STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY
OP THB NIAGARAN 8ERIES IN
HIGHLAND COUNTY, OHS)
DISSERTATION
Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Decree Doctor of Philosophy in the
Graduate 8ohool of The Ohio 8tate
U n iv e rs ity
By
RICHARD SPENCER BOWMAN, B. S .
The Ohio State University
1956
Approved byi Approved by*
' A dviser A d v iser Department of Geology Department of Geology CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ------1
General statem ent ------1
Summary of previous investigations ------3
Purpose of investigation ------12
Acknowledgements ------16
Stratigraphy ------16
General statement ------16
Usage of the term *lith o fa o ie s* ------17
Dayton formation ------18
D efin itio n ------in
Stratigraphies relations and areal extent ------18
Lithology and thickness ------1 9
Fauna, correlation and age ------19
Alger formation ------23
Definition ------23
Lithology and stratigraphic relations ------27
Thickness and areal distribution ------26
Fauna, correlation, and age ------30
Bisher formation ------3 4
Definition ------3 4
Lit ho logy ------3 5
General statement ------3 5
Silty carbonate lithofaoies ------5 6
Cryptot lyre11a lithofaoies ------38
Dolomitio shale lithofaoies ------—40 ii Limestone lithofaoies ------43
Thickness, stratigraphio relations and areal extent ----- 45
Fauna, correlation, and age ------49
Lilley formation ------58
Definition ------58
Lithology ------.---...-.- 5$
General statement ------58
Crinoidal carbonate lithofaoies ------59
Argillaceous carbonate lithofaoies -----.----..61
Dolomitio shale lithofaoies ------.---....62
Dolomite lithofaoies ------62
Thiokness, stratigraphio relations, and areal extent ----- 63
Fauna, oorrelation, and age ------66
Peebles formation ------74
Definition ------.74
Lithology and stratigraphio relations ------.75
Thiokness and areal extent ------.-----..80
Fauna, oorrelation, and age ------8 1
Summary of oorrelation ------_ 85
Stratigraphio sections ------87
Geologic history ------138
Dayton formation ------1 3 8
Alger formation ------1 3 9
Bisher and Lilley formations ------1 4 0
Peebles formation ------1 4 2
Economic geology ------1 4 4
Road aggregate - -1 4 4 i i i Agricultural limestone ------145
High-oalcium lima aton* ------146
High-magnesitm dolomite ------1 4 7
Syateraatio paleontology ------1 5 7
General atatement ------157
List of looalities ------169
Desoription of species ------1 5 4
Phylum Coelenterata ------164
Class Stromatoporoidea ------154
Order Stromatoporidea ------164
Family Clathrodiotyonidae ------164
Genus Clathrodlctyon Nicholson and Murie - - - - 164
Family Stromatoporidea ------155
Genus ^tromatopora Goldfuss 165
Class Scyphoioa ----- 1 0 7
Order Conularida 167
Family Conulariidae ------167
Genus Conularla Sowerby ------167
Class Anthozoa ------169
Subolass Tetraoorallia ------169
Faultily Streptelasmidae ------169
Genus Streptelasma Hall ------169
Family fyonostylidae ------171
Genus Fletoheria Edwards and Haime ------171
Family Calostylidae ------173
Genus Calostylis Lindstrom ------173 iv Family Zaphrentidae ------179
Genua Zaphrentla Kafineaque and Clifford ----- 179
Family Metriophyllidae ------181
Ganua Enterolaama Simpaon ------181
Family Cyathaxonidao ------186
Ganua Dalmanophyllum Lang and Smith ------186
Family Calcaolidaa ------188
Ganua Holophragma Lindatrom ------188
Family Aoanthophyllidaa ------191
Ganua Cyathophyllmn Goldfuaa ------1 9 1
Family Arachnophy llidae ------193
Genua Araohnophyllum Dana ------1 9 3
Family Aoarrulariidaa ------1 9 3
Ganua Aoarrularla Sohweigger ------1 9 3
Subolaaa Tabulata ------202
Family Favoaitidae ------2 0 2
Ganua Faroaltaa Lamarok 202
Ganua Coanitas Eiohwald ------207
Family Halyaitidaa ------212
Ganua Halyeitea Fiachar von Waldheim ------212
Family Syringoporidae 215
Ganua Syringopora ------215
Subolaaa Sohi toooraIlia - 2 18
Family Heliolitidae ------218
Ganua H a llo lite 8 Dana ^ ------218
Ganua ly e I lia Edward a and Halme ------221
v Phylum Bryozoa ------222
Phylun Braohiopoda ------225
Class Artloulata - - -
Order Protremata-Telotremata (undifferentiated) - - - 225
Superfamily Orthaoea ------225
Genus Platystrophla King ------225
Super family Dalmanellaoea ------226
Genus Rhipldomella Oehlert ------225
Genus Parmorthis Sohuohert and Cooper ----- 227
Superfamily Pentameraoea ------250
Genus Pentamerus Sowerby ------250
Family Rafinesquinldae ------252
Genus Leptaena Dalman ------232
Family Stropheodontidae ------234
Genus Stropheodonta Hall ------234
Genus Megastrophia Caster ------238
Family Orthotetidee ------240
Genus Sohe1lwiene11a Thomas ------240
Genus Fardenia Lamont ------244
Superfamily Rhynchone1laoea ------246
Genus Camarotoeohla Hall and Clarke ------246
Genus Rhynohotreta Hall ------250
Genus Stegerhynohus Foerste ------252
Superfamily Atrypaoea ------255
Genus Atrypa Dalman ------266
Superfamily Spiriferaoea ------260 Genus Eospirlfer Sohuohert ------260 v i Genus Crispella Kozlowski ------266
Superfamily Rostraspiraoea ------266
Genus Cryptothyre11a Cooper ------266
Genus Whitfieldella Hall and Clarke ------269
Phylum Mollusoa ------271
Class Peleoypoda ------271
Order Taxodonta ------271
Superfamily Arcacea ------271
Genus Mogalomus Hall ------271
Class Gastropoda ------272
Order Archaeogastropoda ------272
Superfamily Pleurotomariaoea ------272
Genus Coelocaulus Oehlert ------272
Superfamily Trochonemat&oea ------274
Genus Poleumita Clarke and Ruedemann - - - - -274
Genus Platyoeras Conrad ------276
Class Cephalopoda ------280
Order Michelinoceratida ------280
Phylum Annelida ------2 81
Class Polyohaeta ------281
Order Cryptooephala ------281
Genus Cornulitea Sohlotheim ------231
Phylum Arthropoda ------282
Class Trilobita ------282
Order Opisthoparia ------282
Family Asaphidae ------282 Genus Bumastus Murchison ------282 v ii Order Proparia ------284
Family Dalmanitidae ------264
Genus Ealmanites Barrande ------284
Family Encrinoridae ------287
Genus Encrinurus Emmrioh ------287
Family Calynenidao ------289
Genus Calymene Brongniart ------269
Genus Homalonotus Konig ------290
Phylum Eohinodermata ------292
Class Cystoidea ------292
Order Blastoidea ------292
Family Stephanocrinidae Conrad ------292
References cited ------324
v i i i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
Figure 1* County map of Ohio showing the geographic position
of Highland County ------2
Plate 1
Fig. 1. Disoonformable oontaot between the Dayton and
Brassfield formations at looality 1 2 ------160
Fig* 2. The Bisher and Alger formations at looality 5 - - 150
Plate 2
Fig. 1* The Bisher formation at looality 2 ------162
Fig* 2* The lower part of the Bisher formation at
looality 2 7 ------162
Plate 3
Fig. 1* The Lilley and Bisher formations at looality 9 - - 154
Fig. 2. The orlnoidal carbonate lithofaoies of the Lilley
formation at locality 27------154
Plate 4
Fig. 1. Small bioherm in the Lillqy formation at
locality 4 1 ------156
Fig. 2. The Peebles formation at looality 27------156
Plate 6 Stromatoporoidea ------296
Plate 6 Scyphozoa and Anthozoa ------301
Plate 7 Anthozoa ------306
Plate 8 Braohiopoda ------311
Plate 9 Braohiopoda and Peleoypoda ------318
Plate 10 Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Annelida, Trilobita and
Blastoidea 3 2 5
ix Plat* 11 Geologio map of the Niagaran Series in Highland
County* (in pocket)
Plate 12 Map showing localities studied* (in pocket)
Plate 13 Fence diagram showing the geographic and strati-
graphic distribution of lithofaoies in the Lilley
and Bisher formations. (in pocket)
LIST OF CHARTS
Page
Chart 1. Nomenclature of the Niagaran clay shale in
Highland County from 1871 to the present ----- 26
Chart 2. Fauna 1 list of the Bisher formation ------51
Chart 3* Faunal list of the Lilley formation ------6 8
Chart 4* Proposed oorrelation of Niagaran formations - - - 8 6
x INTRODUCTION
Q tnril Statement
Highland County is located In aouthweatern Ohio (fig* 1), It la bounded by Clinton and Fayette oountiea on the north, Hoea and
Pike oountiea on the eaat, Adana and Brown oountiea on the aouth, and Brown County on the weat, The atratlgraphio range in Highland
County la fron the Arnheim formation (Upper Ordortolan) to the Berea formation (Lower Hiaaiaalppian). Hooka belonging to the Niagaran aerlea, howerer, hare a greater areal dlatribution in the county than all other foraationa combined.
Structurally the rook atreta of Highland County oompoae part of the eaat limb of the Cincinnati arch, Theee rooka atrike north- northweat, and dip eaat-northeaat at 20 to SO feet per mile. The moat rellabla oriterion for determining the atrueture of the Niagaran aerlea in Highland County ia a 1-to S-foot limeatone or dolomite layer (Cryptothyrella llthofaoiea), that liea a few feet abore the
Blaher-Alger oontaot. The algnifioanoe of thia layer aa a time marker w ill be dlaouaaed later in thia paper. Immediately aouth of
8inklng Springe in the aoutheaat oornor of the oounty there are numeroua faulta, Thia area la the northern part of the Serpent
Hound oryptoroloanio etruoture (Buoher, 1921), Beoauae thia atrueture haa been mapped in detail by Buoher (1934, fig, 4) the w riter did not include it in hia geologio map of the Niagaran aerlea ahown on plate 11, The amall fault ahown 1,1 mile a weat of Sinking Springe
(plate 11) ia genetioally related to the Serpent Mound oryptoroloanio a tr u o tu r e .
There are two weat-facing, diaeeoted oueetaa in Highland County* woo© t m
A L L tN
NMOM
HQNTOOMCW
Figure 1* County map of Ohio showing the geographie position
of Highland County# -a -
The eastern ouesta ia oapped by tha resistant Baraa sandstone* whioh overlies tha Ohio shale* Westward fro® tha steep alopaa produoad on tha Ohio ahala liaa a diaaaetad araa in whioh tha Niagaran roeka ooour* In tha waatarn part of Highland County thaso Niagaran reoka terminate in a oubduad and diaoontinuoua escarpment in whioh tha
Biaher and L illay formations are exooeed* Thia Niagaran aaoarpmant la particularly aoparant between Da nr 1 lie and 'V lllattaw illa (plata
11). Calaba H ill, 1*2 miles east-southeast of Danville* and the unnamed h ill one mile north of Caleba H ill, are isolated remnants of this escarpment*
Tha Niagaran roeka in Highland County are bast exposed in its southern part* This area la dlsseeted by Baker Fork, Middle Fork* and Ohio Brush Creek and their tributaries* It is in this part of tha county that tha stratigraphio relations of tha Middle Niagaran rooks oan bast be studied* Tha beat exposures of Niagaran strata in tha vlolnity of Hillsboro are found in several abandoned Quarries*
Although few expoaurea ware observed at lower elevations along Clear
Creak and its tributaries* Niagaran strata do orop out near tha top of tha valley slopes* Qood exposures of tha Upper Niagaran rooks oeour along Rooky Fork* east of Rooky Fork dam a few hundred yarda west of MeCoppln Mill (plate 11)* Rxpoaures of Niagaran rooks in tha northeastern part of Highland County are generally oonflned to tha valleys of Paint Creek and Rattlesnake Creek and their tribu taries* The area between these valleys ia oovered with glacial d e p o s its *
8u—nary of Previous Investlgationa
Aa early as 1836 Dr* John Looke of the Ohio Oeologloal Survey dtiorlbtd 69 feet of HltK»nn rook exposed it R«it Union, In Adana
County (1639, p. *43). Ho called tho rook in thia aroa tha ^Cliff limestone" and divided it into an uppar part lnoludlng "rough, poroua, aoft limestone filled with cavities whioh have baaa oooupiad by foeeil animals, and whioh have daoayad out"| a middle part whioh ia "alanine oua, and somewhat aranaoaoua, of a slaty structure, dark gray oolor, and comparatively hard"i and a lower part whioh ia more sandy than tha others. Although the writer doea not know tha exaot locality at whioh Loeke described the •'Cliff limestone" he believes his upper member ia probably that whioh is today oalled the Lilley formation, and his lower two member a are what la now called the Richer f onaa- tlon. Loeke reoognised that the ''Cliff limestone" possessed various llthologles throughout the state, but he made little attenpt to oorrelate its several members from one oounty to another. Regarding this and the importance of the Niagaran series in Highland County,
Orton (1671, p. *96) steteat
"Dr. Looke *s report furnishes an exoeedlngly faithful and interesting aooount of tha formations o f Adams c o u n ty , b u t i t f a l l s t o o o r r e l a te th e members of tha aeries whioh were found there, with the member of the same aeries in other parte of the State and elsewhere. The few attempts that are made in the report to do thia *?ork are unsuccessful. Nor have those geologists been more aueoesaful who, since its publioatlon, have endeavored to oonprehend, by lta aid, the divisions and equivalents of the C liff limestone of south- western Ohio* The oauae of this failure lay in the want of opportunity to follow, oonneetedly, from the rorthward, the line of outorop of the Upper Silurian formation, and espeolally in n e g le c tin g t o com pare th e s e r i e s o f Adams and Highland counties. The key to the solution of the problem is found In Highland oounty. It is there that the ohange ooours by which the oompaot series of Oreen and ' ontgomery oountles is expanded Into the ample formation, the two lower members of whioh Dr* Look* desorlbes aa tha C liff limestone of *eet Union*"
tha earlteat algnlfloant oontrlbutlon to oar knowledge of the
Niagaran aerlea in Highland County was made by Kdwerd Orton In 1871, in hi a report on "The Geology of Highland County** In thia report
Orton subdivided the Niagaran series Into six formations, the youngest
of which was the Hlllaboro sandstone now known to have been deposited in Highland County during lete Silurian and early Devonian time
(Carman and Schlllhahn, 1930, pp. 2R9, 260). Orton (1871, p. SOI)
gave the following section of the "Niagaran Rooks* lust southeast of
Hlllaboro, measured from the level of Rocky Fork to the top of Lilley
H ill*
Hlllaboro Sandstone SO f t
Guelph, Cedarvllle or Fonts me rus Limestone 20 f t
Blue C liff and Shales, Springfield Stone 46 f t,
Lower or “feat (Tnlon C liff 46 f t,
Niagara Shales 60 f t,
Dayton Llmeatone 6 f t,
Although the present subdivision of the Niagaran aeries lr Highland
County has undergone little ohange ainee Orton's report In 1671, only the terr. Dayton has been retained* Orton (1671, p. 606) and later
Poerste (1961, n. 191) believed that the Blue C liff (Lilley) formation did not extend os far aouth as Peebles In Adams County* It la now known, however, that the Lilley formation oan be reoognised as far aouth as E stlll County, Kentuoky (toFarlan, at al*. 1944, p. 651).
In 1673, (p* 466) Orton listed the following formations composing the Niagaran aerlea in Clark County* • 6-
Upper C liff, or Cedarrllle beds
Springfield stone
Seat Union C liff
Xlagara shales
This was the firot attenpt to oorrelate tho Niagaran subdivisions of Clark County with thooo of Highland County and Adaiaa County,
Regarding tha Weat Union C liff (Kuphenla) Orton atatea (p. 467)*
"Ita thlokneaa la but 8 feet in tha only looality where It la olearly shown) it ylelde no p ro d u c ts of economical iimportance| and the foaaila found in It are but few and indifferently preserved. S till It ia r.ot without ita goologioal lntereat, aa it uneoulTooally repreaenta the heayy beda of highland and Adana oountiea, deacribed by Dr, Looke, in hi a geolo*;ioal report of 1839, aa the 'C liff Limeatona * of Adams oounty, and reoognised in the report of the preaent aurrey on the 'Geology of Highland County', a* the *Lower' or 'Peat Union C liff'--a formation at leaat ten times aa thiok in the dlatrlota aboeo named aa it ia here found, and exhibiting in ita beda aome of the moat important faeta in the geologloal atruoture of tnia region,*
Throughout Orton'a report on Highland County he mentlona the moat commonly reeogniaed foaaila ooeurrlng in the different membera of the
Niagaran aerlea. He drawa particular attention to Ponta warns obiongua
Sowerby which la found aaaooiated with legalomua oanadenaia Ball in the "Guelph, Cedarrllle or Pentamerue limestone” (Peeblea) of Highland
County, Orton alao reoognised the oonaplououa absence of Pontaaorua obi ongua in the "Blue C liff" (Lilley) formation in Highland County aa compared with the Springfield formation of Clark County (1875, p. 470),
However, this braehlopod la now known to extend nearly to the base of the Lilley formation.
Without doubt August F, I'oerate ha a made tho greatest o ontribu- tion to our knowledge of tho stratigraphy and polo ontology of tho
Niagaran oorloo lr Highland County, aa wo 11 aa In tha raglon surround- lng tho Clnolnnatl aroh. Although vuoh of Poor a to'a oarllor work
(1*86-1909) did not deal with tho Niagaran aarloa In Highland County,
It Included descriptions of many epoolae that ooour In tho Bisher and
Algor f* or not Iona olaowhora,
Zn 1917 Poerste revised tho nommlaturo of tho Niagaran aarloa
of Highland County* On page 1*9 tho following formatIona are liatod
in doacending order*
Cedarville dolomite, with aandy layer# near top
L illey member ?«eat Union formation Blaher member
Crab Orchard Cloy a halo
Dayton limestone
Praaofleld 11moatone
Tho Braaefiold formation la now oonoidorod tho upper part of tho
Aedinan aerlea* Regarding tho subdivision of the .eat Union formation,
Poerata wrote (1917, p, 190)*
"At Hlllaboro, Ohio, tho Heat Union formation la aeparable into two membera containing a very different fauna* The upper, or Lilley member, exposed at various loealltea on Lilley H ill, a onelata of about twenty foot of m b i Ito lim e s to n e uaually owerlaid by two or throe foot of olay* It haa boon identified with oertalnty ao far only in tho vicinity of Hlllaboro* The lower, or Blahor member, typically expoaed northernat of tho Blaher dam, contains a wary oharactorlatle fosall horiaon about nine foot above ita baae, and several other layora, leaa abundantly foosill- foroua ooour between twelve and twenty feet farther up* Thia lower horiaon appeera to have a muoh wider horlsontal extension*" - 6-
Charaeterlatlo Lilley foaaila auoh as Holophramra oalooololdoa.
Zaphrentls dlgoplata. Cyathophyllvun roads!, AotrruUrU aoanaa paverl. and Caloatylla parvula woro described and dlaouaaad in thia paper
(1917, pp. 191-208).
In 1919 (op. 867-878) Poor a to again roforrod to tho Lilloy and
Blahor mombora of tho Woat Onion formation that ooour in Highland
County. Regarding tho namo "Woat Union" ho polntod out that "although tho noma of tho formation ia ohoaon from ffoat Union, no doaorlotion of tho Woat Onion aootion la given" by Orton. It was Foerste’s opinion in 1919 (p. 875) that tha torn "Woat Onion" ahould bo rotainad booauao "it haa proved ao rarely poaalblo to dlaorlmlnate the Blahor and Lilloy members, If indeod the latter la present, that a oolleotlve term seers doalrablo". However, In 1928, (p. 42) and In all eub- aeouent publioatlona. Foe rate abandonad the term West TTnlon and elevated tho Lilloy and Blahor to formotlonal rank. In 1929 (p. 169)
Foe rote wrote*
"Tho name Woat Union waa never properly defined from any exposure near Woat Union. Wo fauna of a dlagnoatlo oharaoter ever waa llatod by Orton from tho Woat Union area nor from Highland County. Orton*a aootion at Hlllaboro doea not olearly Indicate Juat how far upward hia Woat Onion at that looality extends. Hla uao o f th o noma Woat O nion I n a re a a f a r t h e r north waa inoorreot, and for tho aoko of oloar- neea It would bo bettor if tho term Woat Union woro dropped entirely."
The w riter ia In agreement with thia opinion.
In hla 1919 paper (pp. 869, 870) Foerate listed foaaila oollootod from tho Lilloy and Blahor format Iona in Clinton, Highland, and Aden* oountiea in Ohio, and In Lowia County, ftentuoky. He alao deaorlbed way of the ohanottriatlo fossils ooourrlng in the Blihir formation,
Fotrita however, e^hecited thct the foccil licta that he presented were based upon forms that oorur in the loner part of the Bisher formstion snd the upper part of the Lilley formation (1919, p. 372),
It will be shown later that many of the oharaoterlstlo Lilley and
Bisher forms ooour together in the lower part of the Lilley formation at several plaoes throughout the oounty.
In 1929 (pp. 166, 169) Foerste introduced the term Peebles formation, for the Upper Magaran rook at Peebles, Ohio, This forma tion had previously been oslled the Cedarvllle, though its fauna was unlike that found In the Cedarvllle formation In Clark and Greene oountiea, Ohio, Regarding the etratigraohio position of the Peebles formation Foerste wrote (1929, pp. 166, 169)t
"The Peebles is eauivalent to the Guelph of Canada, and therefore belongs above the Cedarvllle of the Springfield area, whioh is equivalent to the Raoine of Aisoonsln, the Raolne being dlreotly under the Guelph of that state,"
Paleontologiosl and stratigraphio evidence obtained by the writer supports this opinion.
In 1931 (p, 173) Foerste published the following "Thble of Silurian
Strata" of Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, -1 0 - fleo lo g le Southern Indiana Western Ohio Southern Ohio S e r ie s Western Kentucky Eastern Kentuaky
CATUGAJf O ra a n fle ld
P e e b le s Cedarvllle Springfield F up hernia LOCXPORT L o u is v ille L i l l e y W aldron W aldron L a u re l L a u re l?
Oagood Oagood? B ish e r R lb o lt CL IN TOR K s t l l l Waoo Basel Osgood Dayton L u lb eg ru d Oldham
(Plum Creek) •TDINAN B r a a a fle ld B r a a a fle ld B r a a a f le ld Centerville
The w riter'■ opinion regarding the implications presented in this ohort will bo discussed later In thia paper*
Foerate'e baaia for oorrelation waa primarily paleortologlo, although be uaed lithelogy where it preaented only alight horlsontal change* Foerate waa alao aware that lith domic ehanges are aeoon^anled by faunal charges* In 1934 (p. lit) he wrotet
"Frequently faunal dlfferenoee in adjacent provinces are aoconpanied by corresponding diff erence a In their llthologioal character* Thia does not mean neoeaaarlly that a limestone In one province ia replaoed by ahale or aandatone in another* Limestone may ooour in both prorlnoea at approximately the same horiaon, but these limestones may be distinguishable in oolor, bedding, coarseness of grain, percentage of elaatlo material included, or by differences In ohemloel constitution*"
Be knew of tha danger of giving importance to such eommon and -1 1 - long-ranging aptolti at Atrypi ratlquU rli. Parnorthla «prli>gfltlA»
♦nili. Laptaena rhoatooldalls. Pontonsrua oblongus, Rhlpido-eella hybrid*. and Fardonla aubplana In correlating Wiagaran bad* fros ona reason to anothor.
Foerete '■ «oat Informative work pertaining to Wlagaran strati graphy appeared in 1985* In thia paper he summarised the atatua of knowledge of the Iflagaran aerlea in eouthweatern Ohio, aouthaaatem
Indiana, Kentucky, and weatern Tennessee, 'taoh of thia paper waa baaed upon notarial appearing in hla earlier publications.
Foerate wade a nagnlfioent oontributlon towarda a better under* etanding of tha Wlagaren aerlea in the atatea bordering the Cinalnnati arch and tha Nashville dome* Ha waa an excellent paleontologlat, and hla olaaalfioation of the Niagaran formations In Ohio and Kentuoky haa given eonalderable aid to thoae who have aleu ainoa atudied theae a t r a t a .
During tha summers of 1929 and 1930 James K, Rogara Investigated tha geology of Highland County, and In 1936 the Qeologloal Surrey of
Ohio publlahed the reaulta of thia study, Sogera raoognlaad several different typea of lithology In tha Lilley and Blaher foraationa throughout tha oounty, Hla ohapter entitled "Detailed daaoriptIona of looalltlea* waa very helpful to tha writer in looatlng aome of tha batter Niagaran expoauraa in Highland County, Hla gaologio aap of
Highland County waa the noet detailed at the time of Ita publloatlon, although he did not differentiate tha Lilley and Bisher foraationa.
Unfortunately tha base upon whioh hla map waa published is not satis factory by present-day oartographlo standards. -1 9 -
Purpose of Inft»U w tlon
Booouoo tho Niagaran soriea displays oonoldoroblo llthologlo and faunal variation throughout southwestern Ohio, It hao boon dlffloult to oorrelato ita foraationa in various parts of thia region* Perhaps tho major obotaalo to o thorough understanding of Mlagaran stratigraphy
In Ohio is tho lao* of exposures in areas whore ahangsa in lithology and fauna ooour* Such an area axlots between Highland County and the
Springfield area* oonsietlng of Clark County and the northern part of Greene County (fig* 1)* Orton's correlation of the Magaren formations of Clark and Highland counties in 1873 was prim arily based upon lithology and eeonomlo value rather than faunal sim ilarities*
In 1917 (p* 187) Foerste subdivided the ttlagaran series in Preble*
Montgomery, Greene, Clark, Champaign, lami, and Darke oountiea in the following descending order*
Cedarvllle dolomite Durbin formation Springfield dolomite E up he ml a dolom ite
Laurel limestone
Osgood Clay shale
Dayton limestone
Foerste also pointed out that neither the Springfield formation nor the Euphemla formation oould be Identified south of Cedarvllle In northern Greene County* In 1979 Foerste stated that the Peebles formation of Adams and Highland oountiea was equivalent to the Guelph formation of Canada and was therefore younger than the Cedarvllle formation of the ^Springfield area**
Foerste was famllar with the faunal differences between the • 1
H U ftnn of tho "Springfield area" and that of Highland County, Tor thio ration ho did rot ecuate tha Peebles, Lilley, Blahor, or M^ir foraationa with any part of tha Nlararer aarloa oocurrlnr in Clark and Ora ana counties (19 SB, p. 168)* Only tha Dayton foraation waa known to be present In both areas* Tha oorrelation ohart presented by Foerste in 1931 (p. ITS) imrlies that Niagaran sedimentation was not continuous in either tha "Bpringf laid ares* or lr FI phi and County*
Be oonalders tha Lilley formation older than the !-upherrla formation and younger than tha Faldron formation (now sailed tha Maesie formation
In Ohio)* Likewise, aoeorditf to Foerste, the entire Durbin group In the 8prlngfield area was deposited after the Lilley and before the
Peebles formations lr Highland County* These strati graphic relations are not supported by field evidence, because, with the roaslble ewe option of the Alger-Payton contact, there Is ro evidence of a stratigraphio break within the Hiagsrar aerlea either In the Spring* field area or In Highland County* Although Foerste was well aeoualnted with faoles ohanges aooonpanied by faunal ohanges, his oorrelation was prim arily based upon s comparison of fauna*
The key to a better understanding of the Niagaran stratigraphy la to be found lr. Highland County, where the Lilley and Blaher forma* tlons display considerable llthologlo variation* In 1923 (p. 42)
Foerste wrotet
"While the Bisher formation can be traoed over wide areas In Highland and Adams oountlss, tha atrata overlying the Blaher formation present a complex of whleh very little la known so far* The llthologlo character of these strata changes within a few miles on proceeding from Hlllaboro eastward toward Marshall, and many fosall horisone ooour In the areaa between Hlllaboro, Marshall, - 1 4 -
Balnbridge, and tho Ohio R lnr whose rilitlv * position remains to ho determined**
Tho purpose of t h l i ln r e itl^ itlo n wti to exs-Mne tho dotalled stratigraphy of tho Wiagaran series in Highland County, giving par ticular enqphaeis to tho lithofaoies ana faunal variations within oooh for notion and an Interpretation of these variations* Foaaila woro oolleotod from SC lo o a lltlo a In tho oounty* Baoauao tt r»y of* tho a a looalltloa afforded poor collecting tho writer feels that a atatlatioal treatm ent of the asae.T.blages oolleeted would In moot oaoeo be mis leading* There is, however, some discussion regarding the oharaoter- iatio foaaila in several of the lithofaclos ooeurring if the Lilley and Blaher formations* The reader ia referred to the section entitled
"Systematio Pale ontology" for desoriotion and disouaolon of all foaaila oolleeted during thia investigation*
The w riter opont the summer months of 1952 and 1953 in the field*
Approximately four inr.tha of this poriod wer'* *Tv,nt mppin^ the
Niagaran formations in highland County* Beeeuae the Peyton formation at no piece exe«f*dH a thielrneas of 7 feet in the oounty it is repre sented on plate 11 by the line narking the base of the Alger formation*
Tho three typos of lines representing foriatio.-ml contacts are* oontact certain (solid), contact approximate (long dashes), and contest inferred (short dashes)* The line on plate 11, consisting of alter nating long and short dashes. Is not a formatlonal contact. but slaply delimits ar. area of known rook ocourronoe beyond which the writer do#a not feel there ia enough evidence to infer the prase nee of any partloular formation* This line is therefore entitled *lis«it of geological interpolation** For example, south of ^ocky Fork in tho • i 5 »
southern part of Liberty Township there la a large area oorered with
a thlok deposit of till and gravel* Nell reoords lndloate tho glaolal
drift to be at least 50 feet thlok In tore plaoea in thia area. The
extent of the Lilley formation in thia vicinity la doubtful and Ita area of ooaurrenoe to the south Is therefore delimited on the geologio
■ap*
Acknowledgments
The w riter wlahea to express hla a1noere gratitude to Dr* J*
Ernest Carman, Depart went of Geology, The Ohio State University, who
supervised the field work and gave valuable suggestions in the prepara
tion of the nwmieerlpt. Special acknowledgment la given to Dr* A*
LeRooque, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, for his helpful orltlolams and suggestions pertaining to the descriptive paleontology and for his supervision and asslstanoe In preparing the
manuscript. To John R. ’lolvin, Chlsf of the Division of Oeologioal
Survey, the w riter expresses his thanks for defraying all expenses
of the field work* Acknowledgment is due to Dr* J* J* Galloway and
J* 8t* Jean, Jr*, Department of Geology, Indiana University, for
the identifications and desorlptions of the stromatoporolds* The writer is grateful to his wife, June, for her helpful asslstanoe in
the field and In photographing the fossil hypotypes* Thanks are due
The Ohio State University and the Department of Geology of that university for their financial support of the paleontologloal work* -1 6 -
8TRATIGRAPHY
General Statement
The term "Niageran series" a* used in this paper includes all
Silurian rooks ooourrlng batoaan tha 'edlnan tarlac balow and tha
' ayuga n aariaa above* Thl a la in aeoordanoa alth tha usage employed by tha Rational Research Council's Correlation of tha Silurian
Forsatlona of North America" (8warts, at a l., 1942). Tha term "Niagara* was first used by Conrad in IPS? (p* 172) for tha sandstone of the
Niagara Gorge that is now considered part of tha ' edlna series* The history of tha different uses of tho ter .s "Niagara" and "Niagaras" is summarised by fisher as follows (1964, pp. 1963, 1964)*
"Aside from Conrad's previously mentioned designation given to the sandstones of the Niagara Gorge, the name Niagara was given to the 'Niagara shale* (Rochester shale of >nodern terminology) by Conrad (1648, pp* 226-35), and Vanuxem named the Hlagaran limestone* (Lookport dolomite of modern usage) (1639, p* 246), These pioneer workers of the New York Geologioal Survey used the name Niagara for a mappable unit, the forma tion, Hall (1642, pp* 52, 67-62* 1843, pp* 80- 117) used 'Niagara Group' to lnolude what we regard as Rochester shale and Lookport dolomite, th e re b y u sin g th e name f o r more th a n one m appable unit* It was Dana (1863), however, who first used the name in a broader, more encompassing sense* He applied the nans to toe strata frost the base of the wdlnen to the base of the Saline, oalling it the 'Niagara period*. The generally accepted definition of the name was introduced by Clarke and Bohuohert (1899, pp* 874-76) who included in it all beds from the base of the Clinton to the base of the Saline • • • • In 1921, Ora be u (p* 314) revived "Niagaran” in an old sense, dividing it into tower*, 'fiddle', and 'Upper'•*
Fisher (1964) proposed a tripartite division of the pre-Cayugan
8ilurian strata in southern Ontario and western New York, all of -IT-
w hioh ooim>oee th e O n ta ria n s e rie s * A ecording t o F is h e r , th a O n ta ria n
series lnoludoa tha Medina, Clinton, and ffiagaran groups, and tha
Nlagaran group lnoludaa only tha Lookport and Guelph formations* In
tha w riter'a opinion this aohaaa of classification la not adaptable
to tha post-Medinan and pre-Cayugan strata In aouthweatarn Ohio*
Although Niagaran formations in Ohio have bean correlated with parts
of tha Lookport-Ouelph and Clinton groups in western Haw York tha
exact atratlgraphio position of this group eontaot in Ohio is in
doubt* On tha other hand, tha dlsoonf oral ties at tha top of tha
Medlnan series and at tha base of tha Cayugan series give tha Intel**
waning Niagaran series In Ohio unnuastlonabla atratlgraphio limits*
Osage of the term "llthofacles"
Tha Lllley and Blsher formations display considerable llthologio
and faunal variation In parts of Highland County* For this reason It was convenient to subdivide these formations into llthofacles, which
indicate that some element of distinction existed In their respective
deposltlonal environments (llthotopes). The meaning of tha term
"lithofacles" in this report is in aocord with that proposed by Moore
In 1940* According to Moore (1949, p* 16) llthofacles "denotes tha
collective characters of any sedimentary work whioh furnishes record
of its deposltlonal environment"* Thus a llthofacles embraces the
organic characteristics of a deposit as well as its llthologio aspect*
Most of the llthofacles In this report bear compound names* Some of
these, auoh as "silty oarbonete", indicate only the lltholof^ of the deposit whereas others, such as orlnoidal carbonate Indicate the lithologie and organic characteristics of the llthofacles* The term -lfi-
"oirbomt«fl la used for llthofacles whioh nng« from limestone to dolomite In different areas* Obviously the relative proportion of calcium oarbonate and magnesium oarbonate is not regarded as the most distinctive feature of those llthofaoloe In which the term "oarbonate”
Is a oonnonont of the ncre. The llthofacios occurring In the Lllley and Blshcr formations will be discussed in detail in the atratlgraphio treatment of these formations*
Dayton formation
D e f in itio n
In 1670 (p. 149) Edward Orton referred to the lowest limestone of the fflagaran series In Montgomery County as the "Dayton stone*" and reported a thiokneas of 6 to 10 feet for it* Tn 1671 (p. 279)
Orton described tha "Dayton stone" in Highland County as "a very even-bedded* massive limestone* sparingly oharged with fossils and containing at least 90 percent of oarbonate of lime in Its consti t u t i o n " .
Stratlgraphlo Relations and Areal Extent
The Dayton formation is the lowest formation of the Miagaran series In Ohio* It is exposed in Preble* Montgomery* 41 ami* Clark*
Greene* Clinton* Highland* and Adams oountlee In Ohio* and continues as far south as Lewis County* Kentucky* In Highland County the Dayton formation is underlain by the Brassfleld formation and overlain by the Alger formation* The diso<-*nfornable oontaot between the Dayton and Brassfleld formations is well exposed along the east bank of
Kooky fork* 1*7 miles southeast of the courthouse In Hillsboro* Here the oross-bedded structure of the Brassfleld formation Is trunoated - 1 9 -
by tha flat-lying beds of the overlying Dayton formation (pi. 1. fig.
1). Tha oontaot between tha Dayton and Alger formations la rathar
sharp, owing to tha eontrast In llthology batwaan tha dense limestone
of the Dayton formation and tha soft olay a ha la of tha Algar formation.
Thl a contact, however. la regarded a a oonfonaablo. In a small miiiy
1.4 miles aoutb-southwost of t'alrfax tha upper part of tha Dayton
formation baoonea thln-baddad and arglllaaeous as it pasaas into tha
overlying Alger olay shala.
Llthology and Thickness
Tha Dayton formation la a light gray to greenish-gray, fine
grain ed . danse lim esto n e. I t ootomonly ooours In la y e rs 1 to 6 inches
thlok but may oontain bada up to 1 foot thlok. Its fine-grained,
danse texture ean readily be distinguished from tha mediuiegrained,
crystalline and usually elastic character of tha Brassfleld formation,
with which it is usually associated. The Dayton formation Is commonly
S to 4 feat thlok in Highland Countyi in a small east-west ravine,
1 mile south-southeast of Slmville tha writer measured 7 feet of Dayton
rook. According to Busch (1999. p. 66) the Dayton formation reaches
Its greatest observed thickness of nearly IT fe*t at Plcua. Ohio.
Fauna. Correlatlon.and Age
Tha Dayton formstion yields very few fossils in Highland County.
Tha writer observed Halysltee. Favosltas, and Stagarhynchus at one
exposure, but because of poor preservation these fossils were not
collected. Foerste lists the following species for the Dayton forma
tion In Adams, Highland, and Clinton counties (1981. p. 166). - 2 0 -
Stroaatoporoldoo
Cl»thr>diotyon Toalouloay Mioholaon u d Mur ia
▲athogoo
Araohnopharllf aa—liar la w llalm toM iuli (Foorato)
Coloatylia of* C_^ apongloao Foorato
Coonltoa ap*
Cyothophylluo ap.
Dryopwa ap*
FoToaltoa of* nlogoronala Holl
Holyaltoa ootonulorlo Linnooua
Ho1lolltoa ap*
iyolllo ap*
Ptyohophy l l y rlboltonao Foorato
Syrlngolltoa ap*
Zophroatla of* Z%_ intort ox to Foorato
Bryocoo
Bhlnopora rorruooao Holl
Broohlopodo
Dolororthla floboilltoa (Foorato)
Boaplrlfor nlogoronala (Conrod)
Gypldulo ap*
Hoiaoooaplro ap*
Fontonorua of* _P*_ oblong ua Sowar by
Plotyotrophlo roToraoto (Foorato)
Rhlpldooollo hybrid* (Soworby) -n-
SttgtrhyM hai rwgl<«tuw (Hall)
W hltfleldalla of. 2 s . "I1*** (Holl)
Oeatroooda
Euowrhalop to rue ap.
Cenhal oda
Dlaooionn of. ^ coroideua Hull
T r llo b lta
Illaonua of. 1*^ daytonenala Holl Whitfield
In addition to tha above apeelee, Foorato (1931, pi. 19) flguree
Pentamerua paablenala Foorato (Pjj_ oblor gua») and Syrlrgopora of. 8. rotlforwda Bllllnga oollootad front the Dayton f or met i or In Adana
C ounty.
8averal of the genera Hated by Foerate have been changed by tha w r ite r to of roe with preeent claealflcatlon. Ir view of tha llcdted number of eimoeurea and the rcorly foaalllfercua character of the
Dayton formation In Highland County, the writer auapeota that many of the apaclee llated above were collected only In Ada'>w and Clinton o o u n tle a .
Tha praaenoe of Pontamoruo obiongua (P. paeMecala*) In the
Dayton formation la elgnlflcent, for thla la lta flrat anpeeranoe
In tha Silurian of Ohio. In the t’lasraran of voaterr erd a antral Maw
York tha Reynalea 11 we atone la the oldoat formation containing Paa ta me rue obi ongua. Although the oreaona » of t'lla anon lea In theae two foraatlone doea rot guarantee their eonivaleaeo, Poerate (1934, p . I l l ) prcnrlalonally oorrelated the Deyton limestone In Ohio with the Reynalea
11 wee tone In Mew York, fhue the a(?.e of the Dayton fo r* tion la -9 8 - re garded aa middle-lower Clinton. In both Ohio and Haw York Pontamarua oblonrua oooura In inv«ritl formetiona of tha Mitj^nn aeries*
Retarding tha Dayton equivalent In Kentucky, Foarata (1986, p.
138) wroter
*6tratlgraphically It aaama noealble to traoa tha Oldham llaaatona of eaet-oentral Kentueky northward Into tha Dayton limestone of southern Ohio* However, in tha Birmingham araa of north* oantral Alabanta tha Pantamarua horlaon dlatlnatly overlies tha Strloklandl'nia ions, ona of tha anaalaa eharaotar1ting thla lowar sona being ldantieal with tha 8trloklandlnla norwoodl of tha Oldham Horlaon of east-central Kentucky* Under thaaa olroumatanoes It seems more probabla that the Dayton I liana ton* ia younger than tha Oldham limeatone* *
This vie* reflects Foarata'a belief that the lowar Clinton rooka containing Pantamarua in tha Birmingham area and in Ohio were daooaltad at tha aame time* Tha aama aasuction would apply to tha danoaita containing Strloklandlnia norwoodl in tha Birmingham araa and in eaet-oentral Kentucky* Obviously thla would not be true if tha migration of thaae aoeolea wea relatively alow* Further, the oenter from whioh thaaa migrations began and their direction of movement would have a bearing unon tha significance of the occurrence of thaaa apaciaa in depoalta at different localities* Thla alao applies to tha oorralatlon of the Dayton limestone end tha Reynales 11 meat ona, both of whioh oontain Pantamarua oblongua*
Both tha Dayton and Oldham llmaatonaa underlie the Alger formation*
Tha baaal part of tha Algar formation in Ohio oonalata of olay ahale in which there are no ltmeatone layera* In aaat-nentrel Kentucky tha bottom part of the Algar formation (Lulbegrud olay) la elao free of indurated carbonate layera* Foarata obaerved aeverel feat of altar- -tv
Hating limestone and olay shale between tha Itytoa llw itom and tha
Brtiifiold llmeitoTM at throe localities In U au County (1906, pp,
41-43). Thla deposit ha lntorpratad aa tho Plun Craak olay, ithloh separates tho Oldham froti tho Brassfleld formation In east-central
Kentucky. Forrate wrote (1906, p, 43) t
"A ecnparieor. of these throe aoctlona £ in Ada mi C ounty_7 with thoaa in Kentueky suggests that rosslbly the Oldham limeatone aaotion of eaat-eentral Kentuoky la rapraaentad in Ohio by tha Dayton limeatone, 'orth of Hllls- boro, Kentuoky, the Plum oreek olay sections appears to eontaln more and more limestone. In thla form it may be traoad into the oentral part of Adena county ,
If tha Dayton limestone la younger than the Oldham limeatone aa
Foarata later suggested, ther the Payton would probably be enulTalent to the Lulbegrud olay. To tho writer*a knowledge there la evidence to support thla ehamre in litholopy fro*n a limestone to a olay ahale free of any Indurated limestone lsyern. Conversely, the Plum Cra^k olay appeera to underlie both the Oldham in Kentucky and the Dayton forma tion in Adarra County, Ohio. In view of these atratlgraphio relations tha writer favors a correlation between the Dayton limestone in Ohio and tha Oldham limestone in east-eentrel Kentueky, Tha hiatus repre sented by tho dlaoonforsdty betwoen the Dayton formation and tha underlying Brassfleld formntlon in highland County probably represents tha time of Plum Craak deposition farther south,
Alger formatlon
D e fin itio n
Foarata (1905, p. 145) proposed the terir. Alger for the strati- graphlo suooesalon that included, ir ascending order, the Lulbegrud • 1 4 - olay, Raoo limestone, and Estlll olay. Tho nano Algar was taken from
"a station along tha railroad between Panola and Irvine" about a nlla aast of tha llna between la tlll and Madison oountlas In Kentuoky
(Foarsta, 1906, p. 61). Foarsto unitad tha Algar formstion and tha underlying Indian Flalds formation to fora tha Crab Orchard division of tha Nlagaran In Kantuoky.
