DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/146368 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-10 and may be subject to change. ¿¿s- оco о о Nijmegen Studies in Development I and Cultural Change RW. Stunnenberg Entitled to Land The Incorporation of the Paraguayan and Argentinean Gran Chaco and the Spatial Marginalization of the Indian People Verlag breitenbach Publishers Saarbrücken - Fort Lauderdale Entitled to Land The Incorporation of the Paraguayan and Argentinean Gran Chaco and the Spatial Marginalization of the Indian People EEN WETENSCHAPPELIJKE PROEVE OP HET GEBIED VAN DE BELEIDSWETENSCHAPPEN PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 7 september 1993 des namiddags te 3.30 uur precies door Petrus Walterus Stunnenberg geboren op 9 april 1963 te Nijmegen Promotor: Prof. Dr. J.M.G. Kleinpenning ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Ibis book was written over a period of four years with the Department of Human Geography of Developing Countries, Faculty of Policy Sciences, Catholic University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The study is based on two periods of fieldwork among the Indian people of the Paraguayan and Argentinean Gran Chaco, carried out from 1990 to 1992. The study is far from complete since a considerably longer period of time would have to be spent in the field in order to fully comprehend the complex developments that currently take place in the Chaco region. It does, however, sketch the main topics related to the troublesome access to land that presently seems to strike all Indian people in the region. In the book, names of people have been omitted where possible in order to respect the privacy of respondents and informants. I am grateful to all people who in one way or another contributed to the realization of this book. I would particularly like to thank Dr. Henk Hack for his involvement with my work and the interesting correspondence we have had over the past few years. I would also like to express my thanks to Luis de la Cruz, Wayne Robins and Dr. Wilmar Stahl who offered useful advice and support during my fieldwork and commented on parts of the manuscript. I am grateful also to Andrew Cole, Herman Kok and Hananja Olthuis for revising my English texts. Acknowledgement is also to made of the educative advice of Frans van Buul who patiently explained the workings of the computer to me. To Prof. Dr. Jan Kleinpenning I express my sincere gratitude for the way be encouraged and supervised my work. I have enjoyed working at his Department of Human Geography of Developing Countries. To my wife Cécile, who accompanied me on the trips through the Chaco and with whom I shared long evenings of interesting discussions, I can only say that I would not have enjoyed the fieldwork without her. Last but not least is my debt to the Indian people in Loma Pytá, Colonia Aborigen, Pluma de Pato, Colonia Armonía, Barrio Nam Qom and Puerto Diana who always gave us a friendly welcome and co-operated constructively with the study. Peter Stunnenberg Nijmegen, April 1993 CONTENTS Acknowledgements ν Contents vìi Lists of maps, figures and tables χ Introduction 1 1 Developments in the Gran Chaco up to 1875 5 1.1 The natural environment of the Gran Chaco 5 1.2 The pre-colonial period 9 1.3 The colonial period and the Gran Chaco 14 1.4 The Gran Chaco after independence 21 2 The incorporation of the Gran Chaco after 1875 26 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Incorporation and colonization 27 2.3 The extraction of timber and tannin 34 2.4 Livestock breeding 46 2.5 Agriculture 51 2.6 Missions 60 2.7 Military forces 71 2.8 Government policy 75 2.9 General observations 86 2.10 Conclusion 91 3 Indigenous peoples and government policy 94 3.1 Introduction 94 3.2 Some reflections on hunters and gatherers 95 3.3 Legislation with respect to land for the Gran Chaco Indians 103 3.4 The spatial marginalization of the Gran Chaco Indians 112 3.5 Conclusion 116 3.6 An introduction to the case studies 117 vii 4 Occupiers of prívate land: The Nivaklé of Loma Pytá 120 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Indian occupiers of private land 120 4.3 The Nivaklé of Loma Pytá 125 4.4 Access to land and formal landownership 131 4.5 Conclusion 136 5 Indian