Layered Histories Palimpsestes

43e congrès de la Société pour 43rd Conference of the Society for the Layered Histories l’étude de l’architecture au Canada Study of Architecture in Canada le 24 au 27 mai, 2017 May 24–27, 2017 Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario Palimpsestes The SSAC 2017 Organizing Committee (Candace Iron and Jessica Mace) would like to thank our sponsors and partners:

The Canada Research Chair in Urban Heritage, UQAM Métis Nation of Ontario The Niagara Historical Society and Museum Parks Canada | Parcs Canada St Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, Niagara-on-the-Lake Willowbank School and Centre

We would also like to thank the following individuals for their help and contributions to the success of the 2017 conference:

Marsha Depotier!! ! ! Nicolas Miquelon Kristie Dubé!! ! ! ! Lucie K. Morisset Hilary Grant!! ! ! ! Luc Noppen Irene Halliday!! ! ! ! Loryssa Quattrociocchi Claude Lalonde!! ! ! Malcolm Thurlby

Primary Venues

The Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre 247 Ricardo Street Niagara-on-the-Lake , Ontario L0S 1J0 Events held here: All paper sessions and roundtables Navy Hall 305 Ricardo Street Niagara-on-the-Lake , Ontario L0S 1J0 Events held here: AGM and Martin-Eli-Weil Prize Ravine Vineyard Estate Winery 1366 York Road St David's , Ontario L0S 1P0 Events held here: Banquet St Andrew's Presbyterian Church 323 Simcoe Street Niagara-on-the-Lake , Ontario L0S 1J0 Events held here: Keynote lecture Willowbank | Laura Secord School 5 Walnut Street Queenston , Ontario L0S 1L0 Events held here: Opening reception and Phyllis Lambert Prize 43rd Annual Conference | 43e Congrès annuel SSAC NIAGARA-ON-THE-LAKE SÉAC 24 au 27 mai 2017 | May 24–27, 2017 LAYERED HISTORIES | PALIMPSESTES

Table of Contents | Table des matières

Abstracts | Résumés 6! Colonial Entanglements and Decolonizing Strategies 9! Roundtable on Modernism ! The Economies of Architecture | Les économies en architecture 11! Canadian Identities: 150 Years of Nation Building(s) | Les identités canadiennes : 150 ans de bâtir ! la nation 13! Requaliﬁcation: documenting a new history of heritage | La requaliﬁcation : documenter une ! nouvelle histoire du patrimoine 16! Canadian Identities: 150 Years of Nation Building(s) II | Les identités canadiennes : 150 ans de ! bâtir la nation II 18! Current Research I | Recherches actuelles I 19! Religious Architecture in Canada I | L’architecture religieuse au Canada I 21! On Current Indigenous Architecture and Planning: Cultural Cues and Placemaking | ! L’architecture et l’urbanisme autochtones présents et futurs — L’aménagement et les indices ! culturels 24! Religious Architecture in Canada II | L’architecture religieuse au Canada II 25! Current Research II | Recherches actuelles II 27! Religious Architecture in Canada III | L’architecture religieuse au Canada III 28! Current Research III | Recherches actuelles III 30! Religious Architecture in Canada IV | L’architecture religieuse au Canada IV 32! Current Research IV | Recherches actuelles IV 33! Alternative Modernities | Modernités alternatives

36! Map and list of restaurants | Carte et liste de restaurants Wednesday, May 24 | mercredi, le 24 mai

14:00–15:30! Tour | Fort George National Historic Site/Lieu historique national du Canada

15:30–18:30! Free time | Temps libre 18:30, 18:50 ! Shuttles | Navettes : Niagara-on-the-Lake Bus Parking, 40 Queen's Parade

!!Willowbank Laura Secord School, 5 Walnut Street, Queenston 18:30–19:00! Registration 19:00–20:30! Opening Reception | Cocktail inaugural 20:30–21:00! Phyllis Lambert Prize | Prix Phyllis Lambert

21:20, 21:40! Shuttles to Niagara-on-the-Lake | Navettes à Niagara-on-the-Lake

Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai

The Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre, 247 Ricardo Street 8:30–9:00 ! Registration | Inscription

9:00–10:30! Colonial Entanglements and Decolonizing Strategies The Studio! !!Métis Domestic Thresholds and the Politics of Imposed Privacy ‣ DANI KASTELEIN, JASON SURKAN !!Unsettling Canadian Modernism: Decolonizing Narratives of Modernist Architectural History ‣ REBECCA LEMIRE !!Treaty Land, Global Stories: Designing an Inclusive Curriculum ‣ SAMUEL GANTON, AMINA LALOR, PANIZ MOAYERI pp.6–8

Walker Room! Roundtable on Modernism p.8

10:30–11:00! Break | Pause

11:00–12:30! The Economies of Architecture | Les économies en architecture The Studio !!Canvasing the Window and Door Caps ‣ GREGORY MACNEIL !!Passenger spending in the terminal: designing spaces for consumption in contemporary Canadian !!international airports ‣ MENNO HUBREGSTE !!The Architectural Economy of Reform: Notes around the Newfoundland Hotel, !1928-1983 ‣ DUSTIN VALEN! pp.9–11

Walker Room! Canadian Identities: 150 Years of Nation Building(s) I | Les identités canadiennes : !!150 ans de bâtir la nation I !!100 Wellington ‣ MEGHAN HO !!Révisionnisme au passé composé: les reconstructions et le patrimoine fédéral ‣ NICOLAS MIQUELON pp.11–13

Navy Hall, 305 Ricardo Street 12:30–14:30! Lunch (included) and Annual General Meeting | Lunch (offert) et Assemblée Annuelle Générale

2 14:30–15:00! Martin Eli Weil Prize | Prix Martin Eli Weil

The Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre, 247 Ricardo Street 15:00–15:30! Break | Pause

15:30–17:00 ! Requalification: documenting a new history of heritage | La requalification : The Studio! documenter une nouvelle histoire du patrimoine !! !!L’église Saint-Jacques de Montréal et la construction de l’UQAM : une requalification novatrice !!(1971-1979) ‣ MARTIN DROUIN !!A City of Homes Reused: Mirvish Village and the Conservation of Historic Use ‣ ALEXIS COHEN !!Toronto’s Gay Village: Built-form as Container for Social Heritage ‣ PANIZ MOAYERI pp.13–15

Walker Room! Canadian Identities: 150 Years of Nation Building(s) II | Les identités canadiennes : !!150 ans de bâtir la nation II !! !!A Century of Mosques Spaces in Canada ‣ TAMMY GABER !!As Found Domino ‣ JOEY GIAMO, MITCHELL MAY !!The Collaborative Ideal: Architectural Sculpture in Toronto, 1930-1950 ‣ NICHOLAS THOMPSON pp.15–17

17:00–19:00 ! Free time | Temps libre

St Andrew’s Presbyterian Church, 323 Simcoe Street 19:00–20:30! Keynote : The Rich Architectural Heritage of Niagara Region Churches! ‣ MALCOLM THURLBY!! !

The Olde Angel Inn, 224 Regent Street 21:00!! Pub Night for Students and Young Researchers | Soirée au pub pour les étudiants et jeunes chercheurs

Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai

The Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre, 247 Ricardo Street 9:00–10:30! Current Research I | Recherches actuelles I !!The Studio! The Stabilization of Neighbourhoods as an Accidental Effect of Over-Cladding ‣ GREGORY MACNEIL !!Les théâtres de style « atmosphérique » : l’exemple du théâtre de Port Hope (Ontario), récemment !!recommandé par la CLMHC à titre de lieu historique national du Canada ‣ CHRISTINE BOUCHER !!“Another Step Towards Progress": Explanations of commonplace buildings ubiquitous to !! !!mid-twentieth-century Canadian cities ‣ TANIA MARTIN pp.18–19

Walker Room! Religious Architecture in Canada I | L’architecture religieuse au !Canada I !!

3 !!“Correct Style:” Ecclesiological Views on Church Architecture, Furnishings, and Worship in the !!Anglican Diocese of Toronto, 1849-1850 ‣ PAUL CHRISTIANSON !!Charles Baillairgé's interpretation of the gothic at the church of La Nativité, in Beauport, Quebec ‣ MARC GRIGNON !!A.W.N. Pugin’s Inﬂuence on the Religious Architecture of Montréal’s Catholic Dioces (1850-1875) ‣ LUC NOPPEN pp.19–21

10:30–11:00! Break | Pause

11:00–12:30! On Current Indigenous Architecture and Planning: Cultural Cues and Placemaking | The Studio! L’architecture et l’urbanisme autochtones présents et futurs — !L’aménagement et !!les indices culturels !!Les nouveaux lieux de transmission des savoirs Inuits ‣ MARIE-JOSÉE THERRIEN !!Grand River Employment and Training Center – Ohsweken, ON ‣ JAMES GOLDIE !!Construire en territoire Inuit ‣ MARC BLOUIN pp.21–23

Walker Room ! Religious Architecture in Canada II | L’architecture religieuse au Canada II !!Minority Immigrant Narratives: Diverse Identities in Saskatchewan Church Building ‣ KRISTIE DUBÉ !!Vines, Gates, and Temples: Using Cemeteries to Understand Mormonism in Canada ‣ BROOKE KATHLEEN BRASSARD !!Gordon W. Lloyd (1832-1904): the Canadian Churches of Detroit’s Architect ‣ LORYSSA QUATTROCIOCCHI pp.24–25

12:30–13:30! Lunch (included) | Lunch (offert)

13:30–15:00 ! Current Research II | Recherches actuelles II !!The Studio! La Maison montréalaise: A Fusion of French and British Architecture and Building ‣ JAMES MADDIGAN !!Curating Taste in Canadian Homes and Gardens: Minerva Elliot’s Decorating Advice, 1925-40 ‣ NICOLA KRANTZ !!Exhibiting the Ark: Design and Analysis ‣ STEVEN MANNELL pp.25–26

Walker Room! Religious Architecture in Canada III | L’architecture religieuse au Canada III !! !!Diaspora, Nostalgia, Invention: Sharif Senbel’s British Columbia Mosques ‣ JAMIE SCOTT !!St. Ignatius of Loyola Parish at 100 ‣ NICOLA PEZOLET !!Byzantine in Ottawa | Dominion-Chalmers United Church ‣ NATALIE ANDERSON RATHWELL pp.27–28

15:00–15:30! Break | Pause

15:30–17:00 ! Current Research III | Recherches actuelles III

4 The Studio !!! Frank Darling and His Legacy ‣ DAVID WINTERTON !!Visiting the Global Village: The International Broadcasting Centre at Expo ‘67 ‣ MICHAEL WINDOVER !!Uncalled-for Severity: Thomas Young and Goderich ‣ ANTHONY HOPKINS pp.28–29

Walker Room! Religious Architecture in Canada IV | L’architecture religieuse au Canada IV !! !!St John’s Anglican Church Jordan, ON ‣ ALANA DUGGAN !!Filling the Empty Vessel: The Anglicans and the Inuit in Nineteenth-Century Labrador ‣ PETER COFFMAN !!"Correct" fonts for Gothic Revival Churches in New Brunswick and Upper and Lower Canada ‣ MALCOLM THURLBY pp.30–31