Tha name of tha olay shalo that ooours batwoan tha Dayton and
Blshar formations In Highland and Adams oountlas, Ohio, has boon revised ms ny times sinoa 1871 whan Orton eallad It ^tlagara s ha la s.”
In 1906 (p. 62) Foarsto oorralatad tho Crab Orchard division In
Kantuoky with tha Niagara shala In Ohio, whioh, aeeordlng to him, lnoludad tho Dayton formation* hisvan yaars latar Foarsta (1917, p.
190) usad tha tarm Crab Orchard for this olay shala In Highland
County but exoluded tha Dayton formation. In 1928 (p. 4) Foarsta usad tha nams Algar for tha stratigraphio intarval batwaan tha Dayton and Blshar formations. Tha tarm Rlbolt was lntroduoad by Foarsta In
1931 (p. 169) for tha uppar parti the unfosslllferous shala banaath tha Rlbolt was than regarded as tha Kstlll olay. In Foarsta's 1985 publieatlon ha rastrlotad tha nama Algar to tha unfosslllferous olay shalaa underlying tha Rlbolt olay and overlying tha Dayton limastona, pointing out that tha Rlbolt and Algar ara transitional. Rogsrs(19S6, p. 70) usad tha nama Crab Orchard as a formation that lnoludad tha
Rlbolt olay abova and tha Algar clay below.
In tha w riter's opinion tha nama Crab Orohard should not ba usad for tha Nlagaran olay shales in Ohio. "Crab Orchard” as amended by
Foarsta (1906) lnoludad tha Indian Fields formation, whioh has never bean recognised In Ohio. Further. Foarsta (1928. pp. 87 , 88) pointed -ts- out that tha olay ohala between tha Biohar and Dayton fornationo In northaaatarn Kantuoky and Ohio la sorely tha northarn axtanolon of tha
Algar formation within tha Crab Orchard division. Tha Crab Orchard dlwlaion, therefore, haa a greater atratlgraphio ranga than tha dapoalt in aouthwaatarn Ohio originally oallad tha Niagara ahalaa,
Foerate'a aubdWlalon of Nlagaran olay ahalaa into tha Rlbolt above and tha Algar (raatriotad) baloar la not naoaaaary and only adda oonfualon to tha atratlgraphio nomenolature, Tho antlra auoooaalon la tha product of a aingla llthotone that gradually ehangad to tha auooaadlng llthotopa in whioh tha lowar part of tha Biohar formation wao deooalted, Tha faw 1-lnoh layaro of dolomita occurring in tha uppar part of thla auoeaaalon of olay ahala do not, in tha writer *o opinion, require a atratlgraphio oubdlwlaion of tha depoait, Tha contact between Foarata*o Rlbolt and Algor (raatriotad) la oong>letely arbrltrary in Highland County, To refer to tha Rlbolt aa "foaaill* feroua" aa oompared to the "unfoaailiferoua” Algar (raatriotad) la nialeading, for with ono axooption tha writer found the entire olay ahala dapoalt to ba nearly barren of foaoila, At boat tha uppar part would ba regarded aa poorly foaai11feroua, whan oonaidered aa a whole.
The Algar formtlon, in thla report, oonalota of olay ohala with eowe
Indurated doloalte layera towarda tha top and eooura between tha
Dayton foraatlon and tha Biaher foraation.
Chart 1 auiaaarlaaa tha atratlgraphio noawnolatura applied alnoa
1ST1 to tha "Niagara ahala" in Highland and Adana eountlea, Ohio, Orton Poerate Poerate Foerate Poerate Poorate Rogere Bowean
1871 1906 1917 19?3 1931 1936 1936 1966
Weat Union Neat Union Blahor Blaher Blaher Blaher Blaher Blaher
fo rm tio n fo rn atio c neither form ation fo raatio n formation fo m a tio n fo raatio n
NIAGARA WIAGABA CRAB JLGFR R lbolt R lbolt CRAB A lger
ahale el ay ahale ORCHARD fo raatio n
SEAL'S SHJLF ORCHARD olay B a till Alger fo raatio n
d a y ahale ahale olay c la y ahale
Dayton Dayton Dayton Hayton Dayton Dayton Dayton
etene U neaten* lin eatn n e llnaatone lla e a to n e llraeatrne fo raatio n
Chert 1. Honenolature of tho *loperan ahale in Highland County from 1871 to tha preaent -IT-
Lltholonr and Strati craphlo Relations
Tha Alger formation consists of aoft, bluleh-green olay ahala that o ownonly weathera lirht yellow. In several placet In Highland
County it oontalna nunnroua purple layera. At one auoh exposure, locality 56 lr Conoord Township (nl. If), the bottom 24 fe* t of Alger oonalata of alternating bluish-green and oumle layera of soft olay ahale. The upper part of the Alger formation oontalna some l-to 5- inoh layera of light gray dense dolomite. These Indurated layera ooour at intervals of 2 to 16 feet within the body of the elay ahale.
It la this upper part of the Algar formation that Foerste oalled the
Rlbolt olay. The llthology of the Alger la strikingly similar to the upper part of the ^lkhorn formation, whioh la the uppermost Ordovlolan strata occurring in Highland County. Lithologloally the i lkhorn can be distinguished t r o ^ the Alger by the thin layers of llmeatone rather than dolomite that ooour In the olay shale.
The Alger formation la underlain by the Dayton formation. As previously stated, this oor.formable contact Is commonly rather sharp although there are a few places In Highland County where the upper
8 or.4 Inches of ths Dayton limestone oontalna some shale partings.
The Dayton*Alger oontaot, however, can be observed only In a few plaoes in Highland County and therefore our knowledge of its physical oharaoter is limited.
The Blshar formation oonformably overlies the Alger formation.
Lithologloally the Blaher dolomite is quite distinct from the Alger olay shale and their oontaot is therefore easily reeognised (pi. 1, fig. I). This oontaot Is here regarded as the base of the first - 1 6 - proadnent buff-ool ora d la jar of doloadte* Baloa thla lajar thara uaually oooure a 1-to f-foot tone of alternating dolomite and ahala*
Thla ion a typloally rapraaanta tha paaaaga of olay ahala Into Impure dolomite* Becauae tha Algar olay ohala la aaally eroded aa oonpared to tha more reolatant Blaher dolomite, a waterfall nearly alwaye oeeura In atraoma that oroao tha oontaot between theae formetIona*
Thla la particularly true In tha tributerlea leading to 'iddle Fork in tha aoutheaat part of Highland County* Commonly 10 to 16 feat of the Alger formation la expoeed beneath the lip of theae waterfella*
Thlokneaa and Areal Dlatrlbutlon
The tMokneaa of the Alger formation Tar lea looally but undoubt edly thlna to the northweat* The greateat obaerred thlokneaa of thla formation In Highland County ooeura 0*66 mile north of Belfaet where
B3 feet waa meaaured* Thla thlokneaa wae obtained by lerellng up tha weat aide of a north-aouth trending ridge from a point that la pre- auaably tha top of the Dayton formation, to tha flrat prominent break
In alope marking tha Biaher-Alger oontaot (pi* 11)* beat and waat of thla locality tha Alger la aomewhat thinner* For example, 1*1 mllea aouth of Fairfax tho Alger la 76 feet thlok and 2 mllea oouthwoot of
Klmrille it la 7 2 feat thlok* At both of theae looalltlee the Alger-
Dayton oontaot la axpoaed but the Biaher-Alger oontaot «raa Inferred by the ehange In elope* In the rloinlty of Hlllaboro (locality It) tha
Algar formation la approximately 67 feet thlok aa determined by haad- lerallng from the Alger-Dayton oontaot to tho baae of the ateep alopa produced by the more raalatent Blaher formation* ieat-northweat of
Hlllaboro* on tha aouth aide of a amall hill juat oaat of Ruaaell, tha - 3 9 -
B i she r-Alger oontaot la exposed In a shells m road out (pi# 11)# At
an elevation of 1,060 font thr aurfaoe surrounding tha h ill becomes
▼cry flat, characterising tha top of tha Dayton or Braaaflald formation#
Tha Interval between thla flat aurfaoe and tha top of tha Alger la 56
feat# Tha Algur therefore apparently thlna eery rapidly woat of
Hlllaboro# Tha formation attaina ita greatest thioknoaa in Idans
County# At teat Union and Feebloe, Foarata give a a thlokneaa of 160
feat for thla olay ahala (1936, o. 138).
Aa ahown on tha geologic map (pi# 11) tha prlnolpal occurrence
of tha Algar for nation in Highland County ia I d tha area diaaaotcd by
Ohio Bruah Creek and ita tributaries# Hare tha Alger olay ahale forma
oonoave slopes descending frot the o 1 iff-forming Higher formation to
tha flat aurfaoe -narking the tc-j of the Dayton limestone# Beoauee tha
Algar ia eery soft its slopea aro often scarred with numerous parallel
gullies that are ootrjnonly 3 to 3 foot deep# Just aouth of Hlllaboro
tha Algar ia exrosed at plaaes in the slopes descending to the level of
Hooky Fork# The s ite soot commonly re fe rre d to In the l i t e r a t u r e la
1#7 miles southeast of tha Court House in Hillsboro (looality 13)#
Hare tha Alger la poorly exposed in several gullies on a southaaatward-
faoing slope just northeast of Route 73#
North of Hlllaboro the Alger formation la exposed at only a fee
localities and thus provides little basis for detailed mapping# Along
Hardin Creek in Fairfield Township It oooura aa an lnlier (pi# 11)#
At looality 6, along tha eouth-oentral part of thla lnlier, tha stream
has exposed 33 feet of tha Alger olay shale# To tha w riter's knowledge
thla represents tha thickest exposed aeotlon of thla formation In - 3 0 -
Hlghland County (pi. 1* fig* 2).
Although the Alger formation mutt oocur beneath the Blther forwn- tion along Clear Creek the writer observed It In only a fe* looelltlee northwest of Hillsboro. Due to the lsok of atratlgraphio control eloag Clear Creek* the w riter has chosen to nap the Alger formation in this ▼alley only there mapping ia supported by field evidence.
Fauna. C or re la tio n . and Age
The Alger formation la relatively barren of foaslla. oat of the ap eeiea r e dot ted were oolleeted In the upner part (Rlbolt) of the formation* which Includes a fee thin dolorlte layers. Fossils were oolleeted in tho Alger at only four localities. The only fossil found at two of theae localities* 27 and 34* was a for. of C onularla which olosely resembles the species niatrarenals Hall (pi. B, figs. 1 and e). This genus was also observed In the Blaher formation. Atrypa retleularla hlllaborocnsla Foerate, as enorded by the writer* and
Leptaena rhoadboldalla (Hllokens) were col looted at looality 45. The writer*s ' oat significant fossil colleotlcn frorr the Alger fornatlon was made at looality 6. Here six species were oolleeted liurediately above a thin dolomite layer* about 21 feet below the Biaher-Alger oontaot. Of theae six species* Strcptalaan* pyprraeum foe rate! Bowman*
Calostylle aponglosa Foerate* and Dalmanltes brevlcaudatua Foerste have rot been previously reported from this formation. Dalmanltes brevlcaudatua is a comron fossil in the Bisher formation and la also occasionally found in tha lower part of the Lllley formation. Calo- stylla aponglosa is a characteristic coral in the so© limestone of east-central Kentucky. A form of Calostylle occurring in the Dayton - 3 1 - and Oldham llmaatone has baan comparad to 0*. apongloaa,
Foarata (1931, op, 193, 169) liata IS mogafoaall apaolaa from tha Rlbolt, whioh la hara oonaidarad part of tha Algar for.tat ion,
Tha following apaolaa are now known from tha Algar formation In Lawla
County, Kantuoky and Adaaa and Highland oountiaa, Ohio,
Anthoaoa
Caloatylla apongloaa Foarata
Cpnularla of, nlararanala Hall
Straptalaaaa pygaaaum foarata! Bowman
Braohlopoda
Anoplotheoa of, A^_ obaolata Foarata
Atrypa ratioularla hlllaboroanala Foarata
Caaarotoaohla ? oongruana Foarata
Chonataa aatuatua Foarata
Cranlopa aquamlformla (Ball)
Boaplrlfar radlatua Sowarby
Fardanla of, F, aubplana (Conrad)
Lapta ana rhoaboldalla (Wilokana)
Sohallwlanalla of. S, proaaarl Foarata
Stagarhynohua naglaotun (Ball)
Strophaodonta (Braohyprlon) aundula Foarata
8trophaodonta (Braohyprlon) of, 8^ plana Foarata
Palaeypoda
Ptarlnaa aaaoarata (Conrad)
Oaatropoda
Buoanalla of, B^ triloba ta (Conrad) Qyronema ap. - 3 8 -
T r ilo b lta
C tly w n o « l » b r t Raymond Z £_•_ nlagarenala Ball
Dalmanltaa ollntom m lo Foarata
Dalmanltaa bratloaudatua Foarata
Llooalymana t olintonl Foarata
In tha Algar fauna liatad above. auoh apaolaa aa Boaplrlfar rad la tua. Fardanla aubplana, Leptaena rhohbolda 11a, Stegorhynohua noglootun and Calymano ealabra ara aomn.on forma throughout tha Nlagaran and tharafora hat« no atratlgraphio value. Sohallwlanalla proaaarl and Dalmanltaa brovloaudatua ara oharaotarlatloally found In tha
Blahar formation.
Foarata (19S1. pp. 188, 189) ran or tad the oatraoodaa laatlgo- bolbfcaa argute. I, modeate. M. punatata and Plethobolblna typloula
from tha uppar part of the Algar formation. 0.5 mile waat of Peeblaa
In Adama County. Thaaa oatraoodaa ara chareotarlatlo of tha Middle-
Upper Clinton In New York. Pennaylvanla, faryland, and Virginia
(Ulrloh and Baaaler. 1983, p. 377). Foarata tharafora oonaldarad tha aga of tha uppar part of tha Algar olay ahala aa uppar Clinton. Tha writer 1a In aooord with thla aga datermination.
In tha writer*a opinion tha Algar formation oontlnuea northward
Into Clinton. Greene, and Clark oountlea. In Clark and Greene oountieo thla olay ahala ia called tha Oagood and Aaaaia formatIona. A 4-foot
layer of llmaatone. identified aa tha Laurel formation, oooure near tha too of thla olay ahala auooeaalon. Buaoh (19S9. pi. 6) ahowa that tha Laurel beoonea thlokar to tha waat whereae tha Oagood forma tion thlna weatward. Unlike the Oagood. tha Maeele olay ahala oontalna • 8 ft *
• fauna quit* almllar to that ooourring In tha Waldron ahala In
Indiana* For thla reason, Foarata (1986, p. 168) propoaad tha tar*
•Maesie" for thaaa foaalllfaroua ahalaa, to distinguish than from tha
Osgood formation* It la tha w riter'a opinion that tha Oagood and
•lassie olay ahalaa of Clark and Oraena oountlaa represent a single body of sediments that oontalna a thin llmeaton* stratum (apex of the
Laurel tongue) near the top* Tha Inclusion of limestone or dolomite within tha Nlagaran olay ahales is common In southwestern Ohio and parts of Kentuoky* From Highland County aouth to Lewis County,
Kantuoky thin layers of dolomite ooeur in the uppar part of tha Alger
formation* In east-oentral Kantuoky tha *aoo limestone separates tha
Lulbegrud olay fror tha Estlll clay* It is probable that moat of thaaa
oarbonate layers ware ohemleally deposited during a short and temporary
change In tha predominantly muddy Algar lithotope* Although thaaa
carbonate layera are usually quite persistant It la not hare suggested
that tha ^aco, Bibolt, and Laurel on the east aide of tha Cincinnati
arch ara correlative* There la, however, little reaeon to doubt that
tha body of olay shala conformably overlying tha ftayton 11 pies ton# In
Clark, Oraena, Highland, and Adams oountlas is part of one deposit*
To tha south it ia believed to ba represented by tha Lulbegrud olay,
Waoo limestone, and Setlll olay*
Faunally tha Alger formation has few sim ilarities to Its proposed
equivalents to tha north or south* Six spec las reported from tha
uppar part of the Algar also ooour in tha tossle* All of thaaa apaolaa,
however, ara ooaunon forms throughout tha Nlagaran series* Tha most
eignifleant apaolaa occurring in the Algar ia Caloetylls aponglosa - 3 4 - whioh also oeoure in th* naoo 11 mo a ton* in eest-oentral Kentuoky*
To th* writer *s knowledge thla speelcs la unknown elaewhere in the
Nlagaran aariea in North Asmriea*
Blaher fonaetion
D e fin itio n
The atretum now known aa th e B laher fo ra a tio n wee f i r a t deaorlbed at Neat Union, Ohio, by Dr. John Look* in 1838 (p. ?42). Here he divided the "Cliff 11 wee tone* into three part a, the middle andlower parta being arflllaoeous and arenaeeoua. Theae two lower part* of
Locke's ’'Cliff lime#tone" undoubtedly represent the Blaher formation in Adema County. In 1871 Kdward O rton d escrib ed a suooeasion of
Nlagaran oarbonate rooka southeast of Hlllaboro which he naned the
Weet Union foraation. He divided thla formation into the Blue Cliff or Upper C liff above and the Neat Union C liff or Lower C liff below*
He did not, however, deaorlbe the fleet Union foraation in the Tiolnity of Boat Union, Ohio. The term Blaher was proposed by Foerste (1917, p. 190) for the lower member of the Nest Union formation* Th* name was taken froa an abandoned dan alt* along Rooky Fork about 1.8 mile* southeast of th* oenter of Hlllaboro* Immediately northweat of this daa site the Blaher la exposed along a southeasterly extended ridge
(pi* 11)* The term Nest Union was abandoned by Foerate in 1923 (p. 42), and the Blaher as well aa the overlying Lllley was elevated to forma- tirnal rank* In hla 1919 (p* 388) publication Foerste wrotei
"The Blaher member her* corresponds to the Lower or Neat Union Cliff of Orton, while the L ille y member corresponds to the Upper or Blue C lif f , " - 3 6 -
Rowmr, In 1935, (p. 136) Foarata mrotti
"Tha Watt Onion C l i f f ln o lu d a t tho lowar two thirda of tha Blahar foraation of Foarata, tha uppar third of tha Blahar being foraad by tha ahalaa whioh fornod tha baaal part of tha Blua C liff of Orton"*
It ia thla later intarp rata tion of tha Blahar'a atratlgraphio 1 trait a that ha a baan adopted by tha writar *
Tha writar belierea Foarata waa oorraot in eubdlvlding tha Boat
Onion into two formatlona* -ia primary ootlta for thla dlvialon waa tha atrlklng diatinotlon between tha faanaa of thaaa two formatlona*
It will ba ahown latar, however, that tha oontaot between tha Blahar and Lilley formatlona la not a time line* It la probabla that for a period of tine tha Lilley and Blahar llthotopoa ware locally In juxtapoaltlon and to thla ertent thaaa formatlona ara Intimately related *
L lthology
Qanaral Statement
Tha Blaher formation la predominantly a fine-grained, ailty to arglllaceoua dolomite that ia wall bedded In layera ranging from 1 inch to 3 feat In thlokneaa* Tjrpieally tha dolomite weathera to buff or yellow-buff| however. It oooaonly diaplaya aome ahada of gray whan fraah* Looally tha Blahar formation ia aompoaed of gray to blue-gyay, danaa llmaatone,dolomltlo ahale and a medium to ooaraa-grained orya- talllne llmaatone layer bearing numeroua foaalla* Tha writar regarda thaaa dlatlm tly different llthologlea within tha Blahar aa llthofaoiaa*
Tha writar haa divided tha Blahar formation into four llthofaoiaa that are ahown die grama tic ally on olate 13* An almoet infinite number - 3 6 - of llthofacles rviultlnR from ■lightly different lithotopes oould bt proposed for the Blsher formation, depending upon the detail in whioh a geological Invest!ration Is conducted. For example, a sequence of thin layera of dolomite eaoh separated by a shala parting might ba regarded as one llthofaoiaa by soma workers and an alternation of llthofaoles by other workers, Tha writar, however, baaed tha lltho- faelas In the Blshar formation upon general lithologlo types eaoh of whioh was deposited in a dlstlnetly different llthotrpe.
Silty Carboneta 11thofaolea
The silty oarbonate llthofacles ocnstitutes tha greater part of the Blsher formation both strati graphically and geographically. This llthofaoles is oomooeed of fine-grained, silty to argillaceous oarbonate rook that is medium to dark gray when fresh but buff or yellow-buff when weathered. It oommonly consists of even beds, many of which are separated by shale partings. In general, the silty carbonate lltho faoles becomes somewhat thinner bedded toward the top of the Blsher formation. There Is also a notable deereese In the thlekness of the beds and an increase In the number of ahale partings In this lltho faoles as It Is traoed from the s outhern to the northern pert of
Highland County, The most contrasted exposures exemplifying this ehange exist et localities £ and 27 (pi, 12), At locality 27, 0,6 mile west of Sinking Springs, the lower part of the Blsher formation consists of layers 2 to 3 feet thlok with some shale partings (pi, 2, fig, 2), Some 20 dies north-northwest of Sinking Springs, at looality
2, this llthofaoles is ropreaentod by 1-to 6-inch layers of dolomite separated by nuaercus ahale partings. The atratlgraphio position of m 9%» these strata is determined by thair proximity to tha Cryptothyralla llthofaoiaa, which is beliaTed to ba a continuous layer and probably a time rook*
At several localities tha silty oarbonate llthofaoles constituting tha upoer part of tha Blshar formation oontalna thin layers of ohert and ohert nodules* These ohert layers commonly dlsolay faint laminae that oan be traced Into tho enclosing dolomite* This oherty upper part of the Blshor formation is wall exposed at looality 9 In an abandoned ouarry at the west edge of Hillsboro (ol* 3, fig* 1)*
Cherty layers In the Blsher vero observed at only a fe* plaoea in the vicinity of Hillsboro and therefore are not regarded as particularly oharaoterlstlo of the formation throughout Highland County*
The basal part of the Blsher formation invariably eonslsts of rooks here olassed as the silty oarbonate llthofacles* This litho- fades, however, is strati graphic ally separated by the C ryptothyrella and dolosiltlo shale llthofaoles, whioh are thin strata representing temporary interruption in the silty oarbonate llthotope*
lost of tho silty oarbonate rooks in the Bisher formation consist of dolomite or dolonltle limestone* However, impure limestone beds belonging to this llthofaoles exist at localities 14, 34, 39, 41, 43, and 44* At all these localities except localities 43 and 44, the
Blaher formation also includes beds belonging to the limestone 11tho- faolea* The main distinction hare medo between the limestone 1ltho- faolee and limestone layers in the silty oarbonate llthofeolns is the relative amount of fine non-carbonate clastic material present* Bocks olassed as the limestone llthofaoles aopoar to be rather pure limestone -3 8 - as compared to those of the silty carbons to llthofacles, t m t i y of tho limestone lsysrs In the silty carbonate lithofacies display el a a Tags mottling, a term used here to denote what has been called "luster mottling" by Petti John (1949, p. 484)* This phenoaisnan eleerly indicated calotte of sooondary origin so ting aa a cementing agent,
Because the silty oarbonate llthofacles Is relatively informs able, it is believed that the limestone layers in this llthofaoles are original rather than having been converted to limestone through secondary deposits of oalcite derived from higher strata. Further support for this opinion la found at locality 34, where ailty lineatono units 7,
P, and 9 are underlain and overlain by dolomltlc shale. The sooondary deposits of eoictte displaying clepwapr mottling p r o b a b l y rep re se n t local transfer of calcium carborate within a sinrlr layer or between adjacent layers,
Cryptothyrella llthofaclea
In 1917 (p, 190) Foerste pointed cut that the Blsher formation contains a very foaeiliferous zoos about 9 feet above its base. Two years later Foerste published a faunal list for the Bisher formation and wrote that "all the fossils cited from Hillsboro, Danville,
Sinking Springs, Crooked Creek, Peebles, Best Union and ‘lartina
/*Fentuoky_7 came from this horiton* (1919, p, 368),
In 1938 Rogers (p, 79) referred to this fossil3feroua layer as the "Fhltfleldella bed" after the species Bhltficldella cyllndrlca
(Fall) whioh eharacteristically occurs in this stratum. However, in
1944 (p, 331) Shiner and Shroek placed this sneolea in the genus
Cryptothyrella and th Is classification has bean accepted by moat paleontologists* Tho term "Whltfioldolla bed", therefore, la not paleontologleally oorreot end should not be used* The writer proposes to oell this stratum the Cryptothyrella llthofaoles after the spooles
Cryptothyrella oyllndrloa (Hall), whioh was formerly plaoed in th#
genus W hltfloldolla*
The Cryptothyrella llthofaoles may be regarded as both a biofaoies and a physlofaoles* Aa previously mentioned the term llthofaoles as
used In this report lnoludes both the organio and inorganlo oharaoter-
lstloa of a aedlmentary deposit* Lithologloally the Cryptothyrella llthofaoles eonslats of gray, medium to ooarse-grained, crystalline
oarbonate rook often occurring in too or three layera* It ia nearly everywhere very fosslllferoua and at plaoes becomes nearly a coquina
composed of Cryptothyrella oyllndrloa* Tho llthology aa well as tha
foasillferous character of this llthofaoles Is strikingly different
from the silty oarbonate llthofaoles with which It is always In oontaot
below and also commonly above* However, In the vlolnlty of Sinking
8prings, Elmville, Harriett, and Leesburg, this foasillferous stratum
is overlain by the doleaitlo shale llthofaoles (pi* 12 and 13)*
Throughout most of Highland County the Cryptothyrella llthofaoles ia
a 1lasstons usually sandwiched between dolomite beds* At localities
2, 4, and 47, however, it consists of dolcadte*
The thlokneaa of the Cryptothyrella llthofacles ranges from 1 foot
at looality 81 to 5 feet at looality 44* The average of all exposures
measured Is 2 feet 6 inches* The interval between this stratum and
the base of the Blsher formation ranges from 8 feet 8 1nohas at
locality 39 to 9 foot 6 Inches at looality 31* The average Interval was found to bo 6 foot* Tboro oppeors to bo no geographic or strati- graphle relation botoonn tho thloknooo of thlo llthofooloa and tho thiokneoo of rook that intervenes between It i.id tho Blaher-Algor oontaot*
Rooauao of lto rather constant thloknoae and atratlgraphio ooaltlon *lthin tho Blaher formation, tho Crrptotharrella llthofaoiaa la regarded aa a single continuous stratum that has bean reoognised
In Highland and Adame oountlea, Ohio and Lowls County, Kantuoky* Ita oontaot with more silty or argillaceous deposits above and below la
Invariably sharp indicating sudden change in auooeeslve llthotopes*
Without doubt thla atratua waa deposited in a 11thotope favorable to life* for it abounds with fossils* The sudden introduotion of the
Cryptothyrolla 11thotope and ita short duration aa indicated by the thiaknoaa of ita lithofselee suggests that this stratum la a time- rook unit* The writer has therefore used thla unit as a base line for the fence diagram ahown on plate IS*
Polamitie Shale llthofacles
The dolomitle shale lithofaciea oonalata of soft, dark gray# somewhat ailty ahale, which weathers to a blu^gray color* There are usually some thin layers of impure dolomite within thla deposit, although the number of these Indurated beds la oulte variable In different exposures* Where the dolomitle ahale end silty oarbonate lithofaciea are stratigraphically adjacent their oontaot la alwaya transitional* The oontaot between the doloadtio shale and tho
Cryptothyrolla llthofaoles, however, is sharp* Thickness of strata assigned to this llthofaoles varies from 1 foot 6 inches at locality tT - 4 1 - to 16 feet 8 laohti at looality 16*
The dolomitio ahale lithofaolea appeara to ba oontinuoua within
a wall araaa but throughout Highland County it oooura at several atratigraphio levels within the Bisher formation* In tha aoutharn part of Brush Creak Zownahip at looalitiaa 27, 81 and 38 (pi* 12) thla ahala overlies tha Cryptothyralla lithofaolea* M thln thia area thia stratus varies from 1 foot 6 inohaa to 18 faet 11 inohaa in thioknaaa* At locality 34 tha Cryptothyralla lithofaolea ia overlain by ailty dolomite but tha dolomitio a ha la lithofaolea oooura at two higher levels within the Blsher formation* At locality 30, 1*4 milea north-northwest of looality 34, dolomitio shale waa again observed overlying tha Cryptothyralla lithofaolea* Thia atratigraphio relation waa alao obaarvad at looality 2, a few milea eaat of Leeaburg, although no continuity between thia and aoutharn exposures ia inferred*
Tha dolomitio ahale lithofaolea oooura between 20 and 28 feat above the Cryptothyralla lithofaolea at looalitiaa 44, 45, and 47 in
Washington, Jaokaon, and New iilarket townahipa* Ita similar atrati graphio proxisdty to the Cryptothyralla lithofaolea at theae looalitiaa, together with ita oocurrenoo obaarvad at intermediate looalitiaa, auggeata that thia ahale ia a oontinuoua depoait in thia area* It ahould be noted, however, that tha interval between the doloisxtio ahale lithofaolea and the oonformable Lilley-Bisher oontaot la quite variable within thia area* Thia interval la 34 feat at looality 44,
22 feat, b inohaa at locality 46, and only 8 feat, 6 inohaa at locality
47* Aa ahown in plate 18 tha upper part of tha Biaher formation paasaa weatwardly and northweatwardly into tha orinoidal carbonate lithofaaiaa - 4 S >
of tho Lllley formation.
The grsttoit obaarvad thiekneii of tho dolomitio ahale lithofaolea
oooura at looality 16 in tho aoutharn part of '%dlaon Townahip (pi.
If). Hare 16 foot, 8 inches of ahala with aoma thin doloadte layara o oipposes tha uppar part of tha Blahar formation. At looality 17. ona
vila aaat. tha uppar part of thia ahala unit haa apparently become
more dolonitio. Tha Blahar exposed at looality 17 oonaiata of S faat.
4 inohaa of dolomitio ahala overlain by t faat. 6 Inohaa of ailty
dolomite and underlain by at laaat Z faat. 6 inohaa of ailty dolomite.
Thia ia an exoallent example showing ranid lateral change of ona
lithofaolea into another. Thia deduotion, of oouraa, assumes that tha
Lilley-Blaher oontaet la at the aama strati grar>hlo position at looali
tiaa 16 and 17.
Tha dolomitio ahala lithofaolea la genetically more ©loeoly
related to tha ailty oarbonate lithofaolea than to any other litho-
faolea occurring in tha Blaher formation. Their reapactive lithotopee
mere apparently in dalioata balanoe for the thiekneae of tha ahala
variaa oonalderably throughout Hi inland County and oooura at aoveral
stratigranhlo levels* Indeed, ahale partings whioh oocur throughout
tha ailty carbcnate lithofaolea might be regarded by sane stratigraohcrs
aa representing tha dolomitio ahala lithofaolea. Obvlouely tha major
difference between these two lithofaolea la the amount of fine claatlo
material present in proportion to tha amount of carbonate material.
Tha faotore determining tha proportion of these aedlnents being
dapoaitad evidently changed often during tha deposition of tha Blahar
form ation. - 4 f t -
L ltitoat llthofaclea
The lineatone lithofaolea conaleta of 11 ght gray to blulah gray, oompaet, finely oryetelltne llmeatone which la locally very foea111- fern ue. Thia llmaatona generally oooura lr even boda 1 to § lnohoa thiok* Tho 11-aoatono llthofaciaa la oulte unlike tho typical ailty oorbonato lithofaolea of the Blahar fornation for it eontalna only minor amounte of ailty or argillaceous constituent#* Hogera (1936, p« 101) reoognlaed thia dletlnotly different type of Blaher llthclogy near Worth Unlontown and suggested that It might "prone to oonatltute a dlatlnot and recognisable unit in the /"Niagaran_7 eerie#*" Thia limestone deposit, however, la asraly a lithofaolea of the Blaher
form ation*
Tho limestone lithofaolea la the only one in the Blaher formation that ia eonfined to Highland County. Ita ooourrenoe la apparently reatrleted to eaab-eentral Bruah Creek Township, eaatern Jaokaon Town-
ahip, Maraha11 Township, aoutharn Paint Township, and the easfe-oentral part of Liberty Township* It m observed at looalitiaa 14, 19, SO,
84, 87, 99, and 41* Stratlpraohloally thia lithofaolea la confined to
that part of the Blaher formation above the Cryptothyralla lithofaolea*
It waa obaerred immediately above the Cryptothyrella lithofaolea only
at locality 14*
There are too areaa In Highland County where the llmeatone
lithofaolea la the dominant llthology composing the Blaher forawtlon*
One of thaae areaa lneludea locality 14 whare the total thieknoaa of
the llamatone lithofaolea ia 4S feet, 3 inn bee* The approximate
combined thlekneaa of a ll other lithofaolea In the Blaher at thia - 4 4 - looality it 22 feet* This thickness is based upon tho assumption that tho Cryptothyralla lithofaolea lloa 7 foot above the Blaher-Algor contact. Westward thoao 11noatone atrata peaa into ailty dolomite and dolomitio ahale before reaahing Hillsboro* Southeastward from looality 14 some of those limestone layers bo some more silty but tho
limestone lithofaolea ia atill well representated at looality 19* Tho oontinuatlon of thia eastward change to a more ailty and argillaoeous carbonate deposit ea shown on plr.te 15 ia only aasxned* Beat of looal ity 19 the upper part of tho higher formation dips beneath tho level o f Rooky Fork and th erefo re con not be observed*
8outh of locality 19 the limestone lithofaolea continues to pass
Into tho silty carbonate lithofaolea* At looality 41 there are at least six 1-to 2-foot limestone units separated by thloker beds of ailty dolomite* Because of the horizontal distance between these exposures this part of the higher formation was not Ino Tided in the aeotion measured at looality 41* Farther south* at looality 89* the limestone lithofaolea ia represented by only one 2 foot* 2 inch layer oourring 19 feet* 10 inohea above the Cryptothyralla lithofaolea*
A aeoond area where relatively pure limestone constitutes the dominant llthology of the Blaher formation includes looality 87 (see pi* 18)* Here the total thiekneas of thia lithofaolea ia 0b feet*
1 inoh oompared with a oombined thioknesa of 17 feet* 2 inohea for all other lithofaolea in thia formation* It is also noteworthy that at thia looality a maximum thioknesa of 82 feet* 8 inches was measured for the Bisher formation* Westward* thia limestone deposit ohanges to the silty oarbonate 11thofsoles before reaohing looality 46* In a - 4 6 -
northeastern direction this Bene lithologic ohauage takes plaee in a
eery short distance* At looality 54, less than 1*6 ailes northeast
of looality 37, the limestone lithofaoies is represented by only 11
feet of strata at the top of the disher* It should be noted, however,
that most of the ailty oarbonate beds at looality 54 are limestone
rather than the more common dolomite* Apparently the major differenoe
in the limestone lithotope at looality 37 and the silty carbonate
lithotope at looality 54 was the amount of fine olastio material
being deposited and not necessarily the chemical and physioal pro
perties of the water*
South of looality 57 no strata representing the limestone litho
faoies were observed* The writer is not oertain whether or not any
of the beds oumposing the limestone lithofaoies at locality 57 continue
into the northern area previously disoussed* Certainty if the lisw-
stone lithotope did exist in the area between locality 37 and looality
14 it was periodically interrupted by the introduction of fine olastio
sediment* Judging from the Biaher exposures in the vicinity of
looality 57 there is every indication that the limestone lithofaoies in
this area is geographically more restricted than the same lithofaoies
occurring a few miles to the north*
Thioknesa, Stratigraphio Relations, and Areal Extent
As previously mentioned, the hisher-Alger oontaot is oonformable*
Although this oontaot is not necessarily coincident with a time lino
its rather constant stratigraphio proximity to the Cryptothyrolla
lithofaoies suggests that its range in geologio time is extremely
small* It is therefore unlikely that tho appreciable thinning of the Alg*r tc tho northwest la due to lateral llthologie ohanga Into tho
Blahar formation but rathor to a decrease in tho amount of sediment io n o s ite d .
The Blahar formation ia conformably overlain by the Llllay
fori*tion. With fern er.ceuticns, the Lillay rook in oontaot 4 th tha
Blahar la hero olasaed aa the orlnoidal carbonate lithofaolea. The atratigraphio interval between thia oontact and the Cryptothyralla lithofaoies varies greatly at different plaooe In Highland County.
It follows, therefore, that the Blaher formation haa ooneidnrabla looal variation in thioknesa, whioh, in several areas, oooura in a very ahort horiaontal distance. I'or example, at looality 34 tha
Blaher ia 34 feet. 5 inohea thickj yet 1.4 milea southeast (looality
33) it ia only 39 feet. 2 inches thlok (pi. 13). Similarly at looality 39. 1.3 si lea north-northwest of looality 34. the Blaher ia
43 f e e t . 7 inohaa thick. At all of thoon localities tho Cryptothyralla lithofaolea ia wall exposed and therefore tha Lllley-Plsher contaot oan be referred to the sane tine datura. Rapid change in the thloknoaa of the Blaher formation is further demonstrated at the western edge of
its outcrop in Concord and Bow lerket Townships. This formation thins
from SI feet. 6 inohaa at looality 47 to 23 fart. 6 inches at locality
46. The distance between these exooauree is 1.6 miles. A short distance south of looality 46 tha Blaher thickens to about 46 feet.
In the w riter's ooinion differential oo’npaotion oan not aooouat
f o r o u c h rapid changes in the thickness of tho Biaher formation as those desorlbed abate. In all of the oases cited the Blahar la oter- lain by tha orinoldal carbonate lithofaoies of tha Lillay formation. .4 7 -
The lithotope lr. which this lithofaolea «aa deposited probably axis tad within the tone of agitation as indicated by seen* cross-bedded layora and by the fragmentary character of tho more* delicate or&anio remains* this waa considerably different fFom tha ouiet water in whioh the fine clastic and carbonate material of the upper Blaher strata was deposited*
Tot the la*er pert of the criroidal carbonate* llthofacies ootitaics a fauna which Includes many oharactsrlstlc Fisher forma together with typioal Lllley species. The writer believes that locally and region ally the upper part cf the Fisher formation grades laterally into the erinoldal earbonate lithofaoies of the Lllley formation (pi* IB)* Mo alternation of Lllley and Blaher lithologles was observed in a single exposure* which indicates that their respective 11thotopes did not oscillate to any great extent but >jero locally 1 m juxtaposition. The orinoidal carbonate llthotooe* thus* gradually transgressed both locally and regionally upon the various Kisher lithot-x>es then existing* until the latter wore finally completely displaced.
The average thickness of the Bisher formation is 50 feet in southern and central Highland County, However, north of Hillsboro It beoomos thinner whereas the Lilley formation thickens in this direction*
In Fairfield Township ?6 feet* 1 inch of Blaher is e xposed at looality t and Ml feet, 9 inohoa at looality 4. In both cf these exposures several fe^t of strata were observed bemiath the Z ryytothyralla lithofaoies indicating that these thicknesses represent nearly that of the entire formation* As previously mentioned* the Blsh<»r also beooaes thinner-bedded* end more argillaoeous in the northern part of the oounty* A westward thinning of the Bisher for^tetloR is also Indicated by ita approximate thioknesa of *6 foot at looality 46 In the eastern part of Hamer Township* This same thioknesa was observed on tho south side of Calebs H lll^.l.l miles south of looality 46
(pi* 11)* At those exposures as well as those In northern Highland
County, tho Bisher is overlain by the orlnoldal oarbonate lithofaoies of the Lllley formation* It will be shown later that this lithofaoies thiokens in the s tu direetlons in whioh the Bisher becomes thinner, suggesting lateral ehange* Regionally the Lllley apparently overlaps the Bisher in a southeasterly dlreotion*
The Bisher formation has not been reeognlsed with oertalnty north of Highland County due to laok of exposures* Foerste (1965, p* 141), however, doubtfully assigned to this formation the lower beds exnosed along a oreek, 0*6 mile west of Fort A lllls’n in northern Clinton
County* 8outh of Highland County the Bisher formation oonposes a slgnlfloant part of the Niageran aeries in Adams County* Here it ooasists almost entiraly of the silty oarbonate lithofaoies with some ahale units* From what the w riter has observed, the dolomitic shale lithofaoies is less developed in this southern oounty than in Highland
County* In addition, the tendenoy towards thioker beds in the southern part of Highland County Is continued Into Adams County* ‘JeFarlan, at al*« (1944) have reoognlsed outcrops of the Blaher formation as far south as Irving, Fotill County, Centuoky* Farther south. In Jeekson
County, Kentuoky, Freeman (1951, p* IB) believes the silty Bisher dolomite passes southeastward into sand oomnoalng the lower 60 feet of the Lookport as interpreted in the subsurfaee* The source of the fine elastic material In the Bisher formation was apparently from the loutheaatt This dapoait thus gradaa northwestward from a aandatone to a ailty dolomite with aome argillaoeous constituents. Continuing north-northwestward the Blaher beeomes less ailty and more argillaceous aa It la traced Into the northern part of Highland County, However,
In Highland County, the upper part of the Blaher grades laterally Into the L llley formation and therefore this f* or national oontaot beoomea stratigraphically lower in a northwestern dlreotlon.