communities on public property: The Wichi of Pluma de Pato 138 5.1 Introduction 138 5.2 Indian communities on public property 139 5.3 The Wichi in Pluma de Pato 143 5.4 Access to landownership and development projects 151 5.5 Conclusion 156 6 Indian reservations: The Mocovi and Toba of Colonia Aborigen Chaco 158 6.1 Introduction 158 6.2 Indian reservations in the Gran Chaco 159 6.3 The Mocovi and Toba of Colonia Aborigen Chaco 164 6.4 Land tenure in Colonia Aborigen 170 6.5 Conclusion 176 7 Indian communities and land of the Churches: The Lengua of Colonia Armonía 178 7.1 Introduction 178 7.2 Indian communities on land of the Churches 179 7.3 The Mennonite settlement programme 181 7.4 The Lengua of La Armonía 188 7.5 Land tenure in La Armonía 194 7.6 Conclusion 197 8 Individual allotment of Indian lands: The Toba of Barrio Nam Qom Clorinda 199 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Indian landownership adjudged to individuals 200 8.3 The Toba of Barrio Nam Qom Clorinda 203 8.4 Land tenure in Barrio Nam Qom Clorinda 209 8.5 Conclusion 215 viii 9 Indian communities with communal land titles: The Chamacoco of Puerto Diana 217 9.1 Introduction 217 9.2 Indian landownership adjudged to communities 218 9.3 The Chamacoco in Puerto Diana 220 9.4 Indian land tenure in Puerto Diana 227 9.5 Conclusion 233 10 Land for the indian people of the Gran Chaco: Opportunities and obstacles 235 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Drawing up the balance 236 10.3 The major obstacles 242 10.4 Looking into the crystal ball 245 10.5 Concluding remarks 249 Bibliography 253 Glossary 267 List of abbreviations 269 Index 270 Dutch summary 272 Curriculum vitae 277 List of maps Map 1.1 Division of the Gran Chaco into provinces (Argentina) and departments (Paraguay) 8 Map 1.2 Approximate territories of the Indian groups of the Gran Chaco in the 16th century 13 Map 2.1 Tannin factories, railways and quebracho stands in the Gran Chaco 42 Map 2.2 Military fortresses in the Gran Chaco before and during the Chaco War 76 Map 2.3 Present-day land use in the Gran Chaco 90 Map 3.1 Locations of the areas in the case studies 119 Map 4.1 Cattle ranch Loma Pytá 127 Map 5.1 Public land in the western part of the province of Salta (1983) 144 Map 5.2 Lot 20 152 Map 6.1 Colonia Aborigen Chaco 165 Map 6.2 The four major Indian reservations in the province of Chaco 173 Map 7.1 Indian colonies supported by the ASCTM (1991) 186 Map 7.2 Indian colony La Armonía 191 Map 8.1 Barrio Nam Qom Clorinda 206 Map 8.2 Barrio Nam Qom and adjoining blocks 212 Map 9.1 Puerto Diana 222 List of figures Figure 2.1 The export of quebracho extract (1895-1987) 44 Figure 2.2 Development of cattle herds in the Gran Chaco (1886-1991) 47 Figure 2.3 Area cultivated with cotton (1894-1991) 56 Figure 2.4 Population in the Argentine provinces of Chaco and Formosa and of the Paraguayan Chaco (1875-1990) 88 Figure 3.1 Aspects of spatial marginalization 115 Figure 10.1 Predicted changes in land tenure in the Gran Chaco 246 χ List of tables Table 1.1 Ethnic classification of the Gran Chaco Indians in the 16th century 12 Table 2.1 Tannin factories in the Gran Chaco 39 Table 2.2 Mennonite landownership in the Paraguayan Chaco (1927-1989) 49 Table 2.3 Crop fanning in the Mennonite colonies (1930- 1990) 58 Table 2.4 Present-day land use in the Gran Chaco 89 Table 2.S Present-day occupation of land in the Gran Chaco for agrarian purposes 91 Table 7.1 Indian colonies supported by the ASCIM (1991) 185 Table 8.1 Individual land titles in urban Indian communities in the province of Formosa up to 1991 201 Table 9.1 Communal land titles granted to Indian communities in the Gran Chaco un to 1991 219 INTRODUCTION "Esta tierra es de nadie, o sea que, es de nuestros antepasados..., los Indígenas de esta región. Pero los blancos dicen que ellos la compraron, esta tierra. Dicen que ahora es de ellos... " These words, spoken by a Nivaklé Indian in Loma Pytá touch upon the kernel of this study. The purpose of this book is to study the changes that have occurred in the Paraguayan and Argentinean Gran Chaco since 1875 and the manner in which these changes affected and still affect the way of life of the indigenous people in this area. Since the study was carried out and written mainly from a geographical point of view, the continuous thread that runs through the book will be the changes in the spatial structure of the Gran Chaco and the problems that currently face the Indian people in their struggle for land.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Hispanization of Chamacoco Syntax
