Christianity Under the Ancien Regime, 1648-1789 - W

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Index

Adelboden, 88 Arnauld, Antoine, 28–9, 32–3 Adelung, Anhard, 95 Arndt, Johann, 24, 26, 72–4, 78, 99, 129, Adrian, Patriarch, 219 133–4, 222 Aegean islands, 202 Arnold, Gottfried, 26, 89, 129, 134 Aeschi, 88, 126 Associate Presbytery, 141–2 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 13, 200 Association Oath, 88 Albania, 202, 204 atheism, 72–3, 129, 147–151, 157–8, 160, Albrum, 211 163, 166, 168, 172, 174 alchemy, 73, 89 atheist, deWnition of, 149–50 Alembert, Jean d’, 168 Atterbury, Bishop Francis, 134 Alentejo, 38 Aufkla¨rung, 156, 171–183 Alet, bishop of, 13 Augsburg, 54, 82, 105, 108, 149, 248–9 Alexander I, Tsar, 121 Augsburg, Confession of, 6, 68, 109, 116 Alexander VIII, pope, 13 Augsburg, Unaltered Confession of, 21 Algarve, 38 Augustine, St, 198 Allga¨u, 249 Augustinian theology, 33 Alsace, 74, 233–4 Augustinianism, 27, 149, 228 Altona, 84 Augustus II, the Strong, Elector of Saxony, Altransta¨dt, 95 102, 205 Altransta¨dt, Convention of, 94, 205 Austria, 3, 6, 32, 54, 57, 59–61, 64, 69, 93, America, 9, 81–2, 99, 108, 110, 122, 125, 107, 110–11, 184, 193, 195, 197, 202, 131–3, 135, 143–6, 151, 190, 210, 250 241 Austrian Succession, War of, 63, 110, 185, Amersfoort, 131 247 Amsterdam, 25, 131, 156 Avignon, 13, 27, 29 Anabaptists, 24, 217 Angers, 232 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 183 Anglo-Catholics, 243 Baldinucci, Fr Anthony, 43 Anna, empress of Russia, 222–3 Balfour, John, 140 Anne, Queen, 11, 81, 133, 161, 208, 240, Balkans, 53, 55, 202–4 242, 244 Baltic Sea, 78, 101, 105, 110, 116, Annoni, Hieronymus, 249 118–121, 136, 205, 210, 245 Ansalone, Fr Peter, 43 Bamberg, 54–5, 69, 191 Anton, Paul, 77–8 Baptists, 83, 128 Antwerp, 190, 233 Barcelona, 35 Apocalyptics, 16–18 Bardili, Christoph Gottfried, 184 Aretino, P., 150 Barnabites, 63, 195 Arians, 217 baroque, 58–61, 67–8, 73, 93 Aristotle, 71, 74, 76, 88, 102, 104, Bascio, Matteo da, 42 148–50, 152, 174 Basel, 87, 184, 248–9 Arminianism, 143 Basel Missionary Society, 250 Arnauld family, 28 Bauman, John, 132

258

Index 259

Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob, 175 Bruno, Giordano, 150 Bavaria, 54–5, 58–60, 68, 187, 190, 233 Brunswick, 177 Baxter, Richard, 88, 143, 160, 208 Buddeus, Johann Franz, 153 Bayle, Pierre, 71, 151, 158–60, 165, 167 BuYer, 169 Bayreuth, 54 Bunyan, John, 130, 208 Beccaria, Cesare, 49 Burgos, 35 Behmenists, 88–91 Burgundy, 233 Belgium, 45, 197, 199 Burnet, Gilbert, 21, 65 Belgrade, 204 Butler, Joseph, bishop, 164 Benedict XIII, pope, 30, 237 Benedict XIV, pope, 30, 41, 50, 169, 188, Cabbalism, 89, 156 193, 200, 237 Calvin, John, 9 Benedictines, 41, 70, 149, 199, 228, 230 Calvinism, 64, 84, 135, 143–4, 181, 215, Benediktbeuern, 58 244 Bengel, Johann Albrecht, 127–8 Calvinistic Methodists, 138, 145 Bennet, John, 145 Cambridge, 36, 208, 230 Bentley, Richard, 153 Cambridge Platonists, 90, 160 Berchtesgaden, 105, 109 Cambuslang, 141–2 Berdyaev, N. A., 90 cameralistics, 192–3 Berkeley, George, bishop, 169 Cameronians, 141–2 Berleburg Bible, 20, 91 Camisards, 17–18 Berlin, 77, 98, 109, 167, 177 camp meetings, 94, 119 Bern, 27, 87–8, 103, 124–5, 184 Campanella, Tommaso, 150 Bernese Oberland, 88, 125–6 Canada, 225 Bernie`res-Louvigny, mystic, 129 canonisation, 2, 35, 48, 50–1 Berthelsdorf, 113–5 Canstein, Baron Karl Hildebrandt von, 78 Bielitz, 96 Capuchins, 42, 52, 93, 108 Blois, 22 Carinthia, 62, 98, 107, 110, 196 Bohemia, 4, 55–6, 58–60, 68, 93, 96–8, Carlowitz, Peace of, (1699), 202 110–11, 114–5, 132, 185, 195, 213 Carpzov, Johann Benedikt, 77 Bohemian Brethren, 97, 114–115, 211, cartesianism, 24–5, 78, 85, 87, 149 217 Castell-Remlingen, Sophia Theodora of, Bo¨hme, Anton Wilhelm, 81–2, 133, 137, 113n. 208 Catalonia, 237 Bo¨hme, Jakob, 24, 89–91, 134 Catherine II, the Great, of Russia, 191, Bollandists, 169 205, 220–2 Bologna, Archbishop of, 47 Catholic Enlightenment, 184–201 Bosnia, 202 censorship, 11, 192 Bossuet, Bishop J. B., 14, 22, 25, 30 Ce´vennes, 16–18, 94, 126 Boston, 82 Champagne, 233 Bourignon, Antoinette, 18, 24–5, 79, 87 Charles I of England, king, 9 Braga, 38 Charles II of England, king, 9–10 Brainerd, David, 140 Charles III of Spain, king, 37, 189, 200 Brandenburg, 15, 55, 77–8, 80, 91, 93, 98 Charles VI, emperor, 56, 62, 65–6, 193–4 Brandenburg, Electors of, 4, 5, 15 Charles X of Sweden, king, 212 Brazil, 38 Charles XI of Sweden, king, 210 Bremen, 85–6 Charles XII of Sweden, king, 18, 94, 97–8, Breslau, 6, 93–4, 173 205, 215 Brice, Edmund, 90 Chatellier, Louis, 68 Brieg, 6 Cherasco, Treaty of, 34 Brienne, Lome´nie de, archbishop, 228, children, 17–18, 25, 63, 94, 108, 115, 119, 232 125, 134 Brinkenhof, 119 chiliasm, 15 Bristol, 142, 145, 210 Chillingworth, William, 71 Brockes, Barthold Hinrichs, 172 China, 151 Bromley, Thomas, 90 Christian perfection, 130

260 Index

Christian VI of Denmark, king, 117 Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 82 church bells, 47 Cuper, Franz, 154 Church-slavonic, 223 curia, 41, 43, 187, 199, 245 Cicero, 151 Czestochova, 212, 214, 216 Cilgwyn, 137 circulating schools, 136 Dalmatia, 204 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 236 Dannhauer, Johann Konrad, 74, 78 Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Lord, 9 Danzig, 215 Clarke, Samuel, 161 Darney, William, 145 class meetings, 75, 77, 86, 88, 93, 107, Daubeny, Charles, 242 127–130, 234, 248–9 Daughters of Charity, 238 Clement VII, pope, 42, 193 Dauphine´, 17 Clement XI, pope, 7, 30, 52 David, Christian, 100, 113–15, 119–120, Clement XII, pope, 69 125 Clement XIII, pope, 52, 189–90, 193, 200, Davies, Howel, 138 228 Davies, Samuel, 225 Clement XIV, pope, 69, 190, 200 Decker, Military Provost, 182 Clement, Joseph, Bishop of Lie`ge, 32 Defereggental, 105, 107–8, 127 Cleves, 86 Defoe, Daniel, 65 Coccejus, Johannes, 84–6 deism, 174 Cockburn, Lord, 244 deists, 160–67, 177, 240 Codde, Peter, 33 Delaware, 210 Colberg, Ehregott Daniel, 24 Denmark, 5, 55, 81, 84, 117, 205, 207–10 Collegialism, 246–7 Descartes, Rene´, 25, 150–2, 156, 158, 174 Collegiants, 25, 156 Deutsche Christentumsgesellschaft, Collins, Anthony, 162–3, 165 248–50 Cologne, 67, 128, 187 devotions, 42, 46, 227, 237 Comenius, Johann Amos, 115 Dez, Fr Jean, 68 Commission des reguliers, 227–9 Diderot, Denis, 166, 168, 170 Commonwealth, 162 Dillingen, 58 Communion Bulls, 69 Discalced Carmelites, 58 Compostella, 35, 49 Disentis, 59 Compton, Bishop Henry, 10 dissenters, 9, 10, 132, 143–5, 239, 241–4 Concordat, Spanish, (1753), 37 Dittmar, Johann, 91 confessional box, 1 Doddridge, Philip, 111, 132, 134, 144 confessionalism, 2–4, 15–16, 73, 87, 93, Dorpat, 120 110, 116, 175, 195, 212, 225–7, Dort, Synod of, 8, 83 244–5, 250 Drabik, Nikolaus, 111 confraternities, 39, 46, 68, 213, 234, 237 Dresden, 73, 77, 101–2, 112 Constantinople, 202, 220 Duisburg, 86 Constituent Assembly, 228, 235–6 Durham, 164 conversions, 74, 77, 79, 85, 99, 115, Du¨rninger, Abraham, 122 117–8, 122, 128, 130, 134, 136, 139, Du¨rrnberg, 105, 109 210 Du¨sseldorf, 68 Conz, Karl Philipp, 184 Copenhagen, 208–9 Easter Ross, 140 Corpus Evangelicorum, 5, 55, 62, 108, East Prussia, 5, 109, 118–19, 217 176 Ebersdorf, 113 Courland, 205, 222 Edwards, Jonathan, 6, 138, 143–4 covenants, religious, 2 Edzard, Esdras, 79 Coverley, Sir Roger de, 240 Egede, Hanns, 210 Crell, Joseph, 217 Eichsta¨tt, 54 Crell, Samuel, 217 Einsiedeln, 59 Crisp, Tobias, 143 Electors Palatine, 4, 5, 6, 107 Cristofarini, Fr, 43 Eliot, George, 178 Croatia, 195, 204 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 121, 222

Index 261

Emden, 130 Formula Consensus, 87–8, 103–4 Emmental, 87 Formula of Concord, 212 Ems, Punctation of (1786), 187 France, 4–8, 12–22, 27–8, 32, 34, 36–7, England, 6, 18, 36, 45, 47, 53, 62, 90, 42–3, 53, 55, 62, 68, 82–3, 155, 132–3, 139, 142–3, 145, 147, 155, 166–71, 175, 188–90, 192, 202, 204, 161, 166–7, 170, 183, 208, 217, 223, 226–237, 240 237, 249 Francis I, Emperor, 193–4 England, Church of, 9–12, 16, 61, 131, Francis II, Ra´koćzi, 65 133–6, 144, 161, 208, 231, 236, Franciscans, 46, 50, 204, 230 239–43, 250 Francke, August Hermann, 24, 73, 77–82, Ensisheim, 54 87, 91, 93, 95–6, 98–9, 108, 112, enthusiasm, 17, 31 116–17, 119–120, 130, 133, 135, 142, Epicurus, 152 173, 208 episcopalism, 186–7 Francke, Gotthilf August, 82, 117, 133, Erasmus, 83 135 Erb, Johannes, 87 Francke, Johannes, 73 Erdmuthe Dorothea, Countess Reuss, later Franckenberg, Abraham von, 90 Countess Zinzendorf, 113, 120 Franeker, 86 Erfurt, 80 Frankfurt, 18, 54, 75–6, 84 Erlach, J. B. Fischer von, 59 Frankfurt-on-Oder, 193 Erlangen, 193 Franklin, Benjamin, 47 Ernst the Pious, duke of Saxe-Gotha, 73 Frederick I, king of Prussia, 80, 118 Erskine brothers, Ebenezer & Ralph, 135, Frederick II, the Great, king of Prussia, 55, 138, 141 80, 98, 167, 170–71, 181–3, 185, 191, Eskimos, 210 195–6, 205, 244, 247 Espen, Bernard van, 69, 199 Frederick William I, king of Prussia, 80 Essen, 76 Frederick William IV, king of Prussia, 247 established churches, 2, 5, 12, 71, 83–4, Frederick, Prince of Wales, 144 87–8, 116, 122, 131, 133, 144, 154, freemasonry, 162, 195 160, 162–3, 166, 168, 176, 210, 226, Feising, 187 229, 235–6, 239–41, 247–8, 250 French Prophets, 16–18, 24–5, 31, 123, Estonia, 119–121, 211 132 Ethiopian church, 73 French Revolution, 145–6, 177, 179, 184, Eudists, 238 198–9, 229, 231–2, 234–7, 241, Eugene, Prince, of Savoy, 3, 194 247–8 Exeter, 161 Friesland, 84 exorcism, 47 Friesland, East, 86, 130–31 Explanatio Leopoldina (1691), 65 Fronde, 14, 27 Fulneck, 97, 143 family devotions, 1 ‘further reformation’, 82–3 Febronianism, 186, 201, 226 Feńelon, François, 22–3, 25 Galicia, 35 Ferdinand II, emperor, 233 Gallican liberties, 12–13, 29, 57, 227, 229, Ferdinand III, emperor, 60 239 Ferney, 167 Galileo, Galilei, 150 Fetter Lane chapel, 112 Garampi, Cardinal Giuseppe, 200 Fetter Lane society, 143 Gastein, 105 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 158 general priesthood, 75–9 Finnmark, 209 Geneva, 18, 22, 74, 83, 87, 126, 159, 167, Firmian, Baron Leopold Anton 170–71 Eleutherius, archbishop, 108, 110 Genoa, 34 Firmian, Leopold Ernst, Count von, 63 George I, king of England, 11, 100, 133 Xagellation, 47, 54, 213 George III, king of England, 100, 145, 226 Fleet prison, 36 George, Prince, of Denmark, 81, 133, 208 Fleury, Cardinal Claude, 30 Georgia, 105, 134–5, 248 Foligno, Angela da, 72 Georgia Trustees, 109, 134, 143

262 Index

Gerhard, Johann, 219 healing, 47, 51, 129 German College, 43, 61 Hegel, G. W. F., 90, 158, 174, 184 Germantown, 124 Heidelberg, 5, 157 Germany, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 18, 54, 68–70, 73, Heine, Heinrich, 173n. 77, 81, 86, 91, 100, 107, 109–10, 119, Henckel family, 93 125, 133, 142, 147, 149–50, 162, Henrietta Adelheid, 58 170–87, 207–9, 237, 244–50 Henry IV king of France, 83 Geronimo, Francisco de, 43 Henry VIII, king of England, 242 Gersdorf, Henriette Katherina von, 112 Herbert, Lord, of Cherbury, 158, 162 Gibbon, Edward, 184 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 158, 177, 245–6 Gibson, Edmund, Bishop, 134–5, 240 Hermannstadt, 195 Gichtel, Johann Georg, 91 Herrnhaag, 122, 124 Glasgow, 141 Herrnhut, 97, 100, 113–16, 122, 127, Glogau, 94 134–5, 205, 211 Goebel, Max, 18 Hesse, 5, 55, 125 Goethe, J. W. von, 25, 158, 176, 181, 225, Hesse-Darmstadt, 101, 245 246 Hintze, Otto, 182 Goldegg, 109 Hirsch, Emanuel, 174 Go¨rlitz, 24, 89, 113 Hobbes, Thomas, 25, 150–1, 158, 218 Go¨ttingen, 100, 186, 192, 209, 245, 247 Hohenzollern family, 7, 78, 102, 119, 128, Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 173 181 Gouge, Thomas, 208 Holbach, Baron d’, 166 Gradin, Arvid, 211 Ho¨lderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, 184 Grasse, Mgr de, 232 Holland, 33, 156, 223 Graubu¨nden, 58–9, 103, 126 Holy OYce, 43 Great Britain, 5, 24, 55, 73, 81, 100, 110, Holy Roman Empire, 3–6, 34, 53, 55–6, 116, 123, 131–46, 154–5, 175, 190, 67, 69, 77, 81, 113, 123, 133, 156, 226, 241 185–6, 193, 195, 199, 205, 212, 226, Greek Orthodox, 202–4, 214 245–6 Greeks, 202 Holy Synod, 220–2 Greenland, 116, 209–10 Honert, van den, 131 Grindelwald, 88 Hontheim, Nikolaus von, 186–7 Groningen, 130 Hope, Nicholas, 182 Gross Hennersdorf, 98, 112, 114–5 Horne, George, bishop, 242 Grotius, Hugo, 218 Huber, Christen, 125–6 Gruber, E. L., 123 Huguenots, 12, 14–18, 20, 25, 104, 132, Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, 53 242 Gutannen, 125 Humblotus, Franciscus, 153 GutsleV, pastor, 121 Hume, David, 155, 165–6, 169–70, 184 Guyon, Mme J. M. de, 18, 22–3, 25, 79, Hungary, 3, 6, 15, 55–7, 60, 62, 64–7, 86, 129 93–5, 107, 111–12, 185, 202, 204 Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, 138, Halle, 73, 78–82, 94–6, 98, 105, 108–9, 143–5, 164 111–13, 116–9, 130, 134–7, 142, Hussitism, 97 173–6, 182–3, 186, 205, 208–11, 249 hymns, 2, 73–4, 86, 134, 137 Hallert, Generalin von, 120 Hamburg, 47, 79, 84, 101, 177, 184 Independents, 90, 137, 145 Handel, Georg Friedrich, 183 Index, 237 Hanover, 6, 55, 101, 109, 162, 186 Ingham, Benjamin, 143, 145 Hanover, Electorate of, 100 Innocent XI, 13, 21, 28–9, 41 Hanover, Electors of, 5, 7, 11 Innocent XII, 7, 29 Harlay, archbishop of Paris, 29 Innsbruck, 57–8 Harrington, James, 163 Inquisition, 39, 52 Harris, Howel, 137, 139, 142, 144, 225 Inquisition, Spanish, 35 Harvard College, 82 Inspired, the, 18–20, 123–6 Haslital, 125–6 Ireland, 10, 16, 33, 132, 145, 241

Index 263

Islam, 3 Lancashire, 143 Italy, 3, 6, 21, 34, 39–48, 51, 53, 55, 58, Labat, Fr Jean-Batiste, 50 63, 65, 185, 192–3, 204, 237 Lampe, Friedrich Adolf, 86 Languedoc, 17 Jacobites, 239 Lassenius, Johann, 153 James II, king of England, 11 Latitudinarianism, 240 Jansen, Cornelius, Bishop of Ypres, 27 La Trobe, Benjamin, 138 Jansenism, 23, 27–33, 191, 194, 199, 248 Laud, Archbishop William,9 Jansenists, 13, 20, 22, 27–33, 46, 64, 149, Lauterbrunnen, 88 166–7, 182, 186, 194, 198–9, 227, Lavalette, Jesuit father, 188–9 231–4 Lavant, 108 Jena, 143, 150, 153, 179 Lazarists, 213 Jesuits, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 34, 37, 42, 46, Leade, Jane, 88, 90–91 51, 53, 58, 60–61, 63, 66–7, 72, 74, Le Courayer, Pierre Franc¸ois, 30 83, 93, 96, 108, 151–2, 167, 169, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 80, 89, 100, 185–6, 188, 192, 194–5, 200, 213, 151–2, 154, 173 216–7, 219, 226–7, 232–4, 250 Leiden, 25 Jesuits, former, 190–91 Leipzig, 24, 74, 77–80, 193, 209 Jesuits, suppression of, 185, 187–91, 196, Lellis, Camillus de, 51 199–200, 229, 233–4, 245 Leo X, pope, 12 Jesus Christ, 46, 48, 51, 79, 85, 104, Leonora, Queen, of Portugal, 39 117–8, 122, 130, 146, 158, 163, 168, Leopold I, Emperor, 64 170–71, 175, 178, 181, 210, 222, 245 Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 194, Jews, 75–6, 156–7, 171, 214, 217 198 John V of Portugal, 38 Lepanto, 52 Jones, GriYth, 136–7 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 158, 176–9, Jones, William, of Nayland, 242 246 Joseph II, Holy Roman emperor, 64, 66, Lessius, Leonard, 152 67–8, 107, 110, 185, 187, 193–9, 228 Liberda, Johann, 96, 98, 115 Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich, 128 Liegnitz, 6 Jurieu, Pierre, 15–17, 159 Liguori, Alphonsus, 44–6, 68 Linnaeus, 212 Kant, Immanuel, 171, 174, 177, 179–81, Lisbon, 38–9, 167, 188 186 Lithuania, 119–20, 214 Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton, 196 Livonia, 109, 119–20, 211 Kempis, Thomas a`, 26, 72, 87, 129 Llandowror, 136 Kendal, duchess of, 100, 133 Locke, John, 25, 151, 155, 159–61, 167 Kiev, 214, 221 Lombardy, 49, 194, 196 Kilsyth, 142 Lomonosov, Mikhail, 223 Kirk o’Shotts, 141 London, 112, 134, 137, 139, 142–5, 161, Klettenberg, Suzanne von, 25 216, 240, 243, 248 Knutzen, Mathias, 150–51 Lopez, Gregory, 25 Koblenz, 187 Lorraine, 54, 195, 233 Ko¨nigsberg, 119, 179, 215 Lo¨scher, Valentin Ernst, 101–3 Konstanz, 55 Louis XIV, king of France 7, 12–16, 20, Kortholt, Christian, 151 22, 26–7, 29, 34, 41, 83, 87, 91, 234 Kratzer, Christine, 126 Louis XV, king of France, 227 Krefeld, 128 Louvain, 27, 69, 197–9 Krudener, Mme B. J. von, 26 Louvois, 68 Krumbholtz, 101 Lower Austria, 6, 57, 61, 98, 196 Ku¨hnel, Susanne, 115 Loyola, St Ignatius, 42, 234 Kunwald, 114 Lower Lusatia, 101 Kuypers, Gerardus, 131 Lu¨beck, 79 Lucerne, 58 Labadie, Jean de, 24, 74, 83–4, 86–7 Lucretius, 152–3 Labadists, 118, 124, 128 Ludolf, Heinrich Wilhelm, 81, 208