18:00! ! Shuttle to Banquet | Navette au banquet : Niagara-on-the-Lake Bus Parking, 40 Queen's Parade

Ravine Estate Winery, 1366 York Road, St David’s 19:00–22:00! Banquet

22:30! ! Shuttle to Niagara-on-the-Lake | Navette à Niagara-on-the-Lake

Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai

The Niagara Pumphouse Arts Centre, 247 Ricardo Street 9:30–10:30! Current Research IV | Recherches actuelles IV Walker Room! !!“‘All the ‘pretty things’ and ‘jolly bits’”: Gothic eclecticism in late-nineteenth-century Toronto houses ‣ JESSICA MACE !!aka The Women’s Centre: Architecture as alias in Milton Park, Montreal ‣ TANYA SOUTHCOTT pp.32–33

10:30–11:00! Break | Pause

11:00–12:30! Alternative Modernities | Modernités alternatives Walker Room! !!Automatic Narratives: Life on Post-Industrial Land ‣ THOMAS PROVOST !!Re-Envisioning Modernity: Transformations of Postwar Suburban Landscapes ‣ SHANNON CLAYTON !!The Scarborough Guild of the Arts: An Alternative History ‣ BOJANA VIDEKANIC pp.33–35

12:30–14:00 ! Free time | Temps libre

14:00–16:00 ! Tour | Architectural walking tour of Niagara-on-the-Lake/Visite à pied de l'architecture de !!Niagara-on-the-Lake : 43 Castlereagh Street, Niagara-on-the-Lake

5 historians contribute to projects of Abstracts | decolonization and social responsibility in productive ways, without appropriating the cultures and efforts of Indigenous peoples in Résumés these fields? In what ways can architectural history and complex historic sites benefit from Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, the concept of decolonization? This session will explore Canadian architecture in the (post) le 25 mai colonial context, thinking through the ways that architecture has been used to further colonization and examining what decolonization Colonial Entanglements can mean in the fields of architecture, history, and Decolonizing and theory today. Strategies Métis Domestic Thresholds and the Session Chairs | Présidents : Politics of Imposed Privacy Magdalena Milosz, McGill University; Dani Kastelein, Laurentian University; Tak Pham, Independent Scholar; Jason Surkan, Laurentian University Emily Turner, University of Edinburgh 9:00–9:20 9:00–10:30 Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai The Studio The Studio The blurring of the private and public realms Session abstract/Résumé de la séance : As a marker within the Métis home is a concept intrinsic to within territory, architecture stakes a claim over understanding the historical underpinnings of the that territory on behalf of those who design and culture. It is well documented that one of the build. In Canada, this dynamic inscribed colonial defining characteristics of Métis folk homes in powers onto the land in the wake of Indigenous 19th century Saskatchewan was an open interior dispossession, and this architecture is often floor plan.1 2 Not only did this type of design celebrated as reflective of settler nationhood. Yet provide flexibility due to its ample interior but it other architectures also emerge out of this also allowed for expedient construction, colonial past: those specifically constructed to ‘warmth, low building cost, possibilities for further Canada’s attempts to assimilate First expansion,’ and a crucial means to accommodate Nations, Inuit and Métis communities into the various community interactions, with the home dominant culture. In June 2016, the Truth and often doubling as a dance hall, a funeral parlour, a Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada social or political gathering space, and a forum released 94 Calls to Action to redress the legacy for interaction between immediate family of residential schools and the state’s long history members.3 For the Métis, partition walls would of other oppressive practices against Indigenous have impeded the opportunity for such large peoples. The TRC did not, however, comment on gatherings, acting as both a physical and architecture and design, yet these practices have metaphorical barrier to the sense of connection undoubtedly played a significant role in the and community. As asserted by Diane Payment, settler-Indigenous relationship. How can [the Métis family] “valued the primacy of architecture, as a discipline, become re- collectivity over the individual” and were “guided indigenized and more equitable? How can non- by principles of unity.”4 Furthermore, David indigenous architects, designers, and architectural Burley documents the public/private dichotomy

6 within Métis culture, stating that formality and Unsettling Canadian Modernism: privacy are not encountered within the home Decolonizing Narratives of Modernist but rather there exists a ‘lack of boundedness’ Architectural History expressed within the range of activities occurring Rebecca Lemire, Concordia University in the space.5 It is for these reasons that crossing 9:20–9:40 the threshold into the Métis domestic interior Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai has been described as closer to the Plains teepee The Studio than that of the standard prairie farmhouse. In her 2010 publication Unsettling the Settler Yet by the time the government(s) acknowledged Within: Indian Residential Schools, Truth Telling, and their responsibility for providing housing to Reconciliation in Canada, Paulette Regan defines certain Métis communities across the prairies, a the settler inability to comprehend Indigenous standard and compartmentalized interior quickly knowledge as the space of “not knowing”1 and became the norm, dissolving the capacity for the suggests that the settler scholar harness this as Métis home to preserve its role as an inherently part of a decolonial stance that moves beyond social space for communal forms of habitation mere reflexivity or passive empathy into an and interaction. Similar to housing programs actively vulnerable and unsettled realm.2 She imposed on other Canadian indigenous outlines what she refers to as an communities with communal domestic social “unsettling pedagogy” that does not simply arrangements (the igloo, the teepee, etc.), a reveal Indigenous truths and histories, but is critical shift in Métis social relations ensued. This “transformative,”3 in reference to Taiaiake essay will postulate the role of imposed privacy Alfred’s outlining of Indigenous learning methods. in the breakdown of Métis social systems in the 4 This paper asks how these methodologies can Canadian prairies and how this arguably be applied to revising the history of modernist contributed to an accelerated pace of cultural architecture in Canada. Such histories are assimilation during the 20th century. replete with narratives of non-Indigenous architects appropriating Indigenous design tenets 1 David V. Burley, "Creolization and late nineteenth century Métis and forms, told by architectural historians vernacular log architecture on the South Saskatchewan River." Historical Archaeology 34, no. 3 (2000): p.29. speaking from primitivizing angles that have 2 David V. Burley, and Gayel A. Horsfall. "Vernacular houses and ultimately denied Indigenous agency within the farmsteads of the Canadian Metis." Journal of Cultural Geography 10, no. 1 (1989): p. 25. modernist discourse. The architectural history of 3 3514 Pembina Highway McDougall House, City of Winnipeg Arthur Erickson (arguably Canada’s most Historical Buildings Committee,(1988): p. 4 celebrated modernist architect), is one 4 Diane Payment “The Free People - Otipemisiwak”: Batoche, Saskatchewarn, 1870-1930 (Ottawa: Canadian Parks Service, such example. How can both Indigenous and (1990), p. 38. settler architects work to unsettle and 5 David V. Burley, "Creolization and late nineteenth century Métis vernacular log architecture on the South Saskatchewan River." problematize such narratives? Drawing from the Historical Archaeology 34, no. 3 (2000): p.35. work of seminal Indigenous scholars such as Linda Tuhiwai Smith and Shawn Wilson, this paper reiterates that it is not enough to merely recognize the significant contributions made by Indigenous architects and artists, but to ask how this research can benefit Indigenous communities today, and not just the scholars who study them.

1 Paulette Regan. Unsettling the Settler Within: Indian Residential Schools, Truth Telling, and Reconciliation in Canada. (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010) 41.

7 2 Ibid., 51. by interdisciplinary collaboration within 3 Ibid., 52. universities as well as by sharing of resources 4 Ibid. and expertise between different schools of architecture. Treaty Land, Global Stories: Designing Architecture schools in Canada must begin to an Inclusive Curriculum Samuel Ganton, University of Waterloo; dismantle the colonial structures that bind us. Amina Lalor, University of Waterloo Only then can we redefine the future of Paniz Moayeri, University of Waterloo architectural practice. 9:40–10:00 Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai The Studio Roundtable on To change the way we build, we must first change Modernism the way we learn to build. Historically, Session Chair | Président : architecture has played a significant role in Rhodri Windsor-Liscombe, University of British asserting settler colonial power over Indigenous Columbia peoples. These entrenched colonial structures persist, now affecting not only Indigenous Speakers | Conférenciers : peoples, but also new immigrants and the Isabelle J. Gournay, University of Maryland; perspectives they carry. At the University of Serena Keshavjee, University of Winnipeg; Waterloo School of Architecture (UWSA) our Michael McClelland, ERA Architects; education is built on a foundation of cultural Dustin Valen, McGill University history. However, amid a culturally diverse Michael Windover, Carleton University student body and with traditional Indigenous territory underfoot, Eurocentric precedents, 9:00–10:30 practices, and world-views remain dominant. It is Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai evident that other design schools face similar The Walker Room challenges. Looking beyond diversifying only the content we The purpose of the Roundtable is to use the study and shifting away from Eurocentric recently published "Canada. Modern perspectives, ‘Treaty Lands, Global Stories’ is a Architectures in History" as the foundation for student-led initiative formed at UWSA. Our discussing the palimpsest of Canadian research aims to address how to design a more architectural history, and more widely of future inclusive architectural curriculum, avoiding directions in its study together with of the tokenism and appropriation, with an awareness modern movements in design. In particular the that it is not possible to cover all cultures and de- and re-generation of modernism, means to histories. This paper proposes potential correct the ongoing side-lining of Canadian methodologies for designing a curriculum architectural production in the international through case studies of current approaches literature and the future of its historiography. within educational institutions. Initial research suggests that changes must be implemented incrementally through both short and long-term strategies. These strategies must be established through collaborative input from both students and faculty members. Efforts can be strengthened

8 The Economies of sens à travers l’histoire et à plusieurs échelles; de villes et bâtiments à main-d’œuvre et matériaux. Architecture | Les Cette séance invite les auteurs de soumissions à économies en réfléchir aux économies en architecture, sur des échelles macro- et microéconomiques, et durant architecture toute la vie des bâtiments, de la construction à Session Chair | Président : l’entretien en passant par la (ré)utilisation. Elle Dustin Valen, McGill University vise notamment à ce que les participants 11:00–12:30 explorent comment l’économie peut être un Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai domaine utile pour les études architecturales, y The Studio compris et en plus de son discours financier. Par exemple, les soumissions pourraient aborder : Session Abstract: Economy—from the Greek l’agence des systèmes financiers en étudiant oikois (home) and nemein (manage)—has held l’effet des tendances d’essor et de récession sur diverse meanings throughout history, and at la culture de construction, les insolvabilités multiple scales; from cities and buildings, to financières et la vie après la mort des bâtiments, labour and materials. This session invites papers l’architecture des banques, l’application de la to reflect on the economies of architecture, both modélisation des bénéfices dans le cadre du at the macro- and microeconomic scales, and processus de développement, la publicité et throughout the life of buildings, from l’environnement bâti, l’économie politique à construction to maintenance, and (re)use. In l’échelle nationale, la montée de l’architecte- particular, it asks scholars to explore how promoteur, les pratiques spécifiques à la economy can be a productive category for construction, aux matériaux et à la main- architectural research, including and in addition d’œuvre. Les soumissions peuvent avoir une to its financial discourse. For example, papers portée historique ou contemporaine et might address the agency of financial systems by s’adresser à un éventail de disciplines et de studying the effect of recessionary and boom médias. Des chercheurs d’autres disciplines dont trends on building culture; financial insolvencies les travaux portent sur des questions de and the afterlife of buildings; the architecture of production, de distribution, d’échange ou de banks; the use of profit modelling as part of the consommation qui pourraient être liées à design process; advertising and the built l’environnement bâti au Canada sont également environment; political economy at the domestic encouragés à y participer. scale; the rise of the architect-developer; or specific building, material, and labour practices. Canvasing the Window and Door Caps Papers may be historical and contemporary in Gregory MacNeil, Jerry MacNeil Architects Ltd scope and could address a range of disciplines 11:00–11:30 and media. Scholars from other disciplines whose Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai work engages in questions of production, The Studio distribution, exchange, or consumption as they might relate to the built environment in Canada The sails that converted the prevailing winds of are also encouraged to participate. Atlantic Canada into a force of propulsion for both small inshore fishing boats and larger offshore schooners were economically fashioned from a strong, coarse, unbleached cloth made Résumé de la séance : L’économie — du grec from hemp, flax, or a similar yarn. oikois (maison) et nemein (gérer) — a eu divers