Fauna, Correlatlon, and
The Cryptothyrella lithofaoies la the -nost persistent fosslllferous bed in the Blaher formation. In addition, this lithofaoies Is the lowest Blaher stratum In whioh foaslls were observed yet It yielded nearly every apeolea recorded elsewhere In thia formation. The speeles Cryptothyralla oyllndrloa (Hall) ia looally very abundant In this bed but It also oooura throughout the Blaher and In the lower part of the Lllley formation, No fossils were observed in the dolomltle shale lithofaolea. The ailty carbonate lithofaolea la only moderately foaslllferouet however, twenty-two different forma were oollooted from this deposit. Certain beds within the limestone lithofaoies, aueh aa units 10 and 16 at looality 37 and unit 9 at looality 39, abound with fossils. In other seetion, aa at looalitiaa 14 and 19, this lithofaolea la vary poorly foaalllferous.
In 1919 (p, 369) and 1931 (pp, lf*9-190) Foerste Hated the fauna for the Bisher formation In Clinton, Highland, and Adama counties,
Ohio and Lewis County, Kentueky, lost of Foerate's oolleotlons are from the Cryptothyrella llthofaaieai however, the fossils he oolleoted in Clinton County probably did not oome from this stratum. Chart * glvos the eomnletn lis t of speeles now known to ooour in the Blaher forwotlon. Tho wrltor hat oddod tn lv i fern to Fooroto '• founal list* Sovon of thooo forms «r« identified with oortolnty and fire aro oanpared with known * to go ran opeoieo* dll of tho eorola ooourrlng
In tho Biohor aro horo reoorted for tho flrot tlao. Tho llthofooloo froa whioh oaoh opeoiee woo oollootod by tho wrltor lo lndlootod on tho extreae right o&do of tho ohart* •uoj^wujoj © 14* j o * 8 f [ *z
9
IE I co *« PO o
Cllptop Co,. Ohio
H ig h la n d Co., 0,
Adame Co.. O h io L ew ia C o .. Ky. S i l t y m r* C a rb o n a te tf L im e s to n e i? <> • Cryptothyrella o •
-IS- 1
1 1 • • t c i 8 1 E 3 5 . s i r I • • s * • £ p i * r
1 1
II I I I IB I
i \ - 5 1 -
Of the 57 iptelaa oolleeted front tho Blohor formation In Highland
County, 17 ooour lr oil throe of the foealllferoua llthofaclea* Nino odditlorol forme wore observed in too llthofeoleo end 12 others wore oollootod In only one llthofeoleo* However, ell the eoeoleg re nor ted from e olngle llthofeelee ere repreoented by only e few epeolmens end therefore their epperent llthologio restrlotlon ia nialuding. It eppeero that there exlate no (T*** difference between the feunea oboerved In the ailty oerboaete, limestone, and Cryptothyrella litho* feolea* Although oorela ere not abundant In the Blaher, epeoleo aueh aa F-nterolaema oalloulum (B all), F*^ T oonulua Romlnger and a form very sim ilar to Palmanophyllum dalmanl (Fdwarde and Haime) are oosunon feunal oonatltuenta* The other eoralo listed ere very rarely found In thia formation* Braohlopoda are the most abundant end varied forma In Hie three fooelliferoua llthofeelee* Parmorthla oraoolooatata Cooper and bo hue her t, Atrypa retloularla elongate Foerate, and Foaplrlfer radlatua
(Soworby) were oboerved only In the Cryptothyrella lithofaolea*
Boo a use all of these forma are rare, they are not regarded as dla^ noatio of this stratum* Foaplrlfer radlatua also oeeurs In the Lllley formstion* The moot oommon gastropod In all lithofaolea la Platyoeraa
(Platyoatoaa) oomutum (Hlslnger)* Cephalopoda and worms are rera throughout the Blaher formation* Dalmanltoa brevloaudatua Foerate and Boaalonotua delphlnooephalus (Oreon) are the moat oharaoterlatlo trllobltes and they oonatltute a signlfloant part of the Blaher fauna*
Two speoinwns of Bumaatua lo«ua (Hall) were oolleeted in the liiaaetone lithofaoies and fragments probably belonging to this opeolee were observed in the ailty oarbonate and Cryptothyrella lithofaolea* - 6 ft-
Beoauae tha thraa foaalllfaroua lithofaolea yield a ■teller fauna their reapeotive llthotopee apparently had little Influence upon M rlne organ lame during the depoaltlon of the Blaher formation*
Theae llthoto'ea may home, however* oonalderebly lnfluenoed the population* f or exanple, the population waa at a mini mum In the dolomitio ahale llthotope and aeon in the ailty oarbonate 11thotope
the development of theae organiama waa oertalnly aubdued* Thia, of oourae* aatunea that. If preaent* the remaina of theae organlama would home been preaerved to the aame degree in theae lithofaolea aa
they were in the more foealllferoua lithofaolea* The writer doea not
believe that dlageneale haa had any more influenoe upon the foaall
reoord here ciaouaaed than It ha a upon the other llthofac lea in the
B laher*
Only In the Cryptothyrella llthotope and in parta of the llaeatone
llthotope were oonditlora apparently favorable for the development
of marine life* The rnaaon for thia ia unknown to the writer* It
might be Inferred that the amount of fine claatlo material waa lnveraely
prooortional to the marine population yet there are numeroua example a
In tha Nlagaren aerlea where ahalea are very foaalllfaroua* One aueh
example oocura In the zialdron ahale of Indiana* Svon In a llthotope
relatively free of allt and arglllaaeoua materiel auoh aa the 11meatone
llthotope the number of preeervad organiama varlea oonalderebly*
Buaoh (1939* op* 66* 69) liata S3 aoeoiea and aeven other genera
from the feuphemia formation In eouthweatern Ohio* Fourteen (61 peroent)
of theae apeeiea alao oocur In the Blaher formation* A further
elm ilarity In the faunal eharaoteriatioa of theae formation# la that •6 4 » tha brnchiopods aro tha moat abundant and varied forma* Tha oorala
Enter olaama oalloulun (Hall) la of portloular lntareat for it la a ooncnon oonatltuant of tha Euphamia fauna and ia alao tha moat oomnon ooral in tha Blahar formation* Tha moat atrlklng diaaim ilarity in tha fauna of theae formationa ia tha praaanoa of 2aphrantla dlgonlata
Foarata and Pentemerua oblongua Sowerby in tha Svpheala* Both of thaaa apaolas wara obaarvad only in atrata abova tha Blahar in
Highland County*
Tha fauna of tha Springfield formation ia alao unavanly die- tributad among tha olaaaaa for tha braohlopoda ara by far tha moat abundant and varlad* In thia raapaot tha Springfield fauna la aora
Ilka that of tha Euphamia and Blahar formationa than tha Lillay formation* Of tha thirty-two ldentlfiad spaoiaa from tha Springfield, alavan (36 paroant) ooour in tha Blahar* Among the oorala liatad from tha Springfield formation, Buaoh (1939, p* 96) raporta only
Zaphrontla dlgonlata Foarata from more than ona looality* In tha overlying Cedarville, however, oorala oonatituta a slgnlfio&nt part of tha known fauna* Tha aune phenomenon oooura in tha Niagaran of
Highland County for it ia in tha Lillay formation that both aolltary and colonial oorala firat become abundant and varied* Other aimi* laritiaa between tha Lillay end Cedarville formationa w ill be dia- ouaaad later* Tha praaanoa of Zaphrentla dlgonlata and Pantamarua oblongua in tha Springfield rapraaanta tha moat atriking fauna1 differenoa between thia formation and tha Blahar* Aa previoualy atatad, thia aama faunal diaaim ilarity alao exiata between tha
Buphemla and tha Blahar* Buaoh (1999, p. 86) deaorlbea the Kuphemia at a "gray to blue- gray to dnb, poroua, somewhat vesicular, thick-bedded dolomite whteh on weathering brttki down Into thinnor Irregular beds," Thlt author alao deaorlbea tha Springfield formation at a "blue to gray, oooasaiom- ally drab, danaa, Tory araiwbaddad dolomite In layara froai ona inch to two faat In thioknaaa, aaparatad by thin ahala partings of brown ahala" (Buaoh, 1999, p, 99)* tfeithar of thaaa lithologlo datoriptIona would oorraotly portray tha Blahar formation whioh o ona lata prim arily of tha ailty oarbonata lithofaolea, Howarar, both tha Springfield and
Blahar aadimanta wara probably dapoaltad in quiet water existing below tha tone of agitation, Thia environment la suggested by the aran oarbonate layera aaparatad by ahala parti nr, a. Actually tha main dlatlnotlon between the Blahar and Springfield llthologlea la tha amount of arglllaoeoue material present together with tha freoueney and thioknaaa of ahala partlnga, Tha Blahar formation beoosma leea ailty and more argillaoaoua aa It la traoed Into the northern part of
Highland County, If the aouroe of thia fine material waa from the south-southeast it ia probable that thia formation baaomaa leaa argillaoaoua north-northweat of Highland County oonoelTably paooing
Into a lithology almllar to tha Springfield dolomite.
Both tha Springfield and Blahar formationa are overlain by a medium to o oar a a-grained erlnoldal rook oomnoalng tha Cedarville formation to tha north and tha Lillay formation in Highland County,
Tha foaall fragmentation and oooaaional oroaa-bedded atruotura dla- played by thaaa erlnoldal depoalta lndloatea they wara dapoaltad within tha tone of agitated water. It appaara, therefore, that tha - 6 6 - top of tho Springfield end Blohor formation* mark* tha termination of deeper water In the area of their oorurrenoe* If thle interpretation of theae oarbonate rooke i* true then it nay be that organianta re ap onded to thia ohange in environment for the major development of oorala in the Biagaran aerlea In Ohio took plaoe during the depoaltlon of the Cedarville and Lllley formation**
The Blaher formation la here oorrelated with the Kuphemie and
Springfield formationa in aouthweatern Ohio* The beela for thia oorrelatlon la the ainllar faunal eharaeterlatloa and Inferred genetlo agroament dlaouaaed above,
Bueeh (1999, p. 91) pointed out the alm ilarltiea between the fauna of the kuphemie and the Llaton Creek of northern Indiana* Thia la In aooord with Foerate'a auggeation that the Kuphemia night be equated with the ttaukeeha doloaiite of aoutheaatern fflaoonaln and northeaatern Illinola (1936. p* 19S)* Further. Cuninga and Shroek
(1928. p. 84) atate that Nthe Llaton Creek formation oorroaponde oloaely to the taukeaha of tflaoonaln and northeaatern Illinola." although Lowenatam (1948. p* 71) believe* theae two formationa over** lap atratifpaphioally* Cumlnge and Shroek alao auggeat that at leaat part of the Llaton Creek la equivalent to the Louiaville formation in aouthern Indiana. Kentuoky. and Tenneaaee* Amaden (1949. p. 56) auggeata that there la a oloae relationehip between the Browneport formation of weatern Tenneaaee and the Louiaville formation* Be doea not believe, however, that there ia aufflolent evideno* upon whioh to baae a oorrelatlon between the Brownaport and the Llaton Creek*
Foerate (1931. p* 190) regard* the Blaher formation aa being of -»*-
the age ai the Roohtattr ihilt In m itarn Haw Tork* This oorra^ lation n « bated upon the preaenoe of tlx oatraoode apeolea In tho
Blahar whioh alao occur in tha tipper Clinton In oentral Pennsylvania*
It la probable that thaaa oatraoodea wara oollooted near tha bate of
tha Blahar and therefore would not neoasaarlly Indicate the age of Ita middle and upper parte* The propoeed correlation of tha Blahar with
tha Springfield and Eunhemla placet moat of tha Blaher atratigraphio* ally above the Rooheater ahala*
Comparison of tha Blahar fauna with that reported from the
Litton Creek* Aaukeaha* and Louiaville formationa show* little agree ment. In general* oorala are more abundant In thaaa formationa weat of tha Cincinnati arch than in tha Blaher* Bren tha Brnwneport ha a a mueh greater variety of corala than la found in the Blaher* However, aoaording to Amsden (1940, p* 29), the environment beat suited for oorala probably ooourred during later Brownaport tlaw for they art moat abundant In the uppar 40 or BO faat of thia formation*
Undoubtedly different environmenta have had a algnlfloant effeot upon Nlagaran organisms existing therein* Lowenatam (1048* p* 142) points out that "the aupnosed diaaim ilarity of tha northern and
southern Niagaran faunas of earlier writers* thus evidently resulted
from a comparison of faunae of different blotcpes*" Until the relation
of Klagaran biotopes In different areaa la better understood* faunal
comparisons are in amity respeota misleading* A provisional a o r r * - latlon of the Blaher with at least part of tha Llaton Creek* Waukeeha*
Louiaville* and Brownaport forsmtlona la baaed upon the relative
atratigraphio poaitlon of theae formationa within the Nlagaran series* -BB-
Llll>y formation
D e fin itio n
The Lllley formation waa flret nejeed the '^Springfield atone" or
"Blue C liff* by Orton in 1S71 end waa then regarded aa the upper part of the tfaat Union formation* Orton'a oonpariaon of the "Springfield
Stone" in Highland and Clark eountlea waa baaed upon Ita uae aa a building atone* Beeauaa of thia lnaeeure baele of oompariaon, the ter* "Springfield Stone" haa not been ueed by any worker eubaequent to Orton* In 1917 (p* 190) Foerate divided the ffeat Union formation into the Lllley member above and the Blaher member below* The term
Lllley waa derived from a hill on the eaat aide of Hlllaboro where theae atrate are expoaed at aeveral piece* (pi* 11)* The name *eat
Union waa abandoned by Foerate in 1923 (p. 42) and the Lllley* aa well aa the underlying Blaher, waa elevated to formatlonal rank* Aa prevloualy mentioned, the Lllley-Blaher oontaot Ilea a few feet above
Orton'a dlvlalon between the Blue Cliff and Lower Cliff*
L lth o lo g y
General Statewent
At ita type looality the Lllley fornetlon oonalata of gray to blulah grey, finely oryatalline, argillaoeoue doloaiite with aoias ahale parting and a 3»foot ahale layer near the top* Thia llthology haa been obaerved elaewhere In Highland County and many plaeea In Adama
County but it la not the moat oharaoterlatlo type of Lllley rook oeourring In the area atudled* The greateat part of the Lllley in
Highland County oonalata of a light gray, medium to ooara^grained, oryatalline dolomite* The rook la oharerteriatloally poroua and •6 9 -
oontains auMroui fri|M nli of orlnold it« u ud other fossil remains*
Beoause of these diatlnotly different lithologics tha Lllley formation
has boon dividad Into thro# lithofaoios whioh aro horo named tho
orinoidal oarbonate, argillaceous oarbonate, and doloaitio shale*
Crlnoldal oarbonato lithofaoios
Tho orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoios as horo usod is not a truo orinoidal llaastono or doloaito whioh oonslsts alaost entirely of orlnold ooluanals* It is, however, primarily composed of fossil fragments of whioh orlnold stoas aro tho aost abundant and recognisable oonstituent* This rook is usually light gray whon frosh but boooaMS yellow-gray to light buff whon weathered* Tho woathorod oolor and its
porosity *ro tho aost distinctive foaturos of this lithofaoios* Tho orinoidal oarbonato lithofaoios Is usually well boddod in layors 6
inches to S foot thiok but iooally displays a aassivo oharaotor as at looality 2, a short distauaoo oast of Leosburg and along tho road
loading southeast froa Fairfax*
Throughout aost of ita area of ooourronoo this orinoidal deposit
is a doloaito or doloaitio limestone although in tho vioinity of
Harriott it beooaps a high-oalclun limestone* stout (1941, p. 90) believed that this limestone night represent a distlnot subdivision of tho Niagaran series and therefore tentatively oalled it tho Harriett foraatlon* This nano has not been used by other w riters and should be abandoned, for the rook to whioh it refers is unquestionably part of the Lllley formation* The writer encountered this oaloareoue phase particularly at looalitios 38, 39, 40, and 41* The eoonoaio Importance of this deposit w ill be disoussed under Boonomio Geology* -6 0 -
A small reef atruoture was obaarvad at looalitiaa 40 and 41 in tha liiaaatona hara olaaaad aa part of tha orinoidal oarbonato litho*
faolaa. At looality 41 thia roof la about 16 faat high and 36 faat wlda at tha baaa (pi. 4, fig. 1)* Tha oora la oomnosod primarily of oorala and braohloooda embedded in an argillaoaoua matrix* A small raaf obaarvad in unit fl, looality 40 alao has a ooro oompoaad of
foaalls ambaddad in argillaoaoua matarlal*
At several plaoao tha erlnoldal oarbonate lithofaoios displays oroes-beddlng* This la quite striking In unit 10 at looality 27 where
differential erosion haa made this primary struoture very pronounoad
(pi* 3* fig* 2)* In Adams County tha writer has observed thia pheno
■anon in several different lithofaoies of the Lillay*
Perhaps tha moat aaphaltlo oarbonato rook in Ohio oooura in the
orinoidal oarbonato lithofaolea of tha Lillay formation* In tha area
between Hillsboro and ffillettvllle (pi* 6) thia lithofaoies la blaok
due to asphalt 1 impregnation* Tha rook is porous and somewhat crys
talline, and oontains numerous foaall fragments* Upon weathering it
beoomos white but this oxidised oolor usually does not extend more
than an Inch beneath tha aurfaoa of the rook exposed* At looality 6
tha erlnoldal oarbonate lithofaolea is over 60 faat thlek* Tha uppar
22 faat la vary aaphaltlo, but below this little or no asphalt waa
obaarvad In tha f*w isolated exposures* There appeared to be no
dlfferenoe in tha poroaity, oryatalU nity, or fragmentary oharaoter
between tha rook that la impregnated with asphalt and that whioh ia
not* Judging from tha exposures observed between Hillsboro and
W lllettvllle, tha aaphaltlo phaae of tha orinoidal oarbonato litho- - 6 1 —
faoiti is looallsed stratlgraphioally and po|(r«phlo«Uy* Tha rook
now being tn lo lted In tho Ohio Aaphaltlo Limestone quarry, on# olio
aouthoaat of H illettvllle* way raproaant a transition unit batwaan tha
Lillay and Paablas formations* Tha floor of this quarry la maintained
at the top of nonasohaltio Lillay strata* A awall amount of asphalt
is ooaunonly present in tha L illay and Peebles formation throughout
Highland County*
Argillaoaoua oarbonato lithofaoies
Tha argillaoaoua oarbonato lithofaoies is gray to bluish gray*
finely oryatalline* arglllaoeous dolomite or oaloereous dolomite* It
commonly oonalata of uneven and rather thin bads with case ahale
partings* Corala are usually praaant and looally beoome quite abundant*
A few orlnold atoms are everywhere present and whore thia lithofaeleo
is atratigraphioally adjacent to the orinoidal oarbonate lithofaolea
their stratigraphio relationship is transitional* In soate part a of
Highland County and in many plaoea in Adams County this argillaoaoua
rook beoomes somewhat purplish where weathered*
The Lllley strata exposed In the vicinity of Hillsboro (looalitiaa
9* 10* and 11) are hare oleased aa part of the arglllaoeous carbonate
lithofaolea* Beoauae this la the type looality of the Lillay forma
tion It has heretofore bean regarded as llthologioally typical of this
formation* Actually this lithofaolea constitutes a minor part of tha
L llley formation in Highland County but beoomea more predominant
southward Into Adams County* Good exposures of this arglllaoeous
L illay rook wore observed at localities SB and 17 in the southeastern
part of the area studied* At both of these looalitiaa Coenitea is • 6 1 - y « 7 abundant In tha more arglllaoeous units.
Doloaltie ahala llthofaolaa
Dark gray to blulah gray dolomitio ahala waa observed In tha
Lillay formation at loaalltlaa 10 and 41. Thia stratum la about 8 faat thlok at looality 10 and hara eeparates tha argillaoaoua oar* bonata llthofaolaa balow from that whioh ia ragardad as a transitional unit bstwasn tha Lillay and Peebles formations. At this looality
Orton (1871, p. 804) oonsldarad this shsla as marking tha top of tha
"Blue C liff". Thia lithofaoies Is only locally present for it has apparently beoome Indurated with oarbonate material before raaohlng looality 9 just 1.5 miles west of looality 10.
Tha 6 foot, 8 Inohaa of dolomitio shale exnosed at looality 41 separates tha orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoies balow from the argilla* oaous oarbonato llthofaolaa above and is 81 faat, 3 Inohea balow tha top of tha Lillay formation. It was not observed elsewhere In tha
Lillay exposed In tha near vioinity of looality 41. Obviously this llthofaolaa Is a looal deposit aa it is alao in tha Blahar formation.
Dolomite llthofaolaa
Tha Lillay rook at looality 14 Is a light tan to fray, oryatalline, fine .grained dolomite whioh has only indlstlnet bedding. This rook is unlike tha orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoies being less porous and displaying no abundance of fossil fragments. It is possible that suoh fragments may have bean destroyed by dlagenetlo agents. For tha sake of oonvenlemoe, tha w riter has classed this deposit as tha dolomite lithofaoios of tha Lillay formation although It la probably genstloally related to the erlnoldal oarbonate lithofaoies. Unit 8 at -6 3 - looality 27 hot alao boon aatigned to thia llthofooioo In order to orold placing it in oithor tho orinoidal oarbonato or argillaoeoua oarbonato lithofaolea* Tho roador ia reminded* hcwerer, that both tho orinoidal oarbonato and arglllaoeoue oarbonato lithofaoioa aro predominantly doloaito a In Highland County*
Thioknaaa* Stratigraphio Solatlona. and Aroal Extent
Tho L illay formation lloa conformably botwoon tho Peeblea forma tion above and 1ho Blahar formation below* In Highland County it thlokona to tho wo at and northwoat* Ito overate thiolmoaa of 43 foot in tho aoutheeat part of the ecunty lnoreaaea to approximately 80 foot in tho vioinity of looality 47 and la over 70 feet thick at looality 8* Aa prevlouely atatod* the Blaher thine to the weat and northeeat indicating an irverae rolatlonehip between the thioknaaa of thoao formationa* Locally the Lllley and Blaher grade laterally into
one another aa demonatrated in the dlaouaalor of the aeetlone exnoaed at looalitiaa 9S# S4* and 99* Tho upper beda of tho Blaher formation paae woatward and northweatward into the orinoidal carbonate litho- faoleo of tho Lillay formation (pi* 19)*
•ith tho oxoeptlon of looalitiaa 9 and 10 (Hillaboro) only tho orinoidal oarbonato lithofaolea waa found in the lower part of tho
Lllley foraatlon* Generally thia dopoalt ia overlain by tho argllla^
oooua oarbonato lithofaolea* Thia la particularly true of tho eouth-
oaatorn part of Highland County* whore* at looalitiaa 92* 27* 39* 99*
40 and 41 one-third to one-half of tho uoper Lllley ia argillaoaoua*
In tho northweetern part of tho area etudled aueh of the argillaoaoua oarbonato lithofaolea haa paaaed laterally into the erlnoldal oarbonato lithefM laa* At locality 6, for example, only t foot of it rat* noor tho middle of tho Lllley la argillaceous.
Tho Lllley formation at lti typo looality ia ino«aloufl in too reapeots. First, the orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoies does not ooour in its lower part whioh is alao true at looality 9, .1uat 1*5 miles west of looality 10* Secondly the Lllley is only 26 feet thlok at looality 10 whioh is considerably less than the thickness observed elsewhere in Highland County. At looality 6, jUBt 2*9 miles west- northwest of looality 10 the Lllley is at least 60 foot thiok and is all orinoidal. Tho Lllley-Blsher oontaot at looality 10 is sosttwhat irregular, suggesting at Tlrat glanoe, an unconformity. The w riter's enomination of thia oontaot at both looality 9 and 10 revealed no truncation of the Bisher even on a minute soale. This irregular surfaoe may have boon wave-swept to some extent while the orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoies was being deposited elsewhere but it does not.
In the w riter's opinior, represent a major interruption in sedimenta t i o n .
South of Highland County the arglllaoeous oarbonate lithofaoies beocaw»s more dominant in the L llley than the erlnoldal oarbonato lithofaoies. Indeed, aa far south as Peebles, in tho northern part of Adams County, the orinoidal oarbonate lithofaoies is rarely observed.
Generally in Adams County the arglllaoeous character of the Lllley is not readily distinguished from the underlying silty oarbonato litho- faoles of the Bisher formation. Both Orton and Foerste failed to recognise tho Lllley aa far south as Peebles. However, approximately
26 foot of tho Lllley formation la exposed in an abandoned quarry - 6 6 - along the railroad, 0*6 miles w tit of pMbUa* About two miles M it of Peebles tho argillaoooua Li Hay la wo 11 exposed in on abandoned quarry on the Plun bun Stoao Division property* Horo tho Li11 ay haa tho purpliah oaat whioh la oharaotoriatlo of thia formation in Adana
County* Alone tho north bluff a of tho Ohio Hiver tho writor observed a till anothor Li1lay lithofaoiaa* Tho dopoait la quita ailloooua and to some extent even aandy though a till prodominantly a oarbonato rook*
It ooeura aa vertical oliffa whioh, in naarly arory exposure, diaplay oonapiououa oroaembedding*
Tho orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa and tho argillaoooua oarbonato lithofaoiaa night proparly ba rogardad aa tha two principal faoioa of tho Li 1 lay formation in southern Ohio* In Highland County tho orinoldal rook la dominant and in Adana County noat of tho Lillay la argillaoaoua*
Tha paaaago of one faoiea into tha other oooure in tha northern part of Adana County and tha aouthern part of Highland County* North of
Highland County tho writor auapoota that all of tho Lillay la orinoldal aa it continues into Clinton County* An abandoned quarry, 0*6 mile woat of Port K illian in tho northern part of Clinton County, revealed rook oharaoterising tho orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa of tho Lillay formation* Tho argillaoooua oarbonato lithofaoiaa evidently oontinuea southeast of Adana County for it haa boon rooogniaod in tha aubaurfaoe of northeastern Kentucky by Dr* A* C* MoFarlan (personal oooaaunioatlon)*
Probably all of tha Lillay was deposited within tho sone of agitated water* Croas-beddlng was observed in tha orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa in Highland County, tho argillaoooua oarbonato lithofaoioa in Adana County, and, aa proviously stated, it characterises a alii- m o u i plus* of tha Lillay along the Ohio Rliar. 8«nn fragmentation of fossils In tho orinoldal rook suggests that noh of thla dopoalt odght bo alloohthonous. If ao, organlo remains wore probably oarrlod
In from tho northweat and moot* Conversely, there la reaeon to believe that the fine argillaoooua notorial in the Lilley n a derived from a aoutheeatern source. Although tha orinoldal oarbonato llthotope prevailed In Highland County during noat of Lilley tine it wee later
Aleplaoed northweetward by the argillaoooua oarbonato llthotope* Thla aaaa displacement evidently did not reaoh vary far meat of Hlllaboro or north of Centerflold before the end of Lilley tine.
Fauna. Correlation, and Age
All of the lithofaoioa in the Lilley formation are foeelllferoue.
Collooting in the orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa. however, la ueually vary poor due to the sever* fragmentation of organlo remaina. For emample, the w riter did not observe one orlnoid oalyx In thla lithe* faolca though the preeenee of orlnolde la atteated by their ooluanale and laolated platee. In thla reepeot the preaent fauna 1 H at of Lilley foaalla la mlaleadlng.
Foerate waa the flrat to enqphaalie the diatlnot differenoe between the fauna of the Lilley and Biaher formations. He publlahed faunal liata for these formations in 1919 (pp. 869, 870). Foerata, however, realised that the beds from which he oolleoted in the Lilley and Biaher formations wore separated by a considerable thickness of strata whose fauna waa unknown. Regarding this he wrote*
"It should be emphasised that in thess lists ara included only those foaalla occurring in the lamer part of the Biaher member and in the upper part of the Lilley member. Tha fauna of the -6 7 -
lnternedlate itn ti haa not boon well workod oat (in t. p. ST*)."
It will bo ohown that tho orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa. which eonpoaoa tho lowor port of tho Lilley formotion in the aouthorn part of Highland County, oontalna both L illey and Biaher forma*
Tho following chart givea tho apeeieo now known to ooour in tho
Lilley foraotion in Highland County* Tho writor haa added 40 forma to
Foerate *a original Hot* Thirty-four of theae are identified apoolaa and oix are oaa^arod with known Hlagaran apoolaa* Acorrularla anqnaa oornanl Bowman woo tha only now variety found in tha Lillay* Tho lithofaoioa in diieh oaeh apoolaa waa oolleoted ia Indicated on tho right aide of tho ohart* Tho one labelled "Blotters or Bioatrome* inoludoa a email roof at locality 41 and reef-like rook ooourring at looalitiee 7 and 18* toot of tho apaoiea liated by Foerate whloh wore not obaerved by tho writor are placed in tho argillaoooua oarbonato lithofaoioa* Foerate oloarly etatea that thaao forma wore oolleoted in a quarry within tho eaatern lim ita of Hlllaboro* All of tho Lillay atrata at that locality are argillaoooua* In addition. Foerate
(1919, p* STS) renorta two apoolaa of Stophanoorlnua from tha L illay at tho writor*o locality L Thla dopoalt ia port of tho orinoldal carbonate lithofaoioa* •uot^w-Joj -^“XITT .1° ) SU •£ *viimo
* t II V
i S is s i * ': ;
Argillaceous C a rb o n a te
D o lo m itio S h a le
C rin o id a l C a rb o n a te Biohern or B io stro in e
- 99- I M
» \ •6 0 *
Foerate (1019, p* 370) lists the following additional oorals from tho i*illoy at Crookod Creak in the northern part of Adams Countyi
Cyathophyllum radloula Roaingsr, Omphyma of* j)* Tsrruoosa Refinesqus and Clifford, Cyatlphyllum niagaronsls Ball, H sllolltos aubtubulatue
(MoCoy), Favositoa aplnlgorua Hall, and a form of Strlatopora*
The most striking feature of the Lilley fauna as oompared with the Biaher is the inorease in the number of ooral speoies* Of the 28 ooral speoioa (excluding HelioLLtes ap*) hers reported in the Lilley, only 5 were found in the Biaher formation* Conversely, the only
Biaher ooral not found in the Lilley is a fora resembling Conularia niagaronsls Hall* Twenty-four speoies of braohiopods were oolleoted in the Lilley as opposed to thirty-four in the Biaher* The number of gastropod speoies is about the seme in the Lilley and Bisher though the genus Platyoeraa is more common in the Bisher* Trilobites are far more abundant in the Bisher than in the Lilley*
The fauna oolleoted in the orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa is a mixture of tyi ical Bisher and Lilley forms* Of the forty-one speoies reported from this lithofaeles, twenty-one oocur in the Biaher and twenty oocur in the Id Hey* Charaoteristio Bisher forms in this deposit are■ Bntorolaama oalioulum, E*^ ? oonulus, Atrypa reticularis h ills- boroonsia, Canarotooohla roadsl, Cryptothyrolla oyllndrloa, Eospirifer radiatus, Leptaena rhomboidalls. Parmorthla sprlngfleldensls, Rhipldo- mella hybrids, Bohellwlenella tenuis, S* prosserl, btogorhynehus of*
8. noglooturn. Stropheodonta (Braohyprion) plana, Dalmanites brerioau- datus, and Homalonotua delphlnooephalus* The most oharaoteristic
Lillay speoies found in the orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa aret - 7 0 -
Coenltes of. £_•_ multlporus, C. ramuloaua, C, itrU tu i, Cyathophylluai roadai, Favoaltos gothlandlous foraa multlpora, F« niagaronsls.
Halyaitoa labyrlnthloa. H. of • Hj^ nit Ida and Zaphrontla dlgonlata*
Thla ia primarily a fauna1 mixture of typical Biaher braohiopoda and typioal Lillay oorala* Tha fauna 1 rjixture hara shown did not raault from a compilation of the orgmio raoord from different orinold al deposits, some of whioh yielded all Biaher foaalla and others bora all Lillay foaalla* Tha orinoldal oarbonato fauna aa shown on tha abora ohart oon be observed within one or two adjaoent unita in this deposit* For example, the basal 14 feet of the Lilley at locality 41 yielded 8 typioal Biaher brachiopod speoiea and 6 typioal
Lillay ooral apeoies* The two moat abundant foaail speoies in thla orinoldal deposit wore Cryptothyro 11a oylindrloa and CyathophyHum r o a d a l *
Tha argillaoeous oarbonato and dolomitio shale lithofaoiaa represent the Lillay formation aa it was originally defined by Foerate*
Aa previously stated, these strata overlie the orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa in the southern part of Highland County* Tha w riter's raason for plaoing the orinoldal carbonate lithofaoioa in the Lilley formation rather than the Biaher is twofold* F irst, tha oorala whloh are so characteristic in the upper Lilley beds began to develop in the orinoldal oarbonate lithotope* Seoondly, the entire Lilley formation apparently passes laterally into the orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoiaa in the western and northwestern part of its area of ooourrenoe within
Highland County* The mixed Lilley and Biaher fauna waa observed in this lithofaoiaa only in the southern part of the oounty where it -n-
aeparatea tha argillaoeoua oarbonato lithofaoioa from tha Biaher
fo rm a tio n ,
Forty-aeven apaelaa ara now known to oaour In tha argillaoooua oarbonato and dolomitlo ahala lithofaoiaa* tlaran of theae apoolaa
alao ooaur In tha Blahar formation, Tha moat oharaotariatie foaalla
In thla uprar part of tha Lillay arat Coanitaa of* C, multlporua,
C, raauloauo, C^ aorlatua, Cyathophyllum roadai, Halyaltaa of* H, nitlda, Holophragaa oalaaololdaa, and Zaohrantla dlgonlata. Of theae,
only Holophragaa oaloaololdaa appaarad to ba reatriotod to tha Upper
Lillay atrata,
Tha Lillay formation in northern Highland County haa at laaat
two thlnga In oomnon with the Cedarvllle foraatlon ty?loally axnoaad
in Greene and Clark eountlaa, Flrat, both ara orinoldal, poroua,
rathar maeaive oarbonato depoalta underlain by thln-bedded doloalto,
Seeondly, oorala boo one nuiaaroua and varied In tha Cedenrille and
Lillay aa oproaed to the amall ooral fauna ooourrlng In thair reapeo-
tlva underlying for mat Iona. In an abandoned quarry, 0,5 mile weat
of Port H illiaa In northern Clinton County are atrata whleh would fit parfeotly in tha orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa of tha Lillay forma
tion In Highland County, Thla eatne expoeure waa eallad Cadarrille by
Buooh (1930, p, 114), Below tha orinoldal rook ejreoeed at thla
loeallty, Foerate oolleoted and identified 14 apaoioa all of whloh
oaour in tha Blahar formation, Foerate referred to thla foaalllferoua
atraturn aa tha Blahar In 1919 (p» 371) but In hlo later publloatlon
expreaaed doubt aa to lta exaot Identity,
Tha Lillay foraatlon In Highland County ia hare correlated with - 7 * - the Cedar villa foraatlon in Clinton, Greene, and Clark oountiea* Tha baala for thla oorrolation ia lithology, atratigraphio position, and general faunal oharaoteriatioa* Specific fauna 1 ooapariaon of thoaa format Iona, however, a hoar a faw sim ilaritiea* It la believed that tha
Cedarviile dolomlta in Clinton, Qraana, and Clark oountiaa ia tha northward oontlnuation of tha orinoldal oarbonato lithofaoioa of tha
Lillay formation*
Tha writor bellevea that tha Lillay formation ia correlative with at laaat tha uppar part of tho Lookport atrata in tha Ontario Paninaula*
Twenty-aeven (89 paroant) of tho Lillay apoolaa ara alao reportad by
Williama (1919, pp* 64-68) from tho Lookport of that region* *Lookport
formation*, aa uaed by Williama, inoludaa tha atrata between tha
Rooheater ahala and tha Ouelph dolomite* Later 8haw (1987, p* 870)
uaed tha term Lookport aa a group whioh included, in deaoending order,
tha Guelph, Sramoaa, and Oaaport forraatlona ocourring in tho Ontario
Paninaula* It la, however, tho pro-Guelph (Sramoaa and Gaaport)
atrata with whioh tho Lillay ia hare tentatively equated*
Williama and Chadwiok have identified tha Sramoaa beda at tha
top of tha "Lookport** atrata at Niagara River and at Rooheater, New
York (Williama 1919, p* 67). Williama, therefore, oorralatad tha
Niagara bade in New *ork, beginning with tha uppar Shelby member* with tha Guelph of Ontario* Shaw (1986, p* 848), however, failed to
reeognice either tha Upper or Lower Shelby membera at Niagara Falla although he did reoognite tha 8peedwell member of tha Eramoaa forma
tion at thla looality* Becauae Clarke and Ruedemann (1908, p* 81)
report that the Lower Shelby oontalna a purer Guelph fauna than the -75*
Upper Shelby, ^haw believes that the Niagaran strata above the Lower
Shelby In Mew York ere oorrelatlve with et leeet pert of th< Onterlen
Guelph* he further supports this belief by reporting 00 feet of
"Lookport" below the Lower Shelby member et Shelby end Niagara F ells,
Mew York* This author also suggests that the dissim ilarities between
the "Lookport" and Guelph faunas may be due to looel fsales* If this correlation is eorreot, then the Lilley is probably squirelent to the
"Lookport" below the Lower Shelby member in New York* I'he first appearance of oherecteristio Uuelph fossils in Highh nd uounty ooours
in the Peebles formation whioh overlies the Lilley* However, in riew
of the stratigraphio relations between) the "Lookport" and Ouelph
formations in New York, aqy correlation between that region and High
land County is problematical.
Most workers hare considered the Keoine-Onelph of Wisconsin, the
Faoine-Port Byron of northeastern Illinois, and the Huntington of
Indiana as a single strutlgrephio diris ion* Shaw (1957, p* 560)
regards this deposit as probably correlative with the Uesport, bremosa,
end Ouelph forsmtlons of Ontario* CunInga and Shrook (19?8, p* 102)
correlated the Huntington exposed in » quarry at Rldgeville, Indiana with the bpringfleLd-Cedarville formations in Ohio* However, Busoh
(1959, pp* 107, 141) states that only the upper 17 feet exposed in
the Ridgevillo quarry is Guelph in age and oorrelatos only tha lower
55 feet with the Cedarviile of Ohio* The w riter agrees with Busoh
that the Cedarviile formation in Ohio should be equated with the
"Lookport" of New York and not the Guelph* The Huntington formation
in Ohio is therefore restrleted to those strata whloh overlie the - 7 4 -
Cedurrille and o 011 tain a Ouelph fauna* This ia in aooord with
Foerate'a opinion that tha Cadarrilla fauna haa oloaa efin ities with tho Raoina of aiaoonaln and Illinoia*
Aa preciously stated, tha Lillay foraatlon ia hara oorralatad with tha Cadarrilla foraatlon* It ia alao probably correlatire with tha
Raoina of Wisconsin and Illinoia and tha lowar part of tha Huntington formation in Indiana*
Paablaa foraatlon
D e f in itio n
Tha uppermost Niagaran foraatlon in Highland County waa oallad
Oualph, C adarrilla, or Pantaaarua Liaaatuna by Orton in 1971 (pp* 277,
279)* Tha name Cadarrilla waa uaed by Foarate for this daposit until
1«£4 whan ho dropped tha term and referred to thla rook aa the Ouelph doloaite* Foerate stated hla preference for tha tarn **uelph aa fo llo w s t
"The tarn Ouelph is uaed hara merely to aroid uaing the tern Cadarrilla dolomite for tha atrata not containing a fauna eiailar to that of tha Cadarrilla area* It does, howerer, oontain Meralonua oanadonala, apaoiaa of Trlaerella, ana other foaalla known in tha Cuelpk of Ontario"' (1925, p. 41).
