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Review of Species Selected on the Basis of an Overview of Long-Standing Positive Opinions Part Ii

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Review of Species Selected on the Basis of an Overview of Long-Standing Positive Opinions Part Ii UNEP-WCMC technical report REVIEW OF SPECIES SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF AN OVERVIEW OF LONG-STANDING POSITIVE OPINIONS PART II (Version edited for public release) Review of species selected on the basis of an overview of long- standing positive opinions. Part II Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate F - Global Sustainable Development, Unit F3 - Multilateral Environmental Cooperation, Brussels, Belgium. Published February 2020 Copyright European Commission 2020 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2020. Review of species selected on the basis of an overview of long-standing positive opinions. Part II. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. Cover Photo Caiman crocodilus yacare, Pantanal, Brazil. andreanita / Adobe Stock The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is a global Centre of excellence on biodiversity. The Centre operates as a collaboration between the UN Environment Programme and the UK-registered charity WCMC. Together we are confronting the global crisis facing nature. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission, provided acknowledgement to the source is made. Reuse of any figures is subject to permission from the original rights holders. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without permission in writing from the UN Environment Programme. Applications for permission, with a statement of purpose and extent of reproduction, should be sent to the Director, UNEP-WCMC, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, UK. The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the UN Environment Programme, contributory organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations of material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the UN Environment Programme or contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or the designation of its name, frontiers or boundaries. The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement by the UN Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK UNEP promotes Tel: +44 1223 277314 environmentally sound www.unep-wcmc.org practices globally and in its own activities. Printing on paper from environmentally sustainable forests and recycled fibre is encouraged. Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Pecari tajacu II/B ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Tayassu pecari II/B.................................................................................................................................... 19 Caiman crocodilus yacare II/B .................................................................................................................. 34 Varanus exanthematicus II/B .................................................................................................................... 60 Tridacna maxima II/B ................................................................................................................................ 68 Ravenea rivularis II/B ................................................................................................................................ 80 Gonystylus spp. II/B .................................................................................................................................. 85 Appendix .................................................................................................................................................... 102 1 Introduction Introduction This report provides in-depth reviews of seven species that were selected by the Scientific Review Group (SRG) at its 86th meeting on the basis of an analysis of taxon/country combinations subject to long-standing positive opinions. Positive opinions for these taxon/country combinations have been in place for at least five years. Twenty-one species/country combinations were agreed as priorities for review, with the following taxon/country combinations being reviewed for SRG 89: Pecari tajacu/ Peru Tayassu pecari/ Peru Caiman crocodilus yacare/ Plurinational State of Bolivia1, Paraguay Varanus exanthematicus/ Ghana Tridacna maxima/ French Polynesia Ravenea rivularis/ Madagascar Gonystylus spp./ Malaysia This report also includes an assessment of Caiman crocodilus yacare from Brazil, which was selected for review based on the “Analysis of the European Union annual reports to CITES 2017”, but was included in this report on positive opinions alongside assessments from two other range States (Bolivia and Paraguay). 1 Hereafter referred to as Bolivia. 2 Pecari tajacu ARTIODACTYLA: TAYASSUIDAE Pecari tajacu II/B SYNONYMS: Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758), Tayassu tajacu (Linnaeus, 1758), Pecari maximus (van Roosmalen, Frenz, van Hooft, de longh & Leirs, 2007) COMMON NAMES: Collared peccary (EN), Pécari à collier (FR), Pecarí de Collar (ES) RANGE STATES: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (Introduced, Extinct), Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) UNDER REVIEW: Peru EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinion for wild specimens from Peru first formed on 22/07/1997 and confirmed on 07/12/2012. Current no opinion ii) for Plurinational State of Bolivia formed on 07/12/2012. IUCN: Least Concern Taxonomic note The relationship between the three extant species of peccary as listed in the CITES standard reference (Wilson and Reeder, 2005) (Pecari tajacu, Tayassu pecari, and Catagonus wagneri) has been subject to debate. Pecari tajacu was previously placed in the genus Tayassu (Wetzel, 1977a, 1977b in Theimer and Keim, 1998) and the genus Dicotyles (Woodbourne, 1968 in Theimer and Keim, 1998). Grubb (1993)’s assignment of the species to the genus Pecari has been supported by subsequent molecular studies (Theimer and Keim, 1998; Gongora and Moran, 2005). Trade patterns P. tajacu was first listed in CITES Appendix III by Guatemala on 23/04/1981. The species was subsequently listed in CITES Appendix II (except the population of the United States), as part of the family listing for Tayassuidae spp. on 22/10/1987. The Appendix II listing was amended on 18/09/1997 to exclude the Mexican population (in addition to the population of the United States). The species was initially included in Annex B of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations on 01/06/1997 under the listing for the family Tayassuidae, with the exception of the population of the United States. On 27/11/1997 the listing was amended to also exclude the population of Mexico. Peru published a quota of 67 450 P. tajacu skins and leather products in 2004-2009, and 64 980 skins and leather products in 2010 and 2011, but has not published a quota since. Trade in wild-sourced skins and leather products was within quota in 2009, 2010 and 2011 according to both data reported by importers and data reported by Peru (Table 1). Peru has submitted annual reports for all years 2009-2017 but not yet for 2018; some records of trade from 2018 were included in Peru’s 2017 annual report. 3 Pecari tajacu Table 1: CITES export quotas for Pecari tajacu skins and leather products from Peru, 2009-2011, and global direct exports of P. tajacu skins and leather products reported by countries of import and Peru, 2009-2011. Trade totals were obtained by summing the number of garments, small leather products, skin pieces and skins reported by importers and exporters respectively. Wild-sourced skins and leather products 2009 2010 2011 Quota 67450 64980 64980 Reported by importers 51574 42795 33416 Reported by Peru 50556 41735 32877 According to the CITES Trade Database, direct trade in P. tajacu from Peru to the EU-28 2009-2018 principally comprised high volumes of wild-sourced skins (247 526 skins according to importers, and 253 546 skins according to data reported by Peru) exported for commercial purposes (Table 2). Approximately 2/3 of skins were destined for Italy with the majority of the remainder destined for Germany. The number of skins traded decreased by approximately 50% over this period, from 45 757 skins and 46 502 skins reported by importers and Peru respectively in 2009, to 19 121 skins and 24 220 skins reported by importers and Peru respectively in 2017. Relatively high volumes trade in garments, small leather products and skin pieces were also recorded 2009-2018. Direct exports to the rest of the world 2009-2018 principally comprised lower volumes of wild-sourced garments, small leather products and skins exported for commercial purposes (Table 2), most of which was destined for Japan and Norway. Considerably lower levels of P. tajacu from Peru were indirectly imported to the EU-28 2009-2018, and principally comprised wild-sourced small leather products, skin pieces and garments (Table 3). The largest re- exporters were Switzerland and France. 4 Pecari tajacu Table 2: Direct exports of
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