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France and the Struggle to Overcome the Cold War Order, 1963-1968

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France and the Struggle to Overcome the Cold War Order, 1963-1968 Untying the Gaullian Knot: France and the Struggle to Overcome the Cold War Order, 1963-1968 Garret Joseph Martin London School of Economics and Political Science PhD International History / UMI Number: U221606 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U221606 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract On 14 January 1963, French President General Charles de Gaulle shook the Western world. During a press conference, he announced that France was not only vetoing the British application to join the European Economic Community, but that it was also rejecting US President John F. Kennedy’s proposal to integrate the French nuclear force defrappe into the Multilateral Force. In the aftermath of the Algerian War, De Gaulle’s spectacular double non was meant to signal the shift to a more ambitious diplomatic agenda, which centred on the twin aims of recapturing France’s Great Power status, and striving to overcome the Cold War bipolar order. In the next five years, France placed itself at the forefront of international affairs through a series of bold initiatives that affected all areas of the world. Yet, by the summer 1968, the General’s grand design was effectively in ruins, following a series of domestic and international setbacks. Despite the fact that there is vast literature on the subject, there are still important divisions when it comes to assessing the exact intentions of the French President. Was he primarily pursuing revisionist goals, or was he in fact more interested by traditional Great Power interests? Was De Gaulle anti-American? This dissertation aims to present a more nuanced picture of French foreign policy between 1963 and 1968. It will attempt, thanks to its multi-archival and multi-national research, to place Paris’ actions in a more international context. It will further argue that the General’s grand design is best understood by underlining the role of linkages, which is to say by systematically studying the interactions between the various policy spheres, rather than considering them in isolation. 2 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................. p.2 Acknowledgements...............................................................................................p.4 List of Abbreviations.............................................................................................p.6 Introduction:..........................................................................................................p.7 Part I: The Quest for Great Power Status, 1963-1965 .....................................pp. 23-134 Chapter 1: All (not so) Quiet on the Western Front.............................................p.24 Chapter 2: The Long Road to Moscow ................................................................p.71 Chapter 3: A “Shining Light” for the World? ......................................................p. 105 Part II: The Rise and Fall of the Gaullist Project, 1966-1968 ........................pp.135-261 Chapter 4: 1966, Gaullist Zenith ...........................................................................p. 136 Chapter 5: Illusion of Independence Part 1, January-June1967 ........................... p. 178 Chapter 6: Illusion of Independence Part 2, July-December1967 ........................p.207 Chapter 7: The Fall, January-August 1968 .......................................................... p.236 Conclusion......................................... ....................................................................p.262 Bibliography ......................................................................................................... p.272 Annexes .................................................................................................................p.288 3 Acknowledgements In the course of completing this project, I have accumulated a number of debts. To begin with, this work was supported by a generous three year scholarship from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, as well as various research studentships from the International History Department of the London School of Economics and Political Science. I would also like to thank the archivists and staff of the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris; the Archives Nationales, Paris; and the Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, Paris; The National Archives, Kew; the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston; the Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin; and the US National Archives II at College Park, Maryland for their assistance during my research visits. In particular, Will and Sarah of the LBJ Library went beyond the call of duty, and made sure that a lonely researcher enjoyed a memorable birthday in Austin! In the last four years, I have been very lucky to be a part of the exciting and dynamic International History Department of the LSE. The staff, Mrs Carol Toms, Nayna Bhatti, and Ms Sue Collier made sure that the whole process went smoothly, and consistently provided great assistance. Similarly, the faculty, especially Drs Nigel Ashton, Antony Best, Steve Casey, David Easter, and Kristina Spohr Readman, were always extremely amicable and ready to give useful advice. Last but not least, I greatly benefited from working in the stimulating, and never dull, Cold War Studies Centre. A special thank goes to the staff, the co-directors Profs Michael Cox and Odd Arne Westad, the managing director Dr Svetozar Rajak, and the other assistants, Lisa Aronsson, Elizabeth Benning, Jeff Byme, Martin Gonzalez, Tanya Harmer, Robert Kelley, and Louise Woodroofe. I am also grateful to the Editorial Board of the journal Cold War History, for giving me the opportunity to act as a co-Managing Editor for several years. During my time as a visiting research student at The George Washington University, Professor Jim Goldgeier and Vedrana Hadzialic helped provide a welcoming surrounding for me in the Institute for European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies. I will always be grateful to Ms. 4 Clara Montanez and her daughters for opening their home to me during my stay in Washington, DC and for making me feel part of the family. More recently, I was very privileged to spend three months as a visiting teaching assistant at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The staff of the History Department, the faculty, especially Professors Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Kenneth Moure, Salim Yaqub, and the graduate students Toshihiko Aono, Joe Campo, George Fujii, Sarah Griffiths, John Sbardellati, and David Schuster, helped me to feel at home in this wonderful school. I must also extend my gratitude to Richard Polichetti, his children, and Prof Ann Plane for being such great hosts in Goleta, CA. I can not think of a better place for dealing with the final arduous months of the dissertation. Throughout the editing process, Louise Woodroofe offered her unwavering encouragement, and kindly reviewed large sections of my dissertation. I cannot thank her enough for proof reading (and for being such a wonderful girlfriend as well!). Various sections of this dissertation were also read by Elizabeth Benning, Dr James Ellison, Tanya Harmer, Dr Helen Parr, Gil-li Vardi, and Dr Alex Wieland. All were very generous with their comments and feedback. However, without a doubt, my greatest academic debt is to my supervisor, Dr. Piers Ludlow, whose unstinting support and encouragement of my work over the past years has been tremendous. I also need to mention his very distinctive sense of humour (thank god for track changes!), which came in handy during the difficult and soul-searching moments! Any errors of fact or interpretation are, of course, my own. Last and certainly not least, I would like to thank my parents, John and Jacqueline Martin, and my siblings, Neil and Eimear, without whom none of this would have been possible. Ni minic a bhionn an seans againn a chur in iul an meid ghra a bhjuil againn lenar n-ansachtai. It is therefore to them that I humbly dedicate this work. 5 List of Abbreviations ANF: Archives Nationales Frangaises ASP: American Selling Price CAP: Common Agricultural Policy CDU: Christian Democratic Union COMECON: Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CRU: Collective Reserve Unit DDF: Documents Diplomatiques Frangais DF: Documentation Frangaise DPC: Defence Planning Committee EEC: European Economic Community FFA: Forces Frangaises d ’Allemagne FNSP: Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques FO: Foreign Office FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States series G10: Group of Ten GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GNI: Gross National Income ICBM: Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles ICC: International Control Commission IMF: International Monetary Fund LBJL: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library MAEF: Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres Frangais MLF: Multilateral Force NAC: North Atlantic Council NARA: National Archives Record Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NDAC:
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