Tha name Peebles waa introduced by Foerate in 1929 (pp* 108, 109) for tha Upper Niagaran rooks occurring in tha rioinlty of Peebles9
Ohio* Aegarding tha stratigraphlo relations of thla foraatlon at its type locality, Foerate wrotet
"The Paablaa foraatlon la exposed typically at Peebles, Ohio* It includes at this looality that part of tha Niagaran whioh intervenes between tha top of the Blahar west of town and tha base of the Oroenfield 2 or 5 alias eastward* At Hillsboro - 7 6 -
the Lilley formation intervenes between tha Blahar and tha Paablaa" (1981, p* 191)*
Aa previously stated, tha Lillay ia bow known to ooour between tha Paablaa and Blahar formations in tha vioinity of Peebles, Ohio*
Indeed, tha w riter hua obsarvad tnia auooaaalon throughout Highland
County and at many looalitiaa in Adama County aa far south aa tha
Ohio hiver* Foarata waa evidently mis lad by tha appearance of tha argillaceous oarbonato lithofaoiaa of tha Lillay formation. About 26 foat of thla lithofaoiaa ia expoaad in tha uppor part of an abandonad quarry, 0*6 mlla waat of Peabloa* Unfortunataly the Lillay hara ia not readily distinguished from tha undarlying Blahar*
Tha boat exposure of the Peabloa formation in the vicinity of ite typa locality axlata in an abandonad iuarry, 1*5 milaa aaat of Paablaa*
Thla axpoaura la in tha southern part of tha Plum Bun Stona Division proparty* Hara 66 faat of tha Paablaa ia sxpoaad beneath the Green field formation* In 194b an excavation 36 foat deep was made in tha floor of thla quarry whioh oxposad about 30 faat of tha Lillay forma tion* Tha Lillay hero la rapraaantad by the argillaceous carbonate lithofaoioa whioh contains a oharaoterlatio Lillay fauna* The w riter knows of no batter locality in the vicinity of Peebles, Ohio to observe tha entire Peebles formation than tha one here diaousaed*
L i th o logy and Stratlgraphlo H a la tio n s
In Highland County tha Paablaa formation consists of a light gray to bluish gray, vary fine-grained, densa doloaite with numerous small veilslea and larger oavltias distributed throughout* The siaa and shape of many of these oavltias suggest tha former site of foaaila*
Such forma as Pentaaerua oblongus. Msgalomua oanadenala. and stroma- - 7 6 . toporoido hare. In many eases been dissolved, leaving behind an open apaoe whloh they oooe oooupled* Coaaaonly tha smaller vesicles are
filled with aaphaltlo material*
Although the freah Paablaa rook ia flra and resistant, it weathera to a soft, granular Material that la beat developed In tha vicinity of
Sinking Sprlnga beyond the area of thicker glaolal cover* Thla aoft, weathered aaterlal ia locally called "marl* and in paat yearn, waa utilised aa a aoll neutrallaer*
The Paablaa foraatlon nay alao conaiat of a dolomite breccia which includes rock fragments up to 6 lnohee in diameter* An excellent exanf>le of thla phenoawnon occur a at locality P7, Just west of Sinking
8prlnga (pi* 4, fig* 8)* It la thla type of dolomite which haa been cited by none workera aa evidenoe for dolondtlaction of the Ouelph
atrata* Brecclated Peeblea rook in Highland County, however, appeara
to be localised*
Thla foraatlon la everywhere naaslve and at aany nlaoea la expoaed
aa vertical cliffs* A aplendld example of this exists at "The Seven
Caves” located Juat aouthweat of the Junction of Rocky Fork and Paint
Creek (pi* 11)* Here aeveral email cavea have been developed in the
Peeblea dolomite* The rough pitted aurfeoe dlaplayed by the Peeblea
at thla locality la typical of thla formation throughout lta area of
ooourrenee*
The Peeblea formation recta oonforaably on the Lilley foraatlon and la dlaeonfornably overlain by either the Greenfield doloaite, the
Hlllaboro aandetone, or the Ohio shale. The Peeblea and Lilley foraa
tiona are commonly transitional through a tone 7 to 11 feet thick* - 7 7 -
This la particularly true at looalltlaa 3, 10, tt, and 27* It should ba notad that at locality 10 (Hlllabora) tha lower 8 faat, 6 1nohaa of masalra dolomite orerlylnf tha dolomltle aha la la Interpreted tranaltlonal between tha Lillay and Paablaa formatIona# The character* latlca of tha Paablaa-Llllay tranaltlonal unit at different plaoaa ara (1) a gradual ohange from oryatalllne or orinoldal Lilley to danac and waaloular Peeblea rookj (t) a gradual ohange from the arglllaoeoua carbonate lithofaoiaa of the Lilley to the purer doloadte of the
Paablaa, and| (8) a mixture of characteristic Lillay and Paablaa f o a a lla ,
Thla tranaltlon between tha Paablaa and Lillay formatlona la even more atrlklng In Adame County, In tha aouthern part of tha Plum Bum
Stone Diwlslon property In northern Adama County the Paablaa formation eoneiata of two typea of rook, Tha uppar 41 faat la very masalwe whereaa tha lower 86 faat la aomewhat bedded and Ineludee aona laminae tad argillaceous unite, Aa a whole thla lower rock la definitely
Paablaa but doaa Include certain beda which ara llthologleally elmllar to tha Lillay, Tha aaaw mixture of Paablaa and Lilley llthologlea waa obaerwad In an abandonad ouarry along route 186 9 mllaa aaat of teat Union,
Tha beat expoeuree of tha dieoonformable oontaet between tha
Paablaa and the owerlying Greenfield formation are found on tha Plum
Bun 8tone Dlwlalon property In Adama County and In tha Reich Rogers quarry located In the eastern part of Pika County, At both of these exoosures tha looal relief of this dlsconformlty doaa not exceed 6 faat, Conaonly tha low places In this undulating contact arc filled - 7 3 - with olay whloh grades upward into tho induratod beds of tho Green- flold dolomite. This clay hue been regarded by so-to worker* a* a woatherod product derived from tho Peeblea dolomite prior to tho deposition of the Greenfield formation* However, the extremely small amount of olay constituents occurring In the upper part of the Peeblea suggests that suoh material is genetically unrelated to this formation*
Rogers (1936, p* 112) implies that the unoonforaity between the
Peebles and Greenfield formoticn* has a local relief of 20 feet within a small area located in the southeastern part of rfadison Township*
This aaount of loeal relief is probably an error due to the diffloulty of separating the Greenfield from the Teeblee in certain areas* The w riter's examination of this area (looality 17) was aided by pr* J* I*
Carman who regarded the upper 20 to SO feet of massive, breooiated dolomite as the lower pert of the Greenfield formation* The disoovery of several specimens of Blndolla and Lapordltla in this rook further supports Dr* Caraan*s opinion* Aoeording to Hr* Paul M iller, (personal ooomunloation) small reefs oocur in the basal part of the Greenfield foraatlon at several plaoes in the northeastern part of Highland
County* The inclination of the bedded Greenfield dolomite together with additional evidenoe discussed above lndioates the presence of a
small reef in the lower part of the Greenfield at this locality* fieoauae the lithology of the Greenfield reef lithofaoies is very
similar to that of the undorlying Peebles dolomite, the oontaot between this lithofaoies and the Peeblea is diffioult to determine* The writer plaeed this oontaot between the gray, rather Impure, massive and breooiated dolomite above and the light gray, massive dolomite belew • 7 9 - whloh apparently oontalna llttla or no argillaceous m aterial, Tha elevation of the Gre^nfield-Peebles contaot la more easily determined in severe 1 exposures near locality 17. Although this unoonforndty is broadly Irregular In northern Highland County, the w riter observed no evidence of strong local relief on the ancient Peebles surfaoe, This unconformity will be further discussed In conjunction with the thick ness of the Peebles formation*
Near the top of Lilley P ill, just east of Hillsboro, the Peebles formation Is disconformebly overlain by at le a s t 10 feet of Hillsboro sandstone, Aoeording to Carman and Sohlllhahn (19SO, p, S50) the sand deposit canping Lilley Hill is "a remnant of the sheet deposit put down on the post-Greenfield erosion surface, whloh here was on ths Niagaran dolomite”. These authors conclusively show that this sand has, in some places, washed down along fractures in the doloadte filling oavltles
5 to 10 feet below the top ol' the Peebles, This disproves Orton*s previous Idea that the upper part of the wlagaran was Interbedded with sandstone. Deposits of the Hillsboro ssndetone also oaour in the h ill, 0,6 mile west of Samantha and along the divide between Baker
Fork and lddle eork In Brush Creek Township,
The Peebles formation is overlain by tho Ohio shale along the eastern edge of Its outcrop from the mouth of Rooky Pork southward to
Sinking Springs, Farther east, at the Ralph Rogers quarry In Pike
County, the Greenfield formation and part of the Tymoehtee Intervene between the Ohio shale and the Peebles formation. This is also true at the Plum Run Stone Division quarry in the northern pert of Adams
County where the combined thickness of the Greenfield and Tymoehtee • 8 0 -
la T4 feet* Farther south tho Ohio shalo everlies tho Peeblea foraatlon
and along tho north side of tho Ohio Kiver only 56 to 40 foot of this
doloalto exiata between tho id 1 ley foraatlon and tho Devonian shales*
Thus aoutboard froa Peeblea, Ohio, tho Ohio ahalo apparently roots on
lower and lower horisona of tho Peeblea doloaite although thla unoon-
foraity undoubtedly haa oonaldorablo looal rollof•
Thloknoaa and Areal Kxtent
Tho original thloknoaa of tho Peebles foraatlon has never boon
determined, for its oontaot with younger atrata la everywhere unoon-
formable# Conoequontly ita present thloknoaa thus far observed ia leaa
than ita original thloknoaa* This doea not Imply, however, that all
observed variation in the thloknoaa of the Peeblea la due to anoient erosion for it ia very unlikely that the thloknoaa of thla formation waa originally uniform*
Tho asTlnun thloknoaa of the Peeblea formation remaining ia also
unknown in Highland County* It ia probable, however, that near tho mouth of Hooky Fork this formation exoeoda a thloknoaa of 100 foot*
Tho writor measured 89 feet, 11 lnohea of Peebloa doloadte at looality
85 but dbaerved neither the top nor tho bottom of the formation*
Judging from tho elevations of tho top and bottom of tho Peeblea, observed in the near violnlty of looality 85, tho writor believes that tho bottom of thla exposure begins about 80 foot above the Lilley and ends about 10 foot below the Ohio ahale* If thla is true, the
Peeblea is approximately 180 foot thisk at looality 85*
Scattered exposures of the Peeblea doloaite along a line from the mouth of Kooky Fork to Samantha indicate that thla foramtlom la at -6 1 - least 80 feet thick. Korth of thla line. however. Ita thloknoaa deoreases. At looality 17 tho Heebies ia 66 foot thiok and in tha vicinity of Leesburg thla formation probably does not axeood a thick- noas of 50 foot*
Tho outorop of the Poebloa foraatlon continues south to tho Ohio timer where it oroaaeo west of tanoeburg, Kentucky. Aeeordlcg to
A. UoFarlan (peraonal ooou unioat Ion) thla foraatlon ia believed to be present in the subsurfaoe of northeastern Kentucky. Tho Poebloa formation has not been recognised north of Highland County. However, in all probability the rook exposed in the elvln Stone quarry in tha northeast part of Clinton County is of the same age as the Poebloa.
Busoh (1959. p. 157) regards the exposure as Huntington (restricted).
The writer visited this quarry twice and found the deposit to bo more bedded and somewhat more crystalline than the typioal Peebles rook.
Faunally. however, these strata agree with the Peebles foraatlon.
Fauna. Correlation, and
«oet of the fossils observed in the Peebles formation wore very poorly preserved. This is particularly true of tha paleoypods and gastropods although their extercml molds indicate that these forma wore very abundant during the deposition of the Peebles foraatlon.
Conoentrlc structures resembling those whioh are produced by strcma top or olds or algae arc else very com: on in the Heebies but are too poorly preserved for identifloation.
In 1931 (p. 191) Foerste published a list of apeeies collected frcai tho Peebles formation in Highland and Adama counties. The present study has added 6 speaiea to Foerste'a H at bringing the present total of apoolaa found in tho Poobloa to thlr^y-ono* Thla dooo not inoludo a fora of Monoaaarolla whioh Poor a to did not Identify and whloh tho writor did not find* Tho known fauna of tho Poobloo foraatlon in
Highland and Adana oountloa io ao followoi
A n th oooa
Calootylla parrula Poorabo
Coonitoo aorlata (Ball)
FaTQoltoo niagaronola Hall
Fawooltoo gothlandlouo forna aultlpora Lonadalo
Flotohorla cuolphoaala (thiteawea)
Halyoltoo labyrlnthlouo (Ooldfuoo)
Halyaltoa of* H» nit Ida Laabo
H ollolltoo intoratlnotua (Linnaouo)
Braohiopoda
Anaotrophla intornaooono Hall
Atrypa rotloularla (Linnaouo)
Dlnobolua oonradl (Ball)
Booplrlfor of* JE* nlagaroaola (Conrad)
Honpnorolla op*
Fontonoruo oblonguo Soworby
Rhynohotrota aaorloaaa Hall
8togorhynohuo inrtlanonolo (H all)
Stogorhynohuo of* 8* noglootun (H all)
Trlnorolla aounlnata Bllllngo
Trlnorolla grandlo Bllllngo
Trlnorolla ohloonalo Hook « IV 2 % *4 4* I 3 $ O a 9 9 l l * © k a • a | h I K 9 e « 8 a 9' • * £ x t 3 I » 4* a k 3 *4 3 a s a O 4 a a X 4* 1 J =1 I i i0 9 s k 3 3 I l 3* 8 4* a k o o • 8 I 3 ■9 1 *4 o a 9 a J 9 Ml i *4 X «4 ! r4 2 A Ia © 9 4* J X © * i ak 9 s 3 3 3 £ i I I 3 $ a a • * 0 3 x a £ 3 1 k o 3 X >■ S 9 « 3 9 8 * S 3 a 9 •h a Js <1 | 1 I w a g 8 • 3 3 *4 o •j s I X a • k 0 & O J* « 3 3 « ► 9 9 S 3 3 O 3 * I 1 1 3 3 9 3 3 1 3 3 ©! I • 1 « i J5 X x u 3 I «4 9 o 4* * 9 I J5 9 I 8 a i *4 § I a pl H § - *4 X o *4 I 3 *4 1 i 3 3 h h o nM X t a #4 ! o Vi S. 3 8 o 1 #4 ** s- 3 t 3 • 1 o 5 1 Is u 3 3 CO 3 1 I X f a 8 - X H 3 4 k * & 1 • i i a 9 k H a O 3 O 9 I I ] M a o 3 - 8 4 - restrieted to tho Poobloo doloaite* Tho aost striking fossils of tho
Pooblos fauna ara tho peloeypods and gastropods nono of whioh woro observed in othor fllagaran foraations in Highland County*
Foorsto (1936* p. 196) oorrolatod tho Pooblos foraatlon of south orn Ohio with tho Ouelph foraatlon of ooutharn Ontario* northwootorn
Ohio* and southoastorn *1 so one In* His basis for this correlation was tho prosonoo of a nuabor of oharaotoristlo Guelph spoolos ooourring in tho Pooblos* Thlrtoon (41 percent) of tho spoolos found in tho
Poebloa foraatlon have also boon reported froa tho Guelph of Ontario*
Tho aost significant spoolos in this group are Flotohorla guolphonsla*
Trlaorolls aouainata, Trlaorolla grandls, Trlnorolla ohioonsls* b p - loaus oanadonsls and C oelooaulua aaorosplra*
At tha tiao Foorsto naaed tho Peebles foraatlon he wrote (1929* pp* 168, 169)t
*The Peebles is equivalent to tho Guelph of Canada* and therefore belongs above tho Cedarviile of tho Springfield area* whioh is equivalent to tho Raolne of Wisconsin* tho Kaolne being dlrootly undor the Guolph in that state*"
The writor is in ooaplete agroeaont with this statoaont. Tho Guelph
foraatlon of southern Ontario and tho Pooblos foraatlon of southern
Ohio are llthologieally and faunally very sinilar* It was previously
shown that in all probability tho Cedarviile foraatlon la tho north ward extension of tho orinoldal oarbonato llthofoolea of tho Lilley
foraatlon In Highland County* This iaplios that tho Peebles is equiva
lent to tho Huntington (restricted) reported by Busoh (1939* p* 135) as a doloaite of Ouelph ago overlying tho Cedarviile foraatlon*
Paleontological support for this correlation exists in that 13 (41 -6 5 -
para ant) of tho speoies known to ooour In the Poeblee ore reported by
Bueoh from the Huntington (restrloted), On the bealo of the fauna,
llthology, end stratlgraphio position, the writer believes thet the
Peeblea, Huntington (reatrioted), end Ouelph formations are here
eorreotly equated,
Svi—aary of Correlation
The propoaed correlation of the Mmgnran formatlone in Highland
County with thoae ooaurrlng in other regions la shown in Chart 4,
The baeee upon whloh many of theae eorrelatlone between atatea not
including Ohio haa been largely derived from other authors. Pub
lications oonsulted by the w riter weret Cuminga and Shrook, 1927|
Esarey and Blebermen, 1946| Fisher, 1954| Foerate, 1936* G illette,
1947t Lowenataa, 1946| Shaw, 1937| and Swarta, et al«, 1942, S. &• *laeonaln Ohio
IT. £. Illinoia Southern Southwestern Southern O n tario How York 4606 P o rt Byron Ouelph Lookport
L iato n Springfield B iaher 80- Creek
Joliet (111.) L aurel L aurel
Ironde quoit
2 OE b 11
Chart 4. Propoeed correlation of Niagaran formations. 67-
8THATI0H APHIC 8KCTI0H8
Looality *o. 1
0* 0. S. Ho. 18B94—Hear mouth of north-oouth tributary to Laos
Creak, northweat of railroad bridge, 1.86 mllae aaat of Leeaburg,
Fairfield Toenahip, Highland County.
Silurian ayatem
Niagaran aerlea
Peeblea foraatlon—87 feet +■
Unit Feet Inohea
5. Dolomite, light gray, fine-grained, ▼ealoular, aaaalve, aoaa Pontamorua oblongua throughout ------87 0
Lilley formation—34 feet, 4 Inohea
Crinoldal Carbonate lithofaoiaa
4. Dolomite, light gray, fine to medium grained, very poroua. In layera 10 Inohea thlok) oontalna orInold atema In abundanee ------8 6
3. Same aa unit 4 but In layera 3 feet th lo k ------.... 86 10
8. Dolomltle llaoatone, dark gray, eryatalllne, medium*grained, poroua, in layera 6 to 18 Inohea thleic, orlnolda abundant ------6 0
Biaher formation—8 feet, 6 Inohea +-
Silty Carbonate lithofaoiaa
1. Dolomite, dark gray, fine-grained, ooi^>aot, finely laminated, thin- bedded S 6
Total thloknoaa 68 10 Looality No. 2
0 . 0. 8. No. 12894—Along Loot Crook, south of railroad bridge, 1*4
milaa oaot of Leesburg, Fairflold Township, Highland County,
811urlan system
Niagaran sorios
Lillay formation--S3 foot, 9 1 no has f
Crlnoldal Carbonato lithofaoioa
Unit Foot Inohoa
6, Doloaitlo limaatono, light-gray, erystalline, nodiun-grained, poroua, in layers 3 to 6 foot thlok - - - - 2 2 0
6, Same aa u n it 6 b u t In la y e ra 8 to 20 inohoa thlok| oontoIns badly weathered fossils ------11 9
Biaher formation—26 feet, 1 lnoh +
Silty Carbonate lithofaoiaa—16 foot, 11 inohea
4, Dolomite, dark gray, soft. In layers 1 to 6 inohea thlok separated by ahale p a rtin g s ------16 11
Polomltlo 8halo lithofaoiaa—3 fe«t, 3 inohea
3, Dolomltlo ahale, dark gray, soft, weathers to bluiah oolor - - - - - 3 3
Cryptothyrolla lithofaoiaa—1 foot, 3 inohea
2, Dolomitio limestone, light gray, erystalline, medium-grained, foae 1 li fer ouai contains Cryptothyrolla oyllndrloa ------1 3
Silty Carbonate lithofaoioa—6 feet, 6 inohea +-
1, Argillaoooua dolomite, gray to dark gray, eryatalllne, fine-grained, in layers 3 to 0 inohea thlok ----- 6 8
Total thloknoaa 69 10 Set Plate 2, figure 1 for • view of the Maher formation espoaed In
thla eeetion.
Locality Ho. 8
0. 0, S. llo. 1*696—At the weterfalla, beneath railroad bridge, or the
weet aide of Rattleenake Creek, a ou thee at edge of Eaat Jonroe,
Fairfield Townehlp, Highland County,
Silurian ayatea
Nlagaran aerlea
Lllley-Peeblee Trane Itl on unit—9 feet, 2 1 no he a t
U n it F eet lnohea
6, DolonAte, light gray, oryatalline, fine-grained, rather denae, breooiated, unevenly thin-bedded In layera 6 to 12 lnohea thiok, Ponte me rue obiongua abundant ir leaver 2^ feet ------9
L11 ley foraatlon—64 feet, 2 lnohea
Arglllaoeoua llthofaelea—1 foot, 10 lnohea
7, Arglllaoeoua dolomite, light gray with buff mottling, fine-grained, unevenly thin-bedded ------1 10
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaolea—62 feet, 4 lnohea
6, Dolomite, gray to light blue-gray, erya tel line , fine to medium grained, porouot o o n teln a aowe e rln o ld fragm enta. In layera 1^ to 2 feet thlok - - - - - 6
6, Doloeitlo llmeatone, light gray, oryotelline, medium to ooerae-grained, poroua. In layera 6 to 12 lnohea thlok, orlnold atema In abundanoe ------9
4, Dolomltlo llmeatone, light gray, oryatalline, fine to vadium*grained, poroua, fairly hard. In layera 1 to 2 feet thlok, fragmental, orlnold atema In abundanoe ------10 -to-
Onit foot In»hii
3* Saw aa unit 4, In layera 8 to IS ins has thlok ------15 4
2* Dolomitie 11 me a tone, blue-gray, oryatalline, fine to medium-grained, fairly hard, poroua, evenly-bedded In layera 5 to 0 lnohea thlok, orlnold atema In abundanoe ------15 0
Blaher formation—1 foot +
811ty Carbonate llthofaolea
1* Arglllaoeoua dolomite, dark blue-gray, oryatalline, fine-grained, eompaot. In layera 4 lnohea thlok ------1 0
Total thlekneaa 84 4
Locality Ho* 4
0* 0* 8* Ho. 12P9S—A avail eaetward flowing tributary of Rattleenake
Creek, 0,4 mile oouth-aoutheaat of Centerfield, Fairfield Townahlp,
Highland County*
Silurian ayatea
Hiareran aerlea
Lllley formation—48 feet, 4 lnohea +■
Argillaoeoua Carbonate llthofaolea--17 feet inferred
Unit Feet lnohea
IS* Argil laoeoua dolomite, bluiah gray, fine-grained, o ompaet, realatent. In layera 1 to 4 lnohea thlok aeparated by ahale partinget oontalna aome orlnold atema and oup oorala ------1 6
It, Covered Interval ------16 6
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaolea— 51 feet, 4 lnohea
11* Dolomite, light gray, oryatalline, modi we- grained, poroua, fragmental. -9 1 -
Unit Feet Inches
In liyiri 1 to 4 lnh«i thlok - - - B 0
10. C or«rod Interval ------IS 0
9. Dolomite, blue-grey, crystalline, medium-grained, hard, poroua, some what allloa^ua. In layers 3 to 18 lnohas thloki oontalna Zaphrcntis dlgonlata and orlnold fragments - 10 4
Blsher formation—31 fast, 9 lnohas t
Silty Carbonata 11th of so las—11 feat, 8 lnohea
B, Arglllaoeoua dolomite, dark gray, fine-grained. In layers 8 to 10 lnohas thlok, bedding pianos Tory Irregular - 5 8
7. Covered Interval ------8 11
6, Sana as unit 8 but with many shale partings 1 0
6, Covered Interval ------8 1
Dolomltlo shale llthofaoles—S feet, 1 lnoh
4, Dolomitlo shale, blue-gray, soft, s i l t y ------S 1
Silty Carbonata llthofaoles—3 feet
3* Silty dolomite, dark gray, fine-grained, thin-bedded with many ahala partings - - 3 0
Cryptothyrella llthofaoles—1 foot, 6 lnohea
8, Dolomite, gray, crystalline, medium to ooarse-grained. In single ledge 18 lnohas thlek| contains badly weathered fossils 1 6
Silty Carbonate llthofaclos— 3 feet t
1, Arglllaoeoua dolomite, light gray, weathering to light buff. In some what laminated layers 6 to 18 lnohes th lo k ------3 0
Total thickness 70 1 - 9 1 -
Loo a l l ty Wo. 6
0* 0. 8. Wo, 12892—South bluff of Hardin Crook noor obondonod rood
orosslng, 3,6 olloo southeast of Leesburg, Fairfield Tovnahlp,
Highland County,
Silurian system
Wlagaran oorioo
Biohor formation—16 foot, 6 lnehoo f-
Silty Carbonata llthofaoloa
U n it Foot I no ho»
S, 8ilty dolomite, light gray, weathering to yellow-buff, fine-grained, thin- bedded ------10 4
2, Silty dolomite, light gray, fine grained, thin-bedded with several ahale p a rtin g * ------6 2
Alger formation—S2 feet +■
1, Clay ahale, bluleh to purple, aoft, with a few 1 to 2 lnoh dolomite layers whloh beeone more numerous towards the top. Approximately 11 feet above the base of the exposure 8treptolasma pygmouzn foerstel and Ca'lostylls spongioaa were o olloo ted ------82 0
Total thiokness 46 6
See Plate 1, figure 2 for a view of this seetlon.
Locality No, 6
0, 0, S, Wo, 12668—Small north-south ravine, 0,86 mile south of
Fallsvllle, Penn Township, Highland County,
Silurian system
Wlagaren aeries Lllley form tIon—70 feet, 10 inohoa +
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaolea—39 feet, 8 lnohoo
Unit Foot Inohoa
6. Dolomite, light gray, oryatallino, flno to modlun^gralnod, poroua, fragmental, In layora 8 to 18 Inohoa thlok but boddlng eomewhat lndlatinet 89 8
Arglllaoeoua Carbonata llthofaoloa—8 foot, 1 lnoh
6, Arglllaoeoua dolomite, dark groy, fine- grained, thlimbedded in layora 1 to 8 inohoa thlok aoparated by ahalo p a rtln g a ------8 1
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaelaa—89 foot, 7 lnohea
4* Dolomite, blue-gray, oryatalline, flno to mediumgrained, poroua, thln-bedded| oontaina orlnold atema* 4 10
S« Dolomite, light gray, oryatallino, fine to medium-grained, poroua. In layora 8 to 15 Inohoa thlok, orlnold fragmenta abun dant ------18 5
8* Dolomite, gray, oryatallino, ooaree- grained, poroua, unevenly bedded In layora 4 to 16 Inohoa thlok, orlnold fragmenta very abundant ------11 1
Blaher formation—1 foot, 8 Inohoa -t*
811ty Carbonate llthofaoloa
!• Silty dolomite, weathered to dark buff, fine-grained, a oft, unevenly thln- bedded ------1 8
Total thlokneaa 78 1
Locality Wo, 7
0* S, Wo, 18869—Abandoned ouarry eouth of eaat-weat road and oaet
of Route 64, 1*8 mllea aouth of 8a manthe, Penn Townehlp, Highland - 9 4 * County*
S ilurian ay a tom
R lapnn aoriee
Lllley formation--24 feet* 6 Inohoa t
Foot Inohoa
Dolomite* light gray* flno to medium* f r a 1 nod* com pact* aoma a a p h a lt lnprognatlona Tory unoTonly boddod in layora 2 to 6 inohoa thlok* Tory foaalllforouoi oontaina Pontanerao* Coonitoa* and FaToaltoa in abundaneo 24 8
Thia expoeure ia probably part of a roof*
Locality No* 8
0* 0* 8* No* 1*976— Abandoned q u a rry and a/nall n o rth e a a t-e o u th w e e t
raTlno Juat cortheaat of Route 124* 4*1 milea northwoat of tho
cantor of Hillaboro* Liberty Townahlp, Highland County*
811urian ayatom
Niagaran aorioa
L llloy formation— 80 foot* 6 inohoa *t-
Crlnoldal Carbonata llthofaoloa
Unit Foot Inahoa
6* Dolomito* (njr* darkonod to nearly black with aaphalt* oryatallino* medium- groined* Tory poroua* unoTonly beddedi oontaina foaail fragmenta inoludlng orlnold fragmenta in abundanoe - - - - 22 6
8* Coro rod lntorral ------10 8
4* Dolomito* light gray* oryatallino* flno to medium grained* poroua* in layora 6 to 12 Inohoa thlok ------3 0
8 * Coro rod ln to rra l ------12 0 96-
Onlt Foot laohii
2. Dolomite, light ptjr, oryatalline, medium to «o«rH -gnlM 4( wo 11 boddod In layera 6 to IF Inohoa thlok, oontaina many orlnold fragmenta - - - 8 6
Blohor formation—6 foot, 8 inohoa +*
Sllty Carbonata llthofaoloa
1* Silty doloiaito, dark gray woathorlng to buff, flno-grained, vary thin-bedded, rathor ahaly In lowor part ------______6______6
Total thloknaaa 87 0
Locality No. 9
0. 0. 8. No. Iff47— Abandoned quarry on tho woat edge of Hllloboro,
juat aouth of Routo 50, Liberty Townahip, Highland County.
Silurian ayatom
N iagara n ao rlo a
Lllloy foriaation—86 foot, 4 inohoa +
Argillaoooua Carbonato llthofaoloa
Dnlt Foot Inohoa
6. Dolomito, light gray, oryatallino, fino to mediumgrained, poroua, naealoe oxoept for upper 4 foot whloh la thin- boddodf oontaina Pontanarua oblongua In abundanoe ------11 5
4. Dolomite, blulah gray, oryatalline, fino to medium grained, aomowhat arglllaoeoua, boddod, oontaina aone orlnold atema ------T 9
5. Arglllaoeoua dolomite, gray, fine grained, eomawhat ailleooua, ln- d i a t l n a t ly boddodi oo ntaina aowe quarta-filled oawltlee, upper 6 Inohoa thin* bedded, eooeral Holophragma oorallltea obeerred ------t 0 - 96 -
Unlt Foot Inohoa
t. Arglllaoeoua dolomite, light to dark tray, fine-grained, tone ohort layera, thln-baddad ------...... t t
Blahar formation--18 foot, 6 inohoa +
81ity Carbonate llthofaoloa
1. Doloalte, dark fray, fine-grained, laminated, boddod in layora 6 to It Inohoa thlekf oontaina numeroua ohort layora throughout, a few foaalla proaont lnolndlnf Dalmanltoa, Camarotoeohla. and 8 togorKynohua ------18 6
Total thieknoaa 4X 0
8oo Plata 8, figure 1 for a eiem of thla aootion.
L o c a lity No. 10
0. 0, S. No. 9780—Abandoned quarry near the eaatera edge of Hilleboro
between Route 198 and Route 80 j formerly known aa the "Neeoher
quarry". Liberty Townahip, Highland County.
Silurian ayaten
Niagaren aeriea
Poeblea formation— tl feet +
Unit Foot Inohoa
8. Dolomite, light gray, oryatallino, fine-grained, firm, veaioular, maaalwo) Fawoaltoa and Pontaaorua in abundanoe. Fooaila oolleoied ------tl o
Lilley»Peeblea tranaition tone— 8 feet, 6 inohee
7. Dolomite, gray, oryatalline, fine grained, fairly firm, aome aaphalt Impregnation ------8 6
Lllley fornatlon—18 faat, t inohoa
Dolomitlo Shale llthofaolea— t feet, 10 lnohea 6. Dolomltlo ihal*, dark gray, woothorlng to yolloo-gruy ------8 10
Argllloooouo Corbonoto llthofaoloo—88 foot, 4 lnohoo
6, Argllloooouo dolomite, bluo-groy, fine grained, in loyoro 1 foot thloki oonto!no ooloito fillings up to 8 lnohoo in d la m o to r ------8 t
4. Argllloooouo doloodto, groy to dork groyi flno-grolaod| oontoino oooorol 8 to 6 Inoh oholo loyoro ------8 0
8* Argllloooouo dolomito, dork groy, fino to modlujo-grolnod, son* o I outo go- mottling ond ooloito fllllngo. In loyoro 6 to 84 lnohoo thlok, Holophrogoo oolopololdoo in obundonoo, fooollo oollootod ------9 10
2, Llmootono, bluo-groy, oryotollino, flno to modiurn-grolnod, oomo ooloito fllllngo. In loyoro 1 foot thick but weathering to thin bodoi oontoino o few enrol ond orlnold frogaento, Fooollo oollootod 6 4
Blohor formotlon»6 foot, 8 lnohoo 1~
Silty Corbonoto llthofooloo
1, Doloodto, bluo-groy, oryotollino, flno- grolnod, roolotont, compact, oomo ohorty loyoro, unevenly boddod, Fooollo o o llo o to d ------______6______8
Totol thloknooo 60 11
Looollty So, 11
0, 0, 8, So, 18979—Abandoned quarry noor tho ooot edge of Hllloboro,
1,6 ml loo oouth of Kouto 184, Liberty Townohip, Hlghlond County,
Sllurlon oyotom
Slogoron oorioo
Lllloy formotlon— 80 foot, 11 lnohoo f - 90 -
Argillaoooua Carbonate 11thofacloo
U nit Feet lnohoo
4. Arglllaoeoua dolomite, light-gray, fine-grained, in layera 4 to 4 inohoa thlok| oontoino quarto-filled oaaitloo 0 7
3. Dolomite, light gray, oryotollino, f 1 no-grained, o few thin ohort loyoro near top, moll boddod with oororal thole portingo near top* Holophragma ooloooloidoo in abundanoe* F'oooila oollootod - - - S 0
0* Argllloooouo dolomite, blue-gray, flno-grained, realotant, tome quarto and oalolto fllllngo, in layero 6 to 18 lnohoo thlok with tome ahalo portingo near topi oontaina Holophragma oalooololdoa and other foooll fragmenta, Foeailo oollootod ------3 0
1. Sane at unit f but without ohale portingo* tfeothero to thin bedo - - 8 B
Total thlokneao BO 11
L o o a llty Mo* 18
0* 0* S* Mo* 10801—Along the oaat bluff of Book Fork at bond in atroau,
oaot of Koute 73, 1*7 miloo ooutheaot of the oontor of Bllloboro,
Liberty Townohip, Highland County*
811urion oyatoa
Hlagaran oarloa
Blohor formation—approximate baoal oontaot deter mi nod on baolo
of ohongo of olopo*
Alger formation—07 foot
U nit Foot Inohoa
3* Clay ohale, bluloh green, ooft, a few thin dolomito layora In upper part* Many aorerad interval o ineluded -9 9 -
O nlt r—t Inehaa
in thla unit ------97 0
Dayton formation- S feet, 6 lnohea
2. Limeetone, light gray to greenlah gray, donee, eronly baddad in layara 6 to It inehaa thloki oontaina a faw Faeoaltoa and Halyaltaa ------9 9
Dlaoonforalty
Breeefield formation--6 foot, 6 inohoa f
1* Limeetone, raddlah brown, oryatallino, medium grained, thin-boddod in layara 1-9 inohoa thlok, oroae-badded - - - 6 6
Total thloknaaa 79 0
Saa Plata 1, figure 1 for a alow of tha Dayton-BraaafieId dleaonformity.
Looality to, 14
O* 0, S, to. 12978—Worth-a outh ravine loading to an eaatarn tributary
to Clear Croak, 1.3 mllaa northwaat of Boaton, Liberty Twnehip,
Highland County.
Bllurian ayatam
tlagaran aorloa
Lllloy fonaation—24 foot, 2 Inehaa +-
Polpad to llthofaoloa
Unit Foot Inohoa
IB. Dolomite, light tan to gray, oryatalline, fine-grained, oonpaot, bedding lndlatlnet, eomo aaphalt in? regnation In upper part - - - - 19 0
14. C ore red lntorral ------B t
Contaot arbitrary
Blahor formation—87 foot, 4 inohoa + - 1 0 0 - llwitoiw U thoftdo—M fM t, 4 lashta
Unit Fee t Inthw
13* Limeetone, bluish gray to light gray* oryatallina, fine-grained, dense, oontaina many oherty layara and seweral argillaeeoua layara* Seweral oorarad lnterwal a 1 noludad in thla unit ------n 0
12* Cowered interval ------3 10
11* Limeetone, blue-gray, oryatalline, ftna-grolnod, dense, unevenly thin* boddod 1 6
Silty Carbonata llthofaoloa—12 fact, 1 Inch
10* 811ty limestone, waathara to light yelloi*»grey, oryatalline, fine-grained, aoft, bedding lndlatlnot ------1 8
9* LImeatone, vaathara to light buff-gray, oryatalline, fine-grained, somewhat alllesousf oontaina ohort nodules as large aa 5 X IS lnohea, bedding lndlatlnot ------S 0
8* Cowered lntorral ------3 0
7* Sana aa u n it 10------8 1
6* Cowered ln te rw a l ------1 4
Limestone llthofaolea—6 feet, 11 lnohea
8* Limestone, light gray, hard, dense, somewhat slllaeoua, unewenly bedded 1 S
4* Limestone, blue-gray, oryatalline, fine-grained, hard, eoiqpaot - - - - 0 9
3* Same aa unit 3 but ewenly bedded in thin layera ------0 9
2* Cowered lnterwal ------f 11
Cryptothyrolla llthofaolea— S feet
1* Limestone, gray to light gray, oryatalline, fine to medium*grained, ooinpaot. In -101
Unit Nit Inohoa
layera 3 to 12 lnohea thlok, foaalllfaroua, Cryptothyrella oyllndrloa dominant ------3 0
T otal thloknaaa 81 8
Looallty No* 16
0* 0. S. No* 12867—Snail north-aouth ravine entering Kettleenake
Creak fro.i the northeaat, 2*2 mile eaat-northeaat of Petereburg,
Madiaon Townahlo, Highland County*
Silurian ayatem
Nlagaran aerlea
Itllley formation— 31 feet, 8 lnohea
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaolea
Unit Feet Inehaa
7, Dolomite, light gray, oryatalline, fine to medium-grained, realatant, fairly oompaot, maaelvet oontaina F evoeltea ------16 I
6* Same aa unit 7 but in layera 2 to 6 lnohea thlok ------4 3
I* Dolomite, light grey, oryatalline, fine-groined, eoMpaot, unevenly bedded in layera 6 to 10 lnohea thlok - - - - 8 8
4* Covered Interval ------8 4
Contaet arbitrary
Blaher formation—26 feet, 3 lnohea +■
Pol omit lo Shale llthofaoloa—18 feet, 8 lnohea
3« Doloodtle ahale, blue-gray, aoft, gritty, veathere to buff ------18 8
Silty Carbonate llthofaolea—10 faet, 7 lnohea + - 1 0 * .
