DOCSLIB.ORG

Answers from the RENEW Project to the Biofuel

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Answers from the RENEW Project to the Biofuel Registration 15.09.2008 Partners of the RENEW project Motivation Registration is necessary and will be Volkswagen AG, Germany, Co-ordinator In the ongoing public discussion biofuels are confirmed by E-mail. Participation is free of Abengoa Bioenergia S.L., Spain often considered a homogeneous group with charge. BKG GmbH & Co. KG, Austria similar properties. However there are Deutsche BP AG, Germany substantial differences between the fuel types. How to register: CERTH, Greece Biomass feedstock can differ in a wide range { via internet at: Chemrec AB, Sweden of properties as well as its availability and www.renew-fuel.com UET Freiberg GmbH, Germany sustainability. Fuel type and quality of fuel { by fax to: +49 4222 947 988-9 STFI-Packforsk, Sweden production as well as the suitability of the (please use this form) CRES, Greece biofuel to be applied in todays and future CUTEC Institut GmbH, Germany engines can vary widely. { by email to: [email protected] Daimler AG, Germany Instytut Paliw i Energii Odnawialnej, Poland Within the RENEW project different production processes for 2nd generation biofuels were National University of Ireland, Ireland investigated and compared. RENEW showed Answers from the RENEW Electricité de France, France Registration Form the potential for biofuel production in Europe project to the biofuel debate EEE Güssing GmbH, Austria and evaluated most suitable technologies and Answers from the RENEW project Lunds Universitet, Sweden costs for the production of synthetic biofuel. to the biofuel debate ESU-services Ltd., Switzerland Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany The results achieved in the RENEW project Brussels, Belgium AICIA, Spain are of high relevance in the present debate on Institut f. Energetik und Umwelt , Germany biofuels. Question on the European Instytut Nafty i Gazu, Poland substitution potential of second generation biofuels like BtL (Biomass to Liquid) and DME name (surname, first name, title) Instytut Technologii Nafty, Poland (dimethylether), the sustainability of fuel th. Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland 15 September 2008 production pathways, maturity of production Renault SA, France and market implementation measures will be REPOTEC GmbH, Austria addressed. 12:00 – 17:00 company name / name of institution TU Wien, Austria Volvo Technology Corporation AB, Sweden The overall target of the RENEW project is to ZSW, Germany give clear recommendations for political and Södra Cell AB, Sweden financial stakeholders as a basis for decisions in the field of synthetic biofuels. e-mail B.A.U.M. Consult GmbH, Germany Ecotraffic ERD3 AB, Sweden Supported in FP6 by European Commission, Total France, France Thematic priority Renewable Energies, Contract 502705 phone no SYNCOM F&E Beratung GmbH, Germany The RENEW project The RENEW project results Program 15-09-08 - Résidence Palace Meeting Location In 2003 a European consortium of 32 partners • Lignocellulosic biomass may cover up to 12:00 Registration and lunch Location Résidence Palace including automotive manufacturers (Daimler, 17% of 2020 EU diesel demand with Rue de la Loi 155 RENAULT, VOLVO, VW), the oil industry (BP, 13:00 Introductory notes sustainable feedstock from European fields Jürgen Leohold, Executive Director Group TOTAL), plant contractors (CHOREN, and forests not affecting food supply 1040 Brussels CHEMREC, REPOTEC) and R&D institutes Research, Volkswagen AG Belgium from all over Europe joined forces to cooperate • BtL fuels lower the tail pipe emissions The Future of 2nd generation biofuels in Europe in the four year integrated project RENEW in (pollutants and CO2) with no need for phone +32 2 2352111 an attempt to enhance and assess production additional technology 13:05 José Manuel Silva Rodríguez, fax +32 2 2352110 routes for 2nd generation biomass-to-liquid Director-General of Research in the European Commission (tbc) (BtL) fuels. RENEW proved to be an excellent • BtL fuels lower the overall CO2 emissions significantly Anders Wijkman (EPP-ED), example of the positive impacts EU research Arrival by public transport train or metro: can achieve. Member of the Environment Committee in • Two BtL-production concepts are ready for the European Parliament Schuman train and metro station is underneath demonstration This project identified processes which support Guido Peruzzo, Ambassador the Résidence Palace and is the ideal place to the major objectives of the EU energy policies Deputy Permanent Representative of • A primary energy efficiency of up to 69% alight for the International Press Centre. When on the reduction of green house gases and on Germany (tbc) can be achieved Tom Blades, Chief Executive Officer, you arrive in the station, just follow the arrows the security and diversification of energy Choren Industries GmbH to the "Résidence/Residentie" and opt for the supply, without affecting the food supply • European large-scale market implement- Rue de la Loi exit, which will lead you to the chains. It showed that the gasification of Jonas Rudberg, Chief Executive Officer, ation needs public support Chemrec AB main entrance to the International Press lignocellulosic biomass with subsequent Centre. synthesis of fuels combines little primary • Demonstration of the most advanced BtL 14:15 Coffee break energy input with the production of excellent concepts (centralized FT-diesel production Arrival by car: fuels. Several thousand litres of Fischer- via entrained flow gasification and black- Technical answers to the biofuel debate Tropsch diesel obtained from wood and straw liquor based DME production) is of utmost The nearest car park is the "Loi parking". The importance 14:45 The results of the RENEW project, entrance is located at chaussée d'Etterbeek were produced in the project. Along with Frank Seyfried, Volkswagen AG, 25, 1040 Brussels. dimethylether (DME) in engine tests the fuel • Today and in 2020 FT-Diesel and DME coordinator RENEW exhibited superior combustion and emission could be produced from available biomass 15:15 The Choren Process – Status, progress properties. The outcome is reliable knowledge for costs of less than 1 €/lDiesel Eqi. and future prospects on different BtL-production pathways, open to Matthias Rudloff Contact organiser all stakeholders in the EU and commonly CHOREN Industries GmbH The project results, published recently, can agreed strategic recommendations on future SYNCOM F&E Beratung GmbH make a substantial contribution to the ongoing 15:45 The BLGMF Process - Status, current technology options. The accompanying progress and future prospects Klaus Lenz bio-fuel debate. trorough assessment revealed that: Ingvar Landälv, Chemrec AB 16:15 RENEW answers to the biofuel debate phone: +49 4222 947988-0 More details: www.renew-fuel.com Frank Seyfried, Volkswagen AG fax : +49 4222 947988-9 16:45 Discussion Email: [email protected] .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Black Liquor Gasification
    Black Liquor Gasification Summary and Conclusions from the IEA Bioenergy ExCo54 Workshop This publication provides Wood and Wastes the record of a workshop organised by IEA Bioenergy. CO2 Pool Black liquor gasification is an interesting option for production of synthesis gas that can subsequently be converted to a variety of motor fuels. The technology can be integrated into modern, Carbon ecocyclic, kraft pulp mill Dioxide Pulp and Paper biorefineries. USA and Sweden lead developments in this field. It is of interest primarily among countries with strong pulp and paper industries and national policies which promote substitution of petrol and diesel by biofuels. IEA Bioenergy IEA BIOENERGY: ExCo:2007:03 INTRODUCTION a large pulp and paper industry. It is thus of great interest to convert the primary energy in the black liquor to an This publication provides a summary and the conclusions energy carrier of high value. from a workshop organised by IEA Bioenergy. It was held in conjunction with the 54th meeting of the Executive Worldwide, the pulp and paper industry currently processes Committee in Ottawa on 6 October 2004. The purpose of the about 170 million tonnes of black liquor (measured as dry workshop was to present the developments of black liquor solids) per year, with a total energy content of about 2EJ, gasification for the production of energy and/or biofuels making black liquor a very significant biomass source (see for transport and discuss the remaining barriers, either Figure 1). In comparison with other potential biomass technical or strategic, that need to be overcome in order sources for chemicals production, black liquor has the to accelerate the successful demonstration of black liquor great advantage that it is already partially processed and gasification technologies and subsequently their penetration exists in a pumpable, liquid form.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 Regional and Global Policy Levels for More Than a Quarter of a Century
