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Performance Comparison of Octol and PBXN-110 in a Shaped Charge Warhead R

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Performance Comparison of Octol and PBXN-110 in a Shaped Charge Warhead R - و "د ژ " Archive of SID ل د، ر ٢ ، ر ٣٨، ن ٩٧:ص ١١٢-١٠ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN-110 در ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد رﺿﺎ ﻛﺴﺎﻳﻲ1 ، اﺣﻤﺪ ﻣﻼﻳﻲ2* ، وﺣﻴﺪ اﻓﺸﺎري3 ، ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻴﺮآﺑﺎدي14 1و4- ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس -2 دﻛﺘﺮا -3 ﻛﺎر ﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻣﺎم ﺣﺴﻴﻦ (ع) (ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ وﺻﻮل: 13/8/ 96 ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 96/11/21) ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﺮوﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ در ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺎده ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮه ﺷﺎرژ ﺷﺪه در آن ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دار. ﻫﺪف اﺻـﻠﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ اﺛﺮات ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎ رﮔﻴﺮي اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN-110 در ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮدي ﺧﺎص ﺑﻮده اﺳ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد در ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ آﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻲ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ ﻣﺴﻲ 35 درﺟﻪ و ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ 510 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺷﺎرژ ﺷﺪﻧ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار LS-Dyna ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺗﺤ ﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ، cm 50 اﺳ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس اﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي، ﺧﺮج اﻛﺘﻮل ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ PBXN-110 اﻳﺠﺎد ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨـﻴ ﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN-110 ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 444 و 324 ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ اﺳـ ﺖ. ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ ﺧﺮج PBXN-110 ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻛﺘﻮل، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﺗﺮ آن در ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﻧﻔﻮذ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ. واژهﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد، ﻧﻔﻮذ، اﻛﺘﻮل، PBXN-110 ، ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزي . Performance Comparison of Octol and PBXN-110 in a Shaped Charge Warhead R. Kasaie, A. Mollaie *, V. Afshari, A. Kheyrabadi Imam Hossein University (Received:11/4/2017, Accepted: 2/10/2018) Abstract The jet formation caused by the collapse of a liner mainly depend on the characteristics of explosive loaded in the shaped charge warhead. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of Octol and PBXN-110 fillers on the performance of a specific shaped charge warhead is made. These materials are loaded into the aluminum-cased shaped charge having a 35° copper liner and 510 cm 3 of capacity. Obtained results by numerical simulation (LS-Dyna) indicated that the most effective stand-off is 50 cm. Based on simulation data, octol has a higher penetration compared to PBXN-110 for the same stand-off. Results from the experimental tests also showed that the warheads loaded with octol and PBXN-110 have penetration about 444 mm and 324 mm respectively. PBXN-110 exhibited a weak penetration effect due to its lower density and detonation velocity compared to Octol. Keywords: Shaped Charge, Penetration, Octol, PBXN-110, Simulation. * Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] "Journal of Energetic Materials" Volume 13, No.2, Serial No.38, Summer 2018 www.SID.ir 106 ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ـ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ « ﻣﻮاد ﭘﺮاﻧﺮژي» ؛ ﺳﺎل ﺳﻴﺰ دﻫﻢ ، ﺷﻤﺎره 2، ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 97 13 Archive of SID 1 - ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﺪول -1 ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN-110 . ﻋﻨﻮان ﺧﺮج اﻛﺘﻮل (ﻧﻮع )PBXN-110 1 در ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲﻫﺎي ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد، ﺑـﺎ اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر ﺟﻬـ ﺖدار و ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺷـﺪه ﻣـﺎده ذوب - - روش ﺗﻬﻴﻪ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي - ﭘﺨﺖ ﻣ ﻨﻔﺠﺮه در ﭘﺸﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ ﻓﻠﺰي ﻗﻴﻔﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ، ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ از ِﺟﺖ ﻓﻠـﺰي ﺑـﺎ رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي (%88) HMX (%75) HMX اﻧﺮژي ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ اﻧﻬﺪام ﻫﺪف ﻣﻲﮔـﺮد. از ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن [ ] HTPB TNT ﺧــﺮج ﮔﻮدﻫــﺎ در ﺳــﻼ حﻫــﺎي ﺿــﺪ زره اﺳــﺘﻔﺎده ﻣــ ﻲ ﺷــﻮ. ﻋﻤﻠﻜــﺮد (25%) ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺪر (%12) 15 ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ (g/cm 3 ) 1/81 [ 16] 1/62-1/70 [ 17] ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﺑـﻪ ﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﻫـﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔـﻲ ﺑﺴـﺘﮕﻲ دارد ﻛـﻪ از ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ( m/s ) 8643 [ 16] 8330 [ 18] ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ، ﻓﺸﺎر و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﺧﺮج، ﺟـﻨﺲ و ﺗﻨﺶ ( psi ) - > 20 [ 17] ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ، ﻧﻘﻄﻪ آﻏﺎزش و ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﺷﺎره ﻛـﺮ د[1 و 2] . ﻛﺮﻧﺶ (%) - > 9 [ 17] در ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ، ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر، ﻓﺸﺎر اﻧﻔﺠـﺎر و ﭼﮕـﺎﻟ ﻲ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ( Shore A ) - > 20 [ 17] ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻸ ( ml/g.48h ﺧﺮج، اﻧﺮژي ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ ﻧﻔـﻮذ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه اﻓـﺰاﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘـﻪ و درﻧﺘﻴﺠـ ﻪ ﺑـﺎ < 4/0 [ 19] < 4/0 [ 17] ( ( @ 100° اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺖ، ﻧﻔﻮذ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲ اﻓﺘﺪ[3 و 4] . [19 ] 100 ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ ( C°) 254 از ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﻳﻜﻲ از روﻳﻜﺮدﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺣﻮزه ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ، ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻬﻤﺎت ﻏﻴﺮ (ﺧﻮداﺷﺘﻌﺎﻟﻲ) 11 ﺣﺴﺎس (IM) ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮدي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳـ. ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ( N.m ) 9/33 [ 20] > 10 B و اﻛﺘﻮل از راﻳﺞ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲﻫﺎي ﺧـﺮج ﮔـﻮد ﻓﺸﺎر اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ( GPa ) /2 32 [ 21] /2 29 [ 22] ﻫﺴﺘﻨ. اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎت از ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠـﺮه ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ TNT ﻣﺤﺴـﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧ. اﮔﺮﭼﻪ اﺟﺰاي اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺗـﺄﻣﻴ ﻦ -2 ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ وﻟﻲ ﺧﻮاص ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ، اﻳﻤﻨﻲ و ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺎﻃﺮ 2 -1- ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰات TNT ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ذوب ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ و وﺟﻮد ﺗﺮك ﻫﺎ و ﺣﺒﺎبﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎﺷـﻲ از اﻧﻘﺒـﺎ ض ﺧﺮج اﻛﺘﻮل ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ g/cm 3 1/8 ﺷﺎرژ ﺷ. ﺑـﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـ ﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن ﭘﺲ از ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮي، ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮوز ﺧﻄﺮاﺗﻲ در زﻣـﺎن HTPB PBXN-110 ، رزﻳــﻦ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳــﻂ ﻋــﺪدي ﺟــﺮم ﻣﻮﻟﻜــﻮﻟﻲ (ŬŬŬŬ ) MΜ [ ] اﻧﺒﺎرداري، ﺣﻤﻞ وﻧﻘﻞ و ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻬﻤ ﺎت ﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد 5 . ﺑﻪﻫﻤـﻴﻦ g/mol 5250 و دﻣﺎي اﻧﺘﻘـﺎل ﺷﻴﺸـ ﻪ اي C° /8 76- اﺳـﺘﻔﺎد ه ﺷـ. ﻣـﺎده ﺧـــﺎﻃﺮ در ﺳـــﺎل ﻫـــﺎي اﺧﻴـــﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣـــﻲ و ﺗﻮﻟﻴـــﺪ ﻣـــﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠـــﺮه ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮه HMX در دو ﻓﺮم درﺷـﺖ (ﻛـﻼس 3 ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ اﻧـﺪازه ذرات PBX 22 ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ( ) ر ﺷﺪ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮي داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻬﻤ ﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪ در 400 ﻣﻴﻜﺮون) و رﻳﺰ (ﻛﻼس 5 ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻧﺪازه ذرات 45 ﻣﻴﻜـﺮون) ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺎل ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺧﺮج ﻫﺎ ي ﻣﺘﺪاول اﺳﺖ . ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮه ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ 3 ﺑﻪ 1 ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺷ. ﻧﺮمﻛﻨﻨـﺪ ه اﻳﺰودﺳـﻴ ﻞﭘﻼرﮔﻮﻧ ـ ﺎت ( IDP ) PBX ﺑﻪ دو روش ﭘﺮﺳﻲ و رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧ. درﺻـﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﻨـﺪر در داراي ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺨﺖ اﻳﺰوﻓﻮرن ﭘﺮﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴـﻞ اﻳـﻦ دﺳـﺘﻪ از ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠـﺮه داراي دي اﻳﺰوﺳﻴﺎﻧﺎت ( IPDI )، ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰور دي ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﻦ ديﻟـﻮرات ( DBTDL ) و ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ و ﺳﺮﻋﺖ اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮي ﺑﻮده و ﻟـﺬا ﭘـﺲ از ﻣـﻮاد ﻣﻨﻔﺠـﺮه ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ آﻧﺘﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪان 2،' 2 ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦ ﺑﻴﺲ ( -4 ﻣﺘﻴـ ﻞ 6- ﺗﺮﺷـﻴﻮ ﺑﻮﺗﻴـﻞ ﻓﻨـﻮل) از TNT ، ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد را در ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮدﻫـﺎ دا رﻧـ. ﺑـﺎاﻳ ﻦﺣـﺎ ل ﺑـﻪ دﻟﻴـﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺮك33 آﻟﻤﺎن ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ. ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺮج ﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﺳﻲ ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﺳـﺨﺖ در ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﺮ دو ﭘﺮواﻧﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﭼـﺮﺧﺶ ﺳـﻴﺎر هاي، داراي ﺣﺠـﻢ ﻣﻔﻴـﺪ 2 2 [ ] ﺧﺮج، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ 6 ، اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮم ﻻﻳﻨﺮ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻇﺮف دوﺟﺪاره و اﻣﻜﺎن اﻳﺠﺎد ﺧﻸ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺧﺘﻼط اﺟﺰاي -PBXN [ ] در ﺣﻴﻦ ﭘﺮس 7 و ﻋﺪم اﻣﻜﺎن ﺷﺎرژ در ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲﻫﺎي ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ 110 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷ. ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮازوي دﻳﺠﻴﺘﺎل ﻣـﺪل GF-600 ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ [ ] PBX ﺳﻤﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ رﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔﺮي در ﺣﺎل ﮔﺴـﺘﺮش اﺳـ ﺖ 8 و 9 . ازﺟﻤﻠ ـﻪ AND ژاﭘﻦ ﺑﺎ دﻗ ﺖ g 001 0/ و ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻛـﺎرﺑﺮي g 610 ﺗـﻮزﻳﻦ ﺷـﺪﻧ . PBX ﺧﺮج ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ رﻳﺨﺘﻪﮔـﺮي ﻛـﻪ در ﺳـﺮﺟﻨﮕ ﻲﻫـﺎي ﻧﻔـﻮ ذ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﭘﺲ از رﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﮔﺮي در ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد در آون ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺷـﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ PBXN-110 در ﺳـﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ اژدر Memmert MK-146 آﻟﻤﺎن ﭘﺨﺖ ﺷ. ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ روش ﻏﻮﻃـ ﻪوري و ﺑـﺎ PBXW-114 [ ] PBXW-108 [ ] 10 ، 11 و 12 و در ﺳــــﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ راﻛــــﺖ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي از ﺗﺮازوي Mettler Toledo ﻣـﺪل AG285 ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﺳـﻮﺋﻴﺲ [ ] SMAW HEAA دوش ﭘﺮﺗﺎب 13 و 14 اﺷﺎره ﻛﺮد. اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺷ. در آزﻣﻮن ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي آﻏﺎزش اﻧﻔﺠﺎر ﺧﺮج ﮔـﻮد از PBXN-110 در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ از ﺑـ ﻪﻋﻨـﻮا ن ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ اﻛﺘـﻮ ل در ﻳـﻚ ﻧـﻮع ﭼﺎﺷﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ آﻧﻲ M8 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﺮص ﭘﺮس ﺷﺪه ﭘﺘﻦ ﺳﺮﺟﻨﮕﻲ ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﺧﺎص اﺳﺘﻔﺎده و اﺛﺮات ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آن ﻣﻮرد ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻗـﺮار ﺑﻪ وزن 20 ﮔﺮم ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺧﺮج ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت اﻳﻦ ﺧﺮج ﺑﺎ اﻛﺘﻮل در ﺟﺪول (1 ) ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﮔﺮﻓ. 3- Merck 1- Insensitive Munition 2- Plastic Bonded Explosive www.SID.ir ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN -110 در .. ؛ رﺿﺎ ﻛﺴﺎﻳﻲ ، ... 107 Archive of SID 2 2- - ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن PBXN-110 و روش ﺗﻬﻴﻪ آن ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮن و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ درﺻﺪ وزﻧﻲ اﺟـﺰاي PBXN-110 در ﺟـﺪول (2 ) ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷ. ﻣﻮاد اوﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ 2/0% ﺗـﻮزﻳﻦ ﺷـﺪﻧ. ﭘـﻴﺶ از ﺷـﺮوع ﻓﺮاﻳﻨﺪ اﺧﺘﻼط، رزﻳﻦ HTPB ، ﻧﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه IDP و HMX ﺑـﻪ ﻣـ ﺪت 4 روز در آون 60 درﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ رﻃﻮﺑﺖ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﺣﺬف ﺷﻮ. ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮوع ﻛﺎر، اﺑﺘﺪا اﺟﺰاي ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺪر ﺷﺎﻣﻞ HTPB، ﻟﻴﺴـﺘﻴﻦ و ﻧـﺮ مﻛﻨﻨـﺪه در ﺷﻜﻞ 1- ﻳﻚ ﺑﺸﺮ cc 250 ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت 15 دﻗﻴﻘـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤـﺰن ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴـﻲ در دﻣـﺎي ﻃﺮح ﺧﺮج ﮔﻮد ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در آزﻣ ﻮن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺴﻪاي. C° 70 ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ زده ﺷ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺑﺎﻳﻨﺪر ﺑﻪ ﻇـ ﺮف ﭘـﻴ ﺶﮔـﺮم ﺷـﺪ ه ﭘﺲ از ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻻﻳﻨﺮ ﻗﻴﻔﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ در ﭘﻮﺳـﺘﻪ، PBXN-110 در ﭘﺸـﺖ ﻫﻤﺰن ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ و ﺑﻪ آن آﻧﺘﻲاﻛﺴـﻴﺪان 2،' 2 ﻣﺘـﻴﻠﻦ ﺑـﻴﺲ ( -4 ﻣﺘﻴـﻞ 6- آن ﺷﺎرژ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺑﺴﺘﻦ درﭘﻮش ﭘﻠﻲاﺗﻴﻠﻨﻲ، ﭘﺨـﺖ ﺻـﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓـ. ﺗﺮﺷﻴﻮ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﻞ ﻓﻨﻮل) اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷ. ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻫﻤﺰن ﺑﻪ ﻣـ ﺪ ت 10 دﻗﻴﻘـﻪ در اﻳﻦ درﭘﻮش ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮي از ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮ ﺣﺠـﻢ PBX در ﺣـﻴﻦ ﻓﺮاﻳﻨـﺪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﻣﺤﻴﻂ و دﻣﺎي C° 65 ﺑﺎ دور Hz 40 و ﺳﭙﺲ 5 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧـﻸ ﭘﺨﺖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ. ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ وزن اﻛﺘﻮل و PBXN-110 ﺷﺎرژ ﺷـﺪه ﺑـﻪ bar 0/8 ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ زده ﺷ. در اداﻣﻪ HMX ﻛﻼس µm~) 2 45) ﺑﻪ ﻇـﺮف ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 930 و 860 ﮔﺮم ﺑﻮده اﺳ. در اداﻣﻪ و ﭘﺲ از ﭘﺨﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ اي ﻫﻤــﺰن اﺿـ ـﺎﻓﻪ ﺷــ. ﭘــﺲ از 10 دﻗﻴﻘــﻪ اﺧــﺘﻼط، HMX ﻛــﻼس PBX 3 در دﻣـﺎي C° 65، درﭘــﻮش ﭘﻠــﻲاﺗﻴﻠﻨــﻲ ﺑـﺎز ﺷــﺪه و ﺑــﻪﺟــﺎي آن (~ µm400 ) ﻃﻲ دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺠﺰا (ﻫﺮ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻧﺼﻒ وزن ) اﺿﺎﻓﻪ و در ﻫﺮ ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه ﺑﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓ. ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻫﻤﺰن ﺑﻪ ﻣـ ﺪ ت 10 دﻗﻴﻘـﻪ در ﻓﺸـﺎر ﻣﺤـﻴﻂ و دﻣـﺎ ي ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم آزﻣﻮن ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ، ﻣﻄـﺎﺑﻖ ﺷـﻜﻞ (2) ﺧـﺮج ﮔـﻮد ﻣﻮﻧﺘـﺎژ ﺷـﺪه C° 65 ﺑﺎ دور Hz 40 و ﺳﭙﺲ 5 دﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺧﻸ bar 0/8 ﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﺷ.
