxx–xxx [Accepted]. Papers are reproduced by kind permission of the journals concerned. Author’s contributions to the articles: Article I II III IV V Idea and study design * Data collection * * * * * Data analysis * * * Manuscript preparation * * * * * 7 ABBREVIATIONS CLC – Corine land cover EnS – environmental stratum/strata EnZ – environmental zone/zones NAO – North-Atlantic Oscillation UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator 8 1. INTRODUCTION Understanding the basic ecology of a bird species starts from its distribution, at least from nearest history until nowadays, does the distribution broaden or tighten, what is the population trend, what is the habitat requirement and availability of potential nesting habitat for the species, clutch and brood size, sex and survival rate at different ages. It is important to understand the features of high-quality nesting sites while the production of the offspring that eventually recruited into the breeding population is related to territory quality (Sergio et al. 2009).
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