    SEI - Africa Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam Tanzania Tel: +255-(0)766079061 SEI - Asia 15th Floor, Witthyakit Building 254 Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn Soi 64 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand Tel+(66) 22514415 Stockholm Environment Institute, Project Report - 2011 SEI - Oxford Suite 193 266 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DL UK Tel+44 1865 426316 SEI - Stockholm Kräftriket 2B SE -106 91 Stockholm Sweden Tel+46 8 674 7070 SEI - Tallinn Lai 34, Box 160 EE-10502, Tallinn Estonia Tel+372 6 276 100 SEI - U.S. 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144 USA Tel+1 617 627-3786 SEI - York University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK Tel+44 1904 43 2897 The Stockholm Environment Institute Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport SEI is an independent, international research institute.It has been engaged in environment and development issues at local, national, Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 regional and global policy levels for more than a quarter of a century. SEI supports decision making for sustainable development by Karl M. Hillman bridging science and policy. sei-international.org Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 Karl M. Hillman* * Institute for Management of Innovation and Technology (IMIT) Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +46 26 64 81 05 Mobile: +46 708 22 18 58 Web: www.hig.se University of Gävle Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development Department of Building, Energy and Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Biofuels on the Market
    Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Report Delft, July 2013 Author(s): Bettina Kampman (CE Delft) Ruud Verbeek (TNO) Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft) Pim van Mensch (TNO) Harry Croezen (CE Delft) Artur Patuleia (TNO) Publication Data Bibliographical data: Bettina Kampman (CE Delft), Ruud Verbeek (TNO), Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft), Pim van Mensch (TNO), Harry Croezen (CE Delft), Artur Patuleia (TNO) Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Delft, CE Delft, July 2013 Fuels / Renewable / Blends / Increase / Market / Scenarios / Policy / Technical / Measures / Standards FT: Biofuels Publication code: 13.4567.46 CE Delft publications are available from www.cedelft.eu Commissioned by: The European Commission, DG Energy. Further information on this study can be obtained from the contact person, Bettina Kampman. Disclaimer: This study Bringing biofuels on the market. Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits was produced for the European Commission by the consortium of CE Delft and TNO. The views represented in the report are those of its authors and do not represent the views or official position of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. © copyright, CE Delft, Delft CE Delft Committed to the Environment CE Delft is an independent research and consultancy organisation specialised in developing structural and innovative solutions to environmental problems. CE Delft’s solutions are characterised in being politically feasible, technologically sound, economically prudent and socially equitable.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for Domestic Biofuels for Transport in Sweden 2030 Based on Current Production and Future Plans
    Chalmers Publication Library Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans This document has been downloaded from Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). It is the author´s version of a work that was accepted for publication in: WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment (ISSN: 2041-840X) Citation for the published paper: Grahn, M. ; Hansson, J. (2015) "Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans". WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment, vol. 4(3), pp. 290â306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.138 Downloaded from: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/210761 Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source. Please note that access to the published version might require a subscription. Chalmers Publication Library (CPL) offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all types of publications: articles, dissertations, licentiate theses, masters theses, conference papers, reports etc. Since 2006 it is the official tool for Chalmers official publication statistics. To ensure that Chalmers research results are disseminated as widely as possible, an Open Access Policy has been adopted. The CPL service is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library. (article starts on next page) Advanced Review Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans Maria Grahn1∗ and Julia Hansson2 Currently, Sweden has the largest share of renewable fuels for transport in the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • RENEW Final Report 7
