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Экофизиологические Особенности Холодовой Адаптации Жуков Upis Ceramboides, Обитающих В Центральной Якутии

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Экофизиологические Особенности Холодовой Адаптации Жуков Upis Ceramboides, Обитающих В Центральной Якутии УДК 595.7:591.54 Н.Г. ЛИ Экофизиологические особенности холодовой адаптации жуков Upis ceramboides, обитающих в Центральной Якутии UDC 595.7:591.54 N.G. LI Ecophysiological Peculiarities of Cold Adaptation of Upis ceramboides Beetles Habitant in Central Yakutia Данные о температуре замерзания жука Upis ceramboides, а также о наличии в его гемолимфе нуклеаторов льда свидетельствуют о морозотолерантности этого вида насекомых. Результаты исследований показали высокую активность нуклеаторов льда, которые способны инициировать льдообразование при температуре –7°С. Для исследуемых насекомых характерна большая водосохраняющая способность летом по сравнению с зимним периодом, вследствие снижения скорости дыхания. Возможно, это обусловлено экологическими особенностями обитания насекомых. Чувствительность U. ceramboides к скорости охлаждения и зависимость этого параметра от температуры среды свидетельствуют об особенностях механизма морозотолерантности, требующих более детального изучения. Ключевые слова: холодоустойчивые насекомые, морозотолерантность, точка переохлаждения, нуклеаторы льда, осмоляльность, гемолимфа. Дані щодо температури замерзання жука Upis ceramboides, а також наявності в його гемолімфі нуклеаторів льоду свідчать про морозотолерантність цього виду комах. Результати досліджень довели високу активність нуклеаторів льоду, які здатні ініціювати льодоутворення при – 7°С. Досліджувані комахи мають більшу здатність зберігати воду влітку, ніж взимку, внаслідок зниження швидкості дихання. Припускається, що це обумовлено екологічними умовами проживання комах.Чутливість U. сeramboides до швидкості охолодження та залежність цього параметра від температури середовища свідчать про особливості механізму морозотолерантності, які потребують більш детального вивчення. Ключові слова: холодостійкі комахи, морозотолерантність, точка переохолодження, нуклеатори льоду, осмоляльність, гемолімфа. The data on freezing temperature for Upis ceramboides beetle as well as presence in its hemolymph of ice nucleators testify to a cold-tolerance of this insect species. Research results have shown a high activity of ice nucleators, capable of initiating ice formation even at –7°C. For the insects under study a high water-keeping ability in summer if compared with winter period is characteristic, pre- conditioned with a respiration rate reduction. It is likely stipulated with ecological peculiarities of their habitat. U. ceramboides sensitivity to cooling rate and dependence of this parameter on environmental temperature testify to the peculiarities of a cold- resistance mechanism, requiring a detailed study. Key-words: cold resistance, freeze tolerance, over-cooling point, ice nucleators, osmolality, hemolymph. Насекомые, обитающие в регионах с холодным Insects whose habitat is cold climate regions should климатом, должны быть морозотолерантными be either cold-tolerant or avoiding freezing [4, 9, 13]. либо избегающими замерзания [4, 9, 13]. In cold-tolerant insects hemolymph there are ice У морозотолерантных насекомых в гемолимфе nucleators providing the controlled ice formation with присутствуют нуклеаторы льда, что обеспечивает no destructive processes in cells. It has been shown контролируемое льдообразование без деструктив- that cold-tolerant insects in Canada and Alaska are ных процессов в клетках. Показано, что морозо- found more frequently than in Scandinavia where толерантные насекомые в Канаде и на Аляске warmer climate is characteristic [4, 18]. встречаются значительно чаще, чем в Сканди- According to Lundheim’s classification adaptive навии, для которой характерен более теплый and incidental ice nucleators are distinguished [6]: климат [4, 18]. substances initiating ice formation in an organism В соответствии с классификацией Lundheim provide a distinct advantage in preventing severe различают адаптивные и случайные нуклеаторы climate conditions and accomplish adaptive functions; льда [6]: вещества, инициирующие льдообразо- if the function of nucleators is not related to cold- вание в организме, обеспечивают реальное resistant mechanism, they are incidental and likely преимущество в преодолении суровых климати- participating in other physiological processes of an ческих условий и выполняют адаптивную функ- organism. Институт биологических проблем криолитозоны Institute of Biological Problems of Cryolitozone of Siberian Branch СО РАН, Якутск of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk, Russian Federation * Адрес для корреспонденции:, Ленинский просп., 41, * Address for correspondence: 41, Leninskiy Ave., Yakutsk, Rus- Якутск,Российская Федерация 677980; электронная почта: sian Federation 