264 Index

Lu¨neburg, 73–4 Moderatism, 244 Luther, Martin, 1, 74–5, 78–9, 99, 101, Moers, 128 125, 149, 187 Moldavia, 202 Lutherans, 4, 16, 64, 68, 79, 83, 116–7, Molinos, Michael, 21–2, 24, 79 129, 207–9, 211, 215–16, 249–50 Montfortains, 238 Lutz, Samuel, 125–6 Montmirail, 126 Lu¨tzelXu¨h,87 Montpellier, 229 Moody, Dwight Lyman, 74 Macaulay, Lord, 71 Moravia, 57, 93, 96, 110, 111, 114, 116 Macher, 98 Moravians, 25, 103, 105, 113–16, 118–19, Madrid, 35 121–7, 134–5, 138, 143–4, 170, 208, Mafra, 38 210–12, 217, 225 Magdeburg, 78, 80 Morea, 202 magic, 1, 41, 53, 105, 137, 147–8 Moscow, 73, 99, 214–15, 218, 220 Mailla, St Gerardo, 48 Mosegger family, 109 Maimonides, 156 Moser, Carl Friedrich, 245–6 Maintenon, Mme de, 22 Moser, Johann Jakob, 245 Mainz, 54, 67, 187, 190–91 Moses, 157–8 Malaval, Franc¸ois, 21 Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, 247 Mandeville, Bernard, 163 Motiers, 170 Manzador, Fr Pius, 63, 195 Mu¨lheim, 85 Marais, Mgr Godet des, 23 Munich, 49, 58, 187, 233 Marburg, 173 Mu¨nsterberg, 96 Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary, 56, Mu¨nsterberg-Oels, 6 63–4, 67, 109–10, 185, 190, 192–5 Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, 49, 63, 194, Marian congregations, 52, 232–5 200 Marie Leszczynska, 227 Muslims, 160, 171, 202–7, 217, 223 Mariolatry, 51–2, 89, 213–4 mysticism, 21, 25–7, 72, 78, 128–9, 134 Marlborough, duke of, 32, 81 Marsay, Hector de, 25 Nagyva´rad, 66 Martini, Carl Anton von, 194 Nantes, Edict of, 14, 17, 87, 216 martyrdom, 50 Naples, 7, 34, 41, 43–5, 48, 50, 52, 65, Mary II, Queen of England, 10 189–90, 200, 233 Mather, Cotton, 82 Natzmer, Dubislav Gneomar von, 112 Mather, Samuel, 82 Neale, John Mason, 218 Maurists, 228 Neercassel, Archbishop of Utrecht, 33 Max Emmanuel, Elector of Bavaria, 58 Neisser family, 114 Mazarin, Cardinal, 12 neo-Stoicism, 181 McCulloch, William, 141 Neoplatonists, 149 McManners, Professor J., 232 Nepomuk, St John of, 3, 57, 97, 213 Mecklenburg, 54, 183 Netherlands, 191 Melancthon, Philipp, 73 Neuchaˆtel, 87 Mendelssohn, Moses, 158 Neumann, Caspar, 94–5 Mennonites, 118, 128, 156 Neumann, Gottfried, 123 Mersenne, Marin, 148 & n., 149 Neumeister, Erdmann, 101 Methodism, 119, 138 New Birth, 74, 76, 79, 85, 88, 90–1, 130, Methodists, 46, 94, 134, 142–5, 164, 176, 135–6 226, 248 New England, 6, 130–1, 143 Middelburg, 83 New Sweden, 210 Midwolda, 130–31 Newcastle, 142, 145 Milan, 34, 188 Newman, John Henry, 165 millenarianism, 20, 84, 88 Newton, Isaac, 90, 152–3, 155, 167, 184 Milton, John, 163 Niederwiesa, 100 missions, 41–46, 53, 62–3, 67–8, 103, 105, Nigg, 140, 142 108, 111, 116, 122, 126, 134, 140, Nijmegen, Peace of (1679), 14 147, 199, 209, 213, 229–30, 232, 237 Nikon, Metropolitan, 214, 218

