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Demographic and Reproductive Status of Lake Sturgeon in the Muskegon River System, Michigan Alex C

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Demographic and Reproductive Status of Lake Sturgeon in the Muskegon River System, Michigan Alex C Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 3-2013 Demographic and Reproductive Status of Lake Sturgeon in the Muskegon River System, Michigan Alex C. Wieten Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wieten, Alex C., "Demographic and Reproductive Status of Lake Sturgeon in the Muskegon River System, Michigan" (2013). Masters Theses. 47. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/47 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEMOGRAPHIC AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF LAKE STURGEON IN THE MUSKEGON RIVER SYSTEM, MICHIGAN Alex C. Wieten A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of M.S. Biology March 2013 AKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Carl Ruetz for his guidance over the past three years. I could not have learned so much and come so far without his guidance. I thank my other committee members, Dr. Mark Luttenton and Kregg Smith, for the knowledge and guidance they provided that got me through some of the busiest times in my life. I also thank Dr. Don Uzarski and Matt Cooper for getting me away from the field of business and leading me to a field that I truly enjoy. I thank Matt Altenritter for all of his hard work before me, which paved the way for this research. I thank Dave Janetski, Jared Homola, and Brandon Harris for the countless hours spent reviewing this thesis. Additionally, I thank Jordan Allison, Michael Bredwig, Jesse Comben, Travis Ellens, Ray Govus, Billy Keiper, Carson Prichard, Betsy Schafer, and Neal Swanson for hours upon hours of help in the field in the roughest of conditions; this research would not be what it is if it was not for you. Kurt Thompson provided much needed help in GIS and movement data. I also thank Brendan Earl of URS Corporation for assistance in the field and with project management as well as John Gulvas and Leo Torvinen of Consumers Energy for their assistance with logistics in scheduling sampling in Muskegon Lake. Funding for this project was provided by Consumers Energy, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Grand Valley State University Presidential Grant, and Sonotronics. iii ABSTRACT My study focused on a threatened population of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Muskegon River system, Michigan. I assessed the condition, growth and population dynamics of lake sturgeon and compared them to nearby populations using a length- weight relationship and the von Bertalanffy growth model. I also estimated the abundance of adult lake sturgeon in the Muskegon River system during the spawning run using closed-population models, analyzed movements of adult lake sturgeon during their spawning migrations using ultrasonic telemetry in 2011, and verified reproductive success by capturing larvae with drift nets in 2010 and 2011. The capture of adult lake sturgeon was performed using boat electrofishing and large-mesh gill netting in the spring, and juvenile lake sturgeon were captured using small-mesh gill netting in the fall. From 2008 to 2011, 141 individual lake sturgeon (24.9 – 191.0 cm total length; 0.05- 59.50 kg weight) were captured. Of these, 116 lake sturgeon were aged using pectoral fin rays, representing 24 age cohorts. The weight-length relationship for captured lake sturgeon, where W is weight (kg) and TL is total length (cm), is log10(W) = -6.13 + -0.0985(t-1.0035) 3.42•log10(TL) and the von Bertalanffy growth model is TL = 177.62 (1-e ), where t is age. Compared to nearby systems, a 100-cm individual from the Muskegon system tended to weigh less (average: -0.98 kg), and individuals age 23-27 years tended to be longer at age (average: +18.0 cm). Abundances were estimated for the 2009 and 2010 spawning migrations, which were 46 (95% CI: 37-67) and 39 (95% CI: 27-67) individuals, respectively. Successful reproduction in the Muskegon River was confirmed by the capture of 16 larval lake sturgeon in 2010 and 2 individuals in 2011. Consistent iv with other studies, the onset of larval drift was at a water temperature of 16 °C. The number of larvae drifting downstream appeared to become heavily diluted with increasing distance downstream of a known spawning site. Overall, my results suggest the Muskegon River supports a small (in terms of annual population numbers), healthy (in terms of individual growth rates and proportion of individuals less than age 5), naturally-reproducing population of lake sturgeon. Nevertheless, the small size of the annual spawning run suggests the population should continue to be protected and be the focus of restoration. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………..iii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………....vii LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………..viii CHAPTER I. INT RODUCTION ……………………………………………………..…....1 History of Lake Sturgeon …………………………………………….....1 The Decline ……………………………………………………………...2 Life History Dynamics …………………………………………….........3 The Muskegon River System …………………………………………....4 Research Objectives …………………………………………………......5 Literature Cited …………………………………………………………..7 II. AG E, GROWTH, AND ABUNDANCE OF LAKE STURGEON IN THE MUSKEGON RIVER, MICHIGAN, USA ………...13 Abstract ………………………………………………………………….13 Introduction ……………………………………………………………...15 Methods and Materials …………………………………………………..17 Study Site………………………………………………………...17 Fish Capture and Sampling……………………………………....19 Data Analysis………………………………………………….....21 Results …………………………………………………………………...23 Discussion ……………………………………………………………….30 Literature Cited ………………………………………………………….35 III. AD ULT LAKE STURGEON MOVEMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE STATUS IN THE MUSKEGON RIVER SYSTEM, MICHIGAN ………...39 Abstract …………………………………………………………….……39 Introduction ……………………………………………………………...41 Methods and Materials …………………………………………………..44 Study Site ………………………………………………………..44 vi Adult Sampling ……………………………………………….....44 Tag Implementation …………………………………………..…46 Ultrasonic Telemetry ………………………………………..…..47 Larval Drift Sampling …………………………………………...48 Results …………………………………………………………………...50 Adult Capture …………………………………………………....50 Adult Movement ………………………………………………...50 Larval Drift Sampling ………………………………………...…53 Discussion …………………………………………………………….…57 Literature Cited ………………………………………………………….63 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 Total number of lake sturgeon caught, effort (hours, gill netting; sampling days, electrofishing), range of total length (TL; cm), range of weight (W; kg), and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of lake sturgeon captured using large-mesh gill nets (stretch mesh = 25.4 or 30.5 cm), electrofishing, and small-mesh gill nets (stretch mesh = 7.5 cm) in the Muskegon River system during 2008-2011………………………………………………………...24 2.2 Number of adult lake sturgeon captured, recaptured, and estimated spawning-run abundance, including 95% confidence intervals, of lake sturgeon in the Muskegon River system. Spawning run estimates were made using Program CAPTURE………………………………………………...29 2.3 Mean weights of lake sturgeon at 100 cm total length, and mean total length of lake sturgeon aged at 23-27 years from the Muskegon River system and nearby systems………………………………………………………31 3.1 Characteristics of adult lake sturgeon implanted with ultrasonic tags in 2010 in the Muskegon River, Michigan. All fish were captured and tagged in Muskegon Lake………………………………………………………..51 viii LIST OF FIGURES TABLE PAGE 2.1 Map of Muskegon River system (i.e., Muskegon Lake and Muskegon River) below Croton Dam with inset map of Muskegon Lake showing gill netting locations……………………………………………………………...18 2.2 Length-weight relationship of lake sturgeon captured in the Muskegon River System during 2008-2010. The solid line represents the estimated length-weight function…………………………………………………………...25 2.3 Age structure of lake sturgeon captured in the Muskegon River system during 2008-2011………………………………………………………………...26 2.4 The total length and age of lake sturgeon captured in the Muskegon River system during 2008-2011. The solid line represents the estimated von Bertalanffy growth curve………………………………………………………...27 3.1 Map of the Muskegon River system including submerged ultrasonic receiver locations (), launches used for boat electroshocking surveys in the river, and location of gill net surveys in the lake. Croton Dam is the first upstream barrier to fish passage, blocking all upstream movements……….45 3.2 (A) Daily river discharge (m3s-1; dashed line) and water temperature (°C; solid line) in the Muskegon River at Croton Dam in 2011 including symbols representing capture of adults in the lake (), capture of adults in the river (), and capture of larvae in the river (), and (B) locations of adult lake sturgeon implanted with transmitters represented by tag number. Ultrasonic recievers were placed at Pine Street [rkm: 77], Devils Run [rkm: 66], Boathouse Pool [rkm: 64], Bridgeton [rkm: 36], Maple Island [rkm: 23], River Mouth [rkm: 0], and two in the channel to Lake Michigan [rkm: -8]………………………………….52 3.3 Daily river discharge (m3s-1; dashed line) and water temperature (°C; solid line) in the Muskegon River at Croton Dam in 2010 including symbols representing capture of adults in Muskegon lake (), capture of adults in Muskegon River (), and capture of larvae in the river ()…………...55 ix 3.4 Hourly catch
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