677980, e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] ПРОБЛЕМЫ PROBLEMS КРИОБИОЛОГИИ 303 OF CRYOBIOLOGY Т. 16, 2006, №3 Vol. 16, 2006, №3 цию. Если функция нуклеаторов не связана с The presence of adaptive ice nucleators in холодоустойчивым механизмом, они являются hemolymph of cold-resistant insects was established случайными и, вероятно, участвуют в других for the first time by Zachariassen and Hammel [17]. физиологических процессах организма. The ice nucleators have been shown as the compounds Наличие адаптивных нуклеаторов льда в гемо- of protein origin, initiating freezing of extracellular лимфе холодоустойчивых насекомых впервые liquid of insects under relative high temperatures for установили Zachariassen и Hammel [17]. Было по- this process (–7÷–12°C). казано, что нуклеаторы – это соединения белковой Adaptive ice nucleators being in hemolymph природы, инициирующие замерзание внекле- initiate the formation of ice crystals that causes liquid точной жидкости насекомых при относительно out-flux from cells into extracellular medium. высоких для данного процесса температурах Herewith intracellular content is concentrated and (–7 ÷–12°С). overcooling temperature reduces. In some insects cell Адаптивные нуклеаторы льда, находясь в dehydration is accompanied by glycerol synthesis that гемолимфе, инициируют образование кристаллов in addition decreases overcooling temperature and in льда, что вызывает отток жидкости из клеток во a whole increases cold-resistance. Thus ice nucleators внеклеточную среду. При этом внутриклеточное act as intracellular antifreezes [4]. содержимое концентрируется, а температура For ice nucleators ice-nucleating activity is переохлаждения понижается. У некоторых насеко- characteristic (ice nucleation temperature), depending мых дегидратация клеток сопровождается синте- on concentration of dissolved substances in the зом глицерола, что дополнительно понижает medium where the nucleation occurs [11-14]. The температуру переохлаждения и в целом повышает parameters are important for understanding the холодоустойчивость. Таким образом, нуклеаторы mechanism of cold-tolerance and assessment of cold льда выступают в качестве внутриклеточных resistance in cold-hardy insects. антифризов [4]. According to the data [7, 18] cold-tolerant insects Для нуклеаторов льда характерна льдонуклеи- have less effective water-preserving mechanism in рующая активность (температура нуклеации льда), comparison with the species avoiding freezing that is зависящая от концентрации растворенных веществ related to physical state of their hemolymph in winter в среде, в которой происходит процесс нуклеации period. Dry climate of Yakutiya in its turn may affect [11-14]. Эти характеристики важны для понимания water balance of cold-tolerant insects. механизма морозотолерантности и оценки холодо- The research aim was to study the strategy of cold устойчивого эффекта у морозотолерантных насе- adaptation and associated with it state of water balance комых. of Upis ceramboides beetles habitant in Central Согласно данным [7, 18] морозотолерантные Yakutia. насекомые обладают менее эффективным водосох- раняющим механизмом, чем виды, избегающие Materials and methods замерзания, что связано с физическим состоянием U. ceramboides beetles are referred to the их гемолимфы в зимнее время. Сухой климат Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) family. The insects Якутии может влиять на водный баланс морозо- overwinter under the rind of dead trees (birch tree, толерантных насекомых. pine) sometimes higher than snow mantle and in winter Цель работы – изучить стратегию холодовой period are subjected the effect of extreme low адаптации и связанное с ней состояние водного temperatures (–45÷–55°C). баланса жуков Upis ceramboides, обитающих в Insects (imago) were gathered in the vicinity of Центральной Якутии. the city of Yakutsk in September 2004 and were kept within the winter under conditions close to natural Материалы и методы ones. For the experiments only living individuals were Жуки U. ceramboides относятся к семейству chosen. Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). Насекомые зимуют под Overcooling temperature for the insects was корой погибших деревьев (береза, сосна), иногда measured with a traditional method [5]. In this case выше уровня снежного покрова и в зимнее время freezing temperature was recorded with sensitive подвергаются воздействию экстремально низких thermocouple adjusted to ventral side of the insects температур (–45÷–55°С). and fixed with scotch tape and then connected to a Насекомых (имаго) собирали в окрестностях recorder. The insects were cooled in a fridge with the г. Якутска в сентябре 2003 г. и выдерживали в rate approximately 1°C/min up to spontaneous течение зимы в условиях, приближенных к freezing. Overcooling temperature was recorded at the природным. Для экспериментов отбирали только moment of the liberation of heat, released during the живые экземпляры. transition of body’s liquid
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