    DOI: 10.26346/1120-2726-170 The hispanization of Chamacoco syntax Luca Ciucci Language and Culture Research Centre, James Cook University, Australia <[email protected]> This paper investigates contact-driven syntactic change in Chamacoco (a.k.a. Ɨshɨr ahwoso), a Zamucoan language with about 2,000 speakers in Paraguay. Chamacoco syntax was originally characterized by a low number of conjunc- tions, like its cognate Ayoreo. Although Chamacoco shows transfers from other neighboring languages, a turning point in language change was the beginning of regular contacts with Western society around the year 1885. Since then, Spanish has exerted a growing influence on Chamacoco, affecting all levels of linguistic analysis. Most speakers are today Chamacoco-Spanish bilingual, and the lan- guage is endangered. Chamacoco has borrowed some conjunctions from Spanish, and new clause combining strategies have replaced older syntactic structures. Other function words introduced from Spanish include temporal adverbs, dis- course markers, quantifiers and prepositions. I discuss their uses, the reasons for their borrowing and their interaction with original Chamacoco function words. Some borrowed function words can combine with autochthonous conjunctions to create new subordinators that are calques from Spanish compound subor- dinating conjunctions. This resulted in remarkable syntactic complexification. Chamacoco comparatives, modeled on the Spanish ones, are also likely instances of contact-induced complexification, since there are reasons to surmise that Chamacoco originally lacked dedicated comparative structures. Keywords: Chamacoco, clause combining, comparatives, coordination, function words, language contact, South American Indigenous languages, subordination, syntax, Zamucoan. 1. Introduction This study analyzes the influence exerted by Spanish on the syntax of Chamacoco, a Zamucoan language of northern Paraguay.
    [Show full text]
  • WWF Contribution to the Thematic Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Healthy Ecosystems and Human Rights : Sustaining the Foundations of Life
    WWF Contribution to the Thematic Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Healthy Ecosystems and Human Rights : Sustaining the foundations of life Introduction The report of the Special Rapporteur on Human rights and associated obligations related to healthy ​ biodiversity and ecosystems comes at a critical juncture. The COVID19 pandemic has more clearly than ever revealed the deep faults in our global economies and societies: both our staggering inequities and our dangerously unbalanced relationship with nature. We have an opportunity to build a green and just recovery. Ensuring global recognition of the tight bond between human rights and environmental health can leverage the sustainable decisions and actions we need to achieve that. This WWF contribution to the Special Rapporteur’s report aims to support that ambition, one we are equally committed to. It includes contributions from multiple offices across the WWF network.1 Responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questions on healthy ecosystems and human rights. Q.1: Please provide examples of ways in which declining biodiversity and degraded ecosystems are already having adverse impacts on human rights. Declining biodiversity and degraded ecosystems have far reaching and diverse impacts on human rights across the world. Nature degradation, declining natural spaces and degradation of water catchment areas greatly impact the right to a clean and healthy environment and the right to clean water ​ ​ (Examples in Annex: Kenya, Australia, Brazil, Argentina). Declining wildlife populations and destructive fishing practices threaten the right to food and food security for communities whose livelihoods depend ​ on biodiversity (Example in Annex: Malaysia); poaching and unrest can have severe impacts on the security of communities and indigenous populations (Example in Annex: DRC).
