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SURVIVORSHIP, GROWTH and PIGMENTATION RESPONSES of the MARINE ORNAMENTAL INVERTEBRATE Tridacna Maxima to VARIED IRRADIANCE LEVELS in TWO DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS

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SURVIVORSHIP, GROWTH and PIGMENTATION RESPONSES of the MARINE ORNAMENTAL INVERTEBRATE Tridacna Maxima to VARIED IRRADIANCE LEVELS in TWO DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS SURVIVORSHIP, GROWTH AND PIGMENTATION RESPONSES OF THE MARINE ORNAMENTAL INVERTEBRATE Tridacna maxima TO VARIED IRRADIANCE LEVELS IN TWO DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS By MICAH ALO A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Micah Alo This document is dedicated to the friends and supporters of the marine ornamental hobby. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the help of many individuals. First, I thank all my committee members Dr. Charles Cichra, Dr. Shirley Baker, Dr. Daryl Parkyn and Dr. John Baldwin, for their encouragement and much needed enlightenment. This project was made possible with funding provided by the USDA CS-REES Special Research Grants and funding from the University of Florida’s College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. I owe a lot of thanks to the staff and students of the University of Florida’s Tropical Aquaculture Lab. I thank Craig Watson for his belief in the advancement of aquaculture and giving this project its direction. Scott Graves, Robert Leonard, and Tina Crosby all deserve credit for building the greenhouse and systems. Fellow graduate student and tinkerer Jon Kao was instrumental for aiding in tank design and construction, ammonia readings; and most other problems that I encountered during my study. Also, I need to thank Dr. Jeff Hill for his statistical analysis and Dr. Roy Yanong for clam disease diagnostics and all the mentoring they bestowed upon me. I am indebted to the late Jana Col and Dr. Ramon Littell from the Institute of Food and Agricultural Science’s Statistics Department for putting together the statistical model for my experiment. Many thanks go to Oceans Reefs and Aquariums who showed much generosity for providing the seed clams at a reduced cost. I am grateful to Florida Marine Aquaculture for the helpful advice it provided in setting up my culture systems. Thanks go to the iv Florida Aquarium for allowing me to have water samples analyzed by their ion-coupled plasma spectrophotometer. I thank Dave Watson and Rebecca Varner, of Florida Lakewatch, for the excellent job they did in making my metal halide light maps. Great thanks go to the Florida Lakewatch water chemistry lab for its thorough analysis of water samples. I would like to thank the Ruskin, Florida, NOAA weather station for providing weather data. I thank Dr. Pam Muller from USF for graciously lending me her LICOR light meter when mine was out of commission. To John Lucas, I am grateful for his knowledge and generous advice that he supplied on giant clams. I thank Mr. Gary Townsend for providing the US giant clam import data. I would like to thank C.L. Cheshire for his valuable information on giant clam economics. I am thankful to Dr. Charles Adams for sharing with me the economics viewpoint in aquaculture. Lastly, I need to thank my family and girlfriend, Amy Singivipulya, for their never ending support and love that led me to accomplish all that I have done in life. v TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................x ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 Background...................................................................................................................1 Biology .........................................................................................................................1 Inland Production..........................................................................................................4 Objectives .....................................................................................................................5 2 METHODS...................................................................................................................6 Inland Culture Systems.................................................................................................6 Nutrient Additions ........................................................................................................7 Water Quality................................................................................................................8 Clams ............................................................................................................................9 Light Treatments.........................................................................................................10 Duration and Sampling...............................................................................................12 Acclimation Period..............................................................................................12 Study Period ........................................................................................................12 Light Measurements ............................................................................................12 Growth Measurements.........................................................................................13 Color Measurements............................................................................................13 Statistical Analysis......................................................................................................15 3 RESULTS...................................................................................................................22 Survival.......................................................................................................................22 Shell Growth...............................................................................................................23 Wet Weight.................................................................................................................23 Color ...........................................................................................................................24 vi Reference Clams..................................................................................................24 Survivors..............................................................................................................25 Green Switch to Gold (Yellow)...........................................................................25 Light Measurements ...................................................................................................26 Solar.....................................................................................................................26 Metal Halide ........................................................................................................27 Temperature Profiles ..................................................................................................28 Water Quality..............................................................................................................29 4 DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................47 Major Findings............................................................................................................47 Low Survival and Growth ..........................................................................................47 Color Analysis ............................................................................................................52 Nutrients .....................................................................................................................54 5 MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS..........................................................................63 APPENDIX A CLAM COLOR READINGS.....................................................................................65 B WATER QUALITY...................................................................................................69 LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................76 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................................79 vii LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for survival at day 90 of T. maxima seed clams among two culture systems and three light treatments..........................40 3-2 χ2 analysis of size class survival of T. maxima seed clams over 90-day study. χ2 calculated = 8.07, df = 3, α = 0.05, χ2 critical = 7.815 (Ott 2001)...........................41 3-3 Split-plot repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) results for shell length data of T. maxima seed clams among two culture systems and three light treatments over 90 days............................................................................................42 3-4 Treatment mean shell growth (percent) of T. maxima seed clams during 90-day study. Standard error (S.E.) is included (n = 6).......................................................43 3-5 Split-plot repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for
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