Unit Net laihM
*» Silty dolomite, dark gray, fine-grained, vary unevenly thin-bedded ------4 6
1. Silty to argillaceous dolomite, tan to buff, oryotollino, fino-froinod, thin- boddod ------6 t
Total thloknoao 97 8
L o c a lity Ho* 17
0, 0* S« Ho« 17978—Rorth-• outh ravine loading to Paint Crook, 1,4
miles eooVnortheast of Rooky Springs School, Madison Townohip,
Highland County,
Silurian oystea
Cayugan oorlos
Bass Islands group
Oroanflold formatioiv-48 foot +
Onlt Foot I no ho s
8, Doloalto, dark gray, eryotalllno, flno-grolnod, soaowhat lapuro, massive with an occasional bodding plana, rathor broooiatod, aany oovorod intervals inoludod ------49 0
Viagoran sorloo
Poobloo formatl on—68 foot
7, Dolomito, light gray, oryatallino, flno-grolnod, roslstant, vesicular, rathor massive, aany oovered lntorrsls In o lu d o d ------68 0
Lilloy foraation»88 fact, t lnohoo
Crlnoldal Carbonata llthofsolos— 81 foot
6, Dolomito, light gray, oryatallino, aodluapgrained, unevenly-bedded in laytn 6 to It inohoa thlok) oontaina orlnold and othar fooall fragmenta H
Argillaceous Carbonata llthofaoloa—10 feet, 4 Inohoa
6. Argillaceous dolomito, dark groy to blue*gray, fine-grained, thlivbedded, with many ahalo partingot oontaina a fow o rln o ld fragm ent a ------10
Crlnoldal Carbonata llthofaoloa—6 foot, 10 Inohoa
4, Dolomito, gray to blue-gray, oryatallino, flno to medium-grolnod, unevenly thin-boddod) oontaina fragments of erlnolda and other fooilla - - - - 6
Bleher foraatlon—8 foot, 8 Inohoa *-
Sllty Carbonate llthofaoloa—2 foot, 5 Inohoa
8, fillty to arglllaoeoua dolomite, gray, weathering to buff, fine-grained, unevenly boddod in layora 0 to 8 lnohea thlok - - - - ...... - 2
Dolowltlo 8halo llthofaoloa—8 foot, 4 Inohoa
2, Dolomitlo ahalo, dark gray, grlttyi oontalnlng numoroua arglllaoeoua dolomite layora throughout - - - - 8
illty Carbonate llthofaoloa—2 foot, 6 inohoa f
1, Silty to argllloooouo dolomito aamo aa
Total thloknoaa 146
L o c a lity Wo, 19
0* 6, S, Wo, ll66S--Along Blineo Branoh, 0,7 mile south of Beaver
Bohool, Paint Townohip, Highland County,
Silurian eyetem
Blagaran aorloa - 104-
Lllloy foraotlon~?0 foot
Crlnoldal C>rtomt» llthofooloo
Unit Foot lnohoo
9. Doloaito, griy, aoothoring to ytllo*> huff, oryotollino, aodlua to ooaroo- groinad, porouo, thiols boddod, forming aooolma lodgooi oontoino foooil frag a o n to ------CO 0
B loher fo rm atio n — Cl fo o t, 1 lnoh f
Llaootono llthofooloo— 9 foot, t lnohoo
0, Llaootono, light bluo-groy, oryotollino, flno-grolnod, faintly londnotod, eorrpaet, thin-boddod with oomo oholo portingo C C
7, Llaootono, light groy, oryotollino, flno- groinod, donooi oontoino ooao ooloito fllllngo. In loyoro 6 lnohoo thlok 7 0
Cllty Carbonata llthofooloo—1 foot, S lnohoo
6« Doloaito, dark groy, flno-grolnod, flatly land notod, unooonly thla-boddod - - - - 1 8
Llaootono llthofooloo— 6 foot, B lnohoo
6* Llaootono, light groy woothorlng to light buff, oryotollino, aodlua-grolnod, ooao olooongo-mottling, in loyoro 0 to 1C lnohoo thlok with a fan oholo portingo, oontoino ooao foooil fragaonto ----- 4 0
4* Llaootono, light groy, oryotollino, aodlua-grolnod, oontoino ooao groonloh argllloooouo aooooo ------C C
>11 ty Corbonoto llthofooloo—6 foot +
8, Silty to argllloooouo doloaito, dork groy, oryotollino, flno-grolnod, fairly oempoot, unomonly thla-boddod, oholo porting at top ------l7
C* Llaootono, light groy, aodlua to oooroo- gralnod, oonpoot, Cryptothyrollo oyllndrleo oollootod ------0 • -106- Onit Foot lnohoo
1* Arglllaeeouo dolomite, bluHnrijr, flne- grilmd, ooapaet, m«th«ri to thin btdi 4 0
Total thlokneoo 48 1
Locality Wo, 80
0* 0. 8. Vo, 18966—Along tributary to Smith Branoh, north of north-
eoot-oouthweot road, 1,6 mllaa north of Jarohall, darehall
Townohip, Highland County,
Silurian oyataa
llagaran aariao
Blohar formatioo—29 faat, 11 inohao t
Llnoetono llthofaolea-- 25 faat, 9 Inohao +■
U n it F aat lnohoo
10, Llmeotone, pinkieh gray, oryotallina, flna-grained, oompaot, mony a mail ealelte fllllngo, thln-baddad - - - 8 0
9, Comarad lntorral 1 0
6, Llmeotone, light graanloh gray, oryatalline, fine to medium-grained, in layara 6 to 18 lnohea thlok, Fooollo oolleeted ------
7, Limeetone, light gray, oryatalline, fine to coarae-gralnod, in layara 1 to 18 inohao thiak, Fooollo oollaatad ------8 10
6, Dolomitlo llmeotone, light gray, weathering to buff, oryotallina, fine-grained, thlok- beddedi oontaina ooao chert layora - - - - 6
6, Li maotone, light gray, weathering to light yellom-buff, oryatallino, flno to mediumgrained, In layera 16 lnohea thlok 1
4, Doloadtlo llmeotone, gray, weathering to buff, oryatallino, fine-grained, in layara 8 foot thioki oontaina aany woathorod foaalla, Foaalla oollootod - - - - t 0
3* Llaaatono, fray to tan, oryatallino, flno-grained, ooapaot, aoao laminae, thin-boddod ------1 6
Silty Carbonata llthofaoloa-*4 foot, 8 Inohoa +
1. Silty dolomito, dark gray, fine grained, ooapaot, thlok-boddod, braaka with ooooholdal fraotura ------4______8
Total thloknaaa >9 11
Locality Ho* 21
0* 0« 8, Ho* 18888—Horth bluff of Hooky Fork, 800 yards northwaat
of ioCoppln '*111, at alto of Hooky Fork Can, Paint Townohip,
Highland County,
Silurian ayatam
Hlagaran aarlaa
Paobloa formation--20 faat t
Onlt Foot Inohoa
10, Doloaito, light gray, oryatallino, fino-gralnod, poroua, woaloular, aaaaiaai oontaina nuaoroua Pantaaarua and Fayoaltoa# Foaalla collected - - 86 0
Llllay formation—63 foot, 8 Inohoa +
Arglllaoooua Carbonata llthofaoloa-*9 foot, 6 lnohoo
9, Argillaoooua doloaito, woathorlng to yollow-buff, thin-bedded with nuaoroua ahala partlnga ------4 1
8* Arglllaoooua doloaito, tan, flno* gralnod. In layara 6 to 18 Inohoa thlok 8 4
7, Arglllaoooua doloaito, blue-gray, flno* - 107- Pnlt Poet Inahaa
g ra in e d , some o a lo lte v a ln le ts , I d layara 6 to If inehaa thlok - - - i 1
Crlnoldal Carbonata llthofaoloa-»8 faat
6* Dolomlte, gray, oryatalline, fine to medium-grained, somewhet poroua. In layara f to P inahaa thlok ----- 6 0
Arglllaoooua Carbonata llthofaolea—6 faat, 6 Inahaa
5, Arglllaoooua dolomito, blue-gray, oryatallino, fino-grained, oompaot, in layara 6 to If lnohea thlok alth some ahala p a rtin g s ------0 0
Crlnoldal Carbonata llthofaoloa—0f faat, 5 Inahaa +•
4, Llaaatono, gray, oryotallina, fine to medium*grained, porous, unevenly thin* bedded alth soma shale partlngst oontaina broken orlnold atema ------4 0
0, Dolomite, gray, weathering to light buff, orystelllne, fins to medium- grained, porous, massive, forma ▼art leal ollff ------fl 0
f. Covered Interval ------4 0
1, Lima a tore, bluish gray, orystalllne, ooarsa-grained, ocmpaot, displays oleavage-mottling, weathers to thin bads ------...... _ jg ______3
T otal th ic k n e ss 79 0
L o o a lity No, 22
0, 0, 8, No, lf746-—Along bluffs of Booky Fork at Beaver '4111, 2,60
miles south of Rainoboro, Paint Townohip, Highland County,
8ilurlan system
Mage ran oarloa
Paablos format!oi^-04 feet, 0 lnohea 4- Unit Foot Inohoa
9* Dolomite, dart gray, oryatallino, fine-grained, with open epaoea, aona aaphalt laqpregnation, la layera 16 inehaa thlok ------8 9
6 * Cowered lntorral ------10 0
?. Dolomite, gray to light*gray, oryatalline, fiaa to me dlunt* grained, maaalrei oontaina Pontamorua and Faroe 1 tea, Foaalla oolleoted - - - 6 11
6, Cowered lntorral ------3 0
Lllley-Peeblea tranaltlon eone-approxlmately 6 foot, T lnehoe
6, Doloaito, gray, oryatallino, fine grained, oompaot, rneaeiwe, oontaina Coonltoa, ard aome orlnold atema - - - 6 0
4, Cowered lntorral ------1 7
Lllley formation
Arglllaoooua Carbonate llthofaoloa—16 foot, 4 Inehaa
3* Arglllaoooua dolomite, gray, with aome b lu e -g ra y m o ttlin g , o r y a t a ll i n o , flna-grainad, bo oomo a aoft when weathered, unerenly bedded ----- 7 7
9a Sana aa unit 3 but lighter In color 7 9
Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaclea—11 foot, 11 inohoa +•
1, Dolomltio limeetone, light gray, weathering to light yellow-gray, oryatallino, nodiurn grained, poroua, meaalee but weethere to Irregular thin layerai oontaina numeroue orlnold atom frarm o n ta ------11 11
T o ta l th lo k n e aa 68 6
Looellty ho, 93
0. 8a Noa 18884— Saall etreem entering Rooky Pork from the aouth. loe-
1*6 nil«« ««it of "The Point"* Point Townohip* Highland County*
Silurian ayatem
If la go ran oerioo
Poobloo formation*-80 foot* 11 inohoa f
Unit Foot Inohoa
7* Dolomito, light gmy* oryatollino* fino*groined* woaloulor* masaiva 64 S
6* Some oa unit 7) foaailiferoua* foaalla oollootod ------8 8
6* Soma oa unit 7j foaailiferoua* foaaila oollootod ------8 8
4* Covered interval ------6 8
8* Dolomite* gray to light 3 T«y* oryotollino* fin-groined, vealoular* o o a a lv e ------8 O
8* Dolomite* light groy* oryatollino* fin e to modJu*r»-grained, aoTTv?whnt gronulor, bedding rather lndlatlnot 14 6
1. Dolomite, gray* oryotollino* fine- groined* roalatnnt* aomowhot vealeulor, in loyara 8 to 4 lnohea thlok - - - - 1 8
Total thicknoaa 88 11
Looollty Ro* 84
0* 0* 8* Mo* 18890—Rood out oloog Route 60* 0*76 mile ooat of "The
P o in t"* P a x to n Townohip* Roaa County*
Silurian ayatem
V logo ran aerlea
P eeble a formotl on-- 31 foot +
Unit Foot Inohoa
8* Dolomite* light bluloh gray* 110-
Unlt Fwt Inohoa
crystalline, f 1no- grained, matrix denae, with ion vealolea, bedding lndlatlnot ------IS 9
2* Dolomito, light gray, oryatollino, fine-grained, massive) oontoino legalomua* Flotohorla* Coolooaulua. and FoToaltoa. Fossils ooYleoto d' 9 7
1« Soma oa u n i t 3------______4______2
Totol thlokneaa 91 0
Looallty No* 25
0* 0* S* No* 9739—Road out along Route 124 ,1uat ooat of Bokor Fork,
1 mile north-northwest of ttlnklng Soritva, Brush Creek Townohip,
Highland County*
811urlon system
Niagaran aorloa
Peebles formation—16 feet, 6 inehaa
Unit Foot Inohoa
4* Dolomite, light gray, oryatallino, flno-groined, resistant, vesicular, soma a s p h a lt im p re g n a tio n , m assive) oontaina Flotohorla, Favoaltoe, and Coenltea* Foaalla collected - - - 9 0
3* Same aa unit 4 but indiatinetly bedded in layera 8 to 24 inohoa thlok 6 6
Lllley formation—16 feet, 8 inohoa +■
Ariclllaoooua Carbonate llthofaoloa
2* Arglllaoeoua dolomite, gray to bluo- gray, oryatalline, fino-grained, oompaot, indiatinetly bedded) oontaina Coenltea In abundanoe ------T o
1* Arglllaoeoua dolomite, bluish gray. Unit Foot lnohas
oryotallina, fine-grained, nthnr soft, oontaina Coonltos In abundanoe ------______9 ______9
Total thloknaaa 8!
Looallty No* 87
0. 0. 8. No* 1868V-toad out on waat bluff of Bokar Fork* 0*6 alias
west of Sinking 8prlnfo* Brush Crook Township, Highland County.
Silurian systaa
Nla garan oarlas
Paablas formation—16 faat, 11 lnohas f
Unit Faat lnohas
17* Doloaito, light gray, oryotallina, fine-grained, rathor soft, vealoular, braoalatad, massive, ooiaa asphalt impregnation ------16 11
Lllley-Peebles transition sona»10 faat, 10 lnohas
16* Dolomito, gray, oryatalline, fine grained, hard, thlofc-bedded, some open spaoes and ealolta fillings, distinct break at top ------7 B
15* Covered Interval ------8 8
1*1 Hay formation—40 faat, 8 lnohas
Arglllaooous Carbonata llthofaoles—14 faat, 9 lnohas
14* Arglllaeeouo dolomltlo limaotona, groy to drab, erystalllno, fine grained, aaloita fllllngo. In layers 3 to 6 lnohss thlok ------8 0
IS* 8ans as unit 14 but massive, lower part eontalna Coanltas In abundanoe 18 9
Polealte llthofaoles--IB faat, 6 lnohas - 1 1 X
U n it F—t lnohoo
IS* Dolomite, light gray, oryotollino, fino-grolnod, moealve, irregular frooturoi oontoino o few Coonitoo, oup eorole ond orlnoid otonoi upper port oovored ------IS S
Crinoidol Corbonoto llthofooloo—9 foot, 11 lnohoo
11, Dolomito, groy to drob, oryotollino, modi urn-grolnod, porouo, folrly firm, thiols boddod, orlnold frogmonto throughout ------6 7
10* Dolomito, light groy, oryotollino, fino to modiurn-grolnod, poroua, «roea-bedded| oontoino foooil frogmonto throughout 4 4
Blohor formation—45 foot, 1 lnoh
Silty Corbonoto llthofooloo-* 53 fo o t
9, Silty dolomite, bluloh groy to groy, weathering to buff, oryotollino, fine* grolnod, ooapeet, blooky fracture, oontoino oomo olliooouo loyoro, thln-bedded ------9 S
8, Silty dolomito, gray, weathering to buff, fino-groined, finely laminated, thln»bedded weathering to aholy oppooranoo in lower port, Fooollo o o llo o to d ------3 2
7, Bllty dolomito, light grey to bluieh gray, weathering to buff, oryatollino, flno-grolnod, ooogtaet, thlob* bedded in loyoro t to 3 feet thlok, oomo ohale portingo - - — - -- -- — - - - - IS 0
6, Silty to argllloooouo dolomite, dork gray, flno-groined, oompaot, prominent oholo porting 4 feet above booe ond at top, bedding planoa oontorted in lower p o r t ————————————————— S 4
Dolomitlo Shale llthofaolo^-1 foot, 8 lnohea
5, Dolomitlo oholo, bluloh gray, gritty, o o ft 1 Cryptothrrolla lllhofM l Dnit Foot iMhti 4# LlaiitoM , pty M itbiring to buff, •lightly arglllaoooua, oryatallino, flna-gralnod, ooapaot, oontaina Cryptothyrollo In abundanoo - - - - 2 0 Llaaatono llthofaoloa—8 foot, 7 Inohoa 9, Doloaltlo llaaatono, light groy# woathoring to light buff, flna-gralnod, •oaowhat arglllaoooua, rathor danao,. wall boddod ------8 8 2, Llaaatono, light gray, donaoi oontaina a fow pyrlto oonorotlona ------0 2 Algor formation--7 foot, 6 inohoa *• 1. Clay ahalo, blulah gray, aoft, oontaina auroral 1 lnoh doloaito layora* Conularla o o llo o to d ------7 6 Total thloknoaa 120 6 8oo tha following platoa and flguroa for riewa of part of thla oxpoauro# Plato 2, flguro 2»unlt 7g plata 3, flguro 2— unit 10| plato 4, flguro 2—unlta 16 and 17, Looality Mo# 31 0# 0, 8# No# 12980—Small north-aouth gully aouth of road, 0*2 alio woot of K larillo, Bruah Crook Townahlp, Highland County# 611urlan oyatoa Nlagaran oorloa Blahor formation—33 foot, 4 Inohoa * 811 ty Corbonato llthofaoloa—9 foot -t- Pnlt Foot Inohoa 4# Silty dolondto, woathora to yollow- 114- Pnlt foot I no ho a buff, flno-groinod, oonpaot, ohort noduloa In oontral portion, uopor port thiD-boddod ------9 0 Doloaltlo 8hol» llthofooioo—>15 foot, 11 lnohoo S. Dolomitlo oholo, dork gray woathorlng to li(^tt buff, lnoludoo oororol thin loyoro of argillooooua dolomito - - - 18 11 Cnptothyrollo llthofooioo—1 foot !• Liaoatona, fcray to light gray, oryatallino, oooroo-gralnod, ooopoott eontolno orlnold fragnonta in obundonoo, oloo oocao C ryptothyrol lo ------1 0 Silty Corbonoto llthofooioo—9 foot, 6 lnohoo 1* Dolomitlo llooatono, woathora to light buff, ooawwhot orgllloooouo, fino-groinod, boool port thin-bodded, uppor port in loyoro 6 to 84 lnohoo thlok* Approximate Algor-Blahor oontoet at booo ------9 ______5 Totol thloknooa 88 4 Locality So* 82 0* G. S. Vo. 12989— Abandoned quarry, 0.1 tdlo aouthweat of ohuroh, 1 olio woat of E lnrllle, Bruoh Crook Townohlp, Highland County. 811 ur ion ay atom Vlogoron oorloa Lilloy formation—>14 foot, 6 lnohoo t Argillooooua Corbonoto llthofooioo—14 foot, 6 lnohoo t Unit foot lnohoo 8* Argillooooua dolomitlo llaootone, gray, oryotollino, flno-grolnod, ooft, many oololto filllngo, aoao oopholt impregnation, in loyoro 8 u§- Unlt Feat Inch** to 15 1 no he a thioki contain* Faroe!tea. Foaalla oollootod ------6 0 t. Argil laoooua dolomitlo H im a to n * , gray to dark gray, flno-grained, aoft, oalolto fillInga up to 8 Inch diameter, unaranly thin-bedded, aos* foaall fragment* obaorrod ----- 7 0 1* Llmaatona, dark gray to blua-gray, eryatallina, flno-grained, compact, Indlatlnotly boddad - - — ---- 1 5 Total thloknaaa 14 5 Locality No. SS 0, 0, S. No. 1*955— Along rarlna 1.1 mllea aouthweat of Neat Sohool, aouthweat quarter of Bruah Crock Townahip, Highland County. S i l u r i a n ay a te a Rlagaran aerlea L llley formation—42 fact, 19 lnohaa +■ Arglllaoeou* Carbonate lithofaolaa--ll foot, 4 lnohaa Unit Fact lnohaa 0. Dolomitlo llmaatona, aomowhat argillaceoua, light gray to tan, eryatallina, flno-grained, ocmpaot, bedding lndlatinct, contain* Cpooltea In abundance. Foaalla collected - - 6 1 7. Cor* red Interval ------6 S Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofaoloa—51 foot, 0 lnohaa 6. Dolomitlo llmaatona, light pray, weathering to light buff, eryatallina, fine to medium* grained, p or cm a, woathora to thin unaren bedei contalna many weathered foaail fragment* - - - SI 6 Blohar formation -1 1 * . Silty Cirtoaitf llthefao lea—2t fM t, 6 lnohaa Pnlt 7eet lnohaa ft, Silty dolomite, dark gray, eryatallina, fin e -g ra in e d , some lam inae, upper 16 feat thin*bedded, lower part in layero 2 to 18 lnehea thiok - - - - - It 6 Dolenitla Shale llthofaelaa—6 feet, 2 lnohaa 4, Dolomltle ahale, dark gray, inoludea nany thin layer a of argUlaeetnie dolom ite ------ Cryptothyralla lithofaolaa—2 feet, 6 lnohaa 3, Limestone, gray, crystalline, fine to medium-grained, oompaot, in layers 8 lnohaa thioki oontalna fossil fragments ------ Silty Carbonate llthofaoiee—6 feet 2, Silty to arglllaoeous dolomite, light gray, fine-grained, compact, laminated, thin-bedded, with several shale partings ------ Alger formation—15 feet +■ 1. Clay shale, bluish gray, soft, with several 1 lnoh dolomite layers - - - 16 Total thickness 97 L o c a lity Ifo* 34 O, 8, S• Ho, 12967—Hoad out along east-west road at 6 H 799, 0,8 mile aouthweat of Rest Sohool, Brush Creek Townahlp, Highland County, Silurian system Viagaran aeries Lllley formation—14 feet, 11 lnohaa t Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaolaa—14 feet, 11 lnehea 11*- Dnlt Poet lnohaa 17* Llntitoira, gray* eryittlllna, fin* to madiuat-grained, ooo^iot, aanj oalelta filling*, oleawage-mottling, • c m aaphalt Impregnation, woathora to thin bodo ------ 16* Llmaatona, light gray, eryatallina, flna to ooarae-grained, oalelta filling*, waathara to thin beda - - 3 7 16, Cowered Into real ------6 0 Blahor formation—84 feat, 5 lnohaa Llmaatona lithofaolaa—11 feat 14* Llmaatona, light gray to blulah gray, oryatalllna, fine-grained, wary ealolto fillinga up to T lmhee In diameter, waathara to bad* 2 to 10 lnehea thiek ------11 811ty Carbonate lithofaolaa—12 feet, 10 lnohaa 13, Silty to arglllaoeoua limeetone, gray, weathering to light buff, fine grained, oalelta-filled fraoturea, oleavaga-mottling, In layer* 2 to 6 lnohaa thlok ------6 10 12, Cowered Interval ------4 0 Dolomitlo 8 ha la lithofaolaa—13 feet, 8 lnohaa 7 11, Dolomitlo ahale, blulah gray, gritty, unawanly thin-beddedi oontalna aome weathered C oenltea ------9 10 10, Cowered interval ------3 10 Silty Carbonate lithofaolaa—31 feet, 6 lnehea 9, Silty llmaatona, light buff-gray, fine-grained, oaloite-filled fraoturea, oleawage-mottllng, unawenly thin-bedded. oontalna aoma ohart ------28 8 6, Same aa unit 9 but thlok-baddad, oontalna Palma nl to a and Sphellw lenallai foaalla eollooted ------1 f - u « - Unit Foot Iiwhw 7* San as unit 9------4 8 Dolomitlo Shala llthofao lea— 8 foot, 1 lneh 6. Dolomitlo ahalo, bluioh grey, gritty* oontalna 1 to 8 inch layora of argillooooua dolomlto ------1 7 6* Dolomlto, mory argillooooua, dark gray, laminatod, woathora to thin ohaly bodo ------5 6 811 ty Carbonato lithofaolaa— 2 foot, 4 lnohoa 4* Silty 11meetone, light to dark gray, flno-grained, oleawage-mottllng, finely laminated, thln-bedded, woathora to yellow-buff ------2 4 Cryptothyrollo lithofaolaa—3 foot 8, Llmoatono, light gray, oryetalllne, medium grained, oompaott oontalna C ryptothyrolla. 8 oho llw lane 11a and other foaalla* Foaalla eollooted - - 3 O Silty Carbonato lithofaolaa—6 foot 2* 811ty llmoatono, gray, weathering to buff, flno-grained, thln-bedded, with nuaarouo ahalo partlnge - - - - 5 0 Alger formation—14 foot, 10 lnohoa +■ 1. Clay ahale, blue-groan, aoft, with aome 1 inoh dolomlto layora, Conularla nlagaronala ool looted ------14 10 Total thlekneoa 114 f Looallty Wo* 88 0, 0, 8. Wo* 1*960—Intoraootlon of eoatern bfanoh of Jlddle Fork with Boute 124, 8*1 mllea oaat-aouthoaat of H arriot, Bruah Crook Townahlp, Highland County* -1 1 9 - 8ilurlan system 9laK*ran aarlaa Paablaa formation—10 foot + Unit Foot lnohaa 3* Dolomlto, light gray, oryatalllna, flna» grained, Toaloular, massivef oontalna aoma Coonltoa and PaToaitoa 20 0 Lllloy fomatioi^-22 foot, 6 lnohoa + Crlnoldal Carbonato lithofaolaa 2, Llmoatono, light gray, eryatallina, flno to medium-grained, poroua, naiiiTa ------16 6 1, Dolomitlo llmaatona, light gray, oryatalllna, flno to radium-grained, porona, in layora 6 to 12 lnohaa thioki oontalna Coonltoa In abundanoo, alao Favoaltea and erlnold atoaa - - - - ____ 6______0 Total thloknaoa 42 6 Loo a l l ty Ho, 37 0* 0, 8, Ho, l2968»Snall north-aouth ravino, 0,47 mi la aouthaaat of North Unlontown, Jaakaon Township, Highland County, 8ilurlan aystarn Hlagaran aarlaa Lllloy formation—7 foot, 7 inohao +■ Crlnoldal Carbonato lithofaolaa Unit Foot lnohaa 23, Llmaatona, light gray, oryatalllna, medium to ooaraa-gralned, in layora 1 foot thiok, oontalna Strommtoporolda, FaToaltoa, Coonltoa, and Holophragaa 2 6 22, Covered Interval ------5 2 -1 2 0 - Contaot Arbitrary Blihtr formtlon»B2 feet. 8 1nohea llatitoM llthofaolec—68 feet. 1 lnah 81. Llasatona, light blue-gray. oryatelline. flM -gralaadi daua, In layer* 8 lnehea thlek. aome lamination. a fee ahele parting*, beaal part foaalllferoua. Foaalla eollaeted ------21 6 20. C onrered lnterral ------1 8 19. Lluaatone. light blue-gray. eryatallina. ooarae-grained. In layer* 1 to 2 lnehea thlek. erlnold etema and other foaall fragment* ab u n d an t ------1 1 IB. C ore red lnterral ------18 4 17. Liiaeetone. light gray, oryatalllna. medium to ooarae-grained, oompeot. In layer* 6 lnehea thick. Foaalla collected 1 4 16. Covered Interval ------1 0 15. Llmaatona. light blue-gray, oryatalllna. fine-grained, denae. In layer* 8 lnehea thlek. vary foaalllferoua. Foaalla eoll acted ------8 8 14* Covered interval ------7 2 IS. Same aa unit 16. Foaalla eollaeted - - 1 2 12. Covered Interval ------2 0 11. Liieaitone, light blue-gray, weathering to tan. oryatalllna. fine-grained, denae| contain* allloeoua nodulea. unevenly bedded ------8 7 10. Liiaeetone. light blue-gray, oryatalllna. fine-grained, denae| contain* come erglllaoeoua maaaea. In layera 8 1 no he a thick, very foaalllferoua. Foaalla eollaeted 1 IQ 9. Llmaatona. light gray, finegrained, denae. weather* to tan. In layera 1 -1 2 1 - Onlt Foot Iwhii foot thlok ------2 8 8. Llmaatona, llfht blue-gray, fine-grained, dtnat, in layera 6 lnohaa thlok, foaalllferoua* Foaalla oolleotod - - - 0 0 7, Same aa unit 8 but in layora S lnohoa thlok aaparatad by ahala parting* - - - 1 8 811ty Carbonato lithofaolaa—9 foot, 1 inoh 6 . Coro rod intorral ------2 7 8* Silty dolomlto, dark gray, fine-grained, flnoly laminatod, Tory thin-beddod - - 2 8 4, Covered Intorral ------4 0 Cryptothyrolla lithofaolaa—2 foot, 7 lnohoa 3* Llmoatono, light pray, oryatalllna, ooarae-grolnad, compact, In layora 6 to 12 lnohoa thlok, baaal part rery orinoldal, Foaalla oollootod - - - - 2 7 Silty Carbonate llthofacloa—8 foot, 6 lnohoa 2* Silty dolomlto, light gray, we a Shoring to light buff, flno-grained. In layora 6 to 12 lnohoa thlok ------3 4 1* Silty dolomlto, bluo-gray, flno-gralnod, flnoly land no tod, thin-bedded ----- 2 2 Algor formation total thloknoaa 89 10 Locality Wo* 38 0* 0, S, Wo* 12968—Bead of Cox Branch 0*85 mile a north-northoa at of Worth Unlontoon, 4araha 11 Toonahlp, Highland County* 8ilurian ayatom 182- Niagaran eerlea Lilley formation—50 feet, 1 inch +■ Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaolaa Unit Feet lnohaa P. Llmaatona, gray to blue-gray, eryatallina, medium grained, raalatent, waathara to uneven thin bedai oontalna Btromatoporolda, Balyaltea. Coenltea. Foaalla 0 olleoted ------0 0 7. Core red Interval ------12 0 6, Llnaatone, light nray, oryatalllna, taadluv to eoarae-grained, realatant, weathera to thin bedai oontalna orlnoid and other foaall fragmenta. Foaalla 001 looted ------4 0 6, Covered Interval ------12 4 4* 8ame aa u n it 6------0 0 3. Covered interval ------0 3 2. Ll/aaatone, light gray weathering to light huff, fine to eoarae-grained, acnewhat friable, weethera to thin bade* Foaalla collected ------9 9 Blaher formation— 2 feet, 2 lnehea +■ Llaoatono lithofaolaa 1, Llmaatona, gray to blue-gray, eryatallina, fine-grained, denae, thin-bedded, Foaalla collected - - t t T otal thlokneae 50 3 L o o a llty No. 39 0, 0, 6, No. 12900— Kaat-weat ravine leading to the weat tributary to Jiddle Fork, 0,5 mllea aouth of Harriet, Narahall Townahip. Highland County. 123- 811urian lyitw ftiagaran a«rl«i Lilley fort*tion—52 feet, 2 inehee <+• Argillaceous Cerbonete llthofeolee—9 feet, t in eh e e t Unit Feet Inehee 14. Limestone, blue-prey, fine-grained, unevenly thin-bedded| oontelne eome e o re le ------4 2 15, Covered interval ------5 0 Crlnoldal Cerbonete llthofeolee— 43 feet 12, Llneetone, light grey, eryetalllne, madiutr-grained, unevenly thln-bedded, oontelne oorele in abundance - - - - 2 0 11, Llneetone, light grey weathering to light yellow grey, fine to ooaree- grained, eoft, somewhat friable. weethere to uneven thin bade, orlnoid sterna in ebundanoe. Poorly preserved foeeile oolleeted ------41 0 Bleher formation--43 feet, 7 inohea Silty Carbonate llthofeolee— 1 6 f e e t , 1 inoh 10, Silty to argillaeeoue llneetone, grey to bluleh grey, fine-grained, eompaot, weethere to yellow-buff, thin-bedded n e a r to p ------16 I Llmaatona 1 ithofaolee— 2 feet, 2 inehee 9, Llmaatona, light grey, oryatalllna, medium to ooaree-grained, oompaot. In layera 8 Inohea thlok, Foeeile o olleoted ------2 2 Silty Carbonate llthofeolee—6 feet, 8 lnohaa 8, 6ilty to arglllaoeeue llmaatona, gray, fine-grained, oompaot. In layera 6 inohea thlok aeparated by shale p a r tin g s ------2 7 1 8 4 - Pnit Poet InohM 7. Sam aa unit 8 but in layera 8 feet, 9 lnohaa thlok ------8 9 6. Llmatona, dark gray, fine-grained, denae, In layora 9 lnohaa thlek ooparated by ahala partinga - - - - 1 4 Poloadtic 8hala lithofaolaa—IS foot, 8 lnohaa 6. Cowered Intorral ------1 8 4* Dolomitlo ahala, dark gray weathering t o l i g h t b u f f , g r i t t y , w ith aome 1 Inch layora of arglllaaaoua dolomite throughout ------l j o Cryptothyralla lithofaolaa— 1 foot, 10 inohea 9, Llmatona, light gray, oryatalllna, ooarae-grainod, oompaot, Cryptothyralla abun dant ------1 10 Bllty Carbonate lithofaolaa—3 feet, 8 lnohaa 8, Silty dolomite, light yellow-gray, fine-grained, laminated. In layera 9 to 6 lnohoa thlok ------9 8 Algor formation--4 foot +■ 1, Clay ahala, greoniah gray, aoft, with aora 1 inch dolomite layera ----- 4 0 Total thleknoaa 99 9 LocalityL o c a lity Mo.Mo. 4040 0. 0, 8, Wo, 18967—fiaat branoh of aaat tributary to Addle Fork, at Route 184 eroaalng, 1,8 milea aaat of H arriet, Marohall Tewnahlp, Highland County, Silurian eyatem IIlagaran aoriaa Paebloo formation—80 foot, 8 lnohoo f - i t s - Unit F—t Inch— 16, Dolomite, fine-grelned, porous, soft, weathered, Fossils eollootod 6 0 1 6 , Cots rod Intorrol ------8 2 14. Dolomite, light gray, f 1 no-groinsd, hard, donso, with sows open spaoos 1 6 15, Cororod lntorrsl ------4 6 Contoot arbitrary Lllloy formation— 6 6 f o o t , 8 lnohos Argillaosous Carbonato llthofaoios— 8 6 fo o t 12, Argillooooua dolomite, grey to blue- gray, fine-grained, unowonly thin- boddod with a few shale partings, soma ehert. Fossils oollooted . . . 5 0 11, Limestone, light grey, oryetellino, fine-grained, some ehert,unerenly thin-boddod ------9 4 10, Same as unit 12 but more ealoareous 20 6 Crlnoldal Carbonato llthofaoios—SO foot, 8 inohos 9, Limestone, light grey to blue-grey, orystalllno, medium to ooarse-grained, oonpaot, in layers 2 to 6 lnohos thlok} contains fragments of erlnolds and other organisms. Fossils eolleoted ----- 8 8 6 * Limestone, light gray, orystalllno, flno to ooarse-groined, somewhat friable, in layers 1 foot thlok weathering to thin beds, orlnoid fragments abundant. Fossils oolleoted. This unit Includes a snail reef e tr u o tu r e ------8 8 7 , Some a s u n i t 8 but with no reef structures ------7 2 9, Cowered lnterral ------4 2 6 , Limestone, light gray, orystalllno, ooarse-grained, friable, thin-bedded) - 118 - Unit Foot In>h»i oontalna aangr pink grelna repreaentlng orlnoid fragmenta* Foaalla oolloatad 1 0 4. Llmaatona, light gray, oryatalllna, medium to ooarae-grained, comcaot, oontalna many foaall fragment a* Foaalla oolloatad ------1 0 Contaot arbitrary Blahar formation—5 foot, 7 lnohaa + Llmaatona lithofaolaa — 8 feat, 7 lnohaa 3, Llmaatona, light gray, fine to medium grained, ooaraet, thin-bedded* Foaalla oolloatad ------1 8 2* Cornered lnterral ------11 Silty Carbonate lithofaolaa--3 feet 1, Silty to erglllaeeoua dolomite, dark gray, fine-grained, oorapaot, aome faint laminae. In layera IS lnehea th lo k ------3 0 Total thlokneae 91 Looallty Fo. 41 0 . S. 8 . No* 12748—Stream bed, abandoned quarry, and road out along Route 124, 2 * 8 milaa aouth-aoutheeat of Jerahall, 0 * 6 a l i a northeaat of Harriot, Marahall Toanahlp, Highland County* Silurian cyatem Viagaran aarlaa Paablaa formation—4 foot ■f- Unlt Feat lnohaa 20* D olom ite, l i g h t g ra y , f in e - g r a in e d , denae, naaalre, realoular ----- 4 0 - lf T - H U ty formation—64 feet, XI lnohaa Arglllaoooua Carbonate llthofaolea~tl feet, S Inehee Unit Feet lnohaa 19, Argillaeeoua llmaatona, dark gray, fine-grained, eompaot, fairly hard, elearage-mottllngj oontalna Halyaltea. Faroeltes, and 8 tromatoporolda - - - 1 5 16* Arglllaaaoua llmaatona, light gray, flna-grainad, oompaet, oaloita fllllnga, in la y a ra 6 to 6 lnohaa thlok - - - - 6 10 17, Llmaatona, gray, oryatalllna, fine to medluo^gralned, oompaet, unarenly thln-bedded j oontalna Coanltaa in abundanoe, Foaalla oolleoted- - - - 2 6 16, Cowered lnterral ------6 8 16, Lineatone, gray, oryatalllne, fine to medlumpgrained, oompaet, forma ledge| oontalna many alllolfled foaalla, Foaalla oollaotad ------1 S 14, Argillaoeoue llmoatono, dark gray, finegrained, unarenly thin-bedded - - 2 7 Dolomitlo Shale lithofaolaa — 6 f a a t , 8 lnohaa 15, Dolomitlo ahala, dark blue-gray, gritty, Foaalla oolleoted ----- 6 8 Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaolaa—87 feet 12, Llmaatona, gray, alightly pinklah, oryatalllna, ooarae-grained, eompaot, in layara 18 lnohaa thlok, Foaalla o o lla o ta d ------5 4 11, Llmaatona, blulah gray, oryatalllna, ooarae-grained, ooapaoti oontalna foaall fragmanta, Foaalla oollaotad 8 6 10, Llmaatona, blulah gray, oryatalllna, flna-grainad, danaa, unarenly thin- bedded, Foaalla oollaotad ----- 1 7 9, Llmaatona, light gray, oryatalllna, ooarae-grained, waathara to layara S i t s - Unit Foot Inehee to It lnohoo thlek* Fossils oolleoted* Thlo unit lneludoo oarers 1 r o o f structure* composed of fooollo embedded lr. on argillaceous motrlu ------I t 0 8 * Cowered lnterwel ------3 0 7* LI m ot one, light grey, orystalllne, ooarse-grained, aomwhat friable, woo the ro to thin bodo, orlnoid atema In abundanoe* Fooollo oolleoted - - 10 4 6 * Lima tone, lirht rray, crystalline, mdlumgralnod, eonpoot* Fooollo oolleoted ------3 4 Blohor foroatl on — 1 1 f e e t , 1 in o h + Silty Carbonate llthofaoloo 6 * Silty limestone, light blulah-fray, weather inf, to grsy^buff, fine-grained, oom layers hard and dense, faintly leal noted, thirwbeddad* Fooollo o o lle o te d ------3 6 4* Silty llm otone, weathering to buff, fine-grained, soft, thin-bedded - - - 1 0 3* Llmotone, light gray to bluish gray, fire-groined, denoe, thin-bedded with some shale partings* Fooollo oolleoted t 0 2* Silty llm otone, weathering to buff, fine-grained, aoft, laminated in upper part, thirv-bedded ------3 7 1* Argillaceous limestone, bluish gray, fine-grained, denoe, thin-bedded - - - ______1______0 Total thloknese 80 0 Looallty Wo* 42 0* 0* S* No* 12969— W lloox q uarry south of Route 124, 1*2 miles west of Werohall, vlarohall Township, Highland County* -1S9- Sllurlan ayetam Nlagarar aarlaa Lllley formation—19 f««t, 1 inch Argillaoeoua Carbonate lithofaolaa Unit Faat lnohaa 4* Dolomite, gray* oryatalllna, medium- grained, poroua, aephalt impregnation, in layara 8 to 16 faat ------8 6 S. Dolomite, dark gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium-grained, hard whan fra ah but waathara to aoft atone ------t 0 2* Dolomite, dark gray, fine to medium- grained, compact, in layera 1 to 2 feet thick 4 9 1, Arglllaoeoua dolomite, dark gray, flne-gralned, denoe, aome faint laminae, in layera S to 12 lnohaa thlok - ...... -______3______8 Total thlokneaa 19 1 Locality No* 43 0 * 0* 8 * No* 12973—Along north aide of anmll raeine at aouthweat and of lane, aouth of Boute 124, 2*2 milea weat-northweat of tarahall, Waahlngton Townahlp, Highland County* Silurian ayetem Nlagaran aarlaa Lllley formation—29 feet, 11 lnohaa +■ Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaolaa Unit Faat lnohaa 8 * Llmaatona, light gray weathering to light buff gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium- grained, aome what poroua. -1 3 0 - Pnlt Foot Inches clearsge-mottling, math«r> to thin bods. Fossils collsotsd ------S3 3 7. Cowered Interval ------6 8 6 . Limestone, light gray, orystalllno. ooarae-grained, ■orewhat friable, woathora to thin bodst oontalna erinolds in abundanoo ------1 0 Blshar formation— S 6 foot. 10 lnohos + Silty Carbonato llthofaoios 6 . Silty limestone, light gray weathorlng to buff, oloarage-mottling. In loyoro 6 lnohoo thlok ------1 4 4. Silty llmoatono. light gray weathering to buff, thlok-bedded, sons orlnoid stoma ------8 0 3. Argillaooous dolomite, grey to dark gray, fine-grained, thlek-bedded - - 5 S 2. Cowered intorral ------10 4 1. Same os unit 3 but thin-bedded - - - 8 0 Total thloknoos 6 8 9 L o c a lity No. 44 0. 0. S. No. 12972— Northeast-southwest rarlne, south of road, 0.76 mile northwest of Berrysrllle, Washington Township, Highland County. Silurian system Nlagsran series Lllloy formation—43 feet, 2 lnohos 4* Crlnoldal Carbonate ltthofsolos • i s u Unlt Fut Inohea 20* Dolomite, light groy, oryatalllna, fine to medium-grained, porouei eontelna orlnoid and other foeall fragment a ------3 0 19. Core rod lnterral ------26 0 18, Dolomite, weethere to yellow-grey, eryetalline, fine to medium*grained, poroue, rather a oft, orlnoid and other fragments in abundanoe ------1 6 17, Cowered Interval ------5 2 16, Same ee unit 16 with aome aephalt Impregnation ------7 6 Blaher formation—70 feet, 8 Inohea t- 811 ty Carbonate lith o fa o la a — 34 fe e t 16, Silty dolomite, light gray, fine to medium grained, faintly laminated in aome layera and minutely eroae-bedded in other layera, aome erirold atema preaent ------14 0 14, Sane aa unit 15 but dolomitlo lim eatone ------6 1 0 13, Silty dolomite, light gray, weathering to light tan, fino-grained, faintly laminated, upper lj feet thin-bedded, lower part thlok-bedded ------6 1 1 12, Covered Interval ------6 8 Dolomitlo Shale llthofaolea— 4 feet, 10 Inohea 11, Dolomitlo ahala, blulah gray, gritty, waathara to tan ------3 10 10, Cowered Interval ------1 0 Silty Carbonate llthofaolea— 20 feet, 6 inohea 9, Llmaatona, light to medium gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium-groined, oomnaet| C onularla oolleoted - - - - 2 2 1 3 2 - Unit Foot Inches 6 * Cornnd lnterral ------1 0 7, Silty dolomite, dark grey, fine-grained, lower part thlok-bedded, upper part in layers 1 foot thlok ------7 6 6 , Silty to argillaceous dolomitlo limestone, dark gray, fine-grained, aoft, laminated, thin-bedded ----- 8 0 S. Cowered interval ------6 9 Cryptothyralla lithofaolaa—S feet 4* Limestone, reddish gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium-grained, oomoaet, In layers 1 ^ feet thlokf oontalna C ryptothyrolla oyllndrloa ------6 0 Silty Carbonate llthofaoios— 6 feet, 5 inohea S. Silty dolomite, grey, fine-grained, thin-bedded ------3 7 2 . Cowered lnterral ------2 10 Alger formation—1 foot + 1, Clay shale, greenish gray, soft - - - 1 0 Total thlokneas 114 10 Locality No* 46 0* G. S. No. 12964— Northwest-southeast rarine heading at road crossing eleratlo n 1099, 1 mile north of Fairfax, Jaokaon Township, Highland County, S ilurian eyetem Niagaran series Lllloy formation—2 feet, 1 inoh +■ Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaeles -158- Unit Feet Inch— 10. Dolomite, weathers to light yellow- gray, o r y s ts llin n . mediun*-gra 1 ned, poroust oontsins orinoid stems and other fossil fremnants in abundanoe 2 1 Bisher format! oi^-60 faat, 8 Inohea Silty Carbonate lithofaolaa—82 feet, 6 1 no has 9. 8 ilty dolomite, light gray, weathering to light yellow gray, fine-grained, several layers laminated, weathered ehert rodulea present, in layers 6 to It inches thlek ------7 8 8 , Dolomlto, light gray, oryatalllna, fine-grained, somewhat allloeous, some asphalt inpregnation ----- 2 6 7. Cornered in te rv a l ------7 9 6 . Silty dolomite, weathers to gray- buff, fine-grained, laminated, thin- bedded ------4 8 Dolomitlo 8 hals llthofaoios — 8 feet, 2 lnohos 5, Dolomitlo shale, light blue-gray, weathering to tan, soft, gritty, sorm thin argillaceous dolomite layers - - 8 2 Silty Carbonate llthofaoles—20 fa-1, 8 inohea 4* Silty dolomite, gray, weathering to light buff-gray, fine-grained, fairly hard and compact, in layers 4 to 1 2 inohes thick ------20 8 Cryptothyralla ljthofaoles—2 feet, 10 Inohes S. Limestone, light gray, orystalllne, medium-grained, oomoaot, in layers 1 to 1 ^ feet thioki oontalna badly weathered Cryptpthyrella and orinoid ste-ie ------2 10 Silty Carbonate llthofaoles — 6 feet, 7 inohes 2. Same as unit 4, covered in part - - - 6 7 - 134- Algcr formation—31 foot t Unit Foot lnohoo 1. Cloy shale* dork greenish gray, soft, with ooYorol 1 Inch dolomlto loyoro* Fooollo oollooted In booal 1 foot - - 31 0 Total thickness 93 9 Locality to* 43 0* 0* 8 * to . 19970— Baa t-woo t ravine oaot of road, 1*7 -nil a a north- northwest of 'tiller Chapol School* Concord Townohip* Highland County* Silurian syatcn tlagaran oerioa Lllloy formation—36 feet, 8 inches + Crlnoldal Carbonate llthofooioo Unit Foot lnohoo IB* Dolomite* light gray* oryotelllne* fine to 'nodlunHgrainod, oorous* aome a op halt lapregnation* in layers 6 to 10 lnohoo thlok ------14 6 14* C ova rod interval ------5 0 13* Dolomitlo llwestcne, light gray* weathering to light buff-gray* oryotollino* fine to medium-grained* porouo* upper part thin-beddodj oontalna numerous foooll fragments 16 8 Bioher formation—23 feet* 2 lnohos Silty Carbonate llthofooioo—16 feet, 10 lnohoo 1 2 * 811ty dolomite* tan* fine-grained* oomoaot, laminated, In layers 6 to 12 inohes thick* Fooollo oolleoted 8 4 1 1 * 8 ame at unit 17 but with o^ntorted lftft- Unlt Foot Inohea bidding and numerous ahal© p artin g s 3 10 1 0 * Cot© rad interval ------£ 6 9. Dolomitlo limestone, light gray, oryatalllna, flna-grainad, oompaot| oontalna seme orlnoid fragments - - - 3 9 8 , Arglllaoaoua dolomite, dark gray, flna- grainad, unevenly thin-baddad ----- 1 6 Cryptothyralla lithofaolaa—g faat 7. Llmaatona, light gray, weathering to buff, oryatalllna, fina to eoaraa- gralnad, ooiopaotf oontalna weathered foaall fragmente ----- — _--- £ 0 811ty Carbonato llthofaelea—4 faat, 4 lnohaa 8 , Silty to argillaceous dolonlte, gray, fInL—grainad, unevenly thln-beddad with acroral ahale partlnra ----- 3 t ft. Sane aa unit 6 but laaa argillooooua and without ahala partings ------1 £ Algor formation— 29 fo<*t, 11 lnehea + 4. Clay ahala, greenish gra;:, aoft - - - - 3 4 3. Clay ahale, olive drab, aoft ------£ 0 ?• Arglllaoaoua dolomite, gray, fina- grelned, hard, danaa, faintly laminated 0 t 1. Clay ahala, blulah green to purple, aoft, weathera to light yellow - - - 34 ft Total thickneaa 6 6 11 Locality ho. 47 0 , 0 . ft. Vo. 9736—East-woat ravine, 0.7 mile south of Harrisburg School, Vow Market Township, Highland County. Silurian system -1S6- Ifligartn aerloa Lllley fonaatloD—37 feet, 9 lnohaa + Crlnoldal Carbonate lithofaolaa Unit Faat lnohaa 70. Dolomlto, light gray, oryatalllna, medium to ooarae-grained, poroua, aome aephalt impregnation, in layara 5 to 6 lnohaa thioki oontalna many orlnoid ateme ------2 0 0 19* Arglllaoaoua dolomite, gray to dark gray, aome onntortad laminationa preaent, thin-budded - - — ---- 1 6 18* bane aa unit 20------18 S Contact arbitrary Blaher formation— 61 feet, 8 lnohaa 811ty Carbonate lithofaolaa — 8 fa a t, 6 lnohoa 17. Dolomite, gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium grained, oompaot. In layara 5 to 1 2 lnohaa thlok with ahala partinga* Foaalla oollaotad ------6 9 16. 811ty dolomite, dark gray, flna-grainad, laminated, unevenly thin-bedded - - - - 1 8 Dolomitlo Shale lithofaolaa—7 foot, 1 inoh t 16. Covered interval ------8 2 14. Colon!tic ahala, dark gray, aommwhat blulah, aoft, gritty ------1 1 0 13* Covered Interval ------2 1 Silty Carbonate lithofaolaa—2B faat 12. Silty dolomite, dark gray, flna-grainad, faintly laminated, thin-bedded, bottom part aoft and ahaly ------2 0 11. Covered interval ------1 2 10. Dolomite, light to dark grey, fine- -1 5 7 - Unlt Nrt lnehea (traintd, denae ...... - 8 * 9, Arglllievoui dolomite, dark grey, fine- grilnid, finely laminated, in layera 1 to 18 Inohea thlek ------6 1 0 6 * Silty to argillaeeoue dolomite, light gray, fine*grained, finely laminated. In layera 1 to t Inohea thlok with many ahale nartinga ------1 6 7, bama aa unit 8 tout in lay era 8 to 84 Inohea thlek ------8 8 6 , Silty to arglllaeeoue dolomite, dark gray, fine*grained, thin-beddad - - - 0 1 0 8 * Covered interval ------8 1 0 4« Dolomite, medium grey, fine-grained, denae, in layera 6 inohea thiek - - - - 1 6 Cryptothyralla lithofaolaa - * 8 f e e t , 8 lnehea 3* Dolomite, light gray, oryatalllna, fine to medium-grained, contact, in layera 3 to 1 2 lnohaa thlek) Cryptothyralla preaent ------8 8 8 ilty Carbonate lithofaolaa—4 feet, 3 lnehea i. Silty dolomite, gray, weathering, to light buff, aoaw chart nodulea, unevenly thin-bedded with aome ahale pertlnga - - 4 8 Alger formation — 6 f e e t 7* 1, Clay ahale, blulah gray, aoft, beeoaaa aomewhat granular towarda the top ------8 0 Total thiekneaa 05 t 138- (KOLOGIC Hlb TORT Dayton for—tion At the ond of tho Jedinan epoch tho Braaaflold formation In ■outhorn Ohio waa aubjeotod to oroalon. Zt la not oortaln whothor thla oroalon waa aubaerlal or aubaqueoua, but tho oroalonal egenta were effeotive enough to trunoato aome of tho Upper Braaaflold bode. Thla la particularly apparont whore tho Upper Braaaflold atrata dlaolay oroaa-bedding (pi. 1, fig. 1). Tho areal extent of thla poot-Medlnan oroalon la not known with certainty, but It did not ooour in Clark and Greene oountloa whore tho Braaaflold and Dayton formatIona are oonformablo. South of Adama County the duration of thla dlaatem proauoably waa loaa for In oaatern Kontuoky aeveral foot of Plum Crook ahale Intervene between tho Braaaflold formation and tho Oldham llmoatono whioh la oonaldered the oorrolatlve of the Dayton in Ohio. At tho beginning of tho Riagaran opooh tho aoa trenagreoeed over aouthorn Ohio and depoaltion of tho Dayton formation began. Tho material for thla denae and lithologleally uniform llmoatono waa probably depoalted aa a dlreet ohemieal precipitate rather than aa a elaatio depooit like the underlying Braaaflold. Tho water woo eloar In Hlghlond County during Dayton time, although farther aouth in Kontuoky tho M agaran aea became p e rio d ic a lly nudity. Thla olear- water lithotope may have boon favorable for life but the preoerved reoord Indio a to a amall animal populatlona. The proaenoe of Pentainerua -15*- oblongus ind S trlck lan d ln la r.orwoodl l u g ^ i t i th a t th* Karly N la g in n •as provided a marine oonnaatlon between southern Ohio* northaaatarn Kentucky, north-oentral Alabama, and western New York, Alger formation Shortly after the invasion by the Niagaran aaa In aoutharn Ohio the water suddenly became oharmed with extremely fine arglllaoeous sediment* This material was probably furnlahed by an eroding land maos southeast of Kentuoky, aa Indicated by the northeast thinning of the Alger In northeastern Kentuoky and southern Ohio* According to Freeman (19B1, p* *) the aouroe of the clayey sediment was either the ancient Blue Ridge highland or arglllaoeous Jedinan sediments exposed around It* The water was apparently rather deep, for the fine material composing the Alger formation must have settled out of water unaffected by waves* Chemical preeloltatlon of carbonate material and deoosltion of fine argillaceous sediment took plaoe during moat of Alger time* During later Alger time, however, the water beoame periodically oleer and thin deposits of relatively pure calcium-nmgnesluii' oarbonate were laid down on the sea floor* This, however, was a looal pheno menon* The muddy conditions of the Alger sea wrre adverse to the exist ence of marine life* Only a few simple, solitary corals have been reported from this formation* A few braohlopods, trllobites, brye- soans, and ostraeodes ware able to exist in the Alger lithotope, but the fossil record indicates that the population of even theee forma was subdued* 140- BlihT and Lilley format Iona The beginning of Blaher time waa marked by the Introduction of allty notarial into tha water than oovering Highland County, Thla material oame from tha a out he* at and therefore mat probably fumlahad by the Blue Ridge highland, Thla la demonatrated by the alae dla- trlbutlon of olaatie material in tha Blahor from a ou thee at to north- weat, Freeman (1951, fig, 12) ahoaa that In eaatern Kentuoky the Blaher changes northwestward from a conglomeratic aandatone Into a fine-grained aandatone and thenoe Into a a11tatone. In Adama and Highlard counties, Ohio, the Blahor la predominantly a allty dolomite, but it beoonea more argillaoeous In northern Highland County, Con tinuing north-northwestward, however, the arglllaeoouo dolomite paaaaa into a elean doloadte known aa the Fuphomla and Springfield formation# in Greene and Clark eountlea. Although tha Cinelnnatl aroh probably existed It apparently had little effeot upon aedlmentatlon along lta east flank until near the oloae of Blaher time. Shortly after tha beginning of the Blaher llthotone there ooourr- ed a temporary change in the marine environment throughout Highland County and moat of Adama County, Thla llthotope (Cryptothyrella) was eeologloally Ideal for marine life and the oerbonate material depotited waa free of arglllaoeoua or allty oonatltuenta. The oauee for thla audden and temporary change in tha marine environment ia unknown, t’oeslbly the water beoame more a hallow, tem porarily bringing the aea floor within the tone of agitation. If so, the allt and argillaeeoua material waa probably kept in auapenaion while oerbonate depoaltlon continued. It la not likely that thla theoretical change •1 4 1 - in water depth resulted fro* a movement of the Cincinnati arch, for lta duration was vary abort ard affeoted only a amall araa along tha aaat flank of thla struoture, A signlfleant rlaa In the Clnolnnatl aroh probably ooaurred during tha period of time whan, In Highland County, tha Blahar paaaed into tha Llllay formation, Thla event pleead much of tha aaa floor within tha tone of agitated water, aa Indicated by tha fragmentary oharaotar of foaall remains In the orlnoldal carbonate llthofaolea of tha Llllay formation, Crlnolda probably existed alonf tha aaat flank of tha aroh, Tha ate** and oalioe* of theae erlnolda were quickly dlaaoolatad after death and aoma of thla organic aedlment waa subsequently oarrled eastward and southeastward by ourrents. At this time several llthotopes existed in Highland County, Irregularities of the see floor had produned sowere1 isolated shoal araaa In whleh erlnolda and other organisms began to develop. One auah area Is In tha vicinity of Harriett (pi, 12), Surrounding these areas deeper water prevailed. In which either tha allty oerbonate or tha limestone lithotopes existed. Regionally tha orlnoldal oerbonate llthotope Invaded tha western and northeastern part of Highland County while tha silty carbonate llthofaoles still existed In tha southeastern part. As time progressed the silty oarbonata lithotope of tha Blaher was completely displaced in Highland County, by tha advancing orlnoldal carbonate lithotope of tha Lilley formation, Thla displaoement was probably aooelorated by tha ooeleseenee of Isolated araaa In whleh orlnoldal sediment was at first looally deposited. In much of Adama County, however, fine clastic material derived from tha -1 4 * - Blua Ridge landraass m still being deposited, as the allty oarbonata llthofaeles of tha Blahar grades upward Into tha arglllaoeous oarbonata lithofaolaa of tha Llllay* Throughout moat of Blahar tlnat braohlopods, gastropods, and trllobltaa war* th* dominant faunal eonatltuanta. Although dlfferant Blahar llthotopaa way have affaotad tha population of than* forms, braohlopoda in particular remained varied throughout thla period of daapar water* Corals ware present but these ware principally solitary foras and were few In number* However, as th* water became shallower corals began to develop, lnoreaalnr their numbers and variety* Throughout most of Llllay time oorals and erlnolda were the doadnant faunal elements* >tiny of the braohlopoda and trllobltaa o Blaher oontlnued to exist. In the orlnoldal oerbonate lithotope but soon become less ocawon as this llthotooe soresd over Highland County* Tn the latter nart of Lilley time the argillaceous oarbonata llthotooe, which had prevailed In Adams County, slowly advenead north- northwestward Into Highland County* At this time the Blue Ridge %as probably subdued, for the material reaching Highland County was primarily arglllaoeous as oooosed to the silty sedismnt deposited during Blsher time* At the olosa of tha Llllay the argillaceous oarbonata lithotope had advanced over about two-thirds of Highland County while in tha northwestern part of this area the orlnoldal oarbonata lithotope persisted* Peebles formation At tha close of Llllay time tha arsHlaaaaas lithotope qulekly retreated south-southeastward, leaving th* water over Highland County -1 4 3 - free of arplllioeoua natarU l. This narks the beginning of the Peebles lithotope* In Adams County there probably ooourred some osolllatlon of the Peebles and arglllaoeous lithotopes, but ultimately clear eater prevailed throughout all of southern Ohio* The Blue Ridge landmass, which had furnished elastic sediment throughout Bisher and Lilley times, eeased to be a source area toward the end of the Rlageran enoeh* The Peebles lithotope was well suited for the development of marine life* Large braohiorods, pelecypods, and gastrnoods became very abundant* Corals, which began their major devolopment at the beginning of Lilley time, eontinuod to thrive in the eloar water* Although the fossils are poorly preserved, it appears that the develop- nent of Hlagarar marine life in Highland Jounty had its climax In the Peebles lithotope* Because of its abundance of corals and other fossils and its massive characteristics some workers have suggested that the Peebles formation represents a biostrome* The close of the Magaran epoch was marked by a short retreat of the sea and subsequent erosion of the Peebles formation* The maximum erosional relief oroduced on the Peebles surface is unknown, but the thickness of this formation varijs at least 40 to 53 feet in different parts of Highland County* Some of this variation in thick ness may havo resulted from local fossil banks whioh have now been veiled by dlagenesls* 'ertainly the Peebles surface acquired a looal relief of at least 3 feet before the Cayugan sea transgressed over Highland County* 144- BCOWO f JC GEOLOGY Eoad Aggregate In the past tha Blahar, Llllay, and Peebles forustior.a hay a a l l been exploited for road aggr*K*te In highland County, Indeed, nany of the old quarry pita in Highland County provided atone for only one or two county roada. Today many of these ouarry altea would bo unsuitable for the ore sent store oroduoer from both a eeo- lo g ic a l arid an eoonomlo p o ’n t of v ie ^ , Tha only locality in southern Thir *hor t the Bisher f*or*v»tlon la preaontly being ouarrled Is In the southern part of Adams County, However, tha stone nroduood from this allty carbonate deposit has poor aoundneas qualities, Tha limestone lithofeoles of the Blaher would, on the other hand, provide very suitable aggregate matorial, Thla llthofaoiea ooours In the violnlty of Boston and North Uniontown (pi, 12), Unfortunately the rough tomography In theso aroaa provides little opportunity for a suooessful large quarry operation. The uost commonly exploited Lilley strata in paat years have been in tho arglllaoeous carbonate lithofeciee, particularly in the vicinity of Hillsboro, Although argillaceous, thla rock la rather ooarcact and evidently resists abrasion and destruction by fTeeslng and thawing. The erinoidal carbonate llthofaoles, on the other hand, la porous and therefore has poor aoundneas properties. It haa been principally utilised where it la Impregnated with asphalt. Fortunate - 1 4 5 - ly* prtitnt etate epeoifloatlnne for natural aaphaltlo aggregate do not lmpoae aevere llmltetlono on tha eoundnaaa and abraalon proper tie a of thla unique produet* At oreaent* tha Ohio Aaphaltlo Llmeatone Company* loeatad 1*5 ml lee aouthoaat of w illettvllle, la tha only produoar of thla premium atona in Highland County* Thla aaphaltlo phaea of tha orlnoldal oarbonata lithofaoleo oecura at eeveral plaoaa along tha drainage divide batwaan W illettvllle and Hlllaboro (pi* 1 1 )» Llthologleally thaPaablaa formation providea a aultable dapoalt for tha production of aggregate* Whan freah thla dolomite la very realatant to abraalon. Although it la not at preeent being cpiarried in Highland County* it la being exploited In tha Ralph Rogera quarry In weatarn Pika County* Tha Paablaa rook* homeear, praaanta an extraotion problem* Beeauee it la maealve and veeloular it doea not affiolantly tranamit a ahook wave* Fean whan ahot holea are drilled at oloaa intervale* large blooke remain unbroken after bleating* The probability of aeoondary drilling and bleating ehould therefore be aaaumad when tha extraotion of thla dolomite la eoneldered* Agrloultural Limeatona Of tha three prlnolpal Wlagaran oarbonata format Iona In Highland County tha Llllay and Paablaa are lav or tan t in tha manufacture of agrloultural llmeatone* Tha relatively large amount of nonoarbonate eonatltuente in tha Blahar formation would eubetantlally reduoe lta nautralialng atrangth* The moat nearly ideal dapoalt for thla purpoae la probably tha orlnoldal oarbonata lithofaoleo* whleh variea from a llmeatone to a dolomite In Highland County* Thla poroue and fragmental rook would probably provide a relatively large quantity of fine -1 4 6 - w tirlal whan pasted through tha primary and secondary crushers* Because this deposit Is relatively fre*? of argillaceous material it would probably have an aeoeptable neutralising strength* At present, however, a successful quarry operation must engage in the production of aggregate as well as agricultural limestone* Therefore, the possible limitations of the orlnoldal oarbonata llthofaoles as a source for aggregate should be considered along with Its virtues as a potential soil neutrallser* The Peebles formation weathers to a soft granular material in tha southeast unrclaclated part of Highland County* This material, whleh is locally oalled "marl", was formerly used as a soil neutrellser and much was applied to Hie soli without having boon erushed or graded* Today, however, this weathered Peebles rock is no longer used* Hlgh-Calclun Limestone In 1941 (p* 90) Stout gave a chemical analysis for samolcs of Niagaran rock taken In an abandoned quarry on the Harlan Skeen property north of Harriett in larshall Township (looallty 41)« This analysis showed that here the stone contained over 97 per oent of oalelum carbonate* Thla was the first report of hlgh-oalolum limestone In Highland County* Stout regarded this deposit as unique and therefore propped to call It the Harriett formation but It is now known to be part of the orlnoldal carbonate lithofaoleo of the Lilley formation* The total thickness of the Lilley at looallty 41 is about 6 6 feet* The upper part Is composed of 21 feet 3 inches of strata here classed as the argillaceous carbonate llthofaoles* Beneath this there is 6 fe e t 8 inches of dolomltio shale whleh overlies 37 feet of orlnoldal •1 4 7 . lime*ton*. It It th* lower 87 to t that It high In oalolum carbonate. VIthin th* lower part, however, th*r* it at l**at on* email r**f oompoe*d of fotalla embedded In an argillaceous matrix. Thla 11 m** •ton* phat* of th* orlnoldal oarbonat* llthofaoi** eontlnuaa aouth. southaast of locality 41 for at laaat 1.6 all*a. It waa recognised at several looalitl** in th* uprar part of th* w*at tributary to Uddl* Fork (pi. 11). Ita thiokmaa rang*a from about 80 f««t at locality 40 to 48 to t at looallty 39. Slno* th* tia* of btout'a published analyala of thla rook a*wsral oo*t>anl*a haws *nt*rtain*d th* poaalblllty of exploiting th* deposit. However, lta dlatano* from a railroad haa thua far b**n a major ob* ataol*. Further, all other analy*** of thla llaeatona phase known to th* writer ahow only about 8 6 to 87 percent ealoiua oarbonat*. Th* hi gh*oalolum dwooalt sampled by Stout la therafor* probably a v*ry loeal feature. Hlgh* Th* P**bl«a formation is a high*nagnealu» dolomite throughout ita ar*a of ooourreno*. Th* proportion of oalolum and magnesium oarbonat* in thla rook la very nearly that of th* ideal dolosdt*. Further, thla dolomite ooamonly oontalna leaa than 1 percent of eosunon impurities auoh aa alumina and allioa. Chemically th* P**bl*a oould b* ua*d in th* manufaotur* of r*fraotorles or aa a flux In blaat furnao«a. Th* ua* of hlgh-magn*sium doloalt* In th* production of at**l haa b*en a subject of controversy among metallurgists for a number of y*ara. However, th* Guelph In aouth*rn Ontario la at pr*a*nt utilised aa a flux lr th* blaat furnao** at Hamilton* -148- If tha Paablaa formation ware arar exploited by virtue of ita ehealeal properties, tha near proxlalty of thla danoalt to a railroad vould bo of paramount l^ortanoe* In Highland County thla would reatrlet the area of exploration to the northern part between Leesburg and New Vienna (pi* 11)• Hare tha Peebles fomatlon la probably at least 65 feet thick but tha thlokneaa of owerburdon la unknown* - 1 4 0 - EZPL AN AT 104 OF PLATE 1 Fig, l t View at locality 12 looking northaaat along; tha bank of Rooky Fork, showing the unconformity between tha Dayton and Braaefield for net ions* Tha ever*-bedded Dayton abova is easily distinguished from the erosa—bedded Brassfleld* ru . z. View at locality 6 looking south along the south bluff of Hardin Creek, shoeing tha Bisher and Alger formations* Tha irregular line of demarcation near the top of the Alger marks tha upper lim it of olay shale saturated with water* -1 5 0 - ?U % « 1 Hr. 1 Fife • 151- KXPLAHATIOH OF PLATS * 1 . v i ■howlng nearly the antlra Blaher formation. Here tha 5iah*r 1 * nara argillaoeoua and thinner bedded than In tha aot-them nart of highland County* Fig* 2. View at looallty 27 looking northweat along a road out juat weat of Baker Fork, ahowing tha 1ower part of tha Blahar formation. Tha rather thlok layara ara ohara oter- latle of tha lower port of thla formation In aouthern Highland County and Adama County. 1 5 S - ? !•% • 9 flu 1 n*. t 163- FXPLAWATIO* OF PLATK 3 View it locality 9 locking east at in abandoned nuarry face, showing the Lilley and Blaher fnr"e»tlora* Here there are severe 1 layers of ch-rt in the up^er pert of the Blaher* F*.g- 2.1 View a t lo o a llty 37 looking north a t a rood out Ju st west of Raker Fork, showing the orlnoldal oarbonata llthofoelaa of the Lilley foraatlon* The eross-beddlng has been exaggerated by differential erosion* - 1 5 4 - 9 r&i* « 165- BXPLAHATIOM OP PLATE 4 Fig, 1# View at locality 41 looking north at an abandoned quarry faoe, showing a snail raaf struoturo in tha Llllay forma tion. This snail biohorn is ooqpoaed of corals and other fossils aabsddad in an arglllaesous natrix* § Pig. L Vlaw at locality 8 ? looking northwest along a road out just west of Baker Pork, showing tha Peebles f onset ion# Th# rough, plttad surfaoa of this Massive rook ohareoter- itas tha Paablaa throughout Its area of oeaurranoa# - 1 5 ’ - P U t « 4 f i t . 1 f i f t 1 6 ? - 8 TST?MATTC p alr^tdloot S ta te m e n t Tha writer collected Poulla from 75 Niagarar units at 36 local ities. Collaotiona wars sad* at several looalltlaa where no strati- graphlo aaat Ion was measured. This faot Is notad undar Recurrence" in tha daaarlptlon of aaeh spaalas by tha abbreviation "H. S. 'i. no saotlon aaaaured* However, tha list of looalltias whlah follows inaludas all looalltias at whlah althar a saotlon was measured or a eollaatlon was taken. ‘‘oat fossils eollsatsd ware rather poorly preserved although sons exceptions to this exist in tha Blaher collections. Tha C ryp tothyrella llthofaoles and oertaln bads In the limestone lltho faoles yield excellently preserved specimens. The poorest fossil preservation is in tha orlnoldal oarbonata llthofaoles of the Llllay formation and throughout tha Paablaa formation. Because these strata eontsin an abundanoe of fossil fragments and partly destroyed organic remains their paleontolorleal record is probably vary inocseplete. All of tha writer*s hypotypea and holotypes ware plaead in the Ohio State University Geologioal Museum where aaoh specimen was assigned a museum number. These R . S. U." nusbers appear at tha and of asah deserlptlon and in tha explanation of plates 6 to 10. Part of tha hypotypes for Clathrodictyon vealoulosum Hloholson and ilurla and Stromatoporo anti qua (Hloholson and Hurie) ware given to Dr. J. J. Gello»ay who plaoed them in the Indiana University Paleontological C ollect! ons. -1 6 8 - Tha pdliontolotlotl eU iilfiottion hara aaployad has baan pattarnad aftar that uaad by fihrook and Twaahofal in 1962* Howarar, tha writar haa followad othe^ authora for oartain parta of thla olaaaifioation. Tha olaaaifloation of tha ordar Conularida hara uaad waa propoaad by Sinolair in 1962 (pp. 1*6-146). Tha writar haa alao followad *11liana' olaaaifieation of tha ganua Strophaodonta propoaad in 1968 (pp. 84-86). Zn Shiiaar and Shroek'a "Indax Foaaila of North A.nariaa* (1944, p. 478) tha ganua Platyoaraa waa diwldad into aawarnl aubganara baaad upon tha oharaotar of tha whorla at rarioua atagaa of growth. Thia olaaaifioation waa adoptad by Bowahar (1966, p. 2) and ia alao uaad by thia w ritar. -1 6 # - Liit of LootlllUi L o e a lity 1. Near nojth of north-south tributary to Loot Crook, northoott of railroad bridge, 1*36 allot oast of Leesburg, Fairfield Township, Highland County* 2 . Along Loos Crook, south of railroad bridgo, 1*4 alios oast of Lsosburg, Fairflold Township, Highland County* 3* At tho watorfalls, bonoath railroad bridgo, on the wost sido of Rattlesnake Crook, southeast edge of hast Honroe, Fairfield Township* Highland County* 4* A snail eastward flowing tributary running oast into Rattlesnake Crook, 0*4 aile south-southeast of Centerfleld, Fairflold Township, Highland County. 6 . South bluff of Hardin Crook near abandoned road crossing, 3* 6 ad let southeast of Leesburg, Fairflold Township, Highland County* 0* Small north-south ravine, 0*35 silo south of Fallsvllle, Penn Township, Highland County* 7* Abandoned quarry south of oast-west road and oast of Route 64, 1*3 olios south of Sanantha, Penn Township, Highland County* 8 * Abandoned quarry and snail northeast-southwest ravine Just northeast of Route 124, 4*1 miles northwest of tho cantor of Hillsboro, Liberty Township, Highland County* 9* Abandoned quarry on tho west edge of Hillsboro, just south of Route §0, Liberty Township, Highland County* 10* Abandoned quarry near tho eastern edge of Hillsboro between -1 6 0 - Routs 158 « d Rout* 60| fornorly known as tha "Basohor quarry”, Ldbarty Township, Highland bounty. 11* Abandonad quarry naar tha aast sdgs of Hillsboro, 1*6 alias south of Routs 124, Libarty Township, Highland County* 12* Along tha aast bluff of Rooky Fork at band in strsaa, aast of Routs 75, 1*7 alias southsast of tha osntor of Hillsboro, Libarty Township, Highland County* 15* In fara Ians naar housa, 0*8 mils north of klton Sahool, Libarty Township, Highland County. 14. North-south ravina landing to an aastarn tributary to Claar Croak, 1*5 alias nortfawsst of Boston, Libarty Township, Highland County* 16, Along tha northsast bluff of Claar Croak, 1*6 alias southwost of Boston, ldbarty Township, Highland County* 16* Saall north-south ravins sntsring Kattlssnaks Croak froa tha northsast, 2*2 nilss sast-northoast, of Pstsrsburg, Madison Township, Highland County* 17* North-south ravins loading to Paint Croak, 1*4 alias saat- northaaat of Rooky Bprlnga Bohool, Hadlson Township, Highland County* 18* In stroaa bod of Pall oraok whoro it lntorsoots north-south road, south of Routs 158, 4*5 alias south of Csntsmrlllo, Paint Township, Highland County* 19* Along Bllnao Bransh, 0*7 ails south of Boavor Bohool, Paint Township, Highland County* 2 0 * Along tributary to Saith Branch, north of northsaat-southwoat road, 1*5 alias north of Marshall, Marshall Township, - l d l - Highland County* 2 1 * North bluff of Rooty Pork, 300 yard* northwest of lioCoppln M ill, alto of hooky Kork Dan, Paint Township, Highland County* 2 2 * Along bluffs of Rooky Pork at Beaver H ill, 2*86 milos south of Rainsboro, Paint Township, Highland County* 28* 8 wall north-south stroaa on taring Rooky Pork froai tho south, 1*6 milos wast of "Tho Point", Paint Township, Highland County* 24* Road out along Routo 60, 0*76 mila oast of "Tho Point", Paxton Township, Ross County* 26* Road out alot^ Routo 124 iassodiately aast of B&ker Pork, 1 ailo north-northwost of Sinking Springs, Brush Croak Township, Highland County* 26* Small ravine Just southwest of road intorsootion 846 elevation 1 mila north of Sinking Springs, Brush Croak Township, Highland County* 27* Road out on wost bluff of Bakor Fork, 0*6 mila wast of Sinking Springs, Brush Crook Township, Highland County* 28* Small abandoned quarry wast of tho north-south road, 0*1 ailo south of Cedar Chapel School, Brush Croak Township, Highland County* 29* Road ditoh, 0*2 mila south of ^edar Chapel School, above 920 foot elevation. Brush Crook Township, Highland County* 80* Gully by house, 0*6 mile south of almville, 1*2 milos north east of Walnut shade Sohool, Brush Croak Township, Highland County* - 1 8 * 51. Small north-south gully south of road, 0 * 2 ailo went of H larllls, Bruah Croak Town ship, Highland County. 52. Abandoned quarry, 0*1 alia southwest of ohuroh, 1 alia wait of B larllle, Bruah Croak Toonahlp, Highland County. 55. Along rarlne 1.1 ailaa aouthaaat of Aaat School, southwest quartar of Bruah Crook T«anal]dp, Highland County* 54. Road out along east-weat road at B M 799, 0*8 ailo aouth waat of Boat Bohool, Bruah Croak Toonahlp, Highland County. 56. Xntoraootlon of aaatarn branch of Jlddla *ork with Routo 124, 5*1 ailaa east-aouthaaat of Harriot, Bruah Croak Toonship, Highland County* 58* Baaal unit of aaall abandoned atono p it, 0*7 ailo weat of Slato Hill Sohool, 1*9 ailaa aouthaaat of Marshall, Bruah Croak Townahlp, Highland County* 57* Snail north-aouth rarina, 0*47 alia aouthaaat of Horth Union- town, Jackson Townahlp, Highland County. 58* Hoad of Cox Branch, 0*66 alia north-northeast of Horth Union- town. Mar a ha 11 Townahlp, Highland County* 59* East-west rarina loading to tho woat tributary to Middle Pork, 0*5 ailo aouth of H arriett, Maraha11 Townahlp, Highland County* 40* Boat branoh to woat tributary to Middle Pork at Routo 124 oroaalng, 1*2 ailoa aaat of H arriott, Marshall Townahlp, Highland County* 41* Stroaa bod, absmdonod quarry, and road out along Routo 124, 2*8 rtlea south-southeast of Marahall, 0*6 ailo northeaot of H arriott, Marahall Townahlp, Highland County* 16*- 42. Wiloox quarry south of Kouta 124, 1*2 ml 1st wast of Marshall, Marshall Township, Highland County* 45. Along north slda of small rarina at southeast and of lana, south of kouta 124, 2*2 alias west-northwest of Marshall, Washington Township, Highland c 0 unty* 44* Northeast-southwest rarina, south of road, 0*76 alia north* wast of B arrysrllls, Washington Township, Highland County* 45* Northwest-southeast rarina handing at road orossing 1099, 1 nlla north of Fairfax, Jackson Township, highland County. 46. Kaat-srost rarina aast of road, 1.7 alias north-northwest of M illar Chapsl School, Concord Township, Highland County* 47* Kast-west rarina, 0*7 alia south of Harrisburg Sohool, Naar Market Township, Highland County. 49. On hillsida Just north of Calsba H ill, on tha aouthaaat slda of Route 158, 1*1 miles northsast of Danrllls, Haasr Town ship, Highland County. 1 64 - Dosorlptlon of Speoles *hyl ui Joelentera ta Class Stromatoporoideo Order Stroimtoporideo Family Clathrodlotyonldae Genus Clathrodlotyon Nicholson and Kirie 1878 1678* 0lathrodlotyon Mioholson and 4urie, Jour* Linn* Soc, Zool*, xol* 14, p. 2 1 6 , 2 2 0 . 1907, Clathrodlotyon Parka, Only, Toronto Studios, Oeol* Ser*, No* 4 , p* 12* 1944* Clathrodlotyon Shlmer and Shroek, Index Fossils of North A m erica, p* 89. Oenotypei £•_ wealouloaum Wioholson and 'Jurle, 1878, Jour* Linn* Soo* Zool*, yol* 14, p* 220, pi* 2, fige* 11*13* Horison and Locality of Genotype* Silurian, Furore. Clathrodlotyon ycalouloaum Nicholson and 4urie 1678 (Plate 5, flea. 1, 2) 1878* Clathrodlotyon yealouloaum Njoholson and *urie, Jour* Linn* Soo* Zool*, yol* 14, p* 220, pi. 2, flea* 11-13* 1933* Clathrodlotyon yosleuloaum Parka. Unly. Toronto Studlea, Oeol* oer. , No* 33, p* 9, pi* 2 , fig * 2* Description by J. J, Galloway and J« St* Jean. Jr.. 45*. 1988*— "Coenosteua eake»like up to 7 om* high and 24 osu in diameter* Surface undulating but without aamolona* Small astrorhisae 2 to 4 mau in diameter and scattered may be aeon on the polished ourfaoe* Latllaminae 2 to 4 mm, thiok* -1 6 5 - "Vertioal section* The skeleton core let* of rcund to oblonr vesicles arranged ir general horlsontal* but irregular erd undulating lines, with irregular lanlnae 0*04 to 0*06 tmu thick* 14 to 18 in 2 nn. | the laminae ere oorpoaed of oompaet tissue* dusty in appearance* but neither nmoulate* porous nor transversely fibrrua. The pillars are of the same thickness and composition as the laminae* and continuous with them* -ostly oblique* extending through only one lnterlamlnar soaoe* and not superposed* Some galleries are 1 or 2 mm* lore without pillars* Aatrorhlsal '•ana Is 0*16 to 0*2 tar.* in diameter are soattered throughout the seotlnn* and the astrorhlsae do not make columns* The seotion has the same appearance right aide up or upside down* a feature eharaoterlstlo of the genus Clathrodlotyon* There are no pseudosooidal tubes* "Tangential s etloni The nlllars are in part round* 0*1 mm* in diameter* but are mostly irregularly stellate and joining adjaoent areas* making an irregular network* with rings where chambers have been out in two* Aatrorhlsal tubes 2 to 3 ram* long* and some Syrlngopora tubes* "This speoles* the type of the genus Clathrodlotyon* la characterised by the small* oblong vesicles in undulatory lines* but not in sigsag lines as in C* faatlrlatum Mioholson* "The genus Clsthrodlotyon* with its vesloular character has been confused with Stylodlotyon whioh has definite laminae and vertical* short pillars*" Be marks,—The w riter's specimen was prepared and identified by Dr* J* J* Galloway and r* J* St* Jean* Jr* Hypotype*—0* S* U* vo* 21155 -Half of the specimen together with one tangential and one vertical thin sections are in the Ohio State C^olorlcal useum* The other hslf of the specimen together with thin aeotions are in the Indiana University l aleontological Collections. Occurrence*—Lllley formation—Loo* 41* unit 9 (reef). Family Stronatoporidae Genus Stromatopora Goldfuss 1826 1626* Stromatopora Goldfuss* fetre facta Germanise* p* 22* -1 6 6 - 1h 07. Stroratcpora Parka, T’nie# Torcnto studies, O ol. Ser*, No# n. ?5» 1916# Stromatonora B aaaler, U# S. Natl# u a ., Pull# 92# Pt# 2# o# 1214# Genotype* S, gcnoentrloa Goldfuaa, 1626, Pet re facta Gernaniae, p. 22, pi. mill, fir. 6# Horlaon ard Locality of f'erotype* Silurian, *urone# Stroiatppora antlcna (Nicholson and urie) 1376 (Plato 6, flga. 3, 4) 1676* Pachyatroma anti qua Nicholson ard Jurie, Jour# Linn# Soo* Zool#, vol. 14, op# 214, 223, ol# 4, f i’s. 2-4# 1666* Stromatopora anti qua Nicholson, ‘ on# Britiah Stromatoooroids, Paleont. Soc#, vol# 39, p# 91, pi# 5, fl '8# 6-11# 1908# S tronatoprra P ark a, Unim. Toronto S tudioe, Geol# Ser#, No# 6 , p# 46, pi* 13, 1*1 ga# 1-6. Description J jL Dr* J. J. Oalloway ard J* St. Joan, Jr., AS*. 1966. ^oenosteun massive, at loaat 4 cm. hlrh ard 10 cm# In diameter, with atr >ng latilaT.inae, 2 to 8 mi# thiek. Surfaoe without uamelonaj astrorhlsae a a ll, 2 tc 4 mm# in diameter, 4 to 5 mm# apart and scattered# "Vertical section* The latilamlnae are oomnosed of thin discontlrucua miorolaminao, about 20 In 1 nun#, email, contlnuoua nillara 0,1 mm# thick and 10 in 2 mm# and s^all paeudosooldal tube a, 10 in 2 mm# at:d 0# 09 mu. in diameter, and oroaaed by thin, slightly uparohed tabulae, which are remnant a of the mlorolamime# Galleries are small, obscure, loatly superposed and making the paeudoaooldal tube a# There are acattered, round aatrorhlsal eanala 0.18 ran. Ir diameter# The tlaaue la finely but plainly maoulate, the maculae being about 0.03 mm# lr diameter, with a darker rim a d light center# "Tangential section* The field ia a rather uniform, laoy network) the plllara join othera and the galleries and paeudosooldal tubes are small, round to Irregular ir. ahape# Aatrorhlsal canals are seen In plaoea but 167- no rood aatrorhisa showed in our slid es, Tho maculae •re tho no*t obvious structures in tho seotlon, "The smooth surface, snail astrorhisae, thick latilaminae, Indefinite laminae, l-n-t a mall pillara and paeudosooldal tubea oharPr*f ritr thla apeoiss. The specimen haa been in filtra te d /1th calcium carbonate, and la vary well preserved, but the soeeimen has been partially ailioifind during ita exposure by weathering, partially destroying the original atruoture," Remarks,--The w riterfa aoeoimer was prepared ard identified by Dr* J* J* Oalloway ard r* J* S t, dear, Jr* Hypotype.—0, S. U, Mo. 21156 -lialf of the specimen together with a tangential and vertical thin section is in the Ohio *>tate University Geological 'useun, Tho other half of the apoolnen together with thin •notions is in the Indiana University rale ontological Collections, Occurrence«--Lilley formation--Loc. 36, unit Class Soyohosoa Order Conularida family Conulariidae Subfamily Conularilnae Genua C onularla Sowerby 1821 1821, Conularla Sowerby, 'ineral Oonoh., vol. 3, p. 107, p i. 260, fir, 4 (non 14 2), 1940, Conularla Sinclair, Canadian -ield-Naturalist, vol. 54, No, 1, pp. 78-74, Oenoholotypet C. quadrlauloata Sowerby 1821, p, 107, pi, 160, fig, 4 (non 3, 5, 6), Horison and Locality of Oenoholotypet Silurian (rtenlook), England, 100- Conularla of* £• nlagarenals Hall 1050 (Plata 0, figa. 1. 2) 1S62. Conularla nlaparenals Hall, Hal. ’Jew York, vol. 2, p. 294, * pi. 65, fi a. la-h . Deaorlptlon by Hall, 1852.— "Broad, pyramidal, taperinT abruptly) angles with deop abrupt channels) oentre of oaoh aide with a ahallow aeareely defined depression, which produoea a more abrupt bending of the atrlae) transverse atriae fire and oloaely arranged, directed fro:! the angles obliquely to the oentre, whero they are more abruptly bent In crossing the alight depression) atriae papilloa*-granulate. Intermediate apaeea marked by longitudinal atriae, and groovea which alternate with the points upon the trans verse atriae." Remarks.—Several eruahed and broken apeoloena are compared with thla apeolea. The surface ia marked with thin transverse ridge a or roda bearing numerous puatulea prolonged into ahort spires (pi, 6, fig. 1). Theae tranaverae ridges characteristically aaoend towarda the median longitudinal groovea (p a rie ta l l ir e ) . There are cornu only 4 puatulea in a distance of 1 mm. although their interval 1a variable and oonalderably leaa at the corners of the shell, ralnt longitudinal 0 atriae oecur between the tranaverae ridrea. The oornere of the ahell are inflected formi nr a longitudinal groove aoroas which the external ornamentation peralata. Aooording to Sinclair (1940, p. 73) NC. nlagarenala Hall 1852 la an American apeoiea closely resembling the genotype /*C, ouadrlaul- oata Sowerby 1B21»7, " The d istortio n and inoomnloteneaa of the writer's specimens prevents positive identification with C. nlagarenala Hall. Htypotype.—0. S. U. No. 21151 -1 6 9 * Occurrence.--Algor for-iaticn—Loo. 27, unit 1| Loc. 34, unit 1. Bither i ormation~Loc. 20, unit 8 | Loo, 2 *!, u n it 8 | Loc, 44, unit 9* C lan Anthoroa Subclaae Tetracorellia Family strep to lasrr,Idas Genus btreptelasma Kail 1847 1847. Streptplasna Rail, ''el, York, vol. 1, p. IV (changed to Streptclaama in explanation of fi(ures). 1915. Streptelas-na Basaler, 'j. s. ^etl* ’us.. Bull. 92, Vt. 2, op. 1199, 1200. 1940. Streptelasma Le^r, Smith, and Thomas, Index of Palaeosoia Coral Genera, p. 125. 1949. Streptelaama Stu^m, >ol. See, Am., eau 40, pp. 6 , 7, (atatement regarding the genotype S. cornioulum and ita relatives). Oenoleetotype (see C. K. Romsr, 1861, p. 19)* S. oornloulum Ball, 1647, n. 69, ol. 26, figs. 1 e-d. Horison and Looelity of Oenoleetotype* Ordovician, Trenton llmeatonef Trenton Kalla and other localities, Nee York, ’u, S. A. Streptclas’wa py caecum (B illings) 1862 1862. Petrala pygmaea B illin a, Canada, Geol. Surv., Palaeosoio Fossils, vol. 1, p. 10S, fig. 91. 1901. Petrala oyrmaea Lambe, Canada, Oeol. Surv., Contr. to Kalaeont., vol. 4, Kt. 2, o. 106, ol. 6 , f i 'S . 6 , 6 a , 6 b . 1 7 0 - I960* otreptolasma nypwun Baesler* Oeol. Soo* Am*, -lam 44* p* 61 (Included In fossil list)* Description by L>nb», 1900*— tortllum simple* very smell* olonp'ato-eonical, gently curved* some time a slightly cons trio ted above or at ^ld-length* from 3 to 1 0 mm* lonr averaging about 6 mi:,. In longth* and *ith n breadth at the top generally from about one-third to one half the length. Outer surface showin' feint transverse rings of crorth and longitudinal septal markings. Calyx deep* rather pointed below* often reaching more than half way toward the base of the eorelluia* Septa of two sites* the primaries In the form of stout* sharp-edged ridges* apparently denticulated* the secondaries very small but dlstlrot* alternatir.g with the orl'iarles) lr number about twenty- e l rh t* " St rep telasma pyr.maeum fo erstel Bowman, var* now* ( P l a t e 6 * f i g s . 3* 4* 6 ) Peso rip t Ion.— Coralllte st-ole, trochoid* curved, with a sharply pointed apex* Fplthecs fairtly marked * ith longitudinal Inter septal ridges* Growth lines always present and rather pronounced (pi. 6 * f i r , . 6 ). 10 mm* and several attain a height of 18 mn. (pi* 6 * fig* S). The aperture is suboiroular* inclined* and has a diameter abcut t«o-thirds the hei.-ht of the coralllte* Young for-s commonly havs an apertural dlanctor acual tc the height of the specimen* The depth of the aalyx usually equals half the hei ht of the oorallito. There are 22 to 26 major septa alternating with an eoual number of minor septa* In transverse section the major sopto apoear to be rather strongly dilated in the peripheral sons booming very thin towards the center of the - 1 7 1 - eorallite whioh they M trly rtteb. No fonuli m i obmrmd* Sima longitudinal aeotlona revealed no oolumella* Poorly priiirm d horlsontal and inolinad atruoturea, interpreted aa diaaepinenta rathar than tabulae, were observed in two longitudinally out and poliehod epeolmena* Re.varke»—Although thia fora ia vary alm ilar to 8 ^ pygaaeum it ha a a grMtor else range and a greater apioal angle than 6 , p y ^ ■maeure* S. pygwaeuft oooldantala (Ahlteavoa) which ia diatinguiehed ftron i>t pygmaeum (Billinge) by lta larger aiae (average height 10 mm.) anpeara to have a aore elongate coralllte than doea the variety here d e a o rih e d . Dinenelona of Hoiotype i 0 . 8 . U. No* 21123 height 17 mm*t maximum diameter 13 torn. Pi me na Iona of Hypotypeai 0 * S* U* No* Height kximum diameter 21124 7 n a , 7 *m. 21126 9 mm* 6 me* Oeourrenee*—Alger formation—Loo* 5, unit 1 * Family Pyonoatylidae Oenua Fleteherla Edwarde and Haime 1861 1861* Fletoheria idwarda and Haime, Aroh* tie* Hiat. Nat* Parla, vol* 6 , pp* 166, 300* 1940* Fletoheria hang, Smith, and Thoaaa, Index of lalaeoaolo Coral Genera, p* 62* 1944* Fie to her la Shirer and Shrook, Index i oeeila of North Anerloa, p* 103* -1 7 2 - Oenoholotype (by authors' original designation)* P« tublfera Edwards and Halms, 1851, p. 900, pi. 14, fig. 5. Horlson and Looallty of Oenoholotypet Silurian, Isle of Ootland, Sweden. Fletcher la guelphensla (fthiteavea) 1884 ( P la te 6 , f I jts . 6 , 7) 1B84. Pyonostylus guelphenals Ahlteaves. Canada, Oeol. Surv., Pal. Foss*, vol. 3, Pt. 1, n. 3, p i . 1, fl:s. 1 a-b. 1901. Pyonostylus guelphenals Lambe. Canada, Oeol. Surr., Contr. to Palaeont., vol. 4, Pt. 2, pp. 132-133, p i . 10, fl<£B. 4, 4a. 1940. Pyonostylus guelphenals Lang. Smith, and Thomas, Index of Palaeosole Coral Genera, p. 112| state that . guelphenals Is at least oongenerio ilth the genotype of Fletoherla Edwards and Halms. " 1944. Fletoherla guelphenals Shinier and Shrook, Index Fossils of North America, p . 103. Description by Thlteaves. 1884.— C orelli tea long and slender, averaging from three to seven millimeters In diameter, and dividing uniformly at the same point into either thre'i or four branohes. Epltheoa marked by transverse constrictions ard re- elovations at irregular distances, but not longitudinally ribbed. Primary septa altornatin’: with trailer secondary o n e s ." Remarks. — The oorallltee oolleoted contain 14 to 17 major septa alternating with an equal number of minor septa (pi. 6 , f i n . 6 ) . The major septa extend about 0.5 am. from the inner wall of the oorallite. The minor septa are about 0.26 run. Ion'. Tabt lae are usually flat - 1 7 3 - but may be oonrnx or concave. The Interval between tabulae varies from 0*5 um, to 4*5 miu*, the avers ;e being 1*76 am* The distance between tabulae shown In pi. 6 , fig. 7, ia unusually lerrp* The diameter of most oorallites la 5 tci* Branohing is nulte common in all of the specimens collected* Hyp otype s . — 0* S. U* No* 2 1 1 0 1 ard 21102. Occurrence*—Lilley-Peebles transition unlt~Loo* 18, n . S* 'T,f Loo* 40, unit 16* Peebles formation—Loo* 15, v* S* *t Loo* 25, units 5, 8 j Loo* 24, unit 2| Loo* 25, unit 4| Loo* 26, *• S. *j Loo* 28, N* 5* L| Loo* 29, v• S* *«| Loo* 58, N, S* II* Family Calostylldae Genus C alostylls Lindstrom 1888 1886* Calostylls Lindstrom, Ofvers* Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl*, vol* 25, No* 8 , op. 419-428* 1950* Calostylls Smith, Ann* far,* Hat. Hist*, Ser* 10, vol* 5, on* 267-278* 1940* Calostylls Lang. Smith, and Thomas, Index of Palaeosolo Coral Genera, p. 50. Oenohol otype (by monotypy)t C* orlbrarla Lindstrom, 1888, p* 421, pi. 8 , fi^a* 1-5 I Cllslophyllum dentleulatum Kjerulf, 1885, pp. 22, 25, text-flg* 32 on p* 25* Also see Smith, 1950, Ann* *ag* Hat* Fist*, Ser* 10, vol. 5, p. 287-268, pi* 11, firs* 1-11, Horiaon and Looallty of Oenoholotypet Silurian, Salopian! Isle of Gotland, Sweden* -1 7 V Calostylls p irn li Foerste 1017 ( P la te 6 , flpe. 8-11) 1917* Celoatylia parvula Foerste, Ohio Jour* Sol*, vol* 17* »o* 6 , pp* 200-203* pi* 8 * fle e * M» B* C. D, F* P | pi* 9* fig * 5* 1930* Caloetylii parvula Smith, Ann* 'ag* Nat* Hist** Ser* 10* vol. 6 , p . 272. Description by Foe rate* 1917*— Morelia simple* usually not exceeding 26 m illi meters in length* but sometimes ecualllng 36 millimeters* lost of the speoimens are ourved strongly toward the base* producing a concave outline anteriorly* and convex outline posteriorly* when the corallum Is viewed from the side* The wall of the corallum is thin* and is marked by distinct transverse striae and by more or less indistinct longitudinal lines* intermediate in position to the septa on the interior* Frequently the wall has weathered sway* especially along the upper part of the corallum* exposing the septa* larger septa* about 30 to 35* extend toward the center* and there form a central mass (Fig* 2F), occupy ing about one-third of the width of the corallum* This central mass probably rises only a very short distance above the bottom of the oalioe* .71 thin this oentral mass the proximal parts of the septa oan be followed only a short distance sinoe they form an irregularly v e s ic u la r grow th, tra n s v e rs e d by i r r e g u l a r l y commun icating pores* If any part of this oentral structure is to be interpreted as equivalent to tabulae* then these tabulae also are penetrated by pores* Tores alsr traverse the septa* but vary greatly in number* Between the larger septa, which extend from the wall of the corallum as far as the central vesicular mass* there is an equal number of shorter septa* alter nating with the larger oass* 7n sore speoimsns* the shorter septa extend about half way from the wall of the oorellun toward the central vesicular mass (Figs* 2 K* F)| in others* they are shorter (Fig* 2D)* The larger and shorter septa are connected laterally by lamellose structures traversed by oores similar to those traversing the septa* These lamellose structures evi dently correspond to the dissepiments of other corals* "In some specim ens* th e p rox im al ed<*es o f th e shorter septa appear united to one side of one of the adjacent longer septa^ usually the one nearer the cardinal side (Fig* 2F)* Between the proximal edges -1 7 8 - of tho ohortor lamellae and tho oontrol vesicular m h , tho number of dissepiments oonneoting tho oldoo of tho longer septa usually io comparatively small* "Tho poroo traversing tho oontrol vesicular frequently oquol o quart or of a millimeter in diameter* Poroo of equally lor go dimensions hare boon notlood also traversing some of tho s>pta, but the poroo very greatly In oiso, and some of them aooreoly equal o twelfth of a millimeter in diameter*" ftemarka*-- Tho specimens collected agree with Fooroto'o des cription* Although the majority of specimens appear to have had a oontlnuoua growth producing an evenly expanding ooralllte, one large specimen dlaplays a dioc^ntinuouo growth which le oharaoteriotio of C» denticulate* No specimen, however, shows any suggestion of a colonial character* Tabulae beginning at the edice of the ooralllte eon bo traced through the vesicular mass composing the axial sons of the ooral* These tabulae din towards the axial sone at about 78 degrees, crossing it in a concave manner or changing dip rather abruptly and beoomlng horlsontai or convex* The opening between tabulae ranges from t nun* t o 6 msu There lo a one suggestion of dissepiments Joining the tabulae in the marginal sons* The number of primary septa ooomrring in six transversely sectioned speolmeno is 48, 44, 8 8 , 87, 33, and 28* The number of major and minor septa increases with an increase in tr.o else of the oorallite* C* parvula is similar to toms si Smith in that both have a smooth epitheea and display an evenly expanding ooralllte whloh io ourved at the base* It differes from C* tomesi in having longer minor septa in proportion to the length of the major septa* The arrangement of septa and tabulae in U*_ parvula is very sim ilar to that in C* dentloulata (Xjerulf) but suggests no budding whloh lo I -1 7 8 - eharaoterlatlo of C^ denticulate, Tho o l m i of tho complete opeolmena collected are oo fo llo w et Height* 6 6 ST SS SS SS 26 mi 1 1 1 met or o 'fexiraun diameter* 16 16 17 14 1 1 9 mllllmetero Djmonolono of Hypo typo«« 0* 8 * U, No, H eight Maximum d iam ete r 21660 87 a n , 18 s o , 21061 38 mm, IT o m 21062 6 6 mu* 16 sa« Occurrence ,--L ll ley formetion--Loo, 7, N, 8 , 1, j Loo, 11, u n it Sf Loo, 36, u n it 2 ) Loo, 41, uni to 7, 9, 15, Poobloo f omatiorw-Loc • 21, unit 1 0 j Loo, 26, N, 3 , • Calootyllo roemorl Smith I960 (P lo to 6 , flgo, 12, IS) 19S0, Calootyllo roe marl Smith, Ana, far, Mat, Plot,, Sor, 10, ▼ol, 5, pp, 262*268, pi, 1 0 , flgo, 1*5 and 2 S, Doaorlptlon by Smith. 1930.— "Dlagnoole— omall, duple, typically troohoid Calootyllo, with a otrongly fluted oplthooa, "uaoorlptlojw-Tho ooral a are typically widely horn-ohaped, d th a more or laao strongly ourrod proslnal and (PI, 10, flgo, 1 and 4)| but turbinate forae (Pi, 10, flgo. 2 and S) and opealnana which hare grown tall and cylindrical aro common, Oanorally the aoralla arc not acre than 2 0 am, long and arc laao than 16 am, in dlaaatar. The aplthaaa, whloh doeo not extend quite to the lawal of the oalloa (Pi, 10, flgo, 2 and 8 ) , lo In aoat oaoeo tranoTeroely wrinkled, and alwaya otrlated longltudlrally| thlo otrong aplthaoal fluting la diagnootio of the opeoleo. The groovee and rldgeo ohow, ao In other Kugoaa aorala, the pooltlon of the cardinal and alar foaoulaa (Pi. 10, fig, 1), " I n te r n a l 8 truoture— The axial column and peripheral 1 7 7 - i o m tr« wall daf load (Pl« 10* fi£* 6 )* The f a r nap ia rathar email* but tha lattar la dietinotlTely aide* Tha n jo r aepta ara atralght and raaoh tha axial complex* hut tha minor aepta* aa in all tha othar email apaalaa of Caloatylia* ara ueually Tory ehort* ar.d do not extend f a r T>eyond i m p e r ip h e r a l tone* A few d l a t a n t and dletally arohad tabulaa oan ba aaan in longitudinal aeotion continuing through tha axial complex* tioh atereoeome la invariably present* intenaifying tha tiaaua and aometlmea even coupletsly filling up tha lntaratioaa of tha ooral*” Remarks*—The apaolaa la rapraaantad by two spool mans* Both epeoimana ara small and dlaplay a troop; fluting of the epitheoa (pi* 6 * fig* 12)* Tha axial zone ia quite diatinot from the peripheral a one in one apeoloan but ia leaa atriking in tho othar apaoiaan due to stereo some filling* Dimension of Hyp otype*— 0 * b* U* No* 21 oat -height 11 am* ( Incomplete) f maximum d lane ta r 13 sun* Ooaurranoe*--Blahor for .nation--Loo* 2 0 * u n i t 7* Lllley formation—Loo* 39* unit 11* Caloatylia apongioaa Poarata 1906 ( P l a t a 6 , figa* 14* 15) 1906* Caloatylia apongioaa Foerate* Bull* Gaol* Surr* Ky** toI* 7* pp* 32^323* pi* 7* fi>?s* 3a-gf pi* 8 * fig a * la* b* 1930* Caloatylia apongioaa Smith. Ann* Mag* Wat* Hi at** Sar* 10* vol. 5, pp. 270-271, pi* It. figa. 1-7. Peaorlptlon by Foerate* 1906*— Corallum eponge-like in appaaranoa but provided with a diatinot although very thin epitheoa whloh uaually la abaent along tha upper part of tha corallum* and often even from almoat tha entire oorallua* poaaibly due to removal by weathering* Corolla almple* attached at baaa* forming irregular eylindrloal or moderately -1*8- o o n io a l grow ths• 8 epta nuairow, tha nppsr edges within tha calyx irregularly toothad or orenulatedj not readily distinguishable naar the oantar of tha Mlyx, whara thay fora a spongy mass, bat not a diatinot oolurns11a* Sapta perforated by miMrous small openings or pores, and therefore orlbifom £ aribriforv* *be sides of adjacent sapta are attaohad to aaoh othar by numerous short, thin, irregular, rod-like bodies, oalled synaptioula, *In tha apeeimen represented by figure 3A, there are about 49 primary aepta whioh nay be traoed down tha walls of' the ealyx, but ara replaced at tha bottoai of the oalyx by a spongy structure not shearing definite arranges*at. Along tha outer part of tho oorallua, saoondary sapta alternate with these primary ones* In figure SB, there are 95 primary septa, with an equal number of saoondary septa along the exterior of the specimen* In speolawns hawing the diameter shown by f ig u r e s 3C, 3D, S i , and 30, the nuaber of primary and saoondary septa is about 90* In some epeoimana the septa are sharply defined and ara distinctly perforated* In other specimens tha structure is more oonfused and the term apongy eoota appeara to be more descriptive* Possibly this spongy appearance is due largely to tho saoondary aepta* In the oentral part of tha oorallua the aclaritea and synaptioula form a oonfuaed sponge- llke struoturo* Spltheo* very thini longitudinal septal rugae not diatinot in most apeoimens) transverse oon- oentrio atriae and wrlnjdea present* "The apeoies here desorlbed assumes numerous farms* Some of them, beginning with a narrow pointed base, expand rapidly into curved turbinate ooralla as in speoles of Zaphrcntls and Cyathophyllusu In aoma oases the growth ia more sub-oyllndrloal* In other apeoimens the ooralla are attached by rather bfoad bases to some other body, producing broad ooralla of moderate height* The illustrations hero presented shorn sosw of these v a ria tio n s * * Foerste makes the following remarks regarding this apeeies* ^)ur specimens are oloaely related to the type apeoiea, Caloatylia dsntloulata KJerulf, from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden, from whl^h it differs chiefly in the more numerous aepta, in the dlstinotly smaller septal pores, and in the absence of branching, even in case of the largest ooralla** Remarks*—The Internal struoture of all speelswns collected is too poorly preserved to permit aoourate septal count* The diameter of the axial sons appears to be one-fourth as great as the total - 1 7 9 - diameter of tho ooralllte, 4oJor aepta may appear ao a row of dot* «• they approach tho axial sono, 8 with (1990, p* 271) dooorlboo ouoh o row of doto oo representing tho minor oopto in tho opeolaono ho otudlod. -foot of tho opoelaono ool looted oh car irregular development producing diatinot oonoentrlo wrinkleo. Tabulation of tho dimonoiono of complete opecioMno oollooted lo ao follooos Height* 26 19 18 16 1 4 1 4 10 9 9 mllllaotoro Maximum d lame tort 16 14 10 16 11 10 8 8 7 mllllmetero Plaenolono of Hypotypeo« 0, 8, U. Ho, H e ig h t * < e x ia a u n d l a a o to r 21085 26 nau 16 na, 21086 18 a m , 1 0 am . Occurrence,--Alger formation—Loo, 6 , u n i t 1, Family Zaphrentldae Qenuo Zaphrontlo Rafinooaue and C lifford 1820 1820, Zaphrontlo Refine a quo and C lifford, Prodr ohm d*une monographic deo Turbinolleo foooileo du Kentucky, Ann, Cron, Sol, Phya, Bruxolloo, p, 295, 1889, Zaphrontlo filler, t, Amu Cool, and Palaoont,, p. 208, 1940, Zaphrontlo Lang. Smith, and Thomao, Index of Palaeosolo Coral Oonora, p. 141, 1949, Zaphrontlo Stuaoe, Oeol, Soo, Am,, tom, 40, p, 12, pi, 6 , f l g o , 1 4 -1 9 , Genotypes By euboequent doelgnation of tille r, 1889, Zaphrontlo -1 8 0 - ihnrria Bafimaqa* and Clifford, 1610, p, 1S6, Horlton and Locality of Ownotypet Middle Devonian, Jefferaon- ▼11 lo llmeatonei Falla of tho Ohio, tJ, 8 , A, Zaphrontla dlgonlata Foorato 191? ( P la to 8 , flCa, 16, 17) 1917, Zaphrontla dlgonlata Foorato, Ohio Jour* Sol,, ool, 17, Ho, 7, pp, 194-196, pi, 8 , fi’a, 1A-G, Poaorlptlon by Foorato, 1917,— ^Corallum atrongly oompreaaed laterally, tho antero- poaterlor angle varying from 40 to 46 degreea, and tho lateral diameter equalling fron 46 to 6 6 hundrodtha of tho antero-poaterior dlaaoter, Tho two narrow longitudinal ridge a locating tho poaitlon of tho cardinal eoptua are somewhat sore oonaplououa than tho other longitudinal ridgoa marking tho exterior of tho oorallua, at loaat along tha lower half of tho oorallua and aro loo a tod along the poatorior angle. The anterior and poatorlor anglee are equally well defined, and Tary froa almoet aouto, in aaae apoolmena, to more or loaa otrcngly rounded. Frequently tho apeoiaena aro more aoutoly angled at tho baao and more atrongly rounded toward tho top, Tho apeoiaena uaually do not oxeeed 36 allllm ^tora In length. The tip of tho boae of tho oorallum freouently ourroa allghtly forward, and tho trenaveree atriae alao alopo slirhtly downward from the rear toward tho front, on lateral view, "Trie oalloe Tarloa from 10 to 16 ntllllmotora In depth, A deep but narrow foaaula ia looatod on tho o ordinal aide of the oorallua and ext end a aa far aa tho oonter of tho oalloe, Tho oordinal aeptua appeara to hare warled greatly in tho extent to whloh It extended Inward from tho wall of tho oorallua toward tho oonter of the oalloe. If alar foeeulae oxieted, thoae muat have boon ahallow and lnoonaplououa. The number of aepta apparently variea In different apoolmena from 30 to 40, alternating with an equal mother of muoh amaller alto, whloh eould be doaorlbod aa aouto eeptal rldgea," lowarta,—Tho epeoiea la roproaontod by a group of oorallitoa. aome of whloh are ailioiflod. The oordinal foaaula la beat preaerved In •191* • trtnm rily out and pollalud m tlon in out apN lm t Thoro appfira to b# no tlir fooaulo proaont* Oravth llnaa tad longitudinal otrlno oro wall proaorrod on N ftrtl o oro 111 to a* A ftw opoolnona oollootod oro tho oono also no thooo flgurod by Foorato ol though noat of thon oro aononhnt anallor* Pinanalona of Brpotypoa*--Q* 9* 0, Wo* 2t0fd—hoight 16 nawi « x li« dlnootor 16 n«% alnlau d loao tor 11 on* Ooourronao*»»Lllloy f o r n o ti oiw«l 8| Loo* 11* unit S| Loo* 66, unit 8| Loo* 40* unit 11 1 Loo* 41* uni to 9* 16* 16, 17* Lllloy-Poobloa tronoltion unit—Loo* 40* unit 16* Fnnlly tfotrlophyllldno Oonua mtoroloano Olnpoon 1900 1900* Bntoroloaun Blnpoon* Haw York 8 to to Mua*, Bull* 69* toI* B* p* 806* 1940* Bwtoroloano Long* Snlth, and Thoooa, Indox of Poloooaolo Corol Oonoro* p* 66* 1949* Ihtoroloaoo Itnw . Oool* 8oo* An*, ton* 40* p* 6* Oonotypo (by author'a original doolgnotlon)* Btroptoloano (Potroio) atrioto Boll* 1674* p* 114* Boriton and Looollty of Oonotypo* Lonor Dot onion* Boldorborg group, Row footload forantloni ClorfcaTillo and othar looolltloa* Von York* U. 8* A. -l«v fatroU iM oalionium (Hall) 106! ( P U t« 8 , fig*. IB-80) 1B62, Streptelasma onlU ult Hall, Pal. Row Tork, -vol. 8 , p . I l l , pi, 5?, fic*. la-k, 1901, Streptola*raa oalloula Lanbe. Canada, ft«ol, Surv, Contr, to Palaeont,, vol. 4, Pt, 8 , p. US, 114, pi, 7, figa, 4a-o, 1944* Kntorolaama oalloulum Shioar and Shrook, Indax Fossils of Horth twertoa, p, 6 6 , pi, 84, figs, 11-IS, Deaorlptlon by la«h<, 1900,— RCorallum simple, aaall, eonloal, slightly ourvad balow and sharply polntsd, attaining a langth of naarly 4 oant, with a diameter abora of about 8 , 8 oant, and an average langth rathor osar 8 oant, Outer surface oonsplououaly marked by longitudinal ooptal furrows that Indio at* tho pinnat* soda of addition of m« sapta and tho positions of tha aardInal and alar oapta, trans verse growth nark lnga faint. Calyx with thin a root oldas, its dapth ofton naarly equal to about ona-half tha height of tha oorallua, Sapta about fifty in number In moderately largo apeoimens, of two slses, alternating, the primaries passing to or naarly to tha oentre, tha saeondarieo small and projeetlng only sllrhtly Inward boyond tha mural investment, Tha inner ends of tho primary sapta ofton ooalasoe in sets of twos or threes near the oentre of tho visceral ohamber. In longitudinal seetlons thin, delloat* dissepiments, partaking somewhat of tha nature of the tabulae, are seen to aroh upward and inward in tho interseptal loouli to the oentre, forming with tha Inner ends of tho primary septa an axial oellulose struoture that has a convex surface at tho bottom of tho oup. In tho oalyx tho primary septa standing out proadnently from tho wall aro soon to bo oarlnated on thair sides and to have dantioulatad free edges, tha oeoondarles being raduoad almost to unlserlal row* of dentlolesi in longitudinal seetlons of tho o ora Hum tho inmtr edges of tho prim aries haws tho appearance of being strongly serrated," Remark*,--The apeoimens assigned to this speoles agree vary wall with Larabe's description, Tho largest complete specimen in tha oollaot- lc-t 1* 87 mnu high and 19 mm, wide at the aperture. The average also lo - 1 8 3 - IT mm. hi gh and 13 am* ^ldo, The eplthaet la aaririd with prominent interseptal ridges. displays growth llnaa and wary faint horiaontal •triaa (pi. 6 , fig. 18). Approximately t Intartoptal ridgaa ooour in a diatanoa of 1 b u s . T here a re 2 6 major aepta alternating with an equal niabar of minor aepta. Major aepta whloh extend naarly to the eenter of the ooralllte are straight or very slightly ourved. These septa are relatively thin but thloken somewhat near the periphery of the ooralllte (pi. 6 , fig. 20). In longitudinal seotlon the stereo columella appears to be made up of numerous bent or twisted rods trending in a vertloal dirootlon (pi. 6 , fig. 19). This has bean referred to as resembling "intestinal convolutions*. The width of the stereooolunella is 2 . 6 mm. in one longitudinally out speolamn. Tabulae, whloh are presumably what Lamb* observed rather than de- aseplments. aro moat connonly o on vox upward between the walls of the ooralllte and the stereaoolumella. although some may be straight or slightly onnoave in thia rofion. These tabulae ooour at Intervals of 1 mo. t o 2 on. Dimensions of Hypotypost 0 . S . U. Mo. H e ig h t Maximum d ia m e te r 21115 17 mm. 13 mm. 21116 unknown unknown 2111f 24 aau 17 w. Ooourrenoo.—Mlaher formatlon--Loo • 39. units 3. 9| Loo. 46. u n i t 1 2 . Lilley format!on--Loo. 10. unit 3| Loo. 41. units 7. 13. 1 1 4 - Enter olasma oonulus ?onlngnr 1876 ( P la te 6 , fl-s. 21-21) 1876, Streptelaawa oonulus Bor-1 ngor. '»eol. Surr. ‘liehlgan, vol. 3, Pt. 2, p. 144( pi. 39, Tig. 4. Deeorlptlon by Komlrgcr. 1876.— iBtral^ht, conical, smell-elsed polypariaf the larger ones attain a diameter of one oentimeter by one and a half Ir length) eurfaoe faintly annulated by llnee of growth, rot ribbed longitudinally aa in the sim ilar fqr* Streptelsama oalyoula L Enterolaama Calyoea deep, with ereet margins surrounded by from twenty to twenty-fire denticulated lamellar orests of larger aise, and by as many intermediate rudimentary ones with likewise dentate edges) the sides of the lamellae are ornamented with transverse rugae. The larger lamellae unite in the oentre, as in the former speoles. Into n horseshoe-formed oyole whloh incloses a narrow core of laeunose, irregularly anae- tonoelng eell spaoeei the aperture of the horfeshoe eorresporda *lth the principal septal fovea £ fosaul^/." Ke narks.—The eorallltes are evenly expanding at an angle of 30 to 40 derreos and are erect or only slightly ourved. The apex is pointed and commonly bent. The largest ooralllte ool lee ted 1s 28 ran. high and 19 tv o * wide, however, most o f the oorellltes are 18 msu high and 13 ram. ide at the aperture (pi. 6 , fig. IB). The epitheoa is smooth In nil specimens except one vfich shows faint Inter septal ridges (pi. 8 , fig. 26). The growth lines are rather prominent. The aperture Is usually horlsontal or Inclined about 1 0 decrees (pi. 6 , fig. 24). The calyx is deep, having a depth of 5 mi".. In a soeoimen 18 mm. h!r;h. There are 28 thin major aepta and on eoual number of minor septa in several specimens. The smjor septa, which are slightly bent when viewed in transverse section, extend nearly to the center of the ooralllte where as many as five may coalesce (ol. 6 , f i g . 2 2 ). - 1 8 6 - The minor septa seldom extend more than a millimeter from the eoralllte mail* A diatinot oardinal foaaula wae observed in one transversely out and polished aeetlon (pi* 6 , flK» S2)« In longitudinal seotlon the s ta r e 0 0 oltaoella appears as e narrow column filled with bent and twisted rods whleh are formed by the projecting ends of the major septa (pi* 6 * fig* 83)* This t'*r>e of stereooolumella Is tyoloel In the genus Entorolaema. The width of the etereooolumella is approximately S mm* at the ton In a speolmnn 16 m •• high* Tabulae were not observed In any of the spoolmens seotlon* Stunm (1949* pp. 6 , 7) states that *S trap telasma oornloulum £ the genotype of 3treptolasma_7 and Its relatives have many major and minor septa* peripherally dilated and axially attenuated* of whloh the major extend almost to or all the way to the axis where they form an axial whorl* No stereooolumella or foaaula Is present at any stags*% Assuming the w riter's Identification of his material Is correct* not having examined Romlnger'a type speelmens* he believes S* oonulus* whloh has a foseula and a stereooolumella* should bo plaoed In the genus Kntorolaama. Dimensions of Hypotypest S . U* Vo* H eight ‘iaxlmun diameter 21116 15 SUN* IE me. 2 1 1 1 1 18 mm* 13 emu 2 1 1 2 0 unknown unknown 2 1 1 2 1 13 mm* 9 mm* 2 1 1 2 2 13 mnu 7 mm* Ooour re noe*-— Blsher formation--Loo. 34* unit 3| Loo* 37* unit Elj Loo* 90, unit 9| Loo* 40* unit 7* L llley f ormetioiv-Loo. 1 0 , unit S| Loo* 89* unit 1 1 | Loo* 40* unit 9) Loo* 41* uni to 9* IS* IS* Family Cyathaxonldae Oenus DtlooMPhylluo Long and 8 nlth* 1989 1989* Dalmanophyllum Lanr ond Smith* Ann* *fer« Sot* Blot** Sor* 11* r o l* 8 * op. 158-154* 1940* Palmanorhyllum Lang* Smith* ond Thomoo* Index of Palaeooolo Corol Qenera* p. 49* Oenoholotypet by authors' orirlnal deoignatlon* 1959* Cyathaxonla dalaanl Edwardo ond Holme* 1661* p« 882* pi. 1* f i g . 6 * Horloon ond Locality of lenoholotypet tipper Silurian* Iole of Gotland* Sweden* Dal-nanorhvllum of* D. dalaanl (Kdwardo and Paine) 1661 ( P la te 6* f i g s . 2 7 -8 0 ) 1661* Cyathaxonla dalmanl Sdwardo and Haimo* Arch* Mua* Hiot* Nat* P a rlo * v o l. 5* p . 322* pi* 1* fig * 5* 1939* Dalmanophyllum dalnanl Lang and Smith* Ann* lag. Nat* Slot* 8 er* 11* vol* 3* p. 163-164* Poaerlptlon (tranolated from Edwardo and Haimo. 1861*— ^*olyp turbinate* moderately long* very ollghtly ourved* oometlaeo a little deformed* weak growth ridgeo prooant* oalloe olroular* with oharp edgeo* with largo and rather deep foaaula i very otmngly oonpreooed and oreat-like projecting oolumalla. On the oonvex oide but lr a rather variable pooition* a coorly defined foooula lo dlotlngulahed* "About 30 large aepta* a few thloken outward* •1 8 7 * narrow upward, slightly ourved near the oolumella, alternating with an enual number af smaller ones, Haight, t oentlweters, diaaater of the oalloe, 16 allllw stersi Its death, 6 millimeters** Remarks •••I* a rt of the oalloe Is missing from all speolmena doubtfully assigned to this speoles* > large ooltaaella, elliptical In transverse aeotion and protesting about 3 an* above the ealloe floor is well exposed in one specimen (pi* 6 , fi^s* 29, 30)* The ooluaslla, mu a cured in several ape cl taunt. Is 6 an* long and 2 t o 5 am* wide in transverse aeotion* The aa.lor sapta become contiguous and In one specimen form a tig-sag pattern as they approach the ooluwolla* 41 nor septa are present but not oonsplouous* The nunber of major septa measured in six oora111tee ia SO, 32, 39, 34, 36, and 30* One young specimen has 24 major septa surrounding a circular oolumalla (p i* 6 , fig* 27)* The cardinal foaaula is typically lon< and narrow having a width of 1*6 am* ond length of 4 to 6 am* measured horlsontally in the plane of the oalloe floor (pi* 6 , fig* 28)* It oomronly extends 8 mm* below the floor of the oelloe* The oardiral septum oooupylng the fossule extends 1 to 2 a;-.* from the oalloe wall* The oxterlor of the ooralllte is marked with longitudinal striae and oonsplouous growth rid g e s* The holotype described by Edwards and hai.ne la somewhat smaller than the apeoimens oolleeted by the writer* The comparison of these individuals with D* dalaanl 1 s based upon sim ilarities in shape, external narking, the prosenoe of a fossule, and the oharacter of the ooluaella and awjor septa* The specimens are distinguished from Dalmanophyllum f (Cyathaxonla) wleoono1nonois (dhltfleld) by their smaller else* Dalmanophyllum T fLicdstroomla) 1 Ingull fora (Foerste) •1 0 8 * deaerlbdd from tha Haoo limestone ia a muoh •mailer ooral* Future •tody of these spooles may reveal that T ( Cyathaxonla) wlaoon- alnan«l« (^Afaitfield) and D*_ ? (tiadstroew la) llngullfera (Foerate) ara varieties of 0 * daliaanl (Rdwards and Haime)* Dimensions of Hynotyneai 0 , S. U* TTo* Haight (inn omoloto) Diameter at oalloe f lo o r 21091 89 fan* 18 am* 21092 80 mm* 17 aa* 21093 9 am* 6*8 am* Ooourrenoe*— Biaher f orzaatl on--Loc • 32, unit 9* Loo* 87, unit a 3, lOj i*oo* 39, unit 9| Loo. 41, unit* 3, 5* Lillay formation—Loo. 1 1 , unit 3f Loo. 41, units 13, 16* Family Caloaolidaa Genus Holophragma Lindstrom 1896 1896* Holophragma Llndatr&m, Bihang Kongl. Svensk.-Akad* Handl*, ▼ol. 81, Pt. 4, No. 7, p. 36, pi. 6 , fi^s. 74-86. 1940* Holophragma Lang, Smith, and Thomas, Index of Palaeosoio Coral Oenera, op# 70-71. 1949* Holophragma Stumm, Cool. Soe* Am*, Nam. 40, p. 62. Oanoholotypa (by monotypy)* Hall la oaleaoloidea partia Lindstrom, 1808, p. 889, pi* 31, fi^s* 9-11, (non flea* 18 and 13)* (Translated by tha author in 1866, Gaol* 4ag*, 8 ar* 1, vol. 3, p. 418, pi* 14, figa* 19-80). Horlson and Locality of Genoholotypet Silurian, Salopian (Upper Visby *arla and Hogkllnt Limeatone), Iale of Gotland, Sweden* 1 0 9 - Wolophrifcut e>lo«oltld«i (Llnditrw*) 1866 (Plate C, fi^a. 31-33) 18M«* HallU oaloeololdos L lnditm . Ofreri, Vet» Akad, Forhandl,, vol, 22, p. *09, pi, 31, figs, 9-11, 1068b, Railla oelooololdas Llndatrom, (Knglleh translation), Gaol, 'Jag,, Sor, 1, vol, 3, p, 412, pi, 14, fi;a, 19-20, 1079* Cyathophyl lun oaloeolol do a Quenstedt, Fatrafaotankunda Deutsob* land, vol. 6 , r t, 1, p. 410, pi, 156, figs, 9 1065, Cyathophyllun caloeololdea Llndstrom, U it of Fossils of Ootland, p , 19 , 1689, Cyathoohyllum oalcoololdes Llndstrom, List of Fosail Faunas of Sweden, Ft, 2, o. 21, 1896, Holophragaa calceololdec Llndatrom, Blhang Kongl, Svensk,- Akad. Handl,, vol. tl. Ft. 4, Vo, 7, p i , 6 , fl-a. 74-86, 1917, HolophragTaa oaloaololdaa Foorste, Ohio Jour, Sol,, vol. 17, Ro. 8 , p. 191-194, pi, 8 , figs, 3A-K, Doaorlptlon by Foorste. 1917,— "Cora llu* simple, usually not exoeeding 35 rail li ne tors in length, but occasionally attaining a length of 40 millimeters. Cardinal side strongly flattened, giving the oalloe a aubtriangular outline (Fig, ID), Lateral margins of aorellim more or lesa strongly angular. Viewed from the aide, the transverse wrinkles are seen to incline from the cardinal side strongly forward and downward, and the cardinal side la straight or only moderately curved for the greater part of its length. Toward the oalloe, the c ora Hum frequently curves more strongly forward, (rip. 38), and the outline of the calioe becomes transversely oval or nearly oireular ( F ig , 3 H), At the same time, the lateral diameter of th e o o ra 1 1 urn frequently becomes shorter, and sometimes the antero-p osteri or diameter also be o one a less, suggesting gsrontlo conditions. The two narrow longitudinal ridges locating the cardinal septum usually are distinctly defined along the lew«r half of the cardinal aide of the 1 » 0 - •ortllna but btioai I n i •mipltuooa alaig tho uppar half. Tho alar m bi oro looatad alone tha lotorol a n |la a o f tbo oorallu a* "frao t6 to SO largor oopta lino tho Intorior of tho oalioo* alternating with whloh aro an equal mint or of abort aapta oonflnod to tho uppor part of tho oalloe* Tho oerdlnal oeptua la only allghtly aoro oonaplououa than tho roaolndor* Thoao aopta whloh aro lntoraodlato botooon tho oardlnal and alar aopta tond to aoot at tho bottea of tho oalioo* in tho aoro triangular foroo. oo oo to prooont tho appoaranoo of too groupa* ono on oaoh aldo of tho oardinol aoptaa (Fig. SI). In tho oallooo with aoro olroulor outllnoa* thla tondonoy tooard grouping la not oonaplououa* and! It Torino groatly In dlfforont IndlTlduala* Oooaalonally tho aooond or third ono of tho largor aopta on tho right and loft of tho oardinol oeptua boooaoa aoro ooraplououo than tho root (X In Fig* SI). Togothor ulth tho oardlnal aoptua* thoy fora a group of throo aoaoahot aoro proadnont aopta* ohlofly In apoolaona rotalnlng tholr triangular outllno euon at tho aporturo of tho oalloe* In moot apoolaona* oapoolally thoao with a olroulor outllno at tho aporturo* thoao aopta aro not aoro oonaplououa than tho root." Hoaarka*—Tho apooloa lo roprooontod by a oollootlon of oar tOO froo apoolaona* Tho aajority of thooo IndlTlduala aro 11 to SO on* h ig h . bo opoolaon 0 x0 0 0 da SO anu In holght. Flattonlng of tho oardlnal aldo appoara to bo otrongoat In apoolaona 10 to SO aa* high. IndlTlduala loao than 10 am* high aro noarly olroulor in tronarerae aootlon* Tho oardlnal aldo tondo to boooao aoro oonrex In oorallltoo oxooodlng a holght of >0 am. Dlaonalono of Hypotypooi Maximum iln io u a 0* S* TJ. to* Holght d laaotor d laaotor tioss tO an. t oa. S aa. nost ( lnoonq>loto) tO on* 10 am. 6 aa* tioto (inoculate) t nau 7 on* S am* Oeeurrenoe*—L llley formation—Loo. 10* unit S| Loo. 11* unito S* S* -1 9 1 - Family Aoanthophyllldae Genua Cyathophyllnm Qoldfuaa 1016 10f 6 . Cyathophyllum Qoldfuaa, Petrefaota Germanlae, mol* 1, p, 04, pi* 18, fig, IS, pi, 16, figa, la-a, 1046, Cyathophyllum Dana, Zoophyte tt 0, 8 , F.xpl, Kxped,, p. 18S, 1940, Cyathophyllua i*ang, Smith, and Thomaa, Index of Palaeoaolo Coral Genera, p, 44, 1949, Cyathophqrlltaa 8 tuna, Gaol, Soo, Mam, 40, pp, SS-2S, pi, 1 0 , figa. 9-13, Qenotype* By subsequent dealgnatIon of Dana, 1046, p, 103, C, dianthua Qoldfuaa, 1026, p« 64, pi, 16, flra, 1S| pi, 16, flga, la-a, Horlton and Looallty of Genotype* Middle Devonian, Elf el, Germany, CyathophylInn roadal Poorat# 1917 ( P la ta 6 , figa, 34, 36) 1917, Cyathophyllum roadal Poor a to. Ohio dour, Sol,, vol, 17, No, 6 , pp, 197-190, pi, 9, figa, 16-J, Deaorlptlon by Foarata, 1917,— Oorallua elongate turbinate in lta younger atagea, vith a tendenoy toward cylindrical form in lta later atagea, Baeal angle uauelly varying between 20 and 30 degreea, but aometlmaa the oorallum begina aa a narrow, aub-eylindrioal growth, enlarging more rapidly later, and then becoming auboyllndrioal again, C orallum aomatlmea ehanglng lta direction of growth In a more or leaa abrupt or genioulate manner, Kpltheoa with dlatlnot longitudinal aeptal furrowa, numbering 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 46, 46, and 61 in the apeolmana here llluatrated. Along the Interior of the wall of the oorallum there ia a oorreapondlng nuaber of aepta. These are alternately ahort and long, the shorter ones usually extending scarcely a millimeter from the wall. In the apaoes I9fr> baiNtB tlw shorter aopto and the longer aopta on aaoh •14a dlaaaplaanta ooour In graatar or amAller oa^ara, dividing tho apaaaa Into aoro or lota irregular Tealoular oapartM dtat Thio Tealoular tloauo aaually doaa not extend aoro than at ailllaotor from tho * « 1 1 of th o eorallum* Kvan tho longer aepta uaually do not roooh tho oontor of tho oorallum but to rad no to oo rldgea on tho uppor oorfoooo of tho tabulaa, 1 earing tho oentral porta of tho lottor autre or loaa froo. In o o m o f th o apoolaona tho Tealoular tlaauo unitoa tho proximal froo margin of tho ahortor aopto to ono of tho adjacent longor aopta In aueh a manner aa to produoo tho appoaranoo of tho blfuroatlon of tho longer aopta In a dietal direction* "Tabulae dlatlnotly doweloped and oomplete, at loaat aa fair aa tho narroe Tealoular tone, forming a oonaplououa port of wertioal aeotlona of tho oorallum* Tabulae uaually Irregularly oonoare* than tho oalioo la deep and funnel*like, tho depth equalling or oxaoodiag tho width, the tabulae are oorreepondlngly more ooneewe and the wealeular apaeea aro elongated In a direction more or loaa parallel to tho lateral wmlla of tho oalioo* When the oalloe la more ahallow, the tabulae aro leoo atrongly oonoawe* No foeeula haa boon dotootod* "Along tho baaal half of the exterior of the oorallum the location of the oardlnal and alar aopta nay be reoognlsed dlatlnotly by neana of the aeptal furrowe, aa In typioal Zaohrontldae* The oardlnal aoptum almoet lmraurlably Ilea adong tho ootrvexly purred aide of the baeal part of tho ooralluaa* In that part of tho oorallum whore the dloaeplmonta aro moat abundant, uaually within one millimeter of tho wall, there apooera y bo a tendeqay toward tho deposition of eteroplaam £ atorooplaa^Jf* Remarka**-feet of tho apoolmena oolleoted aro allloiflod* Tho number of longitudinal aeptal furrowe oounted on aeren apoofmora la aa followas Number o f lo n g itu d in a l furrowe 4T 51 5 t 64 m llllm ete ra Number o f apoolmena Silt One inoomplete ape el men waa tranewereely and longitudinally aootloned* The relatlonahip between the major and minor aepta in the tranawerae aeetlon agree a with Poerete *a doaerlptlon* The Toaloular atruature between thoao aepta, howorer, la not proaorwod* -1 8 3 - In the short longitudinal soot ion, tho ttbttltrlw i and dleoeplnontarlua aro olearly defined, Tho tabulae ooour at Intervale "varying froai 0*5 sen* t o 8 nm* and a ro T an* in length* The dissepiments aro in o 1 1 nod 65 degrees to tho wall of the ooralllto* t'aoh nay or any not bo adjaeent to a tabula* Pi nans ions of Hypptyposi 0* S* U, No* Height Uaxlann dianotor ZIOTS (incomplete 38 an* 80 nn* tlO T T (inoonpleto) 86 nan* 15 n su Ooourronoo*—L llloy fonset ion--Loo* 7* N. 8 * M*| Loo* 41* units 7, 9* 13* 15* Lilley-Peebles transition unit—Loo* 18* E* S* ■•:* Family Araohnophyllldao Genus Arachnophy1lun Dana 1846 1846* AraohnophylInn Dana* An* Jour* Sol* and Arts* Sor* 2* vol* 1 * p* 166* text-fig* 1 on o» 186* 1899* Arao hnophyl lun Lanbo* Canada* Geol* Surr*, Contr* to Pelaeont** ▼ol* 4* Pt# 8 * pp* 180—181* 1940* Araohniophyllun Lang* Smith* ar.d Thomas* Index of Palaoomolo C o ra l G en era, p . 19* 1944* Arao hnophyl lo t Shinier and Shrook* Index Fossils of north America* p. 101* Oonoleototypoi Aoorrularla baltloa Lonsdale, 1839* pi* 16* f ig s * 8 b-o (no n 6 * 6 a) nor Aoorrularla baltloa Sohwelgger* BorIson and Locality of OenoleototypOB 811urlan* >enlook Limestone * ^onlook* Dudley* England* 1 9 4 - Ar>»hnophyllw pantogonna ( Qoldfuaa) 1888 ( P la t* 6 , f i g . 56) 1886* StroabwUi txaWgomu Ooldfuii, Pttnfaota OerHidH, vol* 1* p. 61, pi* 81* figa* Si, b* 1881* Strtwbodii pontagonua Bdmrdi and Hi I m , Polyp* Foil, do a Terr* Paleoa** p* 490* 1876* Strotabodea oantagoaua EoaAngar* Gaol* Surr* !ioh*, Fosa* C o ra l a , p * 180* p i * 4B* figa* 1 and 8 * 1868* Strombodea panto gome dhitfield* Geol* of Wlaoonain* vol* 4* p* 878* pi* 18* fig* 8 * 1898* Arachnophyllua pontagonua Laabo. Canada* Cool* Surr** Contr* to Palaoont** t o ! . 4* P t* 8 * p p * 181-188* pi* IB* figa* S* 8 a* 1944* Arao hnophyl lam pontagonua Shimer and Shroek* Index Foaalla of Worth Amerloa* p . 101* p i * 54* figa* 5>4* Paaorlptlon by Laabo, 1899*— ^Corallura compound* oxplanato* dlaeoldal* ellghtly e*mmx above* with a flat or undulating lower aurfaeo roughened by Irregular ooaraa wrlnklaa of growth* and with a aaall oontral baao of attaohaoctj attaining a dlaaotor of over IS oant* and a thloknoaa of 5 or 4 oant* Kpltheoa o err a ring tho baaal aurfaoo* war had by flno sonoantrlo growth llnoa* Polyp aria upright* wary all^htly divergent* oonfluant* opening a bora In aha 1 low ealyoaa* laprwaaad at tho oantra with a aaall pit* and aaotlng In obtuaoly elevated polygonal outllnaa* Calyooa from about 1 t o over 8 oant* in width* radially narkod by flno* obtuaoly angular aoptal rldgaa that ooxmoot with thoao of adjaoent ealyoaa* Control pit from about 8 * 8 t o 6 a rt* wldo* or averaging about one-fourth tho dlaaotor of tho oalyeoa* 8 opto nuaboring froa thirty to forty at tho aargin of tho oontral pit* within whloh they ara lamellar and oontlnuoua vertloallyi of thoao half roaoh tho eantro of tho vleoeral ohaaber* whllat tho roaalndor atop ahort of tho oontro* frequently all or aone of tho aepta ooalaooo In aota of two near tho bottom of tho pit* oaoh pair oomtinulng to tho oontro aa a alngle aoptua* On oaorglng from tho oontral p it tho aepta booomo augmented In number* an y of thorn -196- bifureitlns or trifuroating, and oontinue outward aa superficial radial foldings of tho calyoinal margins* A double row of ainuto pore-openings oooura in oaoh aeptal ridge, one row on either aide of the oontral lino, the openings in either row generally alternating with thoao of the other* In vertioal aoationa oaoh eorallite la aeen to be composed of a ear lea of in- vagi noted oalynea whoae aarglns, uniting with thoao of the adjacent oalynea at the same level, fora a aueoeeelon of superposed oontinuoua floora* In the interaeotal apaoee in the vicinity of the oontral pit oecur aaall arohad dissepiments rising obliquely outwardi theie continued outward, in the area to whioh the aepta do not extend aa vertical leaellae, beoone larger and aoro unequal in aiao, forming veaioular tlesue, on whioh tho auooeeelve oalyoinal floora root* Snail lnooneplououe, horlsontal tabulae occupy the contra of the vleoeral chamber* Inoreaee by lnteroalloular gemmation* " Remarks*—Three specimens belonging to thle epcclee were oolleatod* Calloeo have an avere^e width of 16 aa* The diameter of the pit la 8 t o 6 am* and lta depth ia 6 am* Several oalioea have 36 aepta at tho rla of the pit* Both apeoiaena are too badly weathered to show the arrangement of aaall opening along each aeptal ridge in tho a hallow portion of the calico* Ac cord inf to Roalnger (1076, p. 131) A, pontagonua can not be diatlngulahod from A* atrlatua d*Orblgny for all gradatlone with regards to the site of the onlloea can be found from one to the other* 8 himer and Shroek (1944, p* 101) state that A, striatum oontoins "oalloee as much as 40 mm, in diameter" whereas A, pontagonua has o a llo e s " 1 0 to 16 ran* ir diameter*" Djmsnalons of Hypotypo*--0* S* U* No* 31095--diameter of oorallum 70 on* | height of oorallum 42 m *| diameter of attachment 7 aa* Ooourrenoe*—L llley f onset ion—Loo * 40, unit 9| Loo* 41, unit 9* 1 0 6 . Fanily Aatrruliiildta Oina Aaartalirla Sokwigitar 1819 1819* Aaam larit Sahwoigfor, kobaah9w|tn auf fatnrhlatorlaohan blaaa, bbla 6* 1890. lairaltrU khwlKgar, Raadb. dar Aaturg., p. 418* 1981 • iaam liria Badth and Lang, Ann. Hag* flat. M at,, Bar. 10, ▼ol« 8, p. 68. Ganotypo (by nonotypy)» A. baltlea Sahwalggar, 1819, tabla 8 - .'Aadropora ananaa Llmaaua. 1780, p. 797, lorlson and Looal&ty of Oanotypa* Uppar Silurian, Zala of Ootland, Swadan. Banarka.—Tbroo forma of Aoormlarla woru aollaatad two of whioh ara rogardad aa uarlatiaa of A. ananaa (Llnnaaua) and tho third idanti- f&ad aa A. brawlaaptata (flalaaarmol). Tha apaalaa A. pararl Foarata haa baan raduead to a aariaty of A. ananaa and la baliaaad to bt an lntarmadlata fora batwaan A^ ananaa ananaa (Llnnaaua) and A. ananaa alngularla Lang and 8alth. A now aarlaty, A. ananaa oaraanl. la pra- poaad and la rogardad aa an lntaraadlata fora batwaan A^ ananaa (Llnnaoua) trunoata ( flahlanbarg) and A. danaa Lang and Salth. Aoormlarla ananaa (Llnnaaua) 1748 1748. Hadrapora owa>oalta •••• oontro-oonoara Llnnaaua. *Dlaaartatlo Corallla Baltloa aduabrana, quan •••• aubalttit Hanrloua Faugt*, Upaala, p. 91, fig. lx.n. a. 1788. Xadrapora ananaa Llnnaoua. Byataaa flaturao, aol. 1, p. 797. 1819. Aaamdarla baltloa Sahwalggar, Baobaahtungan auf Vaturhiat. -1 9 7 - Beiaea, table vi. 1997* lowTttlifli l*ang and Smith, luart* Jour* 3eol* Soo*, vol* 83, ft* 3* p. 461, fig*. 3, 4* 1931* Aearvularla iM Bii SaUth and Lang, Ann* 'lag. Hat* H itt*, 8 ar* 1 0 , v o l. 8 , pp* 6 6 , 6 6 , 6 6 , pi* 2, fig. 14, pi. 3, figa* 1-3* Daiorlptlon by Salth and Lang. 1931*- "Diagnoale—Phaealoid and oarold Rugoae Corala, in whioh gemmation la typically axial, parrioldal, and auadrlpartlte, and in whioh thora la alwaya a diatlnot innar wall or auloa, dividing tha tabulae into an lnnar and outer aariaa. Typioally tha tabulaa of tho inner aariaa are aaall, arohad, reaemble diaaapiiaenta, and alopa tower da tha axlai tha outer tabulae aro flat end hnriaontel* "The aepta dilate at tha auloa, and, whilat tha minor aeptn terxlnate juat withlr this wall, the major extend to the axiaj dieaeplmonta fora but a narrow border of aaall atronfly er?had vnaiolee*" A oarvularlw ananaa o a ru a n l Bowman, war* now* ( P la ta 6 , figa. 37-39) Heaoription.-- Coral la aub-oorlold to dendroid containing olreular free oorallltee and aubolroular oontlguoua oorallltea* Corellltae have a diatlnot auloa and are 6 to A mm* In diameter (pi* 6 , fig* 99)* Within each coralllte there are 3H to 4 0 rather thin aepta whioh dilate aemewhat lnaide tha euloa end maintain thla alight lnoreaae in thlokneea batwaan the auloa and tha outer wall* The termination of minor aepta ia uneven, varying from 0 * 6 mr* to 1 * 6 mm* within tha auloa* bejor aepta extend nearly to the renter of the oorallita where they beeoeto twlated and often oontlpcucua forming a vaaloular ■aaa (p i* 6 , fig* 36)* Soma dlaeepimente occur in the peripheral - m - lO M . Ti M a i 1b Um bvI o i ira lnaoaplata* flat or w m d , and produao a aat-llka atruatura with tha lntaraaatlng aajar aapta (pi* (, fig* ST)* Tabulaa batwaan tha aulaa and tha awtar wall ara flat* horiaontal ar Inalinad* and ragularly apaaad at an lntarwal of approxlaataly 1 iaa* Vaaarka*—Thla fora dlffara froai Aaarwularla ( Piolophyllun) aaaaoltaaa (Ball) by tha abaanaa of aontlnucua tabalaa within tha aulaa and by tha furthar axtaadad aajor and wiaor aapta within tha auloa (aaa Saith and Lang* 19S1* pp. 91* 9t). Tha apaalaa hara daaaribad la wary aloaaly alliad to (Aaarwularla) axlgua Saith and Lang* 1931, but dlffara froa It by tha aaallar aiaa of tha aorallltaa* tha aora aenaplouaua auloa* and thadbaanaa of ahort aapta~lika laaallaa lntaroalatad batwaan aajor and wlnor aapta* Struaturally tha font hara daaaribad la wary alullar to A* ananaa trunaata (Wahlanbarg) but haa aneh aaallar oorallltaa and faaar aapta than that warlaty of A* ananaa* A* danaa Lang and Saith whlah haa aorallltaa of approximate ly tha aaaa aiaa and tha aaaa nuabar of aapta aa tha wrltar 'a apaalaana la dlatlngulahad from A* ananaa by lta graatar dawalepaant of atarae aaaa and aoro dllatad aapta (8aith and Lang* 1931* p* 89)* Saaauaa of tha aiaa of tha aorallltaa and tha oharaatar of tha aapta and tabulaa* tha wrltar ballawaa thla fora of Aaarwularla froa tha Viagaran of High land County* Ohio la a warlaty af A^ aaa aaa and la lntaraadiata batwaan A* ananaa trunaata and danaa* Tmaa** -H o la tm eO * S* 0* Vo* tllSOi Paratypa-O* S* 0* Vo* H1S8* Oaaurranaa*—Llllar-F aablaa tranaltian unlb—Lao* 18* V* S* II* 199- A ottbIw U Mt«»i paTTi (Fotf tt) 1917 ( P liW 6 , f i g . 40) 1917* io tm lirtt (7) p«frl Fortt*. Ohio Jour. Sol., ▼©!• 17, Ho. 6 , p. 198, pi* 10, fig. 10* Doaorlptlon by Foorste, 1917.— "C oral 1 1 tea forming astreetform eolonlea 18 oaatl- meters or more in dlaaotor. Coral 1 1 toa polygonal, uaually voro or loaa ai^aldod, tho transverse diaaatora varying froa 13 to 80 allllaatora, with 15 mllliaotora aa a fair average. Tho walla aro thin and dlatlnotly dofined. Tho oontral part of tho oalioo appaora to ba aurroundad by a cylindrical wall varying froa 6 t o 1 0 mllliaotora In dlaaotor, with 7 or 8 mllllmotera aa a fair average. In general, tha cyllndrloal walla aro altuatod about half way between tho oenter of tha oalioa and the middle part of tho aurroundlng polygonal walla# Between 45 and 50 aepta extend free tho oolygonal walla towarde the oenter of tho oalloet of thoao praotloally all appear to paaa Into the apaoe within tho cylindrical wall although only a part roaoh tho oenter of tha oalloe. Tha aepta are oonnaotod by dlaaeplnenta In the apooaa both within and without the cylindrical wall. In tha apeolaen here figured, dissepiments are clearly proaerved within aoveral of tho oiroular apaoea included by tha eylindrloal walla, but are much loaa aatiafaotorlly Indicated In tho exterior port of the oorallitea, between the oentral apaoe enoloaed within tha eylindrloal wall. In none of tho oorallitea la there ary evidence of horlsontal tabulae within tho oentral apaoe enoloaed within tho cyllndrloal wall. In ore of tho corallltoa there apparently la evldenoe of horlsontal tabulaa reatlng on vesicular tiseue, but in all of the other oorallitea there is no elear evldenee of the preeenoe of tabulae.* Remarks.—Coral 11 tea in the epeoimena collected average 18 to 14 m m . In diameter. Tha inner wall or auloa la quite oonaplououa in all oorallitea (pi. 8 , fig. 40). Ho more than 45 major and minor aepta were observed in a single ooralllte. Major aepta extend to tha oenter of the ooralllte where they beoome entangled In a vesicular aaaa. Minor aepta seldom extend more than 1 mm. within the auloa. Dissepiments - * x v m o u t In tha peripheral some. Tha aapta baaoiaa dilated aa they approaah tha outar wall and alao Juat inalda tha auloa* Tabulaa ara praaant but ara aonawhat obaoura dua to tha aajor aepta and tha re- eryatalllsed eondltlon of tha apaolaana* 8 with and Lang (1027, pp. 463, 474| 1931, p* 6 8 ) hare aubdlrided A* ananaa (Llnnaaua) Into one phaoeloid warlaty. A* ananaa truncate (ffahlenberg), and two oorlold rarletlea whioh ara A* ananaa ananaa (Llnnaaua) and A. ananaa alngularia. Lang and Saith* Thoao authora imply that all traneltlonel forma exist between theae varieties (1931, pp* 8 8 , 89). A* ptreyl dlffara from A. ananaa ananaa by haring fewer aepta than the latter* All other featuree of theae two forma are almllar* The featurea of pareyl whioh ara diatlnot from thoao of A. ananaa alngularia are the greater number of aepta, tha greater extension of tha aapta within the auloa, and the larger diameter of tha oorallitea. It la the writer 'a opinion that A^ pareyl la a rariety of ananaa and it an Intermediate form between A^ ananaa ananaa and ananaa alngularia. Hypotype»--Q* 8 . U. No* £1126 Ooourrenea*—Llllay-Peeblsa transition unlt-«Loo* 18, N. 8 . N. Aoarrularla brerlaeptata (ffelatermel) 1894 (Plata 7, fig. 1 , f ) 1894a. Aeerrularla luxuriant, rar* brerlaeptata Welaaormel. Inaugural D issertation, Konlgaberg, p* 41 1 1094b, Zeitsohr* Deutaah. Geol. Geeelleoh., rol* 46, p. 608, pi. 49, figs* 4 , 6 * 1661. Aoarrularla brerlaeptata Smith and Lang, Ana* t|* Nat. Hist*, -SOI- B«r* 10, tol« 8 , p a 9 1 , p l a 8 , f i g a 4 a Deaorlptlon by 8 «Ath and Lang. 1931a-- "Dlagnoelo—Carl old Ab t w I t I i th abort aapta, whioh all dllato and terminate at tho auloa| with lnnor tabulaa, whlah ara complete, and moetly horl- sontal and flat| with flat outar tabulaai and no dlaaeplmanta. Oemmatlon la elmoat anti rely war final and non-parrialdal, although aone parr&oldal budding of tha type of A. ananaa oooura." Smith and Hang further atata that "tha prlamatlo oorallitea ara seldom nore than 4 ima« In diameter and have twenty to twenty-six aapta. ihilat typloally tha major and minor aapta and at the auloa, and tha tabulaa are remarkably **lat and regularly apaoad, yet in a awe apoolmena tha major aepta, in much attenuated form, extend lrwarde beyond tha auloa, and tha axial tabulaa are oonoave." he war ka.--One oorallum of this apeelea waa collected. Corallitea average fror. 4 to 6 mm. In diameter. There are 26 to 28 aepta whioh extend only aa far aa Hie auloa (pi. 7, fig. 1). Tabulaa within tha auloa are uauelly flat, horlsontal, and oeour at lnterrala of 1 mm. to 1.5 mm. (pi. 7, fit*. 2 ). Tabulae occurring between the auloa and tha outer wall of tha ooralllte ara flat, horizontal or allghtly Inolined. Tha Internal between theae amaller tabulaa la about half aa large a a that between tha larger tabulae. Tha email else of tho oorallitea, the termination of tha aepta at the auloa, and tho flat tabulaa within the auloa distinguish thia epeoles from other apeelea of Acervularla. Smith m d Lang (1 9 5 1 , p. 96), however, imply that there la a "perfect aariaa of paaeega- forma" between _A^ brer lac ptata and ananaa alngularia whioh haa aorallltaa averaging 1 0 mm. In diameter. Dlwenalone of Hypotypc.--0. 8 . U. No. 21127— oorallum 80 mm. x 70 mm. to»- O oourrtw .—L lllty f ormetiotv-Loc• 36, unit 8 , Subolaii Tabulata P « « 1 1 ] T FlTO lltldl* Ganaa favoaltai k*Mrok 1816 1816* yavoaltaa Laaerok, Histolre naturalle dee Anlmaux sans Vertebrae, vol* 2 , p . 204* I860* FiToaltaa Edwards and Halva, fon* Hrltloh Fossil Corals, Pt* 1, p . 1 *« 1986* Favosltes Jonaa, Ann* '4ag. Wat* Hlat*, Ser* 10, vol* 17, p* 2* 1940* Favosltes Lang, Smith, ard Thomas, Tndex of Palaaoaolo Coral O enara, o* 61* Qenoleetotypei P. gothlandloua Lamarck, 1816, p. 206, (aaa Edwards and Halve, 1860, p. lx )* Horlson and Looallty of Genoleetotynsi (Silurian), Zala of Gotland, Sweden* Reworks*—While reviewing tha literature pertaining to Silurian apeoles of Favosltes it became quite obvious to tha writer that many overlapping apeelea hod bean named* Suah features aa site and shape of the ooralla together with tha aetual and relative also and ohape of the oorallitea hove apparently been the basis for muih subdivision within the genua Pavoaltea* However theae features, whioh have bean regarded as diagnostic by some authors, are known to he variable within a apeelea* Jones (19S6, p* 6 ) states that "Inequality In slse of oorallitea is purely environmental and way appear in ary speoles under reatrlotad conditions of development*" Jonas (19S6, pp* 8-14) has - t o * found that then la e complete gradation between F, m ultlpon. F. forbeal. and F^ gothlandloua and regarda all of theae forma aa "forme* of the aame apeelea. Aoeordlng to Jonea (1986, p. d) " 'forme* an varlatlone due aolely to environment." It la not the purpoae of thia atudy to examine orltloally all of the type apeoimena of Silurian Favoaltea to underatand their apeolfle validity. The following ldentlfloatlora an therefore baaed upon the a v a ila b le 1 1 tore tu n with the knowledge that a thorough review of the American Silurian Favoaltoo la needed. Favoeltoa gothlandloua Lam nk form multlpora Lonadale 1689 ( P la te 7, figa. 8 - 5 ) 1689. Favoaltea nultlpora Lonadale, lurch. Silurian Syatem, p. 6 8 8 , pi. 16 bio., fig. 6 , So. 1651. Favoaltea nail tip ora Fdwarda and Holme, 'on. Polyp. Foaa. Terr. ✓ Paleoa., Aroh. >Jne. Hlat. Mot., vol. 6 , n . 837. 1864. Favoaltea multlpon Fdwarda and Halve, Hen. Brltlah Foaa. Conla, Pt. 5, p. 8 6 8 , ol. 63, fig. 4. 1864. Favoaltea forboal (partita) bdwarda and Holme, Ion. Brltlah Foaa. Conla, Pt. 6 , p . 8 6 8 , pi. 60, fig. 2 f o n ly . 1986. Favoaltea gothlandloua form multlpora Jonea, Ann. Uag. Hat. Hlat., Ser. 10, vol. 17, No. 97, pp. 1*14, pi. 1, figa. 8-18. Doaorlptlon by Jonea. 1986.— "The eorolla, aa in other forme of F. gothlandloua. differ greatly In ehape, dlaeold, globular 7 and hemi- apherloal oolorlea being the moat common. The oonllltea ■ay be uniform In aiae or my very oonaldenbly, and the fully developed Indlvlduala uaually attain a diameter of 8 to 8 mm. The walla, though thin, are pemeptlbly -104- thlok«r than in forma forbooi* and tha aapta ara numaroua and wall deweloped, bains bofch atout and long, oftan almost raaehlng tha aria of tha ooralllte* Aa a rule, they ara diraotad dlatally. Tha moral poras ara of medium aiaa, rathar distant, tyoloally In two but eorne- tlaaa In thraa row a* Tha tabulaa ara thlnnsr than tha walla, and ara horlsontal, lnollnad, or ewen ourwed| thara ara four to sawan in tha apaea of SO am, £ S mm*Tv 7 * Remarks.— ^oat of tha o ora11a eollaatad are maealwe though a faw hamiapharioal and dlsaold forma ara represented* Tha larsoot oorallum la 140 tarn* high and TOO aim* wlda. Adult eorallltaa ara prlamatlo with diamotara ranging from 1 aa* t o t « 6 ***, tha awerage balng 1*76 mm, (pi* 7, fig* 3)* Tabulaa ara flat with a normal apaalng o f 1 m* but bottoming much oloaar togathar in sonaa repraaanting atagaa of growth* Numerous aplnaa cowering tha intarlor of tha oorallitea oeaur in thraa or four wertioal rowa on aaeh ooralllte wall* ^ural pore a ara wary poorly preaenred in two apeoimena* The poraa ara olroular and arranged in one or two rows on aaoh ooralllte wall* Tha dlatanee batwaan mural poraa la about 0*76 mm* Aooordlng to Jonea (1936, p* IS), "this warlaty differs from forma forbeal In tha muoh batter dewelopment of aeptal solnea, but tha two grade into one another, and owan in forma multlpora* In faet in tho aame specimen, tha ohoraoter warlao In degree*" Jones also pointa out that tha losenge-shaped oorallitea Included by Lonadale (1939, p* 683) and Edwards and Balms (1854, p. 356) aa a apaolflo oharaoterlstlo of K* multlpora haws no walua, for this phenomenon la duo to oruahlng* Bo atatea (1935, p. 13)j ^.osenga-shaped oorallitea may be aaan in one part of tha ooral and normal hexagonal forma in another*" Hypotypos*—0* 3* U* lo* 21107 and 21106. Ooourronoo*—Lllloy formatlon--Loo, 10, unit 3| Loo* 33, unit 3| -106- Lm « II, uni to I, 11, II, lTj l*oa* 41, unit I, Llllq^PM blii transition unit—Loo, 18, I, 8. *. P m IU c fornutioo--Loo. fl, unit 10, Loo* ft, unit T» Loo* 84* u n it S* P itB iltti nloonronolo Roll 1868 (Pluto 7, figs* 6-9) 18IL Pnuooltou nloonronolo Bull* Pul* low York* vol* t* pp* 129* IN , pi* 64o* ftp . 4o-i. 1699* Fquoaltoo nloonrottolu Lunbo. Cunudu* Oool* Surr*, Contr* to Puluoont** w o l, 4* Pt* 1* pp* 7 -8 , 1906* Fouooltoo uiuguronolt Clurko and tuodonuim* low York Stuto Bus** 'Ion* 6* pp* 88 * 89* Poooriptlon by Clurko and Buodonunn. 1906*— "Tho opoolnono aro for tho moot part aubopborie* uttuin tho alto of tho fiat ond aro oonpoood of oorullitoa whioh uro ooldon largor than t aa* in di ana tor* and aw* ruga oonoidorubly loaa* opoololly in ianuturo growth* Tho tubuluo uro rogulur und flut* but wary in tho intorrala bo t o o o p than in dlffOront opoolnono* froo *6 an* in ana to 1*6 nn* On uooount of tho inoruotutlan of thiokonod walla* tho poroo and oplnoo oun ruraly bo oboorwodi ono woo found to poooooo two rowo of ultornutlng poroo on tho aldo* Tho prooonoo of nunarouo oplnoo io lndioutod by pita on tho intornal oaoto of oollo* Thoao oplnoo uro arranged in throw or four rowo oorroopondlng to uo nuny aopta on oaoh aldo*" Bownrka*— tho oonploto oorullu oollootod uro oithor hanlophor- loul (pi* 7* fig* 9 )* ir olub-ohupod (pi* 7* fig* 7)* Tho lurgaat honiophorloul aomllun lo 48 nn* high und 66 un* wido* 'feat of tho olub-ohupod oorullu uro about 60 nn* high und 86 aau wido* Tho coral- lltoo uro polygonal und wary froo 0*6 nn* to 1*6 no* in diunotor (pi* 7* f i t * 0 )* O m i l n a l l r a la r |« r ooralllto la nnrlj n r r e m t e i kjr a i A aaallar aorallltaa* Tabulao ara flat and arras sad normal ar allghtly laollaad to tha aaralllta sail* Tha lntarval botwoon tahalaa aariaa fTaa 0.00 aa* to 1*70 aa* Vaaorooa atralght aplnaa up to 0*6 aa* la lonpth oxtond froa tha laaor wall towarda tha oontar of tho ooralllto (pi* T, fit* d)* Thoao aplnaa* whioh aro noraal to tho wall or allghtly lnollnad apwarda* aro arranged Ik tio or thrao rowo dapaadl&t apon tho width of tha aoralllta alda to whioh they aro attaahad* Tha outline of aural poroa la proaorvad In oaa alllolflad apeel- aaa* Tha poroa ara allghtly alllptlaal and oaaiur la a single row alaaf tho al^llno of a ooralllto aldo* Tho average Interval batwaan ■oral poraa* aoaaurad froa thalr aldpolata la 1 * 1 aa* Aaeordlng to Ball (186t* p* 106)* "thia apooloa dlffara froa tho F» cothlaadloa* la forming aoro aaDaily aaall aphoroldal aaaaoa* and In tho rapid lnoroaoo of oolla alaoat ontlroly by lntoratltlal growth* tho baoo eontlnulng aaall* Tho also of tho oolla la alwayo loaa than In that apooloa* and froa thia oharaotor aloao It aay bo distinguished** Tho only apparont dlfforonoo botwoon nloicaronala Hall and F. aplnl- soma Hall* judging froa doaerlptlona and flgnroo of both apooloa* la tho aaa 11 or also of tho oorallna In F* aplnlgoma* Tho wrltar rogarda thia aa an Invalid diatlnotIon* Dlnoaalone of Hypotypoai 0* I* U* Ho* Corallva holght Carolina dlaaotor 01104 40 m* 6 8 aa* 01106 60 aa* 60 aa* 01106 Fragaont of oorallna uppar anrfaoo -8 0 7 - Q jonm aitf-Blitor fomttonp-Loo* 48, R, 8 * 4* Lllley foraatiei^-U ot T, R* 8 * 4 * | Leo* 10# units t , 8 | L m , 11* u n its 8 * 8 | Loo* 8 8 * unit 3| Loo* 8 8 * u n it 8 | Loo* 40* u n its •* 1 0 | Loo* 41* u n i ts 6 * 8 * It* 13* 18* LUley-Peoblos transition unit--Loo* IS, If* 8 * M*| Loo* 40* unit 16* Peebles formation—Loo* 1 0 * unit 9| Loo* It, *• 8 * M*| Loo* tl* unit 10| Loo* ft* unit T| Loo* 84* unit t* Qenua Coonitoo Eiohweld 1889 1889* Coonitos Giohwald, tool* Spoeiolia* Pt* 1* Vllns* p* 179* 1916* Coonitos Bosslor* U* 8 * Nntl* Jus*, Bull* 98, Pt* 1* p* 884* 1940* Coonitos Long* Smith, and Thomas, Index of Palaoosoio Coral Oonsra, p* 89* (tho authors regard both Cladopora Hall and Linarla Stelninger aa aynonys of tho genua Coonitos)* Oonoloototypo (soo ill lor* 1897* p* 787) * C» .luniporlnus Giohwald* Horison and Looality of Gonoloototypoi Drift* Lithuania* Honor ks*~Tho genus Coonitos is apparently represented In tho w riter's oollection by at least four spooles* C, serlatus and C* ranatlosus aro readily recognised by thoir oharaotorlstio apertures* Tho material compared with C*^ multlporus and C* ratioulatus is frag mentary! therefore tho oharaoter of their ooralla eannot be asoortalnod* Coonitos of* C* ■ultlporua (Hall) 1888 (Plats 7, figs* 10, 11) 1888* Cladopora multlpora Ball* Pal* New Tork* to I . 8 * p* 140* pi* 8 8 * flea, la- 1 . 1SH. CltiBport ■aliloptrt Canada, O«ol» 8 ® rr.* Coatr* to PalM oat., tal. I, Ft* 1, p* 8 8 * Dooarlotlaa W Ball. I f f *— "Frond ranoaa or ratloulotai bnnatui abort* torata. In tha ratlaulationa aylindriaoli oolla nwuaroua* aloaaly orrongad* panatroting to tha oxla in a allghtly obi 1 qua dlraotloat opanlnga upon tho aurfooo aubongulor or olroulor* aonatinaa apporontly tronam raoi rotlaulotiona lrrogular* ond tho dlohatnnoua bronohaa oftan axtandlng bay ond ond to ruinating in to rata forwa* Calla 4® to 60 in tha apooa of on lnoh longitudinally** Baoorha*—All of tha opaolnana rafbrrad to thia apooloa oooalat of frognanta* Tha atono ora 8 * 8 nau to 9.6 uau in dlooatar* Ironahlug at lntarm la of 8 a n t o 10 a»* la aoamon In neat of tha apaolnana (pi* 7* fig* 10)* Tha oorollito oparturaa ora aubongular ond olooaly orrongad in altarnata aariaa (pi* 7* fig* 10)* Tha dloawtor of oparturaa la 0*75 to 1 on* ■oil (188S* p* 140) atotaat *thla apooloa la raodily dlatingulah- ad* araa in anoll frognanta* by lta nonarouo oloaaly orrongad aalla* whioh hovo tho ganarol oppaoronaa of balng olroulor* but whioh ora oftan allghtly irragulor or tronaaaraaly am i." ■rp o trp o a * —-O . 8 * U* Vo* t i l 8 8 ond t l l 8 8 * Ooaurraaaa*—L lllay fom atlen—Loo* 41* uni to 11* 18* Coanltaa rouuloaua (Boll) 188t (Plata T* figa* 14* 18) 1868* Llnarlo ronuloao Boll* Pol* law Tork* aol* t* p* 148* pi* 8 8 * fig a * 4 ^ d . 1889* Coanltaa ronuloao U llor* North An* Oaol* Poloaont** p* 178* -BOB- ( gen* re f.)• 1916* Cotnltai rm iloM i 9t>«l«r( 1« S. M l* *fus«* Bull* 9B* Pt* 1* p» BBS* Dm o rlptlon by Hull* 188B*— "Coral r»M « | bra no has eylindrloal or ootprtiitd, equally bifurcating or sometimes Irregularly trlohotomoust apertures of the oells sinuous* or subtrlangular freai wearing* elosely arranged \ internal structure of stems prism atic** Im arks*—C oral la consisting of round or slightly flattened ramose stems the diameter of ehleh varies from 6 ma* t o 6 as* (pi* 7, fig* 14)* The ooralllte apertures are transversely elongate and are arranged In alternate series* The most oharaoteristlo feature of this speoles is the sinuous ooralllte apertures* The outer lip of the aperture bears two sharp projections which are directed towards the inside wall of the ooralllte* From the oenter of the Inner wall a third projection extends towards the opposite wall and between the two projections on the outer lip* Due to these three projections the ooralllte aperture appears to delimit three oonneoted openings* two lr a lateral position and one along the oentral part of the outer lip (pi* 7* fig* 16)* The transverse diameter of ooralllte apertures varies from 0*5 am* to 0*6 am* The outline of the ooralllte apertures agrees with that shown by Hall (1852) in his figure 4c* Hypotype*—0* 8* U. 1f0. 21141 . Occurrence* —L illey forma ti on~L oo * 58* unit 8 | Loo* 41* units 15* IB* IT* • n o - Co»nlt>i of. C. w tliditM (Ball) lilt (Plata 7, figs* It, IS) ISSt, Cladoosra rstjpulata B ill, Pal, Imr Tork, aol, t, p. 141, pi, St, figa, Sa~s, 1915, Cladopora ratioulata Baaolor, U. 8 , Satl, Jus, Bull, 9t, Pt, 1, p , t t 4 , Dasarlptlop hr Ball. 188t.— "Coral oxpandod into a broad rstisulats frondi branohoo rowdlsb or allghtly flattanad, ooalaaoing at froquant lntsrralo, and fora&ng asohas of rarious fora and alto, porlfsrous on all aldaai opaninga of tho oolla upon tha aurfaoa roundlah or oral, distant froa oaoh othor rathar than mora thair dlaastar, oftan orrongad In parallal longitudinal llnosi intarlor shooing tha sails raaahlag to tha aontra froa all sldas, and. In solid apoolaona, baaoalng prftaastio. Calls distant froa oaoh othor l/d4 of an lnnh,” Bs marks,—Tha apaalasna ooaparod with this spsolsa ara fragnsnt- ary, Staas ara t an, to t , 6 aau In dlaaotor and oro bra no ha a at lntsrrols aaldoa sxesadlng 1 0 an, (pi, 7, fig. It), dpsrturss ara aaall, roundsd, and osour In parallal aariaa, Thoro ara about S ooralllto aporturoa in a dlatanoo of t,7 aa, Tho lntorral botooon aporturoa la squal to or slightly grantor than thair dlaastar (pi, 7, f i g . I S ) , Tha wrltar dlstingulshod this apooloa froa aultlaora by lta aaallar and mora alroular aparturaa, tha groatsr dlatanoo batwaan aparturas, and tha saallsr dlaastar of tha atom, Hypotypao.—0, 8 . 0, fto, *1137 and 811S8, Oaaurrsnaa,—L lllsr foraatlsn—Los. 41, units 7, 9, - t i l ” CotnltM nri«tei (Hall) 186t (PUt« 7, figs* 16, 17) 1868* Cl>4 pi* 38, figa* la-a* 1944* Coanltaa aarlata Shiner a ad 8 hroak, Index Foeella of North Aaerloa, p* 111, pi* 39, figa* 11, If* Deaorlptlon by Ball, 1861*— "Coral oompoaed of a aariaa of nearly vertical a tana, -nore or loaa oloaaly arranged In nearly parallel aarlea, Corning glomerate masseat a teas oo-ietimes bifuroating, internally oompoaed of a aariaa of tubea radiating from an axla, and gradually enlarging tovarda tha nouth) opaninga somewhat transverse, oloaaly arranged in alternating aariaa, and margined on the lover aide by a projecting aeniolrcular lipi stems sometimes quite a o l id ," Eemerke*--Although parallel!an of stems la present, moat of tho eoralla ooilacted display numerous branshaa* Sail shove aueh a branched speelmen In figure lk and states that it occurs "upon the outer margin of a group of parallel stems*" Tha diameter of stems varies from 3 mm* to 6 twu Corellite apertures vhioh are approximately 0*8 rum* in diameter are circular or very slightly transversely oval and possess a very prominent outer lip (pi* 7, fig. 17), Apertures are alvoys arranged in alternate aeries* Hypotypea.—»0• 8 . U. No* 21197 and 21140. Ooourrenoe*—Lllley formation--Loo* 7, N. 8* M*y Loo* 33, unit 8 | Loo* 41, u n its 9 , I t , 13* Lllley-Peebleo transition unit—Loo* 16, H* 8 * M* Poablaa format!oi>»-Loo* tl, unit 1 0 | Loo* 89, 8 * 8 * VL • A * Family HilyiltidM Ouma H>lyilt>i Plaohor tob Waldhtia IAS IRIS* A ln iltai Flaohor Ton Maldhala, Zoognoelo Tobulle Synoptlauo Illuotrata, Rdltio Tortla, p, 387, 1826, Halytliaa Plaohor Ton Waldheim, M loa our loa polyplera tublporee foaalloa, pp, •■IS, pi, 1, (emended tho noma Alyaeltoe to Bolyaitoe), 1904, H o ly alto a E th e rid g e , Men, ( h o i , 8 u rr, Mow South Walee, toI , 18, Pt, 1, op, 1-39, pla, 1-9, 1940, Holyaltoa Ung* Smith, and Thomaa, Index of Poloooaolo Coral Oonoro, pp, 64-65, 1955, Holyaltoo Buehlor, Peabody f»a, Nat, H lat,, Bull, 8 , pp, 21-26, Oo notypo (by monotypy)* fublpora oatenularla Llnnaaua, 1767, 8 yetema Naturao, t o I , 1 , P t , 2 , p , 1270, Horlaon and Locality of Oonotypot Silurian, "thrown up on tho ehoroe of tho Boltlo Boo" (Long, 8 mith, ond Thomaa, I960, p. 64), Holyaltoa labyrlnthloo (Qoldfuaa) 1826 (Plato 7, fl.ro, A-2S) 1826, Cptonlporo labyrlnthloo Qoldfuaa, Potrofooto Goraanlao, to I , 1 , p, 75, pi, 25, flse, So, Sb, 1937, Holyaltoa labyrlnthloo Tolehort, 5th Thule Bxped, Rapt,, t o I , 1 , 1921-1924, pp, 135-186, pi, 9, flr«. 1-3, 1955, Holyaltoa lobyrlnthloo Buohlor, Peabody Mae, Hat, H lat,, Bull, B, pp, 29-80, pi, 3, fire, 1-5, -n s > Paso r lotion by lblolw rt. 193T*** •The eortllua aonaliti of rather largo oorallltoa whioh ara arraa|»l la largo msahes, Hn longar diaaite of tha oroaa aoetlon of tho aorallltaa £ autosorollltea » 7 T o rie s bo Woo n 1, I as* and 2,6 nau and tha ahortar dlaaotor Tories between 1*8 and 1*6 am, Tho oolla ora haaoy and rugoao* Insofar aa son bo datormlnod tho tabulao of tha aorallltoa aro about * 6 - *T am* from oaoh othor* Tubull bo too on tho ojm llitoo aro present, Tho ooa*allltoa aro arranged in rove of from Wo to olght individuals* Tho meshea / ’laauino^ aro flllod olth a matrix of gray crystalline doloadte," Remarks,—Tho largest Ins collate oorallua eollooWd la IS aa* In diameter* Tho intornal dimensions of autoe oral 11 to a aro t* 0 to 2*8 mm* X 1*4 mm* do a oo oral11tea.contain convex tabulao (pi* 7, fig* 21)* Tabulao In the autooorallltea aro flat and ooeur at lnWrvala ranging from 0,6 to 1*1 mm, (pi, 7, fig, 83), The laouaae form a diatlnot labyrinthine pattern, tha largest measuring 28 mm, long and 4 n ( wido at lta narrowest oolnt, Tha apoolmena examined agroo with notorial fTon tho Fossil Hill formation (Lower Clinton) Hanltoulin Island, desoribed by Buehlor (1285, pp, 29*30)* Hypotypea,*-0, 8 , U, No, 21077 and 2 1 1 0 0 . Ooourronoo,»*Lllloy fonaatlon»Loo, 10, unit 2t Loo, 11, unit S| Loo, 38, unit 8 | Loo, 40, unit 11 1 Loo* 41, unit 16* Poobloa formation—Loo, 1 0 , u n it 8 | Loo, 13, W, S, U, Halyaltoa of, nltlda Laabo 1899 (Plato 7, figa, 18*20) 1899, Halyaltoa oaWnularla war, nltlda Lambo, Canada, Cool, Sure*, Contr, to Palaoont,, vol, 4, Pt, 1, op, 71, 76, 77, ol, 4, f i g a , 2 a , fb . 1966, *T|Tt * y. 49, pi* 8, figs, 4-T| pi, 9, fig, 1, Paaarlotlaa br liiili, 1999,— "Tha aashao /*1m iuii 7 aado by bhi M n lllb ii £ MbmnlllbM 7 in saaXli 8 m w n lllb ia 8 m « « 1t m in m il* m l in m biii ill im nbid by nlmbiljr n rrii Mbiln £ M iHm lllbiayi la longitudinal iH bliu 8m asapastasos and rsgularlty if tha bibulibln •f bibh bha oinlllbia aid bnbttlaa la notlsaabla, Saptal tplaaa art praaaat," Oa pagaa 76 and 77 U abi glTaa tha following dao» aripbin Information la obart fora, Shapa and awsrags a ln of autoeorallitaa—^wal, langth 1,46 m ,, broadth 1,0 am," Awaraga width of assoaorallltas— *0,6 an,* fhapo aad alia of laounaa—long and narrows oarallltaa oftan In parrallal rowa, dsshaa oftan froo 6 to 8 a a , a o ro o o ," Tabulaa of autaoorallltas— "Flat or allghtly oonrax, 1 0 to 90 In 6 a a ," Tabulaa or aaaoaorallