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Tolerance and Resistance to Organic Nitrates in Human Blood Vessels
\ö-\2- Tolerance and Resistance to Organic Nitrates in Human Blood Vessels Peter Radford Sage MBBS, FRACP Thesis submit.ted for the degree of Doctor of Philosuphy Department of Medicine University of Adelaide and Cardiology Unit The Queen Elizabeth Hospital I Table of Gontents Summary vii Declaration x Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xil Publications xtil. l.INTRODUCTION l.L Historical Perspective I i.2 Chemical Structure and Available Preparations I 1.3 Cellular/biochemical mechanism of action 2 1.3.1 What is the pharmacologically active moiety? 3 1.3.2 How i.s the active moiety formed? i 4 1.3.3 Which enzyme system(s) is involved in nitrate bioconversi<¡n? 5 1.3.4 What is the role of sulphydryl groups in nitrate action? 9 1.3.5 Cellular mechanism of action after release of the active moiety 11 1.4 Pharmacokinetics t2 1.5 Pharmacological Effects r5 1.5.1 Vascular effects 15 l.5.2Platelet Effects t7 1.5.3 Myocardial effects 18 1.6 Clinical Efhcacy 18 1.6.1 Stable angina pectoris 18 1.6.2 Unstable angina pectoris 2t 1.6.3 Acute myocardial infarction 2l 1.6.4 Congestive Heart Failure 23 ll 1.6.5 Other 24 1.7 Relationship with the endothelium and EDRF 24 1.7.1 EDRF and the endothelium 24 1.7.2 Nitrate-endothelium interactions 2l 1.8 Factors limiting nitrate efficacy' Nitrate tolerance 28 1.8.1 Historical notes 28 1.8.2 Clinical evidence for nitrate tolerance 29 1.8.3 True/cellular nitrate tolerance 31 1.8.3.1 Previous studies 31 | .8.3.2 Postulated mechanisms of true/cellular tolerance JJ 1.8.3.2.1 The "sulphydryl depletion" hypothesis JJ 1.8.3.2.2 Desensitization of guanylate cyclase 35 1 8.i.?..3 Impaired nitrate bioconversion 36 1.8.3.2.4'Ihe "superoxide hypothesis" 38 I.8.3.2.5 Other possible mechanisms 42 1.8.4 Pseudotolerance ; 42 1.8.4. -
Cluster Weapons – Military Utility and Alternatives
FFI-rapport/2007/02345 Cluster weapons – military utility and alternatives Ove Dullum Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt/Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) 1 February 2008 FFI-rapport 2007/02345 Oppdrag 351301 ISBN 978-82-464-1318-1 Keywords Militære operasjoner / Military operations Artilleri / Artillery Flybomber / Aircraft bombs Klasevåpen / Cluster weapons Ammunisjon / Ammunition Approved by Ove Dullum Project manager Jan Ivar Botnan Director of Research Jan Ivar Botnan Director 2 FFI-rapport/2007/02345 English summary This report is made through the sponsorship of the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its purpose is to get an overview of the military utility of cluster munitions, and to find to which degree their capacity can be substituted by current conventional weapons or weapons that are on the verge of becoming available. Cluster munition roughly serve three purposes; firstly to defeat soft targets, i e personnel; secondly to defeat armoured of light armoured vehicles; and thirdly to contribute to the suppressive effect, i e to avoid enemy forces to use their weapons without inflicting too much damage upon them. The report seeks to quantify the effect of such munitions and to compare this effect with that of conventional weapons and more modern weapons. The report discusses in some detail how such weapons work and which effect they have against different targets. The fragment effect is the most important one. Other effects are the armour piercing effect, the blast effect, and the incendiary effect. Quantitative descriptions of such effects are usually only found in classified literature. However, this report is exclusively based on unclassified sources. The availability of such sources has been sufficient to get an adequate picture of the effect of such weapons. -
PATENT OFFICE 2,18,48 PROCESS for PREPARNG POLYVNY NTRATE Lawton A
Patented May 24, 1938 2,118,487 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,18,48 PROCESS FOR PREPARNG POLYVNY NTRATE Lawton A. Burrows, Wenonah, and William F. Filbert, Woodbury, N. J. assignors to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del, a corporation of Delaware . No Drawing. Application July 15, 1936, Seria No. 90,24 8 Claims. (C. 260-44) The present invention relates to a new and inert toward the material, for example carbon dr improved process for the nitration of polyvinyl oxide or nitrogen. A second method consists in alcohol and more particularly, to an improved immersing the polyvinyl alcohol beneath the Sur process which produces a product having a higher face of the nitric acid in such a manner that the 5 nitrogen content. nitric acid-wetted alcohol is only momentarily in 5 It is known that polyvinyl alcohol may be contact with the gaseous phase above the reaction nitrated with the usual mixed nitration acids. mixture. In order to accomplish this more read Thus, according to DRP 537,303, the nitration ily, instead of attempting to nitrate the polyvinyl may be effected by dissolving polyvinyl alcohol in alcohol in the finely powdered form in which it is O sulfuric acid, and adding the solution to a mix normally available we have discovered, that it is 10 ture of nitric and sulfuric acids. The patent desirable to grain the material. After graining, states that polyvinyl alcohol is not nitrated by the desired amount of the alcohol is more readily pure nitric acid but is oxidized thereby. It is immersed beneath the surface of concentrated generally known in the art that when polyvinyl nitric acid in such manner that no particle of 15 alcohol is added in the usual manner to concen the alcohol remains exposed to the air for any 15 trated nitric acid, the alcohol ignites and burns appreciable period after it comes into contact with a free flame, leaving a carbonaceous residue. -
Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications
U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice National Institute of Justice ABOUT THELaw LAW Enforcement ENFORCEMENT and Corrections AND CORRECTIONS Standards and Testing Program Guide for the Selection of Commercial Explosives Detection Systems for Law Enforcement Applications NIJ Guide 100-99 U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Janet Reno Attorney General Raymond C. Fisher Associate Attorney General Laurie Robinson Assistant Attorney General Noël Brennan Deputy Assistant Attorney General Jeremy Travis Director, National Institute of Justice Office of Justice Programs National Institute of Justice World Wide Web Site World Wide Web Site http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which created NIJ and directed it to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. -
Barium Nitrate Solution 0.1M
Safety Data Sheet Barium Nitrate Solution 0.1M 1. PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Product Name: Barium Nitrate Solution 0.1M Synonyms/Generic Names: None SDS Number: 85.20 Product Use: For Educational Use Only Manufacturer: Columbus Chemical Industries, Inc. N4335 Temkin Rd. Columbus, WI. 53925 For More Information Contact: Ward's Science 5100 West Henrietta Rd. PO Box 92912-9012 Rochester, NY 14692 (800) 962-2660 (Monday-Friday 7:30-7:00 Eastern Time) In Case of Emergency Call: CHEMTREC - 800-424-9300 or 703-527-3887 (24 Hours/Day, 7 Days/Week) 2. HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION OSHA Hazards: Oxidizer, Toxic by ingestion, Toxic by inhalation, Irritant Target Organs: Kidney, Liver, Blood, Heart, Gastrointestinal system, Bone marrow, Spleen, Nerves Signal Words: Warning Pictograms: GHS Classification: Oxidizing liquid Category 3 Acute toxicity, Oral Category 4 Acute toxicity, Inhalation Category 4 Skin irritation Category 3 Eye irritation Category 2A GHS Label Elements, including precautionary statements: Hazard Statements: H272 May intensify fire; oxidizer. H302+H332 Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin. H316 Causes mild skin irritation. H319 Causes serious eye irritation. Revised on 01/08/2013 Page 1 of 6 Precautionary Statements: P220 Keep/store away from clothing/combustible materials. P305+P351+P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do so. Continue rinsing. Potential Health Effects Eyes Causes eye irritation. Inhalation Toxic if inhaled. Causes respiratory tract irritation. Skin May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Causes skin irritation. Ingestion Toxic if swallowed. NFPA Ratings HMIS Ratings Health 2 Health 2 Flammability 0 Fire 0 Reactivity 0 Reactivity 0 Specific hazard N/A Personal E 3. -
Nitric Oxide Releasing Chelating Agents and Their
Europäisches Patentamt *EP001060174B1* (19) European Patent Office Office européen des brevets (11) EP 1 060 174 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.7: C07D 401/12, A61K 31/44 of the grant of the patent: 22.09.2004 Bulletin 2004/39 (86) International application number: PCT/GB1998/003840 (21) Application number: 98962567.8 (87) International publication number: (22) Date of filing: 18.12.1998 WO 1999/033823 (08.07.1999 Gazette 1999/27) (54) NITRIC OXIDE RELEASING CHELATING AGENTS AND THEIR THERAPEUTIC USE STICKSTOFFOXID FREISETZENDE CHELATBILDNER UND IHRE THERAPEUTISCHE VERWENDUNG CHELATEURS LIBERANT DE L’OXYDE NITRIQUE ET LEUR EMPLOI A DES FINS THERAPEUTIQUES (84) Designated Contracting States: (74) Representative: AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU Hammett, Audrey Grace Campbell et al MC NL PT SE Amersham plc Amersham Place (30) Priority: 23.12.1997 GB 9727226 Little Chalfont, Bucks. HP7 9NA (GB) 13.03.1998 GB 9805450 (56) References cited: (43) Date of publication of application: EP-A- 0 292 761 WO-A-93/20806 20.12.2000 Bulletin 2000/51 WO-A-95/12394 WO-A-96/31217 WO-A-96/39409 WO-A-97/49390 (73) Proprietor: Amersham Health AS US-A- 5 250 550 0401 Oslo (NO) • MOORADIAN D L ET AL: "NITRIC OXIDE (NO) (72) Inventors: DONOR MOLECULES: EFFECT OF NO • TOWART, Robertson RELEASE RATE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH Stoke Poges SL2 4PT (GB) MUSCLE CELL PROLIFERATION IN VITRO" • KARLSSON, Jan, Olof, Gustav JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR N-1450 Nesoddtangen (NO) PHARMACOLOGY, vol. -
Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UNL | Libraries University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln US Army Research U.S. Department of Defense 2009 Simulated Rainfall-Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles Susan Taylor Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH James H. Lever Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Jennifer Fadden Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Nancy Perron Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 72 Lyme Road, Hanover, NH Bonnie Packer US Army Environmental Command, Hoadley Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch Part of the Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons Taylor, Susan; Lever, James H.; Fadden, Jennifer; Perron, Nancy; and Packer, Bonnie, "Simulated Rainfall- Driven Dissolution of TNT, Tritonal, Comp B and Octol Particles" (2009). US Army Research. 52. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/52 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Defense at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in US Army Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Chemosphere 75 (2009) 1074–1081 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect -
Blast Effects Evaluation Using TNT Equivalent
50 Scientific Technical Review,Vol.LIX,No.3-4,2009 UDK: 662.1/4:541.42.6 COSATI: 19-01, 19-04 Blast Effects Evaluation Using TNT Equivalent Zoran Bajić, MSc (Eng)1) Jovica Bogdanov, MSc (Eng)1) Radun Jeremić, PhD (Eng)1) This paper shows blast parameters of high explosives commonly used in explosive ordnance of Serbian armed forces regarding TNT equivalents. Primary blast wave parameters, overpressure, impulse and positive phase duration are calculated using modified Sadovskiy equations and the modified K-B equation. TNT equivalents of the observed explosives are determined using thermochemical calculations based on BKW EOS parameters. The calculated blast wave parameters show significant influence of used explosives concerning the TNT equivalent. Key words: explosive materials, physics of explosion, blast wave, blast wave effect, thermochemical calculation, TNT equivalent, equation of state, Sadovskiy equations. Introduction (modified by the US DoD) for blast pressure and impulse FTER the detonation occurs, the ambient pressure determination using scaled distance is shown in eq.(4) [4]. A increases almost instantaneously and promptly begins 234 to decay, forming a nearly triangular overpressure pulse. PI,=++ exp( A B ln Z C (ln) Z + D (ln) Z + E (ln) Z ) (4) The peak pressure is called the peak positive overpressure. It represents the pressure seen at a point in space when the Where pressure is in kPa, impulse in Pa·s/kg1/3, Z is in shock wave is unimpeded in its motion. The duration of the m/kg1/3 and A, B, C, D and E empirical coefficients. positive overpressure is called the positive phase. -
Units of Solubility
Units of solubility Continue Calculating the molyal saltiness of the compound in the water and the relative molyal saltiness of the compounds of the salted substance product (Ksp) is the ratio of concentrations in balance. The molar nozzle compound can be calculated directly from its product. Even though the solubility products of the two compounds are similar, their molar solubilities can be very different. Scientists use relative solubilities of compounds to separate or identify them. The product of the substance (Ksp) is the ratio of concentrations in balance. Molar solubility, which is directly related to the soluble product, is the number of moles soluble solution, which can dissolve per liter of solution before the solution becomes saturated. Once the solution is saturated, any additional solution is sucked out of the solution. Units of Molar (M), or mole liter-1 (mole / l). Calculating the Molar Solubility Link between molar solubility and solubility product means that one can be used to find the other. Illustration 1: Ksp for AgI is 8.5 x 10-17 at 25 degrees Celsius. What is molar solubility? (Let's - solubility compounds in water are usually defined as x in the ICE table.) Solution: Balanced Equation for Reaction: LatexAgI (s) left-right ag (aq) and I - aq)/latex Formula for Ksp: Ksp AgI-Ksp s2 8.5 x 10-17 where s concentration of each ion on balance. Now, solve for s: s2 - 8.5 x 10- 17 s . Example 2: Solubility products for cadmium carbonate (CdCO3) and silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) are almost exactly the same. Compare their molar solubilities in the water at 25 degrees Celsius. -
Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List
School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List PROHIBITED AND RESTRICTED CHEMICAL LIST Introduction After incidents of laboratory chemical contamination at several schools, DCPS, The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and DC Fire and Emergency Management Services developed an aggressive program for chemical control to eliminate student and staff exposure to potential hazardous chemicals. Based upon this program, all principals are required to conduct a complete yearly inventory of all chemicals located at each school building to identify for the removal and disposal of any prohibited/banned chemicals. Prohibited chemicals are those that pose an inherent, immediate, and potentially life- threatening risk, injury, or impairment due to toxicity or other chemical properties to students, staff, or other occupants of the school. These chemicals are prohibited from use and/or storage at the school, and the school is prohibited from purchasing or accepting donations of such chemicals. Restricted chemicals are chemicals that are restricted by use and/or quantities. If restricted chemicals are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Also, plan maps must clearly denote the storage locations of these chemicals. Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are a subclass in the Restricted chemicals list that are limited to instructor demonstration. Students may not participate in handling or preparation of restricted chemicals as part of a demonstration. If Restricted chemicals—demonstration use only are present at the school, each storage location must be addressed in the school's written emergency plan. Section 7: Appendices – October 2009 37 School Emergency Response Plan and Management Guide Prohibited and Restricted Chemical List Following is a table of chemicals that are Prohibited—banned, Restricted—academic curriculum use, and Restricted—demonstration use only. -
DEPARTMENT of JUSTICE Bureau of Alcohol
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 12/28/2017 and available online at https://federalregister.gov/d/2017-28010, and on FDsys.gov (Billing Code: 4410-FY-P) DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives [Docket No. 2017R-19] Commerce in Explosives; 2017 Annual List of Explosive Materials AGENCY: Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF); Department of Justice. ACTION: Notice of List of Explosive Materials. SUMMARY: Pursuant to Federal law, the Department of Justice must publish and revise at least annually in the Federal Register a list of explosives determined to be explosive materials. The list covers not only explosives, but also blasting agents and detonators, all of which are defined as “explosive materials.” This notice contains the 2017 Annual List of Explosive Materials, which remains unchanged from the 2016 Annual List of Explosives. DATES: The list becomes effective [INSERT DATE OF PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER]: FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, CONTACT: William E. Frye Jr., Chief, Explosives Industry Programs Branch; Firearms and Explosives Industry Division; Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives; United States Department of Justice; 99 New York Avenue, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20226; (202) 648-7120. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Each material listed, as well as all mixtures containing any of these materials, constitute “explosive materials” under 18 U.S.C. 841(c). Materials constituting blasting agents are marked by an asterisk. While the list is comprehensive, it is not all-inclusive. The fact that an explosive material is not on the list does not mean that it is not within the coverage of the law if it otherwise meets the statutory definition in 18 U.S.C. -
Potentially Explosive Chemicals*
Potentially Explosive Chemicals* Chemical Name CAS # Not 1,1’-Diazoaminonaphthalene Assigned 1,1-Dinitroethane 000600-40-8 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate 006659-60-5 1,2-Diazidoethane 000629-13-0 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 000602-96-0 1,3-Diazopropane 005239-06-5 Not 1,3-Dinitro-4,5-dinitrosobenzene Assigned Not 1,3-dinitro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin Assigned Not 1,4-Dinitro-1,1,4,4-tetramethylolbutanetetranitrate Assigned Not 1,7-Octadiene-3,5-Diyne-1,8-Dimethoxy-9-Octadecynoic acid Assigned 1,8 –dihydroxy 2,4,5,7-tetranitroanthraquinone 000517-92-0 Not 1,9-Dinitroxy pentamethylene-2,4,6,8-tetramine Assigned 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene 000585-79-5 Not 2,2',4,4',6,6'-Hexanitro-3,3'-dihydroxyazobenzene Assigned 2,2-di-(4,4,-di-tert-butylperoxycyclohexyl)propane 001705-60-8 2,2-Dinitrostilbene 006275-02-1 2,3,4,6- tetranitrophenol 000641-16-7 Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl methyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,4,6-tetranitrophenyl nitramine Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso nitrobenzene Assigned Not 2,3,5,6- tetranitroso-1,4-dinitrobenzene Assigned 2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazo benzene 029306-57-8 Not 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3-diazabenzene Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl trimethylol methyl nitramine trinitrate Assigned Not 2,4,6-Trinitroso-3-methyl nitraminoanisole Assigned 2,4-Dinitro-1,3,5-trimethyl-benzene 000608-50-4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine 000119-26-6 2,4-Dinitroresorcinol 000519-44-8 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diydroperoxy hexane 2-Nitro-2-methylpropanol nitrate 024884-69-3 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid 000609-99-4 Not 3-Azido-1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate