DOCSLIB.ORG

Advanced Biofuels and Chemicals from Black Liquor (And Renewable Electricity) Rikard Gebart Division of Energy Science Luleå/Piteå Outline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advanced Biofuels and Chemicals from Black Liquor (And Renewable Electricity) Rikard Gebart Division of Energy Science Luleå/Piteå Outline Advanced biofuels and chemicals from black liquor (and renewable electricity) Rikard Gebart Division of Energy Science Luleå/Piteå Outline • Forest industry • Black liquor gasification • The LTU Green Fuels demo plant • Combination with electrolysis • Field testing of bio-DME and bio-methanol • Conclusions Chemical pulping Wood chips Chemical Pulp fibers supply pulping Pulping liquor Black liquor Recovery boiler regeneration concentration • Highly optimised and large scale process • Typical mill size 500 000 – 1 000 000 ton pulp per year • Corresponds to 1 000 000 – 2 000 000 ton pulp wood per year • Black liquor energy flow rate ≈ 200 – 400 MW per plant Black liquor is an excellent gasification fuel • Very high alkali content, 20-30% water • Very reactive, catalyzed by Na – Gasification possible at 1000 C – Very little soot and tar • Very important – it is a liquid that can be pumped Gasification reactivity Lab scale experiments @ 1000 °C Saw dust Black liquor Black Liquor Energy in Europe Approx: 20 000 MW Black Liquor = clusters of mills together having a large boiler capacity = important single mill Some 65 large plants Black liquor gasification to MeOH Wood chips Chemical Pulp fibers supply pulping Pulping liquor Liquid fuel Black liquor regeneration gasification concentration O2 Air separation unit (ASU) Synthesis gas MeOH synthesis cleaning • Recovery boiler can be replaced with a gasifier • Need to increase supply of low grade biomass to maintain energy balance • Small increase in energy use in lime kiln for regeneration of cooking chemicals The Chemrec Black Liquor Gasifier BLACK LIQUOR COOLING OXYGEN AND WATER ATOMIZING MEDIA GAS COOLER COOL,LOW TAR, LOW SOOT SYNTHESIS GAS REACTOR RAW GAS QUENCH GREEN LIQUOR WEAK CONDENSATE WASH Carlsson, P., ”Large scale experiments and modeling of black liquor gasification”, PhD thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2011 Jafri, Y., ”Entrained flow gasification of black liquor and pyrolysis oil”, LicEng thesis, Luleå 8 University of Technology, 2016 8 The LTU Green Fuels demo plant Investment 300 MSEK Pilot gasification Pilot methanol + DME Field testing 3 MW, 20 t DS/d 4 t/d methanol/DME Volvo Trucks DME >28 000 h since 2005 >12 000 h since 2011 8 trucks, >1 500 000 km Recovery of cooking chemicals without difficulties DME and methanol in Is run in 3 week campaigns 24/7, high availability industrial applications • The plant was built by Chemrec in several collaborative research proJects since 2004 • In 2013 the plant and staff was transferred to Luleå University of Technology 9 Next improvement – combine with electrolysis Wood chips Chemical Pulp fibers supply pulping Pulping liquor Liquid fuel Black liquor regeneration gasification concentration Off-site fast Residual O2 pyrolysis biomass On-site Renewable electrolysis power H2 Synthesis gas MeOH cleaning synthesis • Elimination of CO-shift and ASU, lower CAPEX and lower specific OPEX • Push methanol synthesis to convert all CO2 10 • Works with both partial and full stream of black liquor Efficiency for the new electrofuel process • More than a doubling of capacity compared to gasification only • Needs a lot of renewable power • Same production cost as gasification only (with current power price) 11 Very high carbon efficiency Base case New process • Doubling of carbon efficiency compared to gasification only • Almost all carbon is bound in methanol, the rest is recycled 12 Process economics for BioDME • Estimated necessary sales price with 15% IRR: 70-90 €/MWh* • Typical plant size: 150 000 ton DME per year • Flexible output of methanol or DME • Methanol can be upgraded with MTG to gasoline that satisfies the current gasoline standard * Carvalo, L., ”Opportunities to broaden biomass feedstocks in thermochemical conversion technologies”, PhD thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2018 Andersson, J., ”Systems analysis of chemicals production via integrated entrained flow biomass gasification”, PhD thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2016 13 Demonstration of bio-DME and bio-methanol production 14 The BioDME project • Demonstration of new once-through methanol technology • Demonstration of integrated fuel production from black liquor at pulp mill • BioDME demonstrated as diesel substitute • BioDME project partners: 15 16 wheel concept” wheel BioDMEthe of experience years “Two etal., R.; Gebart, I.; - proJect Landalv, (1) to wood complete A More than MeOHDME +ton 1000 was produced until 2016 May Cumulative BioDME production BioDME Cumulative , Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy, Energy, Sustain.Prog. Environ. , Produced BioDME, ton 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0 dec.11 Jan.12 BioDME project feb.12 mar.12 apr.12 maJ.12 Jun.12 Jul.12 aug.12 sep.12 okt.12 nov.12 dec.12 Jan.13 Program Biosyngas LTU feb.13 mar.13 apr.13 maJ.13 2014, 33 (3), 744–750. (3),33 2014, Jun.13 Jul.13 aug.13 sep.13 okt.13 nov.13 dec.13 Jan.14 feb.14 mar.14 apr.14 maJ.14 Jun.14 Jul.14 aug.14 sep.14 okt.14 nov.14 dec.14 Jan.15 feb.15 mar.15 apr.15 maJ.15 Development of filling stations 17 Field test with HD trucks in commercial operation 18 Volvo field test 8 trucks, 2013-01-01 to 2015-01-31 (1000 Km) Status Target 2015-01-31 June 2014 Total mileage 1 550 1 400 1 truck 328 250 Extended field test 19 Field testing of bio-methanol • Passenger car > 20 000 km with M56 • Speedway motorcycle with M100 • Drag racing car with M100 • Pilot boat (converted diesel engine) • 50 ton bio-MeOH supplied as catalyst to bio-diesel production 20 Conclusions • Black liquor is an important biomass resource and an excellent gasification fuel • Black liquor gasification is a mature process after more than 28 000 hours of operation • Combination of gasification and electrolysis – Eliminates the need for an ASU – More than doubles the potential of black liquor and bio-oil • Co-gasification of black liquor and bio-oil* – benefits from the catalytic effect of the black liquor – Increases the potential of black liquor with at least 50% • BioDME has been demonstrated in heavy duty trucks in commercial operation for more than 1 500 000 km – Low soot, Nox and GHG performance – Excellent well-to-wheel efficiency * Slides not shown today Thank you for your attention! Catalytic co-gasification – hitchhike on black liquor reactivity Low heating value High reactivity Mixing Efficient gasification? Other biomass Pyrolysis oil High heating value Lignin residue Low reactivity Forest fuel etc. Validation of co-gasification concept Small modification of the pilot Summary of co-gasification • First attempt spring 2015 • Operation 1100 h, app. 170 ton PO • Operation 900 h with metanol/DME • Up to 20% PO; 3,5 MWth • No difference in green liquor quality • Robust operation, no technical difficulties Co-gasification in pilot scale Energy efficiency gasification Temperature sensitivity 50 80 2.5 45 70 2 CGE ) Svartlut 15% PO 40 60 1.5 H2 35 50 1 %CH4 in syngas in %CH4 % of syngas of % CO 30 2 40 0.5 CO basisfree(sulfur CGE % 25 30 0 1000 1020 1040 1060 1080 1100 20 20 BL 10% PO 15% PO 20% PO Reactor temperature (C) 1.3% CH4 1.5% N2 1.4% H2S 114 ppm C6H6 11 ppm C2-C3 Co-gasification: energy balance 0% PO 25% PO 50% PO 69% incremental efficiency PO to MeOH Andersson, J., Lundgren, J., Furusjö, E., & Landälv, I. (2015). Co-gasification of pyrolysis oil and black liquor for methanol production. Fuel, 158, 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.fuel.2015.05.044 Forest industry Source: Biomassaflöden i svensk skogsnäring 2004, by-products in Per Olov Nilsson. Rapport 23-2006 Skogsstyrelsen ISSN Sweden 1100-0295 *Million tons dry biomass Forest industry Source: Biomassaflöden i svensk by-products in skogsnäring 2004, Per Olov Nilsson. Rapport 23-2006 Sweden /2 Skogsstyrelsen ISSN 1100-0295 *Million tons dry biomass Gasification of biomass Fuels & Chemicals Felling residues Black liquor Fuels & Chemicals gasification Durable containment materials: The key to gasification of high alkali fuels 29 Source: Ingvar Landälv, LTU.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extended Impregnation Kraft Cooking of Softwood: Effects on Reject, Yield, Pulping Uniformity, and Physical Properties
    Extended Impregnation Kraft Cooking of Softwood: Effects on reject, yield, pulping uniformity, and physical properties Katarina Karlström Licentiate thesis Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology Division of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology Stockholm 2009 TRITA-CHE-Report 2009:59 ISSN 1654-1081 ISBN 978-91-7415-496-2 Extended impregnation kraft cooking of softwood: Effects on reject, yield, pulping uniformity, and physical properties Katarina Karlström AKADEMISK AVHANDLING Som med tillstånd av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen fredagen den 18:e december 2009, kl. 10.00 i STFI-salen, Innventia AB, Drottning Kristinas väg 61, Stockholm. Avhandlingen försvaras på svenska. © Katarina Karlström Stockholm 2009 Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology Teknikringen 56-58 SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden Abstract Converting wood into paper is a complex process involving many different stages, one of which is pulping. Pulping involves liberating the wood fibres from each other, which can be done either chemically or mechanically. This thesis focuses on the most common chemical pulping method, the kraft cooking process, and especially on a recently developed improvement of the impregnation phase, which is the first part of a kraft cook. Extended impregnation kraft cooking (EIC) technique is demonstrated to be an improvement of the kraft pulping process and provides a way to utilize softwood to a higher degree, at higher pulp yield. We demonstrate that it is possible to produce softwood ( Picea abies ) kraft pulp using a new cooking technique, resulting in a pulp that can be defibrated without inline refining at as high lignin content as 8% on wood, measured as kappa numbers above 90.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Liquor Gasification
    Black Liquor Gasification Summary and Conclusions from the IEA Bioenergy ExCo54 Workshop This publication provides Wood and Wastes the record of a workshop organised by IEA Bioenergy. CO2 Pool Black liquor gasification is an interesting option for production of synthesis gas that can subsequently be converted to a variety of motor fuels. The technology can be integrated into modern, Carbon ecocyclic, kraft pulp mill Dioxide Pulp and Paper biorefineries. USA and Sweden lead developments in this field. It is of interest primarily among countries with strong pulp and paper industries and national policies which promote substitution of petrol and diesel by biofuels. IEA Bioenergy IEA BIOENERGY: ExCo:2007:03 INTRODUCTION a large pulp and paper industry. It is thus of great interest to convert the primary energy in the black liquor to an This publication provides a summary and the conclusions energy carrier of high value. from a workshop organised by IEA Bioenergy. It was held in conjunction with the 54th meeting of the Executive Worldwide, the pulp and paper industry currently processes Committee in Ottawa on 6 October 2004. The purpose of the about 170 million tonnes of black liquor (measured as dry workshop was to present the developments of black liquor solids) per year, with a total energy content of about 2EJ, gasification for the production of energy and/or biofuels making black liquor a very significant biomass source (see for transport and discuss the remaining barriers, either Figure 1). In comparison with other potential biomass technical or strategic, that need to be overcome in order sources for chemicals production, black liquor has the to accelerate the successful demonstration of black liquor great advantage that it is already partially processed and gasification technologies and subsequently their penetration exists in a pumpable, liquid form.
    [Show full text]
  • Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 Regional and Global Policy Levels for More Than a Quarter of a Century
    SEI - Africa Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35097, Dar es Salaam Tanzania Tel: +255-(0)766079061 SEI - Asia 15th Floor, Witthyakit Building 254 Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn Soi 64 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand Tel+(66) 22514415 Stockholm Environment Institute, Project Report - 2011 SEI - Oxford Suite 193 266 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 7DL UK Tel+44 1865 426316 SEI - Stockholm Kräftriket 2B SE -106 91 Stockholm Sweden Tel+46 8 674 7070 SEI - Tallinn Lai 34, Box 160 EE-10502, Tallinn Estonia Tel+372 6 276 100 SEI - U.S. 11 Curtis Avenue Somerville, MA 02144 USA Tel+1 617 627-3786 SEI - York University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK Tel+44 1904 43 2897 The Stockholm Environment Institute Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport SEI is an independent, international research institute.It has been engaged in environment and development issues at local, national, Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 regional and global policy levels for more than a quarter of a century. SEI supports decision making for sustainable development by Karl M. Hillman bridging science and policy. sei-international.org Governance of Innovation for Sustainable Transport Biofuels in Sweden 1990-2010 Karl M. Hillman* * Institute for Management of Innovation and Technology (IMIT) Contact details: E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +46 26 64 81 05 Mobile: +46 708 22 18 58 Web: www.hig.se University of Gävle Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development Department of Building, Energy and Environmental
    [Show full text]
  • American Ft Forest & Paper 2QE5
    A 1 , i American Ft Forest & Paper 2QE5; Association , - May 6, 2015 Via Hand Delivery and by Email to iones.iim(a^epa.gov Administrator Gina McCarthy (1101A) Office of the Administrator Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20460 Re: Reguest for Full Exemption of Four Pulping Chemicals from the TSCA Chemical Data Reporting Rule Reguirements Dear Administrator McCarthy: The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) hereby petitions EPA to amend the Chemical Data Reporting rule (CDR), 40 C.F.R. Part 711, to exempt from all CDR requirements four pulping chemicals involved in the manufacture of paper and other pulp-based products. The four pulping chemicals are complex mixtures used in the kraft pulping process: • Sulfite Liquors and Cooking Liquors, white (CAS No. 68131-33-9) (white liquor) • Sulfite Liquors and Cooking Liquors, spent (CAS No. 66071-92-9) (black liquor) • Sulfite Liquors and Cooking Liquors, spent, oxidized (CAS No. 68514-09-0) (black liquor, oxidized) • Sulfite Liquors and Cooking Liquors, green (CAS No. 68131-30-6) (green liquor) Each of these substances is manufactured and recycled onsite in a continuous closed loop. EPA has an enormous amount of information about these pulping chemicals and little current interest in them, as their potential risks are well understood and adequately managed. 1101 K Street, N.W., Suite 700 • Was hington, D.C.20005 • (202) 463•2700 •afandpa.org May 6, 2015 Page 2 This petition first identifies the four pulping chemicals in greater detail and explains why the kraft chemical regeneration process has led to inflated production volumes for these pulping chemicals in CDR data.
    [Show full text]
  • Answers from the RENEW Project to the Biofuel
    Registration 15.09.2008 Partners of the RENEW project Motivation Registration is necessary and will be Volkswagen AG, Germany, Co-ordinator In the ongoing public discussion biofuels are confirmed by E-mail. Participation is free of Abengoa Bioenergia S.L., Spain often considered a homogeneous group with charge. BKG GmbH & Co. KG, Austria similar properties. However there are Deutsche BP AG, Germany substantial differences between the fuel types. How to register: CERTH, Greece Biomass feedstock can differ in a wide range { via internet at: Chemrec AB, Sweden of properties as well as its availability and www.renew-fuel.com UET Freiberg GmbH, Germany sustainability. Fuel type and quality of fuel { by fax to: +49 4222 947 988-9 STFI-Packforsk, Sweden production as well as the suitability of the (please use this form) CRES, Greece biofuel to be applied in todays and future CUTEC Institut GmbH, Germany engines can vary widely. { by email to: [email protected] Daimler AG, Germany Instytut Paliw i Energii Odnawialnej, Poland Within the RENEW project different production processes for 2nd generation biofuels were National University of Ireland, Ireland investigated and compared. RENEW showed Answers from the RENEW Electricité de France, France Registration Form the potential for biofuel production in Europe project to the biofuel debate EEE Güssing GmbH, Austria and evaluated most suitable technologies and Answers from the RENEW project Lunds Universitet, Sweden costs for the production of synthetic biofuel. to the biofuel debate ESU-services Ltd., Switzerland Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany The results achieved in the RENEW project Brussels, Belgium AICIA, Spain are of high relevance in the present debate on Institut f.
    [Show full text]
  • Construction Health and Safety Manual: Pulp and Paper Mills
    PULP AND PAPER MILLS 33 PULP AND PAPER MILLS The two common forms of chemical pulping are 1) the dominant “alkaline” or “kraft” process, and Processes 2) the “acid pulping” or “sulphite” process. Acid pulping has generally declined but is still in use. The A number of processes, grouped by type as mechanical, digester liquor is a solution of sulphurous acid, H SO , chemical, and semi-chemical (or hybrid), are used in 2 3 mixed with lime (CaO) or other base (magnesium, the preparation of wood pulp. In 1990 (according to sodium, or ammonium) to form bisulphites. Lockwood’s Directory) the distribution of pulp mills in Ontario and Quebec was as follows: Mechanical processes produce the highest yield from the wood, but have high energy demands. Mechanical pulping Process Type generally incorporates thermal or chemical pre-softening Chemical Processes Semi-chemical Mechanical Total of the wood chips, resulting in lower energy requirements. Kraft Sulphite Some chemical processes include mechanical features. Ontario 94 2 15 30 The division is not distinct and is generally based on Quebec 10 8241 61 efficiency of production from dry wood. Figure 22.1: Number of pulp mills by type in Ontario and Quebec Figure 22.2 provides a flow diagram for a semi-chemical pulp mill. In chemical pulping, the wood chips are cooked, using heat and a chemical solution that depends on the type of Of the chemical processes , alkaline pulping – the kraft process being used. The lignin binder, a natural glue that or sulphite process – is the most common and is shown in holds the wood cells (fibres) together, is dissolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Bringing Biofuels on the Market
    Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Report Delft, July 2013 Author(s): Bettina Kampman (CE Delft) Ruud Verbeek (TNO) Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft) Pim van Mensch (TNO) Harry Croezen (CE Delft) Artur Patuleia (TNO) Publication Data Bibliographical data: Bettina Kampman (CE Delft), Ruud Verbeek (TNO), Anouk van Grinsven (CE Delft), Pim van Mensch (TNO), Harry Croezen (CE Delft), Artur Patuleia (TNO) Bringing biofuels on the market Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits Delft, CE Delft, July 2013 Fuels / Renewable / Blends / Increase / Market / Scenarios / Policy / Technical / Measures / Standards FT: Biofuels Publication code: 13.4567.46 CE Delft publications are available from www.cedelft.eu Commissioned by: The European Commission, DG Energy. Further information on this study can be obtained from the contact person, Bettina Kampman. Disclaimer: This study Bringing biofuels on the market. Options to increase EU biofuels volumes beyond the current blending limits was produced for the European Commission by the consortium of CE Delft and TNO. The views represented in the report are those of its authors and do not represent the views or official position of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this report, nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. © copyright, CE Delft, Delft CE Delft Committed to the Environment CE Delft is an independent research and consultancy organisation specialised in developing structural and innovative solutions to environmental problems. CE Delft’s solutions are characterised in being politically feasible, technologically sound, economically prudent and socially equitable.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorption and Desorption of Black Liquor Xylan Onto Cellulose Fibers – a New Separation Technique
    CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY SORPTION AND DESORPTION OF BLACK LIQUOR XYLAN ONTO CELLULOSE FIBERS – A NEW SEPARATION TECHNIQUE SVERKER DANIELSSON Innventia AB, Stockholm, Sweden ✉Corresponding author: [email protected] The potential of xylan as a polymer in different new materials is large and not yet utilized. The availability in kraft pulp mills is large as the polymeric xylan dissolved in process liquors corresponds to up to 160 kg/adt and is today burnt to recover energy. A pre-requisite for using black liquor xylan in high-value products is to purify it from inorganic material and lignin in a technically effective and economical feasible way. This study combines two known properties of xylan: its affinity to cellulose and its solubility in alkali. The aim is to design an efficient separation process to produce black liquor xylan of high purity. A very pure xylan was reached with as low lignin contents as 1%. The hydroxide ion concentration was varied in the sorption step and it was found that an increase in hydroxide ion concentration resulted in a decreased amount of isolated xylan, decreased degree of substitution of uronic acids, but no effect on the lignin content and ash content was seen. Keywords : hardwood xylan, kraft pulping, separation, purification, precipitation, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, hexenuronic acid, black liquor INTRODUCTION In the kraft pulping process, large amounts of tion from black liquor. The separation technique xylan are dissolved in the cooking liquor and end used in this study combines two well-known up as heat in the recovery boiler. The liquor is an phenomena of dissolved xylan in alkali: the attractive source for xylan production as the tendency of attaching to cellulose fibres 4-7 and the availability is high and the heat value for xylan possibility of dissolving xylan in alkali.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for Domestic Biofuels for Transport in Sweden 2030 Based on Current Production and Future Plans
    Chalmers Publication Library Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans This document has been downloaded from Chalmers Publication Library (CPL). It is the author´s version of a work that was accepted for publication in: WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment (ISSN: 2041-840X) Citation for the published paper: Grahn, M. ; Hansson, J. (2015) "Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans". WILEY Interdisciplinary Reviews, Energy and Environment, vol. 4(3), pp. 290â306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wene.138 Downloaded from: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/publication/210761 Notice: Changes introduced as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing and formatting may not be reflected in this document. For a definitive version of this work, please refer to the published source. Please note that access to the published version might require a subscription. Chalmers Publication Library (CPL) offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all types of publications: articles, dissertations, licentiate theses, masters theses, conference papers, reports etc. Since 2006 it is the official tool for Chalmers official publication statistics. To ensure that Chalmers research results are disseminated as widely as possible, an Open Access Policy has been adopted. The CPL service is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library. (article starts on next page) Advanced Review Prospects for domestic biofuels for transport in Sweden 2030 based on current production and future plans Maria Grahn1∗ and Julia Hansson2 Currently, Sweden has the largest share of renewable fuels for transport in the EU.
    [Show full text]
  • RENEW Final Report 7
    © 2008 SYNCOM Forschungs- und Entwicklungsberatung GmbH, Mühlenstraße 9, 27777 Ganderkesee No responsibility is assumed by publisher for any injury and/ or damage to persons and property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. All rights reserved by the consortium of the RENEW project. Parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise with the prior permission of the publisher. Supported under the 6th Framework Programme of the European Commission in the thematic priority Renewable Energies under Contract 502705 Project Information Acronym: RENEW Full title: Renewable Fuels for advanced Powertrains Contract N°: 502705 Duration: 48 months Contact person: Frank Seyfried, Volkswagen AG Volkswagen AG (Germany), Co-ordinator Abengoa Bioenergia S.A. (Spain) Biomasse-Kraftwerk Güssing GmbH & Co. KG (Austria) Deutsche BP AG (Germany) Centre for Research and Technology Hellas (Greece) Chemrec AB (Sweden) UET Umwelt- und Energietechnik Freiberg GmbH (Germany) STFI Packforsk AB (Sweden) Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (Greece) Clausthaler Umwelttechnik Institut GmbH (Germany) DaimlerChrysler AG, (Germany) EC BREC - Institute for Fuels and Renewable Energy (Poland) National University of Ireland (Ireland) Electricité de France (France) Europäisches Zentrum für Erneuerbare Energie Güssing GmbH (Austria) Lunds Universitet (Sweden) ESU-Services Ltd. (Switzerland) Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (Germany) Asociacion de Investigacion y Cooperacion Industrial de Andalucia (Spain) Institut für Energetik und Umwelt GmbH (Germany) Instytut Nafty i Gazu (Poland, until 12/2005) Instytut Technologii Nafty (Poland) Paul Scherrer Institut (Switzerland) Regienov - Renault Recherche et Innovation (France) REPOTEC - Renewable Power Technologies Umwelttechnik GmbH (Switzerland) TU Wien, Inst.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Generation and Use in the Kraft Pulp Industry
    ENERGY GENERAnON AND USE IN THE KRAFT PULP INDUSTRY Alex Orr, H.A.Simoos Ltd INTRODUCTION The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest users of energy among the process industries, but most of its requirements, both steam and electrical power, can be produced from by-product and waste material produced within the process. This paper will discuss energy utilisation and generation in kraft pulp mills, and briefly describe the basic kraft pulping process. THE KRAFT PROCESS The kraft process is the most widely used chemical pulping process for a number of reasons: it produces the strongest pulp; it can handle a wide range of furnish: softwood, hardwood, bagasse and bamboo; the cooking chemicals can be recovered economically; it is energy efficient Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of a kraft mill. The wood furnish supplied to the mill can be in the form of logs (roundwood) or by-product chips from sawmills.. The source of the wood supply has a significant affect on the energy production.. Ifroundwood is chipped the waste wood produced per ton ofchips will be around 200 kg, but when sawmill by-product chips are used the waste wood produced in the sawmill will be in the range of 450 kg/ton chips, as most of the log goes to produce lumbero This waste wood may be available to the pulp mill at a low cost, or even negative cost, allowing the production of low cost steam and electrical power" The chips are mixed with white liquor (NaOH and N~S) and cooked, using steam, in a large pressure vessel called a digester, either in a continuous or batch process.
    [Show full text]
  • Industry Leaders to Support “Second Generation” Biofuels in All EU Transport Sectors
    Industry leaders to support “second generation” biofuels in all EU transport sectors Involvement of policy makers and other industries, R&D programmes, financing, communications programmes for a cost-competitive and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels Brussels (Belgium) – 4 February 2013 – The Chief Executive Officers of seven Leading European biofuel producers and European airlines launched today in Brussels a new industry led initiative to speed up the deployment of advanced sustainable biofuels in Europe. The initiative, named “Leaders of Sustainable Biofuels”, aims at supporting the development of second generation biofuels in Europe. The leaders of Chemtex, British Airways, BTG, Chemrec, Clariant, Dong Energy and UPM are joining forces to ensure the market uptake of advanced sustainable biofuels by all transport sectors. The world is taking action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and second generation biofuels are a key part of the solution, because they are cost-competitive and with less environmental impact than fuels made from oil or natural gas. In the European Union, 10% of all fuels by 2020 must be alternative fuels, the large majority being biofuels. Second-generation biofuels can reduce GHG emissions by at least 65%. First generation biofuels, made from corn, wheat, soy or palm provide only modest reductions in greenhouse gases and can push up food prices. During the Brussels meeting the “Leaders of Sustainable Biofuels” have established a common strategy based on several actions aimed at accelerating market penetration and technology deployment and use. In particular: • Accelerate research and innovation into emerging biofuel technologies, including algae and new conversion pathways, supported by public and private R&D&D programmes.
    [Show full text]