9 To the once prosperous east coast communities and consumption. These buildings, which are and fishing fleets canvas was more than the designed to move passengers from the curb to material from which their sails were the plane, contain numerous shops, cafes, and constructed. It was used for roof surfaces of very restaurants since airports recoup the majority of slight pitch subjected to severe weather, lining their costs via passenger spending. Many valleys and gutters, for window and door terminals were remodeled as shopping spaces flashings and for such places as floors of during the 1980s when airports around the kitchens, laundries, porches and for canvassing world were privatized. During the 1990s, plaster walls. The earlier fishing and wooden ship international airports in Canada were building industries provided a canvas testing transferred from Transport Canada’s control to ground and a confidence in the use of the local privately managed groups. In this paper, I material. examine how airports such as Vancouver’s YVR Canvas is light in weight, easy to lay, durable, and Toronto Pearson International were clean and resistant to decay. It will not crack like remodeled after being privatized and how sheet metal or tear like felt. A coat of linseed oil planners designed their terminals as consumer paint can easily recondition it. The flexibility of spaces. I consider how their interiors are canvas made it suitable for the decks of boats, designed to direct passengers along routes lined roofing railway cars, and the covering of early with consumption opportunities and how aircraft, all subject to vibration in use. planners install other cues such as artworks Unlike the roll formed metal and plastic sheet which they believe will stimulate passenger goods that replaced it as a building material on spending. While my paper concentrates on design traditional buildings canvas does not require strategies intended to draw passengers towards annealing, descaling, brake forming, roll forming or through consumer spaces, it also considers or thermal forming. Canvas it is not subject to the placement of advertisements in the terminal. thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, For instance, I discuss how architects, who at corrosion, electrolytic action, and is compatible times disagree with those in charge of the with most materials. The basic ingredients of airport’s commerce, try to limit the number and canvas are sustainable materials in their own size of ads such that signage and other right. wayfinding cues are clearly visible. Finally, my Canvas membranes are a timely reminder that analysis will consider how these designs for traditional materials will often outlast many Canadian air terminals compare with those for newer more advanced ones. Canvas is just as terminals at European and Asian airports. viable and cost effective today as it was 150 years ago. The Architectural Economy of Reform: Notes around the Newfoundland Passenger spending in the terminal: Hotel, 1928-1983 designing spaces for consumption in Dustin Valen, McGill University contemporary Canadian international 12:00–12:30 airports Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai Menno Hubregtse, University of Victoria The Studio 11:30–12:00 Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai Designed by the preeminent Montreal firm of The Studio Ross and Macdonald, the Newfoundland Hotel is an unattributed project that also bears the The contemporary international airport terminal dubious distinction of being the only railway is an architectural space defined by circulation hotel designed by the firm (of which there are

10 now nine) to have been entirely demolished. In nation, Canada has always been a land of many this paper I chart the rise and fall of the voices, and thus of many identities; a fact that Newfoundland Hotel, from its design and was formally recognized by parliament as inception in 1928 to its destruction in 1983. In multiculturalism some fifty years ago. Since then, particular, I focus on the financial history of the we have become increasingly aware that Hotel and its relationship to a series of Canadian identity is, in fact, plural and shaped by economic reform movements in Newfoundland the aspirations of our culturally diverse spanning the pre- and post-Confederation period inhabitants. As Canada’s built environment has that saw ownership of the hotel pass from the fabric of our diverse national identities private to public hands and elevated it from a embedded in it, it is a useful source of provincial to a national concern. The Hotel information concerning Canadian national presents a remarkable case study in this respect identities. From the nineteenth-century Gothic for its embeddedness in multiple financial Revival churches of Joseph Connolly (1840-1904) discourses, ranging from economic that are reminiscent of Irish architectural diversification, to insolvency and corporate traditions, to the French roots displayed in Metis investment strategy, as well as for its involvement land divisions in the Saint Laurent region of in a series of changes to the organization of Saskatchewan, our built environment embodies Newfoundland as a political state. By highlighting the cultural and historical traits of various the architectural agency of these financial groups. An examination of Canadian identity processes felt through the creation, alteration, through its built environment is thus an and destruction of the Newfoundland Hotel, I important part of the larger discourse around propose financial architectural scholarship as an the 150th anniversary. approach to reading the public and the For this session, we invite submissions that corporate archive. explore this theme of the built environment as a manifestation of Canada’s multicultural identities. Submissions are welcomed that Canadian Identities: 150 highlight significant monuments, structures, or Years of Nation Building cultural landscapes that have contributed to Canada’s built heritage both pre- and post-1867, (s) I | Les identités and at the municipal, provincial, or national levels. canadiennes : 150 ans de bâtir la nation I Résumé de la séance : Cette année, le Canada Session Chairs | Présidentes : célèbre le 150e anniversaire de la Kristie Dubé, York University; Confédération. Pour célébrer cet évènement Loryssa Quattrociocchi, University of Oxford retentissant, les communautés et les Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai organisations se réunissent pour examiner notre 11:00–12:30 passé et notre présent, pour envisager des plans The Walker Room pour l'avenir et pour essayer de définir l'identité nationale canadienne. En tant que nation, le Session Abstract: This year, Canada marks the Canada a toujours été une terre de nombreuses 150th anniversary of Confederation. To celebrate voix et donc de nombreuses identités — un fait this momentous event, communities and reconnu officiellement comme du organizations are uniting to examine our past multiculturalisme par le parlement il y a une and present, to consider plans for the future, and cinquantaine d'années. Depuis ce temps, nous to try to define Canadian national identity. As a

11 sommes devenus de plus en plus conscients que early twentieth century. In the autumn of 2016, l'identité canadienne est, en fait, plurielle et the Canadian Government reopened the façonnée par les aspirations de nos habitants discussion on the future use of the former U.S diversifiés sur le plan culturel. L'environnement Embassy as part of its long-term plan to bâti du Canada représente le fondement de nos rehabilitate the Parliamentary Precinct. As this diverses identités nationales et il constitue une conversation continues, this paper seeks to source d'information utile sur les identités explore how this former diplomatic structure, nationales canadiennes. Des églises gothiques du once a dignified symbol of American foreign XIXe siècle de Joseph Connolly (1840–1904) qui presence in Ottawa, impacted Canadian national rappellent les traditions architecturales identity and served as a key milestone in irlandaises, jusqu'aux racines françaises des Canada’s transformation from "colony to départements métis dans la région du Saint nation."2 Laurent en Saskatchewan, notre environnement 1 Sally Coutts, Christine Cameron, and C. A. Hale, Building Report 84-27: United States Embassy 100 Wellington Street, bâti englobe le caractère du patrimoine culturel (Ottawa, Canada: Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office, et historique de divers groupes. Un examen de 1979). 2 Heritage Conservation Program and Real Property Services for l'identité canadienne à travers son Parks Canada, Conservation Guidelines for the Former environnement bâti est donc une partie U.S. Embassy Building, (Ottawa, Canada: Public Works and importante du discours plus large autour du Government Services Canada, 2001), 53. 150e anniversaire. Révisionnisme au passé composé: les 100 Wellington reconstructions et le patrimoine Meghan Ho, Carleton University fédéral 11:00–11:30 Nicolas Miquelon, Parcs Canada Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai 11:30–12:00 The Walker Room Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai The Walker Room Constructed in the early 1930s as one of America’s first purpose-built chanceries, En 2017, le 150e anniversaire de la the former U.S Embassy at 100 Wellington Confédération coïncide avec le 100e anniversaire functioned as the first foreign mission in Ottawa des lieux historiques nationaux. Dans un and stood as a symbol of American presence in contexte de célébrations de l’histoire et de mise Canada for over five decades until its closure en valeur du patrimoine, alors que plusieurs in 1998. While Cass Gilbert’s elegant Beaux-Arts programmes fédéraux jettent un regard building, occupying one of the most renouvelé sur le passé, plusieurs sites prominent sites in Ottawa across from et bâtiments liés au rôle même de la célébration Parliament Hill, has been sitting empty for nearly de l’histoire sont directement interpelés. two decades, its architecture speaks to an Reconstructions, reconstructions historiques ou important chapter in Canada’s early history. Still documentées, reconstitutions volumétriques, considered to be "one of the most perfect répliques, etc : la pensée reconstitutive a examples of academic Beaux-Arts Classicism to fortement évolué au fil du 20e siècle en se survive in the country,"1 the building’s design and perfectionnant, mais aussi en se redéfinissant. À location served as a physical manifestation of the petite comme à plus grande échelle, sous l’égide close relations between the two countries and, de différentes initiatives, des chantiers ont vu le at the time of its construction, represented an jour d’un bout à l’autre du pays. Nous pensons important achievement in Ottawa’s attempts to par exemple au lieu historique national du Fort- position itself as a capital city throughout the George, à Niagara-on-the-Lake, ainsi qu’à toute

12 une gamme de structures, d’édifices, de bearers. In doing so, a new chapter of the history complexes et de paysages appartenant à Parcs of buildings and their sites—to take up the Canada. Prenant appui sur le thème du congrès, theme of the annual conference of the SSAC— « La superposition des histoires », cette superimposes itself on those that have already communication se penchera sur le langage been written. architectural employé pour décrire certains This session seeks to examine cases of the reuse chantiers de reconstruction, en mettant l’accent of heritage, whether historic or current, in order sur les intentions derrière une sélection de to better understand, through a theoretical or projets et la réflexion contemporaine à empirical approach, the consequences of the leur égard. Nous pourrons ainsi voir si l’attitude emergence of such a practice in the sphere of de la conservation et du patrimoine envers ces heritage. Papers could present case studies of formes d’architecture offre certaines pistes de requalification. They could testify to a practice or relecture à l’égard de l’interprétation des sites to a particular approach. They could likewise historiques, ainsi qu’à la notion d’« identités analyze or present an inherent questioning of canadiennes ». such a practice. The objective is to foster a history of the requalification of heritage in Canada. Requalification: documenting a new history of heritage | Résumé de la séance : Récupération, réutilisation, recyclage, reconversion, requalification : ces La requalification : concepts ont été couramment associés depuis documenter une nouvelle plus d’un demi-siècle à la notion de patrimoine. Cette période a été en effet marquée par le histoire du patrimoine passage d’un « patrimoine de contemplation » à Session Chair | Président : un « patrimoine d’utilisation », pour reprendre Martin Drouin, Université du Québec à Montréal l’expression de Jean-Claude Marsan. Les 15:30–17:00 bâtiments et les sites ne furent en effet plus Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai seulement sauvegardés pour des considérations The Studio historiques ou esthétiques, mais pour un nouvel usage qui devait leur redonner une pertinence Session Abstract: Recuperation, reuse, recycling, contemporaine. Ils durent, en quelque sorte, reconversion, requalification: for over half a retrouver une vie utile au-delà des valeurs century, these concepts have been patrimoniales dont on les disait porteurs. Par ce simultaneously associated with the notion of geste, un nouveau chapitre de l’histoire des heritage. This period has been, in effect, marked bâtiments et des sites — pour reprendre la by the transition from a “heritage of thématique du congrès annuel de la SÉAC — se contemplation” to a “heritage of use,” to borrow superposait à ceux déjà écrits. Jean-Claude Marsan’s expression. In fact, buildings Cet atelier souhaite examiner des cas de and sites are no longer just safeguarded for réutilisation du patrimoine, qu’ils soient historic or aesthetic considerations, but for a historiques ou actuels, afin de mieux new usage that is supposed to give them comprendre par une approche théorique ou contemporary relevance in return. They must, to empirique les conséquences de l’émergence a certain extent, find a new useful life beyond the d’une telle pratique dans le milieu du heritage values of which they were said to be patrimoine. Les communications peuvent

13 présenter des cas exemplaires de requalification. Village—living rooms became cafés and front Elles peuvent témoigner d’une pratique ou d’une porches were shorn and shop windows installed approche particulière. Elles peuvent également in their place. Jane Jacobs celebrated this analyser ou présenter un questionnement transformation as an expression of a living city in inhérent à une telle pratique. L’objectif est which users adapted buildings to suit changing d’alimenter une histoire de la requalification du needs. patrimoine au Canada. The creation of a public realm on a former residential street was not unprecedented in L’église Saint-Jacques de Montréal et Toronto. Known as the “City of Homes,” la construction de l’UQAM : une Toronto’s 19th- and 20th-century urban fabric requalification novatrice (1971-1979) was largely defined by a mix of commercial Martin Drouin, Université du Québec à Montréal thoroughfares and residential streets lined with 15:30–16:00 single-family dwellings. When commerce and Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai innovation occurred outside planned confines, The Studio houses became host to new uses. The adaptive reuse of domestic architecture in Au début des années 1970, l’Université du 1960s Toronto was part of an early wave of Québec à Montréal, université publique créée gentrification known as the White Painters quelques années plus tôt, décide de construire Movement. These changes also gave rise to new son nouveau campus au coeur du centre-ville. Le relationships between place and use that have choix du site a un impact majeur sur deux become widely valued, and the focus of édifices historiques : l’église Saint-Jacques et la conservation efforts in the proposed chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes. Les redevelopment of Mirvish Village. This paper architectes choisirent de conserver le clocher et explores Toronto as a “city of homes” where the le transept sud de l’église Saint-Jacques tandis conservation of social and cultural practices can que la chapelle fut conservée intégralement. be considered alongside the conservation of built Deux pavillons aux lignes franchement form. In the absence of municipal and provincial contemporaines s’insérèrent sur le site. Le projet conservation and planning mechanisms that fut réalisé entre 1971 et 1979. Cette conserve historic use, this paper also probes communication veut replacer ce projet dans son how the architectural qualities of a place that contexte de réalisation tout en cherchant à engendered these valued uses can be conserved cerner son importance dans l’histoire de la while being mindful of the need for future and requalification du patrimoine au Québec. unforeseen adaptations.

A City of Homes Reused: Mirvish Toronto’s Gay Village: Built-form as Village and the Conservation of Container for Social Heritage Historic Use Paniz Moayeri, University of Waterloo Alexis Cohen, ERA Architects 16:30–17:00 16:00–16:30 Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai The Studio The Studio The OED deﬁnes heritage as “that which has In the 1960s, Ed and Anne Mirvish transformed a been or may be inherited. ...”1 This implies a Toronto city street lined with late- Victorian linear succession –but what constitutes heritage homes into a commercial and cultural enclave. in the LGBTQ+ community, On Markham Street—later known as Mirvish where marginalization has deﬁned life

14 experiences for centuries? Unlike race, religion, Canadian Identities: 150 or other marginalizing societal factors, gender identity and sexual orientation are not passed Years of Nation Building down to children from their parents. Since the (s) II | Les identités post-war beginnings of gay rights activism in North America, gay villages in urban centres canadiennes : 150 ans de have acted as classrooms where this heritage has bâtir la nation II been passed down. Session Chairs | Présidentes : The clubs, bars, and bathhouses that formed the Kristie Dubé, York University; first gay villages, often using undesired retrofitted Loryssa Quattrociocchi, University of Oxford buildings,2 created places of nurture but also of 15:30–17:00 segregation –a closeting that can be detrimental Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai to progressions desired by contemporary gay The Walker Room rights movements. Today the sense of safety is extending beyond these areas, slowly A Century of Mosques Spaces in making them obsolete. The villages do not Canada necessarily embody heritage as built-form, Tammy Gaber, Laurentian University rather, they remain built-form containers for the 15:30–16:00 social heritage they house. Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai According to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, the closet’s The Walker Room existence has given gay culture and identity a level of consistency, but has also acted as a driver The Canadian mosque is a building typology with of change. Too much focus on the “continuity and nearly a century of development, with the centrality of the closet” over history, results documented Muslim presence in Canada dating in its glamorization.3 How do we, then, treat back to 1854. Nascent Muslim populations in heritage in its physical manifestation of the each province, from different waves of closet–the gay village? Should we strive to keep immigration, worshipped in private and rented these villages alive, knowing full well that spaces for the first decades of presence before the reason for their existence has been converting a building or constructing a mosque. marginalization? The first purpose-built mosque was Al Rashid, in The model for preserving queer heritage must Edmonton, built in 1938. Other ‘first’ mosques adapt to reflect these new realities. This paper throughout Canada include the Islamic Centre in argues for the separation of historical education Quebec built in 1954, the London Muslim and awareness from the continued ghettoization Mosque (formerly Hazelwood mosque) built in of the LGBTQ+ community in space through a Winnipeg in 1976. Other recent ‘firsts’ in the chronological case study of the Church and various provinces include the Muslim Association Wellesley Village. It will shed light on formative of New Brunswick built in 1985, the Islamic spaces and events in the Toronto LGBTQ+ Association of Saskatchewan built in 1989 and community through the lens of Sedgwick’s queer the Muslim Association of Newfoundland built in theory. 1990. The first mosques in the Canadian arctic 1 Oxford English Dictionary, , accessed February 24, 2017. include the Midnight mosque in Inuvik built in 2 The building that houses the historic Stonewall Inn –arguably 2010 and Masjid Iqaluit completed in 2016. the home of the gay rights movement– was, for example, initially designed to be stables. The history of nearly a century of Muslim 3 Eve Kosofsky. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: contribution to the built environment of Canada University of California Press,1990), 68-69. is rarely mentioned in contemporary discourses

15 on mosque architecture or studies in the history Dickinson's work within 10 years was of Canadian architecture. The impact of these unparalleled and prolific in ushering in spaces as hubs is reflected in the community a refreshed architectural language throughout activities for Canadian Muslims, recent the city of Toronto. Spanning back to the early immigrants and refugees as well as places of 1950s, his extant buildings are all under some outreach and ambassadors of coexistence degree of threat. One of these, the Juvenile and beyond. Family Court building, a wonderfully sprawling complex within one of the city's most active As Found Domino development wards, will be the considered case Joey Giaimo, Giaimo; study. Mitchell May, Giaimo 16:00–16:30 The Collaborative Ideal: Architectural Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai Sculpture in Toronto, 1930-1950 The Walker Room Nicholas Thompson, ERA Architects 16:30–17:00 Arguably—and ironically—Modernism's heritage Thursday, May 25 | jeudi, le 25 mai value can be traced to its inception and premise: The Walker Room a break from history to explore and express architecture uninhibited. Formally, this presents A new kind of architectural sculpture emerged in itself prominently through the free plan, Toronto in the late 1920s. Inspired by examples symbolized through Le Corbusier's in Europe and wishing to promote Canadian Maison Dom-ino. The ability to provide a core design and craftsmanship to the broader public, a structure, with the remaining space generic and loose coalition of architects sought to create facilitated as desired, can prove a critical asset to buildings representing a collaboration amongst modernism's longevity. Alongside this idea, the various branches of the arts. In parallel with Modernism's maturity lead to more inclusive growing public recognition of sculpture in approaches, through the work of Team 10 Canada and evolving trends in architectural and more specifically the Smithsons, through language, this new collaborative ideal reached a their As Found concept. Finding value in the peak in the 1930s and 40s. Infused with ordinary, recording the existing and assessing nationalistic sentiment and a populist desire to attributes for subsequent design, presents a bring art to the people, this group of architects strategy of appreciation and future inclusivity for and artists strove to create monuments worthy the built, with the intermingling of new and of their time. Though some of the best examples intervening elements. When these two concepts have since been demolished, Toronto and are considered in collaboration, the potential for environs yet retain an important legacy of this an As Found Domino strategy may deliver a type idealistic period of cooperation between the of conservation approach for modernist architect and sculptor. In this presentation I structures. This strategy's merits in assessing trace the rise and fall of this period of heritage value and its conservation will be tested architectural sculpture. I focus on key events in through a case study mid-century modern the late 1920s, including the formation of the building, a post-war genre of Modernism that ‘Diet Kitchen School of Architecture’ in Toronto; requires immediate consideration if it is to take the creation of the inaugural ‘Architecture and part in any historical architectural lineage. the Allied Arts’ biennial exhibition at the Art Additionally, attempts to tease out this building's Gallery of Toronto; and the formation of latent conditions, will provide additional testing the Sculptors Society of Canada. I look at the for this strategy. The impact of architect Peter leading figures in this movement—

16 including architects John Lyle, William Somerville, and Ferdinand Marani, and sculptors Frances Loring, Emmanuel Hahn and Elizabeth Wyn Wood—and their architectural achievements around Toronto, including the works of the Niagara Parks Commission and the Bank of Montreal.

17 a structurally stable building weathertight, Abstracts | enabling continued occupancy of the building that provides security against intruders, thereby initiating stabilization. Viewed as a ‘onetime’ Résumés veneer, over-cladding can be the passive component of a temporary protection process. Friday, May 26 | vendredi, Stabilization through over-cladding allows for conservation, interpretation, reconstruction and le 26 mai restoration at a later date by protecting the building’s exterior surfaces. Since many historic neighborhoods were over-clad in the late 1970’s Current Research I | and early 1980’s there exists a current and future Recherches actuelles I historic resource that requires immediate Session Chair | Président : thoughtful consideration as the initial Nicolas Miquelon, Parcs Canada stabilization effort ends. As conservationists we 9:00–10:30 must now choose Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai between abstention, reconstitution, substitution, The Studio circumvention, and acceleration. All to often conservationists view over-cladding The Stabilization of Neighbourhoods as the destruction of the resource. This paper as an Accidental Effect of Over- will demonstrate that over-cladding can instead Cladding be viewed as the beginning of a conservation Gregory MacNeil, Jerry MacNeil Architects Ltd process. 9:00–9:30 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Les théâtres de style The Studio « atmosphérique » : l’exemple du théâtre de Port Hope (Ontario), Over-cladding with vinyl or aluminum siding is a récemment recommandé par la progressive phenomenon largely dependent on CLMHC à titre de lieu historique social economic conditions and is every bit as national du Canada pervasive as an insect infestation or tidal Christine Boucher, Parcs Canada erosion, in both its manifestation and challenge. 9:30–10:00 While conservationists choose to debate the Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai many issues surrounding modern extruded The Studio sidings and trims the over-cladding industry is forging ahead with their work orders, historic À ce jour, la Commission des lieux et structure by historic structure. monuments historiques du Canada (CLMHC) To many property owners over-cladding a recommandé la désignation de plus d’une alterations are an effective operating and vingtaine de théâtres à travers le pays en maintenance cost control that offers the benefit raison de leurs valeurs historiques et/ou of a fashionable new modern material. Aluminum architecturales. Parmi ceux-ci figurent and vinyl siding is known to be cost effective in notamment le L.H.N. du Canada des Théâtres- application with an expected durability and life to Elgin- et-Winter- Garden (Toronto, désigné en first maintenance of approximately 30 years. 1982), le L.H.N. du Théâtre-Capitole / As a mitigation mechanism that does not address l’Auditorium-de- Québec (Québec, désigné en the surface fabric directly, overcladding can make 1987) et le L.H.N du Canada du Théâtre-

18 Outremont (Montréal, désigné en 1993). La conventionally-trained architects toute dernière des recommandations de la drew inspiration from widely-published models CLMHC en matière de théâtre concerne le yet adapted them to site specific considerations. théâtre Capitol de Port Hope (Ontario), un The elegant black granite-clad façade of this modeste bâtiment conçu en 1930 par l’architecte reinforced-concrete structure accommodated ontarien Murray Brown. L’un des premiers class sensibilities and, along with the argument cinémas canadiens à avoir été expressément that corporate offices would diversify the city’s conçu pour la présentation de films parlants, il tax base, convinced citizens to vote yes to témoigne des changements amend zoning bylaws to allow overlay of architecturaux importants qui sont survenus commercial activity onto an emerging upper- dans la conception des salles de cinéma vers la middle class residential suburb. This paper fin des années 1920. De plus, il constitue un documents the lessons learned from careful exemple éloquent de cinéma de style « examination of a single ordinary building and its atmosphérique » – une tendance architecturale context as an entry point to understanding éphémère et très populaire à cette époque – larger narratives and layered interpretations avec son amphithéâtre doté d’une voûte étoilée, about modern architecture in Québec and son ambiance nocturne et ses murs latéraux Canada. dont le décor rappelle un château médiéval. Cette communication cherche à examiner les 1 This research stems from an experiment in pedagogy. Rather than teach a conventional lecture-based survey of North raisons de désignation de ce bâtiment à titre de American architecture, learning is centered around a collective lieu historique national dans le contexte de research project that drives exploration of primary and secondary source documents. Each student brings his or her l’éventail des commémorations de niveau fédéral interpretation of the same site starting from a particular research en matière de théâtres. question he or she has developed. That way we cover different aspects of the history of the built environment while considering diverse dimensions of the case study. “Another Step Towards Progress": Explanations of commonplace buildings ubiquitous to mid-twentieth- century Canadian cities Religious Architecture in Tania Martin, Université Laval 10:00–10:30 Canada I | L’architecture Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai religieuse au Canada I The Studio Session Chair | Président : Malcolm Thurlby, York University What can analysis of a modest two-story office 9:00–10:30 building designed by Québec-born Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai architect Maurice Mainguy in the mid-1960s to The Walker Room house a Bell Canada regional administrative office in Sillery teach students about North Session Abstract: Although the study of American architecture? When investigated from architecture in Canada is a relatively young field, multiple perspectives and read against current it is no exaggeration to say that more attention historiography, it reveals much about everyday has been given to religious architecture than any work environments that architects are regularly 1 other form of building in the country. That is called upon to renovate. Incorporating up-to- because as long as people have inhabited the land date environmental controls white-collar that is now known as Canada, there have been employees had come to expect of a buildings devoted to their religious beliefs and mechanically-serviced hermetically-sealed shell,

19 practices. Churches, synagogues, mosques, and read to a sung liturgy that was taking place in temples can be found in communities across the England, but these ideas made little impact in the country in every style, from vernacular to pages of The Church, the official publication of modern. These buildings are expressive, the Diocese of Toronto. practical, and reflect Canadian pluralism. This This would change dramatically in early 1849 session welcomes papers on religious with the publication in January of an account of architecture of all types and styles, from all the choral service of St. Mark’s College, Chelsea, periods of Canada’s history. the “Cradle of the Movement” revive of a sung liturgy and the publication of a letter attributed to “A. B” that attacked the architecture of existing Anglican churches in Canada West and Résumé de la séance : Quoique l’architecture soit held forth a church designed by Frank Wills as an un domaine relativement nouveau au Canada, il example of “correct” architecture. These n’est pas exagéré de dire que l’architecture articles encouraged others to write in support religieuse reçoit plus d’attention que tous les of “correct” architecture and worship and autres genres de construction dans le pays. eventually led to the publication in The Church in Depuis le peuplement de terres identifiées April 1850 and the adoption by the Church comme le Canada, il y eut des bâtiments dévoués Society of the Diocese of Toronto in September aux croyances et aux pratiques religieuses. Les 1850 of a series of detailed “Recommendations églises, les synagogues, les mosquées et les by the Church Building Committee of the temples sont présents dans les communautés à Church Society, in Regard to Churches and their travers le pays, et ce dans tous les styles, du Precincts.” With this document, Ecclesiological vernaculaire au moderne. Ces édifices expressifs became official policy in Canada West. et pratiques reflètent le pluralisme canadien. Cette séance vise à explorer des soumissions à Charles Baillairgé's interpretation of propos de l’architecture religieuse, de tous les the gothic at the church of La Nativité, types et styles et de toutes les époques de in Beauport, Quebec l’histoire du Canada. Marc Grignon, Université Laval 9:30–10:00 “Correct Style:” Ecclesiological Views Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai on Church Architecture, Furnishings, The Walker Room and Worship in the Anglican Diocese of Toronto, 1849-1850 Less than a year after Edward Staveley's Paul Christianson, Queen’s University Methodist temple of 1848—the first gothic 9:00–9:30 revival church in Quebec City—Charles Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Baillairgé proposed using the gothic style in the The Walker Room catholic parish of La Nativité in Beauport. Although the general form of his 1849 project During the 1840s, many substantial Anglican follows the lines of neoclassical churches Gothic Revival churches of brick and stone arose designed by Thomas Baillairgé or by himself (such in Canada West, but very few of them displayed as St-Jean-Baptiste in Quebec), and although the style promulgated in Britain by Augustus Baillairgé's treatment of the gothic vocabulary Welby Northmore Pugin and the Cambridge may thereby seem a little superficial, his project Camden Society. Some of the Anglican clergy is nevertheless an important and fascinating one. there had some familiarity with the architectural Baillairgé borrowed from a variety of local views of the Ecclesiologists and the shift from a models, including Staveley's methodist temple

20 and O'Donnell's Notre-Dame in Montreal. He continued to supply him with church drawings, also used references found in his collection of sometimes neo-Baroque, sometimes neo- architectural books, most notably the facade of Gothic. Amongthem was Adolphe Lévesque York Minster (which he probably knew indirectly (1829-1913), who had translated into French and from Minard Lafever's Modern Builder's Guide), published, in Montréal, Pugin’s The Present State of and he seems to know relatively well the most Architecture in England, as of 1856. important cathedrals of France and England. Pugin’s influence is especially noticeable on bell- This paper is an attempt to clarify the meaning of towers and church interiors built on the such an eclectic attitude towards the gothic, as it outskirts of the territory of the diocese of can be seen in the Beauport church. Baillairgé Montréal, because, in the city itself, in Bishop comments about the reconstruction of the Bourget’s words, there already was “too much church after it was destroyed by fire in 1890 is Gothic.” most helpful in this regard. Indeed, Baillairgé argued that if he could be put in charge of the reconstruction, his plans would need to be On Current Indigenous executed more faithfully than in 1849-50, and he Architecture and overtly criticized local architects and contractors unable to do more that "des tabernacles et des Planning: Cultural Cues bébelles". Baillairgé thus blames a traditional and Placemaking | construction process open to all kinds of modifications for the failures of his design. In this L’architecture et manner, he offers an understanding of the gothic l’urbanisme autochtones as modern style, whose religious character cannot suffer approximation or improvisation. présents et futurs — L’aménagement et les A.W.N. Pugin’s Influence on the Religious Architecture of Montréal’s indices culturels Catholic Diocese (1850-1875) Session Chair | Président : Luc Noppen, Université du Québec à Montréal Daniel Millette, Carleton University and First 11:00–11:30 Nation Lands Management Resource Centre Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai 11:00–12:30 The Walker Room Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Studio This paper will highlight how the churches built by Victor Bourgeau (1821-1892) in the diocese Session Abstract: This session will be the 10th of Montreal were influenced by aesthetics as consecutive year whereby a dialogue related to advocated by A.W.N. Pugin and the periodical planning and architecture on indigenous lands is The Ecclesiologist. facilitated, first initiated at the Society for the Even though a hundred or so churches are Study of Architecture in Canada’s Annual attributed to architect-builder Bourgeau, he Conference in Yellowknife in 2008. never actually drew plans. Rather, he erected his This session seeks paper proposals that make first buildings (among which the Saint-Pierre- direct connections between traditional design Apôtre Church in Montréal, in 1850) after John tenets and contemporary planning and Ostell’s plans. It is Ostell who initiated Bourgeau architecture. The ways in which traditional design to Baroque and Gothic vocabularies. cues are embodied within community plans, Subsequently, young architects in his entourage architectural projects and specific placemaking

21 initiatives are particularly sought. How traditional traditionnelles de la mémoire collective à la design knowledge is transferred and in turn construction réelle, indépendamment de la manifested within planning and architecture, how subtilité ou de si c’était un projet par des places facilitate the intersection of cultures, and architectes professionnels ou d’autres joueurs how new initiatives in planning and architecture dans le domaine, et être d’un style surtout aim to change design praxis will be central to the analytique ou théorique et non pas descriptif. Par session. Paper proposals should include specific exemple, les théories de transmission de examples of clear—regardless of how subtle— connaissances autochtones traditionnelles à expressions of knowledge transfer, from travers l’aménagement et l’architecture ou l’effet collective memory to built outcome, whether mnémonique des indices de conception peuvent designed by professionals or by non- pedigreed faire la base du débat. planners or architects. The papers should be less descriptive and more analytical or theoretical. Les nouveaux lieux de transmission For example, theories on how traditional des savoirs Inuits indigenous knowledge is transferred through Marie-Josée Therrien, OCAD University planning and architecture could form part of a 11:00–11:30 presentation; similarly, the ways in which designs Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai cues operate as mnemonics could form the basis The Studio of a broader discussion using specific examples. Depuis les années cinquante, l’Arctique canadien connaît une croissance urbaine qui a entraîné l’imposition, puis l’adaptation et Résumé de la séance : Cette année, on reconnait l’appropriation de types de bâtiments euro- la dixième séance consécutive au sujet de centriques. Longtemps demeuré inaccessible aux l’architecture et l’aménagement sur les terres chercheurs du Sud, l’environnement bâti de autochtones qui était conçu pour notre congrès l’Arctique peut maintenant être partiellement annuel de la Société pour l’étude de appréhendé par l’entremise d’Internet. Si celui-ci l’architecture au Canada à Yellowknife en 2008. ne permet pas d’observations sur les lieux, Les soumissions devraient évoquer la relation lesquelles s’avèrent extrêmement coûteuses, entre les concepts traditionnels et les stratégies il inaugure néanmoins une nouvelle ère de contemporaines de l’aménagement et recherche aux possibilités multiples dont il faut l’architecture. Celles qui explorent les indices saisir l’immédiate portée. culturels englobés dans des plans Dans l’immense territoire partagé par les communautaires, les projets d’architecture ou les communautés inuites, la sédentarisation a mené initiatives de l’aménagement sont la relocalisation de communautés et la particulièrement encouragés. Les thèmes construction de hameaux, de villages et de villes principaux sont : Comment les connaissances qui se sont développés selon des logiques très traditionnelles sont-elles transférées et après différentes, mais essentiellement suivant des incorporées dans l’architecture et modèles venus du Sud. Parmi ces modèles, on l’aménagement? Comment les lieux peuvent-ils trouve des édifices qui servent à la transmission faciliter l’intersection des cultures? Comment les du savoir des populations locales soit pour le nouvelles initiatives de l’aménagement et de bénéfice de ces communautés ou pour celui des l’architecture aspirent-ils à changer la pratique de visiteurs. Ces récents établissements, à la fois conception? école et musée, qui auraient été impensables il y Les soumissions devraient illustrer clairement les a 20 ans ne sont plus le résultat d’une démarche occurrences de transfert de connaissances colonisatrice même si les modèles dont ils

22 s’inspirent le sont. La présente communication, avec ses clients du Nunavik, les gens du Nord qui s’inscrit dans la continuité de mes recherches ont souvent une idée très juste de ce que sont sur les écoles de l’Arctique (Therrien SEAC les solutions à leurs problèmes. Le rôle des 2015), se concentrera sur l’aménagement d’au architectes et des intervenants, venant de moins trois de ces établissements : le Kiilinik l’extérieur, consiste alors à accompagner les High School, Cambridge Bay (Pin/Taylor 2002) ; populations locales dans le long processus de le Piqqusiliriivvik Inuit Cultural Learning Facility, réflexion, de mise en forme, de recherche de Clyde River (Harriet Burdett-Moulton financement et de réalisation. pour Stantec 2012); et le Illusuak Culture Depuis 2000, la firme a conçu divers types de Centre, Nain Labrador, (Saunders sur le point projets pour les villages de d’ouvrir ses portes). Kuujjuaraapik, Umiujaq, Inukjuak, Puvirnituq, Akulivik, Ivujivik, Salluit, Kangigsujuaq, Quaqtaq et Grand River Employment and Training Kuujjuaq. La connaissance fine du territoire, de Center – Ohsweken, ON son climat et de sa culture, acquise au cours des James Goldie, Carleton University deux dernières décennies, sous-tend le travail de 11:30–12:00 la firme Marc Blouin architecte en milieu Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai nordique. The Studio Le dialogue, instauré entre l’architecte et ses clients, lui a été essentiel pour mieux répondre The GREAT (Grand River Employment and aux besoins des habitants des villages nordiques. Training) Opportunity Centre is an immense Cette démarche participative lui a permis mixed-use facility offering over 40 000 square de mieux saisir les contraintes bioclimatiques et feet of job counselling, apprenticeship training, de comprendre comment donner à des internships and employment opportunity. bâtiments contemporains, construits en Located on Six Nations reserve land in the territoire Inuit, une forme à laquelle les gens village of Ohsweken, self-sufficiency is the driving puissent s’identifier. force behind the facility their mission and Pour l’architecte et son équipe, désireux de services. This paper will outline and assess the partager leur expérience en milieu nordique, architect’s ideas surrounding sustainability, le récent projet de salle multidisciplinaire de community involvement and Kuujjuaraapik a été l’occasion d’une considerations around traditional ideas like the réflexion approfondie sur la préservation et la seven generations principle. It will show how diffusion de la culture Inuit. Un autre projet, celui traditional forms, ideas and symbolism can hold du futur centre culturel de Puvirnituq, fruit d’une immeasurable value and can be merged with étroite collaboration avec l’Institut culturel contemporary technology to develop an effective Avataq, permet de pousser encore plus loin space that embodies a community’s pride and a cette recherche. thriving architectural tradition.

Construire en territoire Inuit Marc Blouin, Marc Blouin Architecte 12:00–12:30 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Studio

Pour l’architecte Marc Blouin, qui a établi une relation basée sur le respect et la conﬁance

23 Religious Architecture in were not entirely in line with the Anglo- normative bent of the government and other Canada II | L’architecture institutions of power. Instead, they offered religieuse au Canada II alternative perspectives. Churches such as Bekevar Presbyterian (1911) and Kaposvar Session Chair | Président : Roman Catholic (1906-7), altered the language of Malcolm Thurlby, York University church architecture in minor ways to reﬂect 11:00–12:30 their own aspirations, which brought alternative Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai voices into Canada's built landscape. These The Walker Room alternative perspectives became the seeds of the nation’s multiculturalism, the Canada of many Minority Immigrant Narratives: identities. In order to understand the Canada of Diverse Identities in Saskatchewan today, it is important to understand its roots, Church Building namely, the complex fabric that was created by Kristie Dubé, York University incorporating the voices of many into the dream 11:00–11:30 of what a nation could become. Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Walker Room Vines, Gates, and Temples: Using Cemeteries to Understand One of the most common avenues to Mormonism in Canada approaching the study of religious architecture is Brooke Kathleen Brassard, University of to divide it according to denomination. Through Waterloo the connecting tissues of shared religious 11:30–12:00 doctrine, otherwise distant structures can be Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai drawn together to become part of a larger The Walker Room fabric. In the search for commonalities though, differences sometimes can be overlooked. Members of minority groups must negotiate and During the pioneer period of the early 20th balance their religious, ethnic, and cultural century, Saskatchewan was inundated with identities in our increasingly diverse nation. The multiple waves of immigration. Minority Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints offers immigrant narratives are present in many of the a case study of an often-overlooked minority churches constructed during this period, but faith in Canada. I propose a study of the built these voices are harder to place into larger environment in predominantly Mormon towns in denominational narratives and are sometimes left southern Alberta, where they ﬁrst permanently as an aside. In light of Canada’s 150th settled in 1887, with a focus on cemeteries and anniversary, it is important to focus on these architectural expressions of identity. narratives, as they embody the diversity that has Like religious architecture, the cemetery is “a shaped Canada's built heritage and thus Canadian physical space and a spiritual place,” but it is the culture(s). cemetery, per Wright, that “confuses the An analysis of peoples who had left their former symbolic and physical to allow memories homes to make a new start, but who held part of forgotten in other locations to survive--often their old lives/societies within them, has much to silently.” offer. When these peoples constructed churches, I propose that gravestones offer evidence for buildings that are dedicated to a higher power, understanding the process of integration into they embedded their hopes for their new lives in Canadian society. Using data from six Canada in the structures. Often, these hopes cemeteries, I observe three periods: Generic

24 Christianity, Mormon Symbolism, and Temple ten Canadian churches built throughout the Imagery. During their first decade in Canada, latter half of the nineteenth century. Mormons commemorated the dead with generic Christian images, such as vines of ivy. Like their meetinghouses, there was nothing identifiably “Mormon” about their graves. In the 1900s, they Current Research II | favoured Mormon symbols related to their views Recherches actuelles II of afterlife. Finally, with the construction of the Session Chair | Présidente : Cardston Alberta Temple in the 1910s, the Jessica Mace, Université du Québec à Montréal Mormons in Alberta solidified their presence in 13:30–15:00 the nation and images of the sacred structure in Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai their cemeteries marked their confidence as The Studio Canadians. La Maison montréalaise: A Fusion of Gordon W. Lloyd (1832-1904): the French and British Architecture and Canadian Churches of Detroit’s Building Architect James Maddigan, Robertson Martin Architects Loryssa Quattrociocchi, University of Oxford 13:30–14:00 12:00–12:30 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Studio The Walker Room In Quebec, la maison québécoise (Quebec style The province of Ontario is by no means short of house), and la maison montréalaise ecclesiastical jewels thanks to the tenacity and (Montreal style house) are two house styles fervour of nineteenth-century architects. distinctly identified with the province, seen as Amongst the list of prolific architects working in adaptations of French architecture and building this century though, there is a name that has traditions to the climatic and practical needs of frequently been omitted: Gordon W. Lloyd’s New France. The former, a rural style built in (1832-1904). Lloyd was born and trained in wood or stone, is characterized by a gable Britain, established an architectural office in profile with steep roof slopes and projecting Detroit, MI, and lived across the Detroit River in concave curved eaves. The latter, an urban/rural Windsor, ON. Although Lloyd designed various style built in stone, is characterized by gables domestic, commercial and institutional buildings having sloping parapets, rising to single and/or throughout his career, churches were his double chimneys, with the double chimneys often specialty, and all but one of his forty-two joined by a lower horizontal parapet. The churches in America and Canada are Gothic. variation of la maison montréalaise having the While Lloyd was an active architect during the double chimney with a horizontal parapet is latter half of the nineteenth century –even being perceived as a unique and distinctive feature. An referred to as the dean of Detroit architects at archetypical example of this is the Chateau de the time of his death – nothing has been Ramezay in Montreal. While these house styles published on him for nearly fifty years, the last are perceived as domestic, there is recognition in being a brief survey of a select few of his Detroit historical writing that the domestic architecture buildings in W. Hawkins Ferry’s The Buildings of and building traditions were influenced by Detroit (1968). Although most of Lloyd’s exterior sources. While la maison québécoise buildings are in the Unites States – in Detroit style is not common outside of Quebec, la more specifically – this paper will introduce his

25 maison montréalaise style, in particular the domestic experience, made them ﬁttingly variant with a double chimney joined by a lower capable, it was reasoned, to work in home horizontal parapet, can be found in Canada, the decoration. This research will help identify the United States, and the United Kingdom. It is the role both women and women’s magazines played assertion of this paper that this feature is not a in promoting the trends and taste that shaped design element originating from within Quebec, the Canadian interior, a subject that is often but is a fusion of French and British architecture overlooked in architectural history. Moreover, and building traditions. Through an exploration of the ephemerality of interior decoration and its period paintings, prints, maps, and early association with women situates it as inferior to photographs this assertion will be explored and the sturdy permanence of architecture, evident demonstrated. by our recognition of famous architects but not of famous decorators. Curating Taste in Canadian Homes and Gardens: Minerva Elliot’s Decorating Exhibiting the Ark: Design and Advice, 1925-40 Analysis Nicola Krantz, Carleton University Steven Mannell, Dalhousie University 14:00–14:30 14:30–15:00 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Studio The Studio

In the first half of the twentieth century, Minerva Living Lightly on the Earth: Building an Ark for Prince Elliot was recognized as a prominent Edward Island 1974-76 is an exhibition curated Canadian interior decorator. Despite her for the Confederation Centre of the Arts in successful and influential career, she is relatively Charlottetown PE, and expected to travel to unknown today. Through archival research and other galleries. The exhibition presents a the analysis of Elliot’s works featured in the combination of archival materials – drawings, popular upper-middle class magazine Canadian photographs, film and video, professional Homes and Gardens from 1925 to 1940, this reports, publications, artifacts and ephemera – paper will investigate how Elliot professionalized and newly created works – architectural models, the role of the interior decorator in Canada and animations, videos, and environmental helped to shape notions of identity, class, and installations. The curatorial goal is to provide a taste. Launched in 1925, Canadian Homes and multi-layered experience and interpretation of Gardens targeted female consumers by this important work of 1970s Canadian publishing expert advice on home furnishings, ecological architecture, communicating the form decoration, architecture, entertaining, and and systems of the building, its place in cultural horticulture. Elliot was considered a Canadian history, and its reception and legacy. This authority on the subject of interior decoration presentation offers an overview of the and regularly contributed to the magazine, often exhibition, and a perspective on the role of publishing photographs of the lavish Canadian creative engagement with evidence in curating interiors she decorated. Despite studying architectural history. European architecture, Elliot built a career as an interior decorator first by working in the home furnishing departments at Eaton’s in Toronto and Wanamaker’s in Philadelphia before starting her own decorating business. Conventional codes of femininity at the time, including women’s

26 Religious Architecture in “over there” frequently suggests existential safeguards against the economic, social and Canada III | L’architecture cultural insecurities of here and now in a new religieuse au Canada III land. The issue of gendered space epitomizes these tensions. Against this backdrop, this paper Session Chair | Président : explores the efforts of Vancouver architect Sharif Malcolm Thurlby, York University Senbel to meet such challenges with what he 13:30–15:00 calls the “Canadian Islamic regionalism” of British Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Columbia’s Masjid al Hidayah (Port Coquitlam, The Walker Room 2003), Surrey Mosque (2005), Vernon Mosque (2011) and Prince George Islamic Centre (2013). Diaspora, Nostalgia, Invention: Sharif Senbel’s British Columbia Mosques St. Ignatius of Loyola Parish at 100 Jamie Scott, York University Nicola Pezolet, Concordia University 13:30–14:00 14:00–14:30 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Walker Room The Walker Room The word masjid (mosque) means simply “place The year 2017 marks the 100th anniversary of of prostration.” For Muslims, the Qur’an and the St. Ignatius of Loyola parish. Founded in 1917 Hadith serve as ultimate arbiters of value, by Jesuit missionaries, St. Ignatius is an meaning and truth, but neither says anything Anglophone Roman Catholic community in the about the location or look of mosques. Nor have Notre-Dame-de-Grâce (NDG) neighborhood in Muslim jurists. Nonetheless, certain features have the city of Montreal. This paper seeks to come to characterize the architecture of present, based on new archival research, a brief mosques: domes and minarets; arched windows history of St. Ignatius by doing a comparative and doorways; courtyards, fountains and analysis of the design and material culture of two gardens. Inside, images of human and animal life – of its buildings: Henri Labelle’s English Collegiate considered distractions from a mosque’s primary church (built on the grounds of Loyola College in devotional purpose – yield to varieties of 1933, during the hardships of the Great botanical representation, calligraphy and Depression), and its successor, Robert Fleming’s tessellation. Exposure to modernist and organic, midcentury modern church modernizing western architecture, however, has (inaugurated, a block away, in 1967, in the presented designers of mosques in Muslim immediate aftermath of the Second Vatican communities in diaspora with several challenges. Council and amidst the popular excitement How may the urge to innovate accommodate surrounding Expo 67). Decades later, despite the international language of modernist design to signiﬁcant changes in the province of Quebec the aesthetic expectations of different immigrant and in the Roman Catholic Church, both spaces Muslim groups? How may such accommodation continue to be in operation. The older church on resist subjecting modernist innovation to the the Loyola campus continues to hold regular dictates of Islamic convention? Conversely, how Catholic services, but it has become a multi-faith may invention avoid subverting architectural worship space (especially after the merging of conventions associated with the mosque’s Loyola College with Sir George Williams primary identity as a place of worship? Further University to form Concordia University in complicating the picture, nostalgic attraction to 1974). The newer church also welcomes the architectural conventions of “back then” and hundreds of parishioners and visitors each week.

27 This paper asks a series of questions to reveal for approximately 33 churches from among 225 these sites’ layered histories: What can their architectural projects, this paper marks the start façade and their décor tell us about the shifting of my dissertation research into Hutchison’s aesthetic and pastoral priorities of Canadian ecclesiastical designs and their multisensory Roman Catholic clergy members and lay people? properties. How did these buildings evolve with Montreal’s changing religious, cultural and socio-political contexts? Finally, how do these sites respond to Current Research III | the changing needs, both material and spiritual, of their increasingly diverse users? Recherches actuelles III Session Chair | Président : Byzantine in Ottawa | Dominion- Candace Iron, Humber College Chalmers United Church 15:30–17:00 Natalie Anderson Rathwell, York University Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai 14:30–15:00 The Studio Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Walker Room Frank Darling and His Legacy David Winterton, ERA Architects The history of Dominion-Chalmers United 15:30–16:00 Church (Chalmers Presbyterian) is a history of Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai construction, destruction, mobility, and The Studio amalgamation. As the church body prepares for a momentous shift once again, this paper examines The early 20th-century Toronto architect Frank the forces of faith, style, and practicality that Darling (1850-1923) was arguably the province’s resulted in this dynamic and historically wealthy most gifted architect of his generation and congregation commissioning the 1912 practiced, with partner John Pearson, until his Romanesque and Byzantine Revival gem that death in 1923 at age 73. Darling authored stands today. A late example of Alexander C. significant landmark buildings (with a series of Hutchison’s work, Dominion-Chalmers associates) in Toronto and region, Winnipeg and represents one of the Montreal architect’s most Vancouver, but very little is known of his life, cohesive amphitheatre plan churches, expertly influences (and library), the organization and marrying architectural detail to practical operation of the influential practice of Darling & considerations for liturgical function, seating, Pearson and the eventual careers of those who sightlines, and acoustics. I draw specifically on the trained under him. Given the sophistication and work of Jeanne Halgren Kilde, as well as Candace breadth of his designs, the impressive output of Iron’s interpretation of Thomas John Rutley’s building designs, (especially small bank branches, work in my assessment of how the multisensory arguably a defining aspect of Canadian urban characteristics of this space function and were form), and the lasting mark the firm made on the considered by the architect and building architectural character of Toronto, critical committee in relation to both the needs of the research into this figure and his professional congregation and the architectural precedents progeny is long overdue. This paper will present from which Hutchison drew inspiration. new research on Darling, building on the author’s Hutchison is a monumental figure in the previous research on Darling- designed landscape of Canadian architecture whose Edwardian skyscraper and bank forms in oeuvre is presently met with a dearth of Toronto, and will share findings from the late scholarship. With a career featuring commissions William Dendy’s research on Frank Darling,

28 archived at the University of Waterloo, as well as experiences, yet their histories are very often other new sources. overlooked.

Visiting the Global Village: Uncalled-for Severity: Thomas Young The International Broadcasting and Goderich Centre at Expo ‘67 Anthony Hopkins, York University Michael Windover, Carleton University 16:30–17:00 16:00–16:30 Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai The Studio The Studio In 1839, beyond prestigious projects in Toronto, In some ways Expo ’67 represented the Thomas Young had commissions to design three aspirations of Canadians at the time of the new Upper Canada District gaols in Guelph, country’s centennial. Futuristic and optimistic, Barrie, and Goderich. the event celebrated peace, international The story of the Goderich gaol is particularly cooperation, and modern technology, among well-documented, the Minute books and other things. With over 50 million visitors, it was correspondence of the Building Committee a tremendous success. The events of Expo were filling banker’s box 487 in the archives of the also viewed or listened to many times more than Western University in London, Ontario. this, making Expo perhaps a physical As the design and construction of the gaol manifestation of Marshall McLuhan’s theory of a unfold, meeting by meeting, letter by letter, one “global village.” Indeed, the place of Expo in the major theme to emerge is, alas, the progressively mass media beamed around the world no doubt acrimonious deterioration of the relationship contributed to its high attendance. The media between the architect and his clients. hub at Expo was the International Broadcasting Early correspondence is suffused with Victorian Centre (IBC), designed by the Canadian gentility. The letters are written with quill pens, Broadcasting Corporation. More than just a site payment is negotiated not in dollars, not in of media production for 200 of the world’s pounds, but in guineas. broadcasters, the IBC was also a destination, The decline begins with concerns about the need with over three quarters of a million visitors to provide a full set of plans, proceeds through (about 5,000 visitors a day). distress at the architect’s infrequent presence on On the occasion of Canada’s sesquicentennial, it site in Goderich. Issues surrounding payment is appropriate to explore how the IBC (now cover many pages. At one point Young feels that a demolished) represented Canadian ideals fifty member of the committee may be persecuting years ago. The building will also be read as him. Letters written by that member prove that exemplifying the goals of the CBC at an he is persecuting Young. important moment in its history. This paper also Months later, frustration leads the committee to argues that the broadcasting centre resonates redesign the roof of the building. In anger, Young with the spatio-media theories of McLuhan. As a spends a week in Goderich in the fall of 1840, site that responded to popular interest in the livid when the committee will not communicate production of radio and television, IBC with him, apoplectic when it does. emphasized the spatiality of mass media. Laden Resignation ensues, Young writing about “the with fleeting and ephemeral moments, sites of uncalled-for severity…such that no professional mass media, maybe more than any other building man was ever subject to.” Lawsuits follow. type, highlight the place of modern, layered

29 Religious Architecture in setting for their encounters reveals much about the dynamic between them. Often, a rich and Canada III | L’architecture complex architectural hybridity occurs, such as religieuse au Canada III Anglo-Norman architecture in England, or Mudéjar architecture in Spain. Session Chair | Président : Another example of an encounter between a Malcolm Thurlby, York University dominant and subordinate culture was the 15:30–17:00 English presence in Labrador in the second half Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai of the nineteenth century. The Church of The Walker Room England’s Labrador mission can be considered to have begun in 1848, when Bishop Edward Feild St John’s Anglican Church Jordan, ON conducted the territory’s first Anglican service in Alana Duggan, York University Forteau. Soon after, he had his first encounter 15:30–16:00 with what he called the “Esquimaux,” and their Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai conversion became a prized goal of his The Walker Room episcopate. What followed was an ambitious if not altogether successful campaign of church- St John’s Anglican Church in Jordan, Ontario was building and missionary work. But unlike so many constructed in 1841 but there is no historically analogous situations – including documentation about the architect or builder of contemporary examples in the British Empire – the church. This paper attributes the design to the Anglican churches in which Inuit were the Toronto-based architect John George baptized are notable not for their hybridity but Howard (1803-1890) on the basis of remarkably for its absence. This paper examines those close similarities with documented churches by buildings in the context of numerous other Howard. Specifically, the very distinctive gallery primary documents in order to explore the piers at Jordan, with four clustered columns with dynamic between the Anglicans and the Inuit in moulded shaft rings correspond very closely nineteenth-century Labrador. with those in a Howard sketch for a church on Snake Island, and in the interiors of St John’s, York "Correct" fonts for Gothic Revival Mills (1843), and Christ Church, Tyendinaga Churches in New Brunswick and Upper (1843). The Snake Island church was perhaps and Lower Canada never built but may have served as a template for Malcolm Thurlby, York University future commissions. The piers, along with several 16:30–17:00 characteristic motifs, were used repeatedly by Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Howard in his ecclesiastical oeuvre. The Walker Room Filling the Empty Vessel: The Anglicans John Medley, Bishop of Fredericton, 1845-1892, is and the Inuit in Nineteenth-Century well known as a champion of the ecclesiological Labrador Gothic Revival for Anglican churches in New Peter Coffman, Carleton University Brunswick. His passion for designs for which 16:00–16:30 ‘authority’ was established in English Medieval Friday, May 26 | vendredi, le 26 mai Gothic sources extended to the fittings of The Walker Room churches including open seats, stained glass, floor tiles and fonts. It is the latter that is the focus of Whenever dominant and subordinate cultures this paper. For his cathedral at Fredericton the come into contact, the architecture built as the font was imported from Exeter where Medley

30 had been vicar of the parish church of St Thomas and canon of the cathedral before moving to Fredericton. The font is of Caen stone and was carved by Simon Rowe, master mason of Exeter Cathedral. The design of the font was based on the medieval example in St Mary’s, Beverley (Yorkshire) which had been published in F. Simpson, Baptismal Fonts (1828), and which had been copied by Rowe for Exeter Cathedral, and the parish churches of Barnstaple and Broadclyst (Devon). I shall review other fonts supplied by Rowe for other Anglican churches in New Brunswick all of which were copies of Gothic originals illustrated in Simpson or Paley’s Illustrations of Baptismal Fonts (1844). I shall introduce analogous examples at Sillery (PQ) and Hawkesbury (ON) and then focus on two marble fonts in Toronto, one in St George the Martyr, the other in St James’s Anglican Cathedral.

31 the late nineteenth century, but archival materials Abstracts | paint a different picture. This paper seeks to shed light on this fascinating style through an examination of the Toronto architect William Résumés George Storm (1826–92), who exploited Gothic for his domestic commissions throughout the Saturday, May 27 | 1870s and 1880s. Through the lens of Victorian Toronto, this paper will examine the varied samedi, le 27 mai reasons behind the selection of Gothic, how Canada fit into international debates over style and how Canadian architects, like Storm, Current Research IV | reconciled the past with contemporary Recherches actuelles IV expectations. Session Chair | Président : Austin Parsons, Dalhousie University aka The Women’s Centre: Architecture as alias in Milton Park, “‘All the ‘pretty things’ and ‘jolly Montreal bits’”: Gothic eclecticism in late- Tanya Southcott, McGill University nineteenth-century Toronto houses 10:00–10:30 Jessica Mace, Université du Québec à Montréal Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai 9:30–10:00 The Walker Room Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai The Walker Room This paper finds inspiration in five photographs taken by Clara Gutsche between 1970 and 1972 The late nineteenth century was characterized of the Women’s Centre in Milton Park, Montreal. by an abundance of architectural influences. The Located at 3694 Ste. Famille Street in an plethora of choices at the time was described by otherwise typical greystone single-family house, contemporary observers as confusing, and the the Women’s Centre opened as a collective, self- period as a whole as transitional. In England and proclaimed feminist space in 1969. Funded in in North America, battles raged—in the press part by the proceeds of the McGill Students’ and in bricks and mortar—as to which style was Society’s Birth Control Handbook, it served as best suited to contemporary life, and as to which headquarters for the Montreal Women’s would form the basis for a new, modern Liberation Movement (MWLM), the Front de architecture. Rather than wholeheartedly libération des femmes du Québec (FLF), and a adopting one style or another, however, many bilingual abortion counselling service (later architects and patrons sampled from different Montreal Health Press/Les Presses de la santé de historical periods, with heterogeneous and Montréal). eclectic results. Gothic, as one of the leading Appropriation of the former private domestic styles of the earlier nineteenth century, building suggests the Women’s Centre as a continued to be used in various guises. contested space in which women used the This contentious movement, now known as High existing built environment to subvert traditional Victorian Gothic, has been very little studied in gender roles and norms. Here issues that were the context of Canada, particularly as most of its previously considered personal and private were products have long-since been demolished. As a deliberately politicized to challenge the position result, to posterity, it seems as though Gothic of women in the public realm. waned in popularity for secular commissions in

32 As part of the photo-documentary project “You Résumé de la séance : Tenant compte de la portée don’t know what you’ve got ‘til it’s gone”: The temporelle de ce congrès en général, cette Destruction of Milton Park,1 Gutsche’s séance vise à traiter l’aperçu canadien de photographs describe a rare intersection l’environnement construit dans le cadre des between the women’s movement and the « modernités alternatives » qui déﬁnit le heritage conservation movement in Montreal, modernisme en termes d’enjeux esthétiques, and an opportunity to explore its vernacular culturels et politiques et les pensés modernistes buildings through a gendered lens. Looking at the de l’occident dominant et non pas une narrative surface of the photographs, this paper asks how homogène. C’est-à-dire comment est-ce que les personal politics affect our understanding and espaces construits et les bâtiments au Canada use of space. Moving deeper in and through the coïncident, interrompent ou rendre plus images, it explores the tension between compliqués les concepts modernistes du 20e photography as a tool to recover women’s siècle? Les soumissions pour la séance participation in the construction of space, and pourraient explorer les phénomènes de reprise the constructed space of the architectural « rétro » soit les utopies, les dystopies et les photograph. hétérotopies, ou l’intervention autochtone dans l’architecture. 1 This project was co-created with David Miller. Automatic Narratives: Life on Post- Industrial Land Alternative Modernities | Thomas Provost, McGill University 11:00–11:30 Modernités alternatives Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai Session Chair | Présidente : The Walker Room Bojana Videkanic, University of Waterloo 11:00–12:30 Southern Ontario border city Windsor has Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai incredibly rich beginnings with the meeting of The Walker Room Huron, Jesuits, French, British, and passengers of the underground railroad, all making their home Session Abstract: In light of the temporal emphasis on the south shore of the Detroit River on land of the conference as a whole, this session will purchased for about 300 lbs worth of supplies. investigate the idea of Canadian built Windsor’s geography was incredibly strategic to environment in the context of “alternative many different groups, especially for war, and modernities,” a term that deﬁnes Modernism not remained an important center for transport after as a monolithic discourse, but as multiple the Industrial Revolution entered the Great aesthetic, cultural, and political ways of engaging Lakes. Automatic, it would seem, that in the last with/or countering mainstream Western century Windsor has been a company town modernist narratives. In other words, how do many times over. Before the amalgamation of constructed spaces/buildings in Canada run smaller communities into one, Ford City was parallel to, or otherwise disrupt or complicate, established in the early 1900s as a main-drag dominant notions of Modernism in the twentieth East-riverfront development synchronised to the century? Papers might explore the phenomena automotive plant of the Ford Motor Company. of revival or retro, utopias/dystopias/ Only a few blocks West is Walkerville, a heterotopias, or indigenous interventions into neighbourhood incorporated in 1910 and architecture. developed around the Canadian Club Distillery owned by Hiram Walker, featuring many early

33 works by Detroit architect Albert Kahn. Over prevent genuine place-making. As history time, additional automotive-focused demonstrates, modernism is not antithetical to manufacturing companies (such as Studebaker, architecture and place. In the postwar years, a Chrysler, General Motors, Cadillac, etc.) have critical discussion emerged amongst architects, scaled (and abandoned) the waterfront and which sought to evolve modernism beyond industrial corridors, once employing many functionalism. This was demonstrated through Windsor faithful and forever shaping much of its critical discussions on image, experience, and physical, economic, social, and urban character. monumentality. As well as increased interest in Stubbornly blue-collar, Windsor today is civic space, and investigations into mat urbanism organized by these very industrial remnants. and the megastructure. The undercurrent within Monolithic manufacturing swaths the size of these explorations was a belief that the scale and Central Park are now brownfield sites as sundry complexity of modern development could manufacturing jobs become technologically o become an opportunity to create urbanism, bsolete. Automatic Narratives examines rather than squander it. This critical discourse concepts of domesticity within the post- has continued through architectural work in the industrial urban landscape and documents how Netherlands and Denmark since the early people live with and negotiate around these 1990s, where an emphasis on visual variety, artificial landscapes as part of the daily human scale, and public interaction has been reciprocity of home and public space. given high priority. This thesis applies principles from this ongoing dialogue, and identifies hidden 1 Windsor Architectural Conservation Advisory Committee potential within existing North American (WACAC). Historic Sandwich Town: Walk through Ontario’s oldest, continuous European settlement: a field study. (Windsor, suburban networks. As a result, the project re- Ontario: University of Windsor, Faculty of Education, 1987) evaluates the legacy of the master plan from a contemporary perspective. Re-Envisioning Modernity: Transformations of Postwar Suburban The Scarborough Guild of the Arts: An Landscapes Alternative History Shannon Clayton, ERA Architects Bojana Videkanic, University of Waterloo 11:30–12:00 12:00–12:30 Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai Saturday, May 27 | samedi, le 27 mai The Walker Room The Walker Room

In an effort to explore the potential This paper addresses the history and possible transformation of North American postwar future(s) of the Scarborough Guild of the Arts suburbs, this M.Arch thesis actively engages in (The Guild). In considering Guild's history and its the ongoing critique of modernism from the mid place within Canadian modernist and 20th century to the present. Contemporary contemporary art traditions, I will offer several urban design practice has emerged out of a readings of what the site might mean within reaction to orthodox modernism. Typically, new Canadian art and architectural history. Given its suburban development falls into one of two colonial nature one of the most suited strategies; an attempt to replicate pre-war fabric deﬁnitions of the site is as an example of that never existed, or a reliance on high-density alternative modernities. I will also outline the to create instant urbanism. In both cases, the basic structure of the recent and future artistic critical role of architecture has been grossly interventions on the site that have and will undervalued. Ironically, it is the denial of engage its history and the socio-political and suburbia’s inherent modernity that has served to cultural transformation that Toronto and

34 Scarborough went through in the recent decades. The intent of my paper therefore is to historicize the Guild, frame it within Canadian socio-political and cultural context, especially as it relates to Indigenous art, diasporic art, and more recent attempts at reading Canadian culture in reactionary, nationalistic terms. My project seeks to understand the site as opposite of that nationalist intent (one that has put forward Canadian history as deﬁned by the Franklin Expedition and the sculpture of "Mother Canada"), instead looking at it in terms of the ways that its history is one of 'other modernity', and modernism, in other words a history of colonization and the cultures it has produced. Consequently, I offer alternatives for how contemporary Canadian art, architecture and heritage can be read and interpreted.