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    FFI-rapport/2007/02345 Cluster weapons – military utility and alternatives Ove Dullum Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt/Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) 1 February 2008 FFI-rapport 2007/02345 Oppdrag 351301 ISBN 978-82-464-1318-1 Keywords Militære operasjoner / Military operations Artilleri / Artillery Flybomber / Aircraft bombs Klasevåpen / Cluster weapons Ammunisjon / Ammunition Approved by Ove Dullum Project manager Jan Ivar Botnan Director of Research Jan Ivar Botnan Director 2 FFI-rapport/2007/02345 English summary This report is made through the sponsorship of the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to get an overview of the military utility of cluster munitions, and to find to which degree their capacity can be substituted by current conventional weapons or weapons that are on the verge of becoming available. Cluster munition roughly serve three purposes; firstly to defeat soft targets, i e personnel; secondly to defeat armoured of light armoured vehicles; and thirdly to contribute to the suppressive effect, i e to avoid enemy forces to use their weapons without inflicting too much damage upon them. The report seeks to quantify the effect of such munitions and to compare this effect with that of conventional weapons and more modern weapons. The report discusses in some detail how such weapons work and which effect they have against different targets. The fragment effect is the most important one. Other effects are the armour piercing effect, the blast effect, and the incendiary effect. Quantitative descriptions of such effects are usually only found in classified literature. However, this report is exclusively based on unclassified sources. The availability of such sources has been sufficient to get an adequate picture of the effect of such weapons.
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  • Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Army Research U.S. Department of Defense 2009 Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles Susan Taylor Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH James H. Lever Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Jennifer Fadden Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Nancy Perron Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Bonnie Packer US Army Environmental Command, Hoadley Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch Part of the Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons Taylor, Susan; Lever, James H.; Fadden, Jennifer; Perron, Nancy; and Packer, Bonnie, "Simulated Rainfall- Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles" (2009). US Army Research. 52. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Army Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chemosphere 75 (2009) 1074–1081 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
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  • Blast Effects Evaluation Using TNT Equivalent
    50 Scientific Technical Review,Vol.LIX,No.3-4,2009 UDK: 662.1/4:541.42.6 COSATI: 19-01, 19-04 Blast Effects Evaluation Using TNT Equivalent Zoran Bajić, MSc (Eng)1) Jovica Bogdanov, MSc (Eng)1) Radun Jeremić, PhD (Eng)1) This paper shows blast parameters of high explosives commonly used in explosive ordnance of Serbian armed forces regarding TNT equivalents. Primary blast wave parameters, overpressure, impulse and positive phase duration are calculated using modified Sadovskiy equations and the modified K-B equation. TNT equivalents of the observed explosives are determined using thermochemical calculations based on BKW EOS parameters. The calculated blast wave parameters show significant influence of used explosives concerning the TNT equivalent. Key words: explosive materials, physics of explosion, blast wave, blast wave effect, thermochemical calculation, TNT equivalent, equation of state, Sadovskiy equations. Introduction (modified by the US DoD) for blast pressure and impulse FTER the detonation occurs, the ambient pressure determination using scaled distance is shown in eq.(4) [4]. A increases almost instantaneously and promptly begins 234 to decay, forming a nearly triangular overpressure pulse. PI,=++ exp( A B ln Z C (ln) Z + D (ln) Z + E (ln) Z ) (4) The peak pressure is called the peak positive overpressure. It represents the pressure seen at a point in space when the Where pressure is in kPa, impulse in Pa·s/kg1/3, Z is in shock wave is unimpeded in its motion. The duration of the m/kg1/3 and A, B, C, D and E empirical coefficients. positive overpressure is called the positive phase.
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  • Supercritical Water Oxidation of Octol – Containing Wastewater
    Global NEST Journal, Vol 21, No 2, pp 172-179 Copyright© 2019 Global NEST Printed in Greece. All rights reserved Supercritical water oxidation of octol – containing wastewater Gurbulak E.1,*, Yuksel E.1, Tekbas M.1, Doruk T.2, Eyvaz M.1, Bektas N.1 1Gebze Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey 2Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 55105, Samsun, Turkey Received: 23/05/2018, Accepted: 12/02/2019, Available online: 15/02/2019 *to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.002776 Abstract Considering both the dramatic increase in octol use and the nitro aromatic and heterocyclic nitramine groups in its This study investigated optimum operating conditions of structure, it has become a non-negligible nitro-compound supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) for octol and source of pollution (Chatterjee et al., 2017). This pollution compared the degradation of its components TNT (2,4,6- has harmful effects on the environment and health due to trinitrotoluene) and HMX (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro- its characteristic of persistent resistance to biological 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine, octogen) under the same conditions. degradation (Snellinx et al., 2002). Jong et al. (2006) Pilot scale experiments were conducted at various determined that HMX had a more recalcitrant structure temperatures, reaction times and oxidant amounts. than other well-known explosives including TNT and RDX. Removal efficiency, by-product analysis and toxicity tests Although 2,4,6 TNT has potential carcinogenic effects, its were selected as the performance criteria for the SCWO.
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  • Explosives Detector C04 User Manual
    EXPLOSIVES DETECTOR C04 USER MANUAL HTBC.413444.001RE CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 3 2.1. Product designation 3 2.2. Device specifications 3 2.3. Product components and accessories 5 2.4. Device design and operation 6 2.4.1. Principle of operation 6 2.4.2. Device description 6 2.4.3. Description of control buttons 10 2.4.4. Device menu description 11 2.5. Safety Precautions 20 3. INTENDED USE 21 3.1. Operability check 21 3.2. Explosives searching 22 3.3. False activation 25 4. THE BATTERY BLOCK CHANGING AND CHARGING 25 5. PIEZO DESORBER CHAMBER USE 28 6. TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE 31 7. AFTER-SALE SERVICE 32 Appendix 1. Device maintenance 33 Appendix 2. Common troubles and solutions 36 1. INTRODUCTION This User Manual contains the necessary information on the components, internal design and operating principles of the Explosives Detector C04 (hereinafter referred to as the device) and information necessary for its correct and long-term service. 2. DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 2.1. Product designation The device is designed to detect explosive vapors when examining various objects (personal belongings, baggage, mail, parcels, vehicles, premises, etc.), as well in search for trace amounts of explosive substances using a piezoelectric desorption chamber. 2.2. Device specifications The main specifications of the device are given in Table 1. Table 1. Main specifications. Parameter Parameter Unit value AC supply voltage rating 18 V Consumed current at the rated supply voltage (up to) 1,5 A Threshold for TNT detection in ambient air (up to) 10-14 g/cm3 Vortex sampling distance 60-100 mm Readiness time at warm temperature 5-60 sec at cold temperature Up to 600 Start time from stand-by mode 2-3 sec Analysis time (max) 2 sec Battery life in vapor mode, always on (min) 4 Battery life in trace mode, always on (min) 3 h Battery life in mixed mode: 5% in vapor mode, 5% in 10 trace mode, 90% in stand-by mode Dimensions, LxWxH (up to) 350x103x94 mm Parameter Unit Parameter value .
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  • Weathering of Explosives for Twenty Years
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  • Chemring Nobel Product Compositions – HMX
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  • IM Explosive for SMAW HEAA Warhead
    IM Explosive for SMAW HEAA Warhead N. C. Johnson, C. W. Gonzalez, K. W. Reed, L. A. Kowalczyk, W. L. Myers, V. L. Beam, and V. A. Fields Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center Indian Head, MD April 8, 2009 NDIA Gun and Missile Systems Conference DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Presentation Outline • Objectives • Approach • System Description • Explosive Selection • Qualification and Performance Tests • Summary • Acknowledgements Objectives • Replace SMAW HEAA warhead fill (Octol) with explosive of comparable performance and improved IM characteristics – Sponsor directive: only system change will be explosive fill • Meet current HEAA penetration requirements • Qualify SMAW HEAA with IM warhead fill (SMAW HEAA-IM Warhead) Approach • Phase I: Explosive Selection – Explosive Selection Committee – IM and Performance Testing in SMAW HEAA Warhead – Downselection to Final Explosive Fill • Phase II: Qualification and Performance Testing SMAW HEAA-IM Warhead SMAW HEAA System Description • Shoulder-launched Multi-purpose Assault Weapon High Explosive Anti-Armor • DODIC HX06 • Effective against medium armor • SMAW HEAA consists of: – MK 153 MOD 0 Launcher – SMAW HEAA Encased Assault Rocket (EAR) • SMAW HEAA Rocket consists of: – Rocket motor – Impact fuze – Shaped charge, high explosive warhead Selection of IM Explosive Candidates Explosives Assessment • Explosive Output • IM Survivability • Safety & Reliability • Producibility / Life Cycle Costs Explosive Candidates – PBXN-9 • Used in Navy & Army shaped charge ordnance • Good IM in FCO/SCO/BI • Bad IM in FI – PBXN-11 • Better performance than PBXN-9 • Good IM in FCO/SCO • Bad IM in BI/FI – PBXW-114 • Equivalent performance to PBXN-110 • Good IM in FCO/SCO/BI • Potential for significant improvement in FI Explosive Properties Density, Explosive Composition Manufacture Method g/cc FCO/SCO/BI PBXN-9 HMX/binder pressed 1.73 V/V/V PBXN-11 HMX/binder pressed 1.80 V/V/IV PBXW-114 HMX/Al/binder cast 1.71 V/V/V melt (sedimentation) Octol HMX/TNT cast 1.82 I/I/V Phase I.
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  • Acceleration Characteristics of Discrete Fragments Generated from Explosively-Driven Cylindrical Metal Shells
    materials Article Acceleration Characteristics of Discrete Fragments Generated from Explosively-Driven Cylindrical Metal Shells Mingxue Zhou , Cheng Wu *, Fengjiang An, Shasha Liao, Xiaoxia Yuan , Dongyu Xue and Jian Liu State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (F.A.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (D.X.); [email protected] (J.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-01068915677 Received: 22 March 2020; Accepted: 26 April 2020; Published: 30 April 2020 Abstract: The acceleration characteristics of fragments generated from explosively-driven cylindrical shells are important issues in warhead design. However, there is as yet no reasonable theory for predicting the acceleration process of a specific metallic shell; existing approaches either ignore the effects of shell disintegration and the subsequent gas leakage on fragment acceleration or treat them in a simplified manner. In this paper, a theoretical model was established to study the acceleration of discrete fragments under the combined effect of shell disintegration and gas leakage. Firstly, an equation of motion was developed, where the acceleration of a cylindrical shell and the internal detonation gas was determined by the motive force impacting the inner surface of the metallic cylinder. To account for the force decrease induced by both the change in fragment area after the shell disintegrates and the subsequent drop in gas pressure due to gas leakage, the equation of motion was then associated with an equation for the locally isentropic expansion of the detonation gas and a modified gas-leakage equation.
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  • Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Army Research U.S. Department of Defense 2009 Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles Susan Taylor Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH James H. Lever Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Jennifer Fadden Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Nancy Perron Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Bonnie Packer US Army Environmental Command, Hoadley Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch Part of the Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons Taylor, Susan; Lever, James H.; Fadden, Jennifer; Perron, Nancy; and Packer, Bonnie, "Simulated Rainfall- Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles" (2009). US Army Research. 52. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Army Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chemosphere 75 (2009) 1074–1081 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemosphere journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Simulated rainfall-driven dissolution
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  • An Overview of Gurney Method for Estimating the Initial Velocities of Fragments for High Explosive Munition
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