Index 265

Nitschmann, Anna, 113 Paul, St, 151 Noailles, Cardinal Archbishop of Paris, Paul of the Cross, St, 45 29–30, 113 Paul, Vincent de, 51 non-Christian beliefs, 1, 46–7, 53, 120, Pavia, 199 160, 205, 209, 224 Pećs, 66 non-jurors, 236–7, 242 Peirce, James, 161 No¨rdlingen, 54 Pennsylvania, 24, 116, 122, 124 Northampton, 144 Peter III tsar of Russia, 223 Norway, 207, 209 Peter the Great, tsar of Russia, 81, 214, Novgorod, 222 218–22, Nuremberg, 54, 76, 107 PfaV, Christoph Matthaüs, 247 Nyitra, 66 Philadelphian Society, 91 Nystadt, Peace of, (1721), 205 Philipps, Sir John, 134, 136, 142 Physico-theologians, 129, 151–4, 172–3 Oberaargau, 126 Piarists, 66, 213, 238 Oberammergau, 68 Pietas Austriaca, 56–8, 193–5 occasional conformity, 11 Pietism, 73–4, 76–82, 85, 87, 100–101, Odhelius, Thore, 211 111, 118–19, 123, 125–6, 130, 172–3, Oels-Bernstadt, 93 175, 245, 247–9 Oesel, 121 Pietists, 20, 25, 77, 85, 88, 103, 208–9, Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph, 90 211, 246, 248–9 Oglethorpe, James Edward, 134 Pilgerruh, 117 Old Believers, 214, 218, 220 pilgrimages, 2, 49–50, 213, 231 Oliva, Treaty of, (1660), 212 Pistoia, 198–9 Orange family, 83–5, 128, 156 Pitt, William (the elder), 145 Oratorians, 149 Pius VI, pope, 68 Orleáns, Duc d’, Regent, 30 Pius VII, pope, 191 orphan houses, 80, 100, 119, 135, 183 Pius IX, 69 Orthodox churches, 67 Planck, GottlobJakob,184 Ossianism, 223 Plutarch, 147 O¨ stergren, Elias, 211 Poiret, Pierre, 15, 25–7, 87, 129 Ostervald, Friedrich, 87 Poland, 3, 5, 6, 55, 66, 92–3, 114, 119, Oxford, 36, 105, 132, 134, 208, 230 191, 292, 205–7, 212–17, 223 Polish Succession, War of, 205 Palatinate, 5, 15 Poliziano, Angiolo, 150 Palatines, 132 Poltava, 98, 205, 210 Pamiers, bishop of, 13 Pombal, Marquis of, 188, 190, 200 Papacy, 6, 8, 12–14, 30, 34, 37, 41, 69, Pomerania, 109 109, 111, 154, 166, 185–7, 191, 193, Pomponazzi, P. 150 195, 201, 204, 226–7, 229 Pordage, John, 90–91 Papal States, 3, 27, 34, 41–2, 188, 237 Port-Royal, 27–9 papal supremacy, 3 Portugal, 37–39, 156, 188–9, 200, 237–8 Paracelsianism, 24, 72, 89 Prague, 97, 190 Paraguay, 188 Prato, 198–9 Parhamer, Fr Ignaz, 63 preaching, 1 Paris, 22, 31–2, 113, 166–7, 170, 189 Prećipiano, Humbert de, archbishop of Paˆris, François de, 31 Malines, 33 Paris, Parlement of, 13, 28, 30, 189, Presbyterianism, 9, 140 227–9, 233 Presbyterians, 9, 87, 140, 145, 161, 225, Parker, Samuel, Bishop, 152 243–4 Parma, 189–90, 193–4, 200 Primitive Methodists, 47 Pascal, Blaise, 154 Prokopovic, Feofan, 218, 220, 222–3 Passau, 58, 63, 195–6 Promnitz family, 93, 99 Passionei, Cardinal, 7 Propaganda Fide, 43, 204, 238 Passionists, 42, 45–6 Protestant Orthodox, 71–2, 74, 77, 80, Passorowitz, Peace of (1718), 3 89–90, 94, 102, 110, 118–9, 126–7,

266 Index

131, 149, 151, 158, 172–3, 175, 183, 113n. 208, 246, 248 Reval, 119, 121 Protestant Orthodoxy, 8, 24, 26, 77–9, revivalism, 88–9, 91–6, 99, 105, 108, 110, 84–5, 87–9, 98–9, 100–104, 111, 117, 113, 115, 117–21, 124–6, 129–30, 122–3, 129, 134, 140, 145, 175, 134–5, 147, 195, 199, 209, 211, 226, 183–4, 205, 247, 249 233, 240, 243, 248 Prussia, 55, 62, 64, 80–81, 91, 94, 98, 101, revivals, 114–6, 123–4, 130, 139, 141, 145 109, 115–16, 118–19, 128, 160, 162, Rheinau, 59 171, 173, 181, 184, 191, 197, 207, Rhineland, 9, 15, 26, 68, 82, 84, 123, 129, 247, 249 225 Prussia, kings of, 7 Ricci, Scipione de’, 198–9 psycho-theology, 172 Richelieu, Cardinal de, 12, 28 Pufendorf, Samuel, 218 Riche´rism, 12, 30, 231 Pugh, Philip, 137 Riga, 120, 245 Puritanism, 26, 208, 242 Rights of Man, Declaration of, 236 Puritans, 72, 82, 88 Rijnsburg, 25 Pyrenees, Peace of the, 34 Rites and Ceremonies, Sacred Congregation of, 51 Quakers, 18, 21, 24, 90, 124, 128, 133, Robe, James, 142 154 Rock, J. F., 123–7 Quandt, Johann Christian, 120 Rogall, Georg Friedrich, 119 Quesnel, Pasquier, 29–30, 198 Romania, 202 Quietists, 13, 18–25, 27, 29, 79, 87, 166 Romsdal, 209 rosary, 46, 52, 213 radical Arndtians, 89, 91 Rosicrucianism, 24, 89 radical pietists, 77, 88, 98 Rostock, 101, 184 Rako´w, 217 Rothe, Richard, 114–5 Ramus, Petrus, 174 Rothenburg, 76 Ranters, 90 Rott am Inn, 60 rational orthodoxy, 87 Rotterdam, 159 Redemptorists, 42, 45–6, 48, 51–2, 68, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 169–71, 184 238 Rowland, Daniel, 136–9, 144 Reformation, 5, 46, 71, 76, 92, 97, 101–2, Rump Parliament, 217 109, 116, 144, 229, 231, 238 Russia, 3, 53, 81, 98–9, 119–20, 191, 202, Reformed churches, 5, 8, 9, 15, 18, 24, 59, 205–8, 212–5, 217–24, 226 64, 67, 74, 82–3, 85–7, 103, 111, 114, Russian Orthodox, 3, 207, 212, 214, 117, 125, 128, 130, 139–40, 143, 147, 217–24 149, 156, 159, 170, 181, 184, 216–7, Ruthenians, 215 243, 249–50 Ryswick, Peace of, 7, 17 regalian rights, 13, 28–9, 193, 236 Regensburg, 54, 62, 176 Saalfeld, 175 Reichskirche, 54–6, 69 Saar, 54 Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, 172, 174, Sacheverell, Henry, 132 177–8 Saint-Germain-des-Pre´s, 228 Reinbeck, Johann Gustav, 101 Saint-Me´dard, 31–2, 166 Reinhardt, Karl Friedrich, 184 Salcedo, Luis de, archbishop of Seville, 36 relics, 2 Salesians, 58 religious associations, 1 Salzburg, 6, 56, 58, 60–62, 64, 69, 82, 98, religious etablishments, 2, 5, 123, 139 105–110, 112, 115, 134, 185, 187, religious orders, 35, 37–9, 42–4, 55, 57, 195–6, 248 62, 69, 72, 187, 199, 228–9, 235, Sami, 209–10 238–9 Sankey, Ira David, 74 religious societies, 128, 130, 142, 145 Santander, 35 Remonstrants, 83, 156 Santiago de Compostela, 35 Renty, Marquis de, 25 Savannah, 109 Reuss-Ebersdorf, Count Henry XXIX of, Saxe-Gotha, 183

Index 267

Saxony, Elector of, 5, 77, 102 Knowledge (SPCK), 81, 94, 108, Saxony, Electorate of, 6, 24, 55, 64, 77–8, 133–4, 136, 208, 210, 248 91, 93, 99, 107, 112, 114–15, 118, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 127, 183, 205, 211, 247 (SPG), 133 SchaVhausen, 103–4, 124, 184 Socinians, 10, 154, 156 Schaitberger, Josef, 105–7, 111 Solothurn, 58 Schaumburg-Lippe, Countess of, 100, 133 Sophia, the divine, 89–91 ScheVer, Melchior, 113–14 Sorau, 101 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 90, Sorbs, 112 158, 184 Soria, 35 Schiller, J. C. F., 181 South Africa, 116 Schlegel, Johann Rudolph, 154, 171–2 Spain, 3, 8, 21, 34–7, 49, 50, 53, 55, 65, Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 176 189–90, 192–3, 237–8 Schmid, Georg, 126 Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, 117, 122, 134 Scho¨nborn family, 191 Spanish Succession, War of, 17, 62, 94, Scho¨nborn, Friedrich Karl von, 55–6, 69 127, 193 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 26 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 73–9, 81, 84–5, Schortinghuis, Wilhelmus, 130–31 87–8, 93, 101, 133, 149, 208, 217 Schrautenbach, Baron von, 225 Speyer, 55 Schumacher, Samuel, 87 Spinoza, Baruch Benedictus de, 150, Schurmann, Anna van, 84 156–60, 162–3, 165 Schwedler, Johann Christian, 99–100, spiritualists, 88–91 113–4 Spittler, Ludwig Timotheus, 184 Schweitzer, Albert, 178 Spizel, Gottlieb, 149, 153 Schwenkfeldians, 217 St Florian, 57 Scotland, 10, 20, 99, 130–31, 136, St Gallen, 59, 87, 103–4, 138–42, 159, 243–4 St Urban, 59 St-Cyran, 27–8 Seaforth family, 140 States-General, 235 Seckau, 63, 108 Sta¨udlin, Karl Friedrich, 184, 245 SeckendorV, Veit Ludwig von, 73 Steinmetz, Johann Adam, 96–7, 113, 119, Sedan, 125, 132 Segneri, Fr Paul, 43 Sterne, Laurence, 170 Sehlen, 114 StillingXeet, Edward, 160 seminaries, 36 Stockholm, 211 Semler, Johann Salomo, 174–6, 178, 183 Stolberg-Wernigerode, Count Christian Serbian Orthodox, 204 Ernst von, 117 Serbs, 204 Strasbourg, 68, 73–4, 234 Serra, 38 Strauss, David Friedrich, 178 Serre, J. de la, 153 Styria, 57, 98, 107–8, 110, 196 Seven Years War, 145, 183, 195, 225–6, Sunday schools, 243 231, 238–40, 244 Sundius, Johannes Nicolaus, 211 Seville, 35, 237 Surinam, 84 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, 3rd earl of, Sutherland, 140 163, 167 Swabia, 20, 109, 124, 126 Shakers, 20 Swedborg, Bishop, 210 Siberia, 207, 210, 221 Sweden, 3, 4, 7, 78, 94, 98–100, 105, 111, Sicily, 7, 189 116, 121, 205–8, 210–13, 215, 219 Siebenbu¨rgen, 62, 64, 111, 114, 160, 195, Swieten, G. van, 194 217 Swift, Jonathan, 167 Sienicki, Michael, 217 Switzerland, 2, 20, 53, 58–9, 82, 85–8, Silesia, 6, 18, 60–62, 78, 81, 90–97, 99, 101, 103–4, 108, 119, 125–6, 142, 108, 110, 112–15, 119, 173, 182, 191, 155, 184, 190, 225, 250 205, 213, 217, 247 Szatma´r, Peace of, (1711), 65 Society for Promoting Christian

268 Index

Tafuri, Diego, 57 Unitarianism, 64, 183, 217 Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 236 United Provinces, 8, 9, 10, 15, 18, 27, Tamburini, Pietro, 199 82–5, 90, 113, 117–8, 123, 130–31, Tauler, Johannes, 72, 134 140, 154–5, 160, 162, 167, 175, 210, Taylor, David, 145 217 Taylor, Jeremy, 88 Uppa bei Arensburg, 121 Teelinck, Willem, 82 Upper Austria, 61, 196 Tegernsee, 58 Upper Lusatia, 24, 97, 100, 110, 112, 115 Tersteegen, Gerhard, 1, 25–6, 128–30, Uppsala, 212 134, 173 Urals, 221 Teschen, 92, 95–9, 113 Urbs, 120 Tessin, 58 Urlsperger, Johann August, 248 Theatines, 41, 58, 238 Urlsperger, Samuel, 82, 108, 248 Thirty Years War, 3, 4, 8, 43, 55, 58, 65, Ursulines, 238 73, 75, 91–2, 96, 111, 114, 149, 213, Utrecht, 84–5 238 Utrecht, ’little’ church of, 33 Thirty-nine Articles, 138, 226 Utrecht, Peace of, 7, 29, 155 Thomasius, Christian, 78, 192, 247 Thorn, 215–16 Valence, 68 Thuringia, 175 Valencia, 35 Tibet, 116 Valladolid, 35 Tindal, Matthew, 162–5 Vaud, 87, 125 Tobolsk, 99 Vaugirault, Mgr de, 232 Todorskij, Archimandrite Simon, 222 Vendeé, La, 236 Toland, John, 162–3 veneration of saints, 2 Toledo, 35 Venice, 3, 34, 41, 49, 61, 81 Toleration Act (1689), 10, 11, 145, 161, Versailles, 234 242 Vienna, 3, 56–8, 61, 65, 68, 97, 177, 188, Toleration, Patent of, (1781), 62, 64, 107, 190, 197–200, 213, 245 110–11, 146, 197 Vilna, 214 Tranquebar, 81, 99, 133, 209–10 Vincent, Isabeau, 17 Transylvania, 6, 64 Virgin Mary, 3, 44, 46, 49, 51–2, 66, 199, Trent, Council of, 2, 31, 43, 48, 52, 53, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216, 219, 233, 185–6, 197, 233 237 Trevecca, 137 Virginia, 225 Trier, 54, 55, 186–7 Voetius, Gisbertius, 84–5, 148–50 Trinitarian controversy, 161 Volder, Burcher de, 151 Trondheim, 209 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 166–8, True Christianity, 26, 72, 129 181, 184 Tu¨bingen, 127, 184, 209, 247 Turin, 188 Wagner, Friedrich, 101 Turks, 3, 7, 34, 45, 52, 56–98, 60, 64–6, Wake, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 75, 112, 193, 202–4, 212–13, 233, 29–30, 87, 135, 239–40 238 Waldeck, 101 Turretini, François, 87 Wales, 132–3, 136–40, 143, 145 Tuscany, 41, 47, 194–5, 198–9 Wallachia, 202 Tyrol, 110 Walpole, Sir Robert, 132, 134–5, 139, 143–4, 162, 164, 240 Ukraine, 205, 212, 214, 221, 223 Warsaw, 212, 216 Ulm, 76, 108 Warsaw, Treaty of (1717), 215 Ulster, 139 Waterland, Daniel, 161 Undereyck, Theodor, 85–7 Watteville, Friedrich von, 126 Uniats, 67, 204, 212–13, 215, 218, 238 Watts, Isaac, 143 Uniformity, Act of, (1662), 9 Weener, 130 Unigenitus, Bull, 29–33, 198, 227 Weigelianism, 24 Union with Scotland (1707), 139, 244 Wemding, 54

Index 269

Wends, 112, 115 Witt, Jan de, 156 Werenfels, Samuel, 87 Wittenberg, 101, 112, Wesley family, 132 Wittgenstein, 123 Wesley, Charles, 134, 143 Wolfenbu¨ttel, 101, 177 Wesley, John, 1, 18, 23, 25, 31, 105, 109, WolV, Christian, 101, 173–4, 177, 181–2, 123, 128, 130, 132–5, 138–9, 142–5, 186, 192 148, 153, 176, 210–11, 226, 241, 243, Wo¨llner, Johann Christian von, 176, 179, 248 247, 249 Wesley, Samuel, senior, 132, 134 Wolmershof, 120 Wesley, Susanna, 132 Wrangel, Carl Magnus von, 210, 248 West Indies, 116, 188 Wreech, Curt Friedrich von, 99 Westen, Thomas von, 209–10 Wu¨rttemberg, 5, 54, 111, 125–8, 184, Westminster Confession, 139, 244 245–6, 248 Westphalia, Peace of, 4, 5, 6–7, 20, 34, 55, Wu¨rzburg, 54–5, 69, 191 62, 91, 93, 108, 116, 212, 245 Wetterau, 18, 24, 91, 116, 122–4, 126 Yorkshire, 143 Whiston, William, 163, 175 Ysenburg, 126 WhiteWeld, George, 105, 131, 135, 137–8, 164, 225 Zauchtental, 97, 114 Wiener Neustadt, 61 Ziegenhagen, Friedrich Michael, 82, 133, William III, king of England, 10–11, 132, 135 162 Zinzendorf, Count N. L. von, 25, 29, 77, Williams, William, of Pantycelyn, 137, 139 98, 100, 112–18, 121–5, 127, 130, Winchester, 36, 243 135, 138, 143, 208, 210–11, 225 witchcraft, 49, 53–4, 67, 73, 105, 137, Zittau, 115 147–8, 217 Zurich, 65, 87, 103–4, 124, 184, 225