    [Show full text]
  • PUEBLOS INDÍGENOS AISLADOS En La Amazonia Y El Gran Chaco “™"!2008
    www.flacsoandes.edu.ec \J S e ‘X x o l 8 PUEBLOS INDÍGENOS AISLADOS en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco “™"!2008 UN APORTE DE ECUADOR A LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UNA POLÍTICA REGIONAL m 3 o S . S g 5 É > 2 > e Publicado por ■ Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador - Plan de Medidas Cautelares para la Protección de los Pueblos Indígenas Aislados ■ Programa para la Conservación y Manejo Sostenible del Patrimonio Natural y Cultural de la Reserva de la Biósfera Yasuní FLACSO N E : ... NB: . 5IS 1... BÍBLIÜTECA-FLACSO-EC F echa ... ./. ¿zJ& c-tsP . Z P fR . ., P r e c i o ........... .................................................... P roveedor............... .................. C a n je ............................................................ .Jonación. ...m .v ........................ Levantamiento de textos ■ Poema Carrión Revisión y edición de textos ■ Alejandro Aguirre Edición final ■ Alejandra Adoum ■ 2010 Quito, Ecuador PUEBLOS *JDÍGENAS A 3LAD0S EN LA AMAZCArA y EL GRAN CHACO Prólogo Pueblos Indígenas Aislados y 7 en Contacto Inicial en la Amazonia y el Gran Chaco Beatriz Huertas La salud como problema clave 15 en la situación de los Pueblos Indígenas Aislados Neptalí Cueva La Política Pública 33 para Indígenas Aislados y de Contacto Reciente en Brasil Antenor Vaz Los Pueblos Indígenas Aislados 45 en Paraguay y Bolivia 4 Bernardo Fischermann I La Iniciativa Amotocodie 53 y los pueblos Ayoreo 5 del Paraguay Miguel Ángel Alarcón El Plan de Medidas Cautelares 69 como parte de la política específica de protección a los Pueblos Indígenas Aislados en
    [Show full text]
  • Captive Communities: Situation of the Guaraní Indigenous People and Contemporary Forms of Slavery in the Bolivian Chaco
    INTER‐AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 58 24 December 2009 Original: Spanish CAPTIVE COMMUNITIES: SITUATION OF THE GUARANÍ INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF SLAVERY IN THE BOLIVIAN CHACO 2009 Internet: http://www.cidh.org E‐mail: [email protected] OAS Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights. Comunidades cautivas : situación del pueblo indígena guaraní y formas contemporáneas de esclavitud en el Chaco de Bolivia = Captive communities : situation of the Guaraní indigenous people and contemporary forms of slavery in the Bolivian Chaco / Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights. p. ; cm. (OEA documentos oficiales ; OEA/Ser.L)(OAS official records ; OEA/Ser.L) ISBN 978‐0‐8270‐5433‐2 1. Guarani Indians‐‐Human rights‐‐Bolivia‐‐Chaco region. 2. Guarani Indians‐‐Slavery‐‐ Bolivia‐‐Chaco region. 3. Indigenous peoples‐‐Slavery‐‐Bolivia‐‐Chaco region. 4. Indigenous peoples‐‐Human rights‐‐Bolivia. 5. Indigenous peoples‐‐Civil rights‐‐ Bolivia. I. Title. II Series. III. Series. OAS official records ; OEA/Ser.L. OEA/Ser.L/V/II. Doc. 58 Approved by the Inter‐American Commission on Human Rights on December 24, 2009 INTER‐AMERICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS MEMBERS Luz Patricia Mejía Guerrero Víctor E. Abramovich Felipe González Sir Clare Kamau Roberts Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro Florentín Meléndez Paolo G. Carozza ****** Executive Secretary: Santiago A. Canton Assistant Executive Secretary: Elizabeth Abi‐Mershed The IACHR thanks the Governments of Denmark and Spain for the financial support that made it possible to carry out the working and supervisory visit to Bolivia from June 9 to 13, 2008, as well as the preparation of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Paraguay: Indigenous Peoples' Survival at Risk
    UA: 284/14 Index: AMR 45/010/2014 Paraguay Date: 10 November 2014 URGENT ACTION INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ SURVIVAL AT RISK Land that the Ayoreo Totobiegosode Indigenous people claim as their traditional territory has been invaded in the department of Alto Paraguay in the north of the country. This threatens the survival of the Indigenous peoples living in voluntary isolation in this area. During an inspection carried out on 21 October, the Ayoreo Totobiegosode Indigenous people verified that the owner of the neighbouring estate, a cattle ranching company, was building a fence in the land they claim as part of their traditional territory. This particular piece of land was registered in 1997 as property Registration Number RO3 236 of the Ayoreo Totobiegosode, in the department of Puerto Casado, Alto Paraguay, Chaco. According to the rganization People, Environment and Territory (Gente, Ambiente y Territorio, GAT) and the Organization Payipie Ichadie Totobiegosode (OPIT) in 2012 a licence was given by the Ministry of Environment (Secretaría del Ambiente, SEAM) allowing the neighbouring company to exploit an extension of land that included part of the Ayoreo property Registration Number RO3 236, and that is larger than the land legally owned by the firm. This situation puts the Jonoine–urasade, a group of the Ayoreo Totobiesgosode who live in voluntary isolation, in a particularly serious danger given the risk of unwanted contact, further deforestation and irreversible degradation of their natural territory, which puts their livelihoods and cultural and physical survival at risk. On 21 October, legal representatives of the Ayoreo Totobiegosode presented a formal complaint reporting the invasion of the land legally owned by the Indigenous peoples and demanding that the construction of the fence be immediately stopped.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradoxical Landscapes in Colonia Aborigen Chaco (Ex-Aboriginal Reserve of Napalpí, Argentina)
    The International Indigenous Policy Journal Volume 10 | Issue 5 December 2019 Production, Development, and Environmental Policies: Paradoxical Landscapes in Colonia Aborigen Chaco (Ex-Aboriginal Reserve of Napalpí, Argentina) Carlos Salamanca Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, [email protected] Recommended Citation Salamanca, C. (2019). Production, development, and environmental policies. Paradoxical landscapes in Colonia Aborigen Chaco (ex-Aboriginal Reserve of Napalpí). The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 10(5). doi: https://doi.org/10.18584/ iipj.2019.10.5.8584 Production, Development, and Environmental Policies: Paradoxical Landscapes in Colonia Aborigen Chaco (Ex-Aboriginal Reserve of Napalpí, Argentina) Abstract This article examines the experience of an Indigenous development plan carried out between 2005 and 2010 in Colonia Aborigen Chaco, an Indigenous settlement located in Chaco province, Argentina, originally established in 1911 as the Aboriginal Reserve of Napalpí. On the reserve, inhabitants were forced to settle down as the State appropriated their traditional territories. Here, I propose a critical analysis of this experience with ethnographic description pertaining to the long historical processes that inhabitants of Colonia Aborigen endured, which systematically subjected them to alimentary, educational, productive, and religious routines aimed at transforming them culturally. I intend to demonstrate that it is necessary to review a series of assumptions, which are quite prevalent in Indigenous policies, about what an Indigenous person, an Indigenous territory, and an Indigenous development are supposed to be. I emphatically assert that it is necessary to have a critical approach towards these historical processes of constitution in order to better understand Indigenous rights and development within Indigenous territories.
    [Show full text]
  • Paraguay Mennonites: Immigrants, Citizens, Hosts
    Mennonite Central Committee Peace Office Publication January –March 2009 Volume 39, Number 1 Paraguay Mennonites: Immigrants, Citizens, Hosts IN THIS ISSUE Introduction 3 Mennonites In Paraguay: by Daryl Yoder-Bontrager A Brief History by Edgar Stoesz n July of this year, people who are part Paraguay was appropriate for Mennonites Iof the Anabaptist tradition will gather in in other ways as well. A somewhat isolated, 6 A Letter from Paraguay: Asunción, Paraguay from all over the world land-locked country in the middle of the The 2008 Elections to celebrate the 15th global assembly of Southern Cone, the southern triangle of by Alfred Neufeld Mennonite World Conference. The assembly South America, Paraguay contained vast will be hosted jointly by the 8 Paraguayan tracts of sparsely populated lands in its 9 Hopes and Plans for the MWC member churches. In anticipation northwest Chaco area. The Chaco region, 2009 Mennonite World of that event, this issue of Peace Office shared with Bolivia and Argentina, is Conference Assembly 15 Newsletter offers some beginning glimpses famous for its climatic extremes. The coun - by Carmen Epp into the people and issues of Paraguay. try had long since merged Spanish-speaking and Guarani-speaking cultures. Today Span - 11 Ernst Bergen, Jumping into Almost anywhere in Paraguay at nearly any ish and Guarani, the language of the domi - Empty Space time of day one can find Paraguayans clus - nant indigenous group, are both official reviewed by Alain Epp Weaver tered in little groups drinking tereré, a cold languages. Moving to Paraguay seemed a tea, sipped from a metal straw stuck into win/win situation.
    [Show full text]
  • The “Person” Category in the Zamuco Languages. a Diachronic Perspective
    On rare typological features of the Zamucoan languages, in the framework of the Chaco linguistic area Pier Marco Bertinetto Luca Ciucci Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa The Zamucoan family Ayoreo ca. 4500 speakers Old Zamuco (a.k.a. Ancient Zamuco) spoken in the XVIII century, extinct Chamacoco (Ɨbɨtoso, Tomarâho) ca. 1800 speakers The Zamucoan family The first stable contact with Zamucoan populations took place in the early 18th century in the reduction of San Ignacio de Samuco. The Jesuit Ignace Chomé wrote a grammar of Old Zamuco (Arte de la lengua zamuca). The Chamacoco established friendly relationships by the end of the 19th century. The Ayoreos surrended rather late (towards the middle of the last century); there are still a few nomadic small bands in Northern Paraguay. The Zamucoan family Main typological features -Fusional structure -Word order features: - SVO - Genitive+Noun - Noun + Adjective Zamucoan typologically rare features Nominal tripartition Radical tenselessness Nominal aspect Affix order in Chamacoco 3 plural Gender + classifiers 1 person ø-marking in Ayoreo realis Traces of conjunct / disjunct system in Old Zamuco Greater plural and clusivity Para-hypotaxis Nominal tripartition Radical tenselessness Nominal aspect Affix order in Chamacoco 3 plural Gender + classifiers 1 person ø-marking in Ayoreo realis Traces of conjunct / disjunct system in Old Zamuco Greater plural and clusivity Para-hypotaxis Nominal tripartition All Zamucoan languages present a morphological tripartition in their nominals. The base-form (BF) is typically used for predication. The singular-BF is (Ayoreo & Old Zamuco) or used to be (Cham.) the basis for any morphological operation. The full-form (FF) occurs in argumental position.
    [Show full text]
  • An Amerind Etymological Dictionary
    An Amerind Etymological Dictionary c 2007 by Merritt Ruhlen ! Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Greenberg, Joseph H. Ruhlen, Merritt An Amerind Etymological Dictionary Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Amerind Languages—Etymology—Classification. I. Title. P000.G0 2007 000!.012 00-00000 ISBN 0-0000-0000-0 (alk. paper) This book is dedicated to the Amerind people, the first Americans Preface The present volume is a revison, extension, and refinement of the ev- idence for the Amerind linguistic family that was initially offered in Greenberg (1987). This revision entails (1) the correction of a num- ber of forms, and the elimination of others, on the basis of criticism by specialists in various Amerind languages; (2) the consolidation of certain Amerind subgroup etymologies (given in Greenberg 1987) into Amerind etymologies; (3) the addition of many reconstructions from different levels of Amerind, based on a comprehensive database of all known reconstructions for Amerind subfamilies; and, finally, (4) the addition of a number of new Amerind etymologies presented here for the first time. I believe the present work represents an advance over the original, but it is at the same time simply one step forward on a project that will never be finished. M. R. September 2007 Contents Introduction 1 Dictionary 11 Maps 272 Classification of Amerind Languages 274 References 283 Semantic Index 296 Introduction This volume presents the lexical and grammatical evidence that defines the Amerind linguistic family. The evidence is presented in terms of 913 etymolo- gies, arranged alphabetically according to the English gloss.
    [Show full text]
  • Religious Nationalism in an Age of Globalization: the Case of 1
    74 Religious Nationalism in an Age of Globalization: The Case of 1 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-463320161405 Benjamin W. Goossen History Department of Harvard University, Cambridge MA, Estados Unidos da América [email protected] Abstract: This article uses the example of Mennonite nation-building in Paraguay during the 1920s and 1930s to argue that state formation is not inherently modernist. Tracing nineteenth and early twentieth-century discourses of Mennonite colonies in Imperial e essay advocates a reevaluation of theories of modern statehood advanced by thinkers like James C. Scott and Ernest Gellner. As conservative, pacifist Mennonites traveled from North America to the Paraguayan Chaco to escape the pressures of assimilation in democratic society, their migration paved the way for coreligionists fleeing persecution in the Soviet Union to join internationally, characterized by deep religious observance, and conceived in opposition to high modernist projects. Keywords: State-building, nationalism, Mennonites, modernity, diaspora, globalization 1 This essay draws on research for my forthcoming book, Chosen Nation: Mennonites and Germany in a Global Era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017, conducted with funding from the Fulbright Commission, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), and Harvard University. I wish to thank Uwe Freisen of the Menno Colony Archive and Gunolf Niebuhr of the Fernheim Colony Archive for providing primary sources, as well as Rachel Waltner Goossen for her comments. Except where otherwise noted, all translations are my own. While all qualifications in brackets are mine, italicized words are emphasized in the original documents. Almanack. Guarulhos, n.14, p.74-90 dossiê scales of global history 75 During 1936 and 1937, the German geographer Herbert Wilhelmy visited German- speaking settlements across southern Latin America.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Yerba Mate (Ilex Paraguariensis)
    Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2018, Article ID 6849317, 17 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6849317 Research Article Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Beverage: Nutraceutical Ingredient or Conveyor for the Intake of Medicinal Plants? Evidence from Paraguayan Folk Medicine Monika Kujawska Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, University of Lodz, ul. Lindleya 3/5, 90-131 Lodz, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Monika Kujawska; [email protected] Received 29 November 2017; Accepted 7 February 2018; Published 14 March 2018 AcademicEditor:RainerW.Bussmann Copyright © 2018 Monika Kujawska. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Te use of medicinal plants mixed with yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has been poorly studied in the ethnopharmacological literature so far. Te Paraguayan Mestizo people have the longest tradition of using the yerba mate beverage, apart from the indigenous Guarani people. Tis study analyses the role of yerba mate and medicinal plants in the treatment of illnesses within Paraguayan folk medicine. Te research was conducted among 100 Paraguayan migrants living in Misiones, Argentina, in 2014 and 2015. Yerbamate is not considered to be a medicinal plant by its own virtues but is culturally a very important type of medicinal plant intake. Ninety-seven species are employed in hot and cold versions of the yerba mate beverage. Te most important species are as follows: Allophylus edulis (highest number of citations), Aristolochia triangularis (highest relative importance value), and Achyrocline faccida and Achyrocline tomentosa (highest score by Index of Agreement on Species).
    [Show full text]
  • Mennonites Turned Paraguay Into a Mega Beef Producer: Now Indigenous People Must Pay the Price 10 March 2020, by Joel E
    Mennonites turned Paraguay into a mega beef producer: Now Indigenous people must pay the price 10 March 2020, by Joel E. Correia the Chaco's agricultural boom: Extensive deforestation also scars the region. Roughly 14% of the Chaco forest was cut down between 2001 and 2014. The Mennonites' success in transforming the Chaco into a ranching powerhouse now undermines their own long-sought solitude, endangers this famous forest and threatens the very existence of indigenous people who've lived in the region since time immemorial. South America’s bi-oceanic highway, which will stretch from the Pacific to the Atlantic – cutting right through Paraguay – is scheduled for completion in 2022. Credit: Joel Correia, Author provided The "new Panama Canal"—that's how some are hailing a highway now under construction in South America that spans the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Bi-Oceanic Corridor cuts through the Paraguayan Chaco, Latin America's second- largest forest after the Amazon—and, these days, a hub of cattle ranching and soybean farming. A sign near Loma Plata, Paraguay, announcing the bi- oceanic highway is underway, February 2020. Credit: The Chaco—once a flat, scrubby and supposedly Joel E. Correia inhospitable forest – was transformed into a fertile agricultural region by Mennonite settlers who came to Paraguay in the early 1900s. Latin America's Mennonites By 2017 this landlocked country of 7 million had become the world's sixth-largest exporter of beef The Mennonites of the Paraguayan Chaco who .When the new road is completed in 2022, it will now number around 40,000, first arrived in the markedly increase beef and other agricultural 1920s, escaping persecution from Stalin's Russia exports by truck to global markets via seaports in by way of Canada.
    [Show full text]