    © 2008 SYNCOM Forschungs- und Entwicklungsberatung GmbH, Mühlenstraße 9, 27777 Ganderkesee No responsibility is assumed by publisher for any injury and/ or damage to persons and property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. All rights reserved by the consortium of the RENEW project. Parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise with the prior permission of the publisher. Supported under the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission in the thematic priority Renewable Energies under Contract 502705 Project Information Acronym: RENEW Full title: Renewable Fuels for advanced Powertrains Contract N°: 502705 Duration: 48 months Contact person: Frank Seyfried, Volkswagen AG Volkswagen AG (Germany), Co-ordinator Abengoa Bioenergia S.A. (Spain) Biomasse-Kraftwerk Güssing GmbH & Co. KG (Austria) Deutsche BP AG (Germany) Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (Greece) Chemrec AB (Sweden) UET Umwelt- und Energietechnik Freiberg GmbH (Germany) STFI Packforsk AB (Sweden) Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (Greece) Clausthaler Umwelttechnik Institut GmbH (Germany) DaimlerChrysler AG, (Germany) EC BREC - Institute for Fuels and Renewable Energy (Poland) National University of Ireland (Ireland) Electricité de France (France) Europäisches Zentrum für Erneuerbare Energie Güssing GmbH (Austria) Lunds Universitet (Sweden) ESU-Services Ltd. (Switzerland) Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany) Asociacion de Investigacion y Cooperacion Industrial de Andalucia (Spain) Institut für Energetik und Umwelt GmbH (Germany) Instytut Nafty i Gazu (Poland, until 12/2005) Instytut Technologii Nafty (Poland) Paul Scherrer Institut (Switzerland) Regienov - Renault Recherche et Innovation (France) REPOTEC - Renewable Power Technologies Umwelttechnik GmbH (Switzerland) TU Wien, Inst.
    [Show full text]
  • Industry Leaders to Support “Second Generation” Biofuels in All EU Transport Sectors
    Industry leaders to support “second generation” biofuels in all EU transport sectors Involvement of policy makers and other industries, R&D programmes, financing, communications programmes for a cost-competitive and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels Brussels (Belgium) – 4 February 2013 – The Chief Executive Officers of seven Leading European biofuel producers and European airlines launched today in Brussels a new industry led initiative to speed up the deployment of advanced sustainable biofuels in Europe. The initiative, named “Leaders of Sustainable Biofuels”, aims at supporting the development of second generation biofuels in Europe. The leaders of Chemtex, British Airways, BTG, Chemrec, Clariant, Dong Energy and UPM are joining forces to ensure the market uptake of advanced sustainable biofuels by all transport sectors. The world is taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and second generation biofuels are a key part of the solution, because they are cost-competitive and with less environmental impact than fuels made from oil or natural gas. In the European Union, 10% of all fuels by 2020 must be alternative fuels, the large majority being biofuels. Second-generation biofuels can reduce GHG emissions by at least 65%. First generation biofuels, made from corn, wheat, soy or palm provide only modest reductions in greenhouse gases and can push up food prices. During the Brussels meeting the “Leaders of Sustainable Biofuels” have established a common strategy based on several actions aimed at accelerating market penetration and technology deployment and use. In particular: • Accelerate research and innovation into emerging biofuel technologies, including algae and new conversion pathways, supported by public and private R&D&D programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiesel Fuels in Sweden
    Biodiesel fuels in Sweden: drivers, barriers, networks and key stakeholders Challenge Lab 2014: Sustainable Transport and Mobility Solutions Master’s Thesis in Complex Adaptive Systems and Industrial Ecology Cecilia Hult and Daniella Mendoza Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2014 REPORT NO. 2014:06 Biodiesel fuels in Sweden: drivers, barriers, networks and key stakeholders Challenge Lab 2014: Sustainable Transport and Mobility Solutions CECILIA HULT DANIELLA MENDOZA Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg, Sweden 2014 Biodiesel fuels in Sweden: drivers, barriers, networks and key stakeholders Challenge Lab 2014: Sustainable Transport and Mobility Solutions CECILIA HULT DANIELLA MENDOZA c CECILIA HULT AND DANIELLA MENDOZA, 2014. Technical report no 2014:06 Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology SE–412 96 Göteborg Sweden Telephone +46 (0)31–772 1000 Cover: The Challenge Lab 2014 takes on biodiesel. Photo “Rapsfeld 2007” by Daniel Schwen is licenced under CC BY-SA 2.5 Reproservice, Chalmers Gothenburg, Sweden 2014 Biodiesel fuels in Sweden: drivers, barriers, networks and key stakeholders Challenge Lab 2014: Sustainable Transport and Mobility Solutions CECILIA HULT DANIELLA MENDOZA Department of Energy and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Abstract This thesis consists of two parts. Part I describes the Challenge Lab method, which is a method developed for students to find a thesis research question to support transition into a sustainable society. The Challenge Lab method was carried out by 12 students during Spring 2014 and contains methodologies, tools, perspectives, theories and frameworks for students to work with complex problems related to sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Liquor Gasification Luleå University of Technology 2011 Burner Characteristics and Syngas Cooling
    ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-XXX-X Se i listan och fyll i siffror där kryssen är LICENTIATE T H E SI S Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Division of Energy Engineering ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-225-8 Black Liquor Gasification Luleå University of Technology 2011 Burner Characteristics and Syngas Cooling Mikael Risberg LICENTIATE THESIS Black Liquor Gasification Burner Characteristics and Syngas Cooling Mikael Risberg Division of Energy Engineering Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics Luleå University of Technology SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden [email protected] March 2011 Printed by Universitetstryckeriet, Luleå 2011 ISSN: 1402-1757 ISBN 978-91-7439-225-8 Luleå 2011 www.ltu.se Abstract Black liquor gasification at high temperature is a promising alternative to the conventional recovery boiler process used in chemical pulp mills today. Compared to a conventional recovery boiler a black liquor gasifier can increase the total energy efficiency of a chemical pulp mill and produce a synthesis gas that can be used for production of motor fuel. In Piteå, a 3 MW or 20 tons per day entrained flow pressurized black liquor gasification development plant has been constructed by Chemrec at Energy Technology Center. The plant has been run more than 12 000 h since 2005. One of the key parts in the gasification process is the spray burner nozzle where the black liquor is disintegrated into the hot gasifier as a spray of fine droplets. In this thesis the spray burner nozzle was characterized with high speed photography in order to visualize the atomization process of black liquor.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuels in the Sweden
    Biofuels in the Sweden Overview of Biofuels in Sweden The main biofuels used by vehicles in Sweden are (in order), HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil), FAME (fatty acid methyl ester), ethanol, and biogas. In recent years, the renewable energy used in the transport sector is increased, in 2014, the share was around 12.5% (11.7 TWh), up from 10.7% (9.7 TWh) the year before. The content of almost all petrol is 5% ethanol, while most diesel fuel is blended with 5% FAME and together with varying shares of HVO, resulting in a total average share of biodiesel at 13%. The share of biogas in vehicle gas is on average 74% in 2014. (Swedish Energy Authority, 2015) Share of Alternative Fuel Use in 2014 (AMF Annual Report 2014) Low blending of ethanol (13.7%); Other ethanol (high Country information blends, 2.6%); Low blending of biodiesel (incl HVO 63.9%; of which FAME 24.4% and HVO 39.5%); Other biodiesel (11.2%); Sweden Biogas (gas and small share of liquid, 8.7%) Population 9,775,572 Biofuels policy, regulations, market development GDP (per capita) $47,229 Sweden has the long-term goal of generating zero net GHG emissions by 2050. A milestone for this goal is that by 2030 Final Energy Consumption 32,38 Sweden should have a vehicle fleet that is independent of fossil (Mtoe) fuels. A governmental investigation outlined in 2013 that this Final Energy Consumption 8,33 milestone could be realized by powering around 50% of in Transport (Mtoe) passenger cars running on biofuels and 20% by electricity, and more than 80% of urban buses by electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Liquor and Other Biomass Gasification and Combustion (R&D at ETC)
    Black liquor and other biomass gasification and combustion (R&D at ETC) Hassan Salman 1 Energy Technology Centre ETC, Piteå , Sweden 2 Energy Technology Centre The ETC Bioenergy Laboratory Smurfit Kappa Kraftliner ETC Bioenergy Laboratory Chemrec DP1 3 Energy Technology Centre Key facts • Independent non-profit research foundation (started in 1989) • Founded by Piteå Municipality, Luleå University of Technology and the County Administrative Board of Norrbotten • Formal ties with Luleå University of Technology (adjunct professorship and joint PhD students) • Focus on bioenergy and biorefiner y • Both applied research (70%) and industrial problem solving and development {consulting} (30%) 4 Energy Technology Centre Research areas at ETC • Black liquor gasification – CFD modelling – Atomisation and burner optimisation – Large scale experiments • Biomass com bus tion – Particle emissions from combustion – Fuel characterisation – Equipment optimisation • Biomass gasification – Cyclone gasification for CHP – Fixed bed for small scale applications – Entrained flow for syngas production • Biorefinery processes – Catalytic conversion (syngas impurities, methanol, DME) – Lignin precipitation (with KIRAM and SmurfitKappa) – Bio-diesel from tall oil ((gtogether with Sun pine) – Pyrolysis oil (together with KIRAM) 5 Energy Technology Centre Biorefinery research • Catalytic conversion of syngas – Methanol – DME • Lignin precipitation from black liquor • Biodiesel from tall oil • Pyrolysis oil • Hydrogen enrichment of syngas – Wind power and electrolysis
    [Show full text]
  • 2014. Overview of Second-Generation Biofuel Projects
    a look at Overview of second-generation biofuel projects Second-generation biofuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass are now one of the main technological options for reducing the climatic impacts imposed by fuels used in transportation. These processes are designed to significantly boost the quantities of biofuels available and to take over from their first-generation counterparts, given the ready availability of raw materials and their excellent environmental performances. They are already the subject of multiple pre-industrial scale projects in many regions of the world as part of R&D programs, and the first industrial installations are already operational or under construction, the majority of them in Europe and the United States. They now require a stable regulatory framework in order to progress to the industrial learning stage required for them to become fully competitive. This is why the current uncertainties surrounding regulations in Europe and to a lesser extent in the United States could delay their development. Second-generation biofuels: on their way type of process enables not only the production of to becoming an industrial reality but synthetic diesel fuel, but also of synthetic kerosene for av against a still uncertain economic iation. Lastly, the pyrolysis route to diesel production is the subject of a level of research similar to that focused background on BtL. Technologies with the ability to convert lignocellulosic The main gasoline substitute is lignocellulosic ethanol (2) biomass into second-generation (2 nd -generation) biofuels produced using the biochemical route. This is the have been the subject of major research programs over same product as the ethanol currently marketed, the the last 10 years.
    [Show full text]
  • EUR 29908 EN This Publication Is a Technical Report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’S Science and Knowledge Service
    EUR 29908 EN This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information Name: Monica PADELLA Address: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Email: [email protected] Name: Maria GEORGIADOU Address: European Commission DG Research and Innovation, Brussels, Belgium Email: [email protected] Name: Thomas SCHLEKER Address: European Commission DG Research and Innovation, Brussels, Belgium Email: [email protected] JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC118317 EUR 29908 EN ISSN 2600-0466 PDF ISBN 978-92-76-12431-3 doi:10.2760/95648 ISSN 1831-9424 (online collection) ISSN 2600-0458 Print ISBN 978-92-76-12430-6 doi:10.2760/013442 ISSN 1018-5593 (print collection) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2019 © European Union, 2019 The reuse policy of the European Commission is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39). Reuse is authorised, provided the source of the document is acknowledged and its original meaning or message is not distorted. The European Commission shall not be liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse. For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not owned by the EU, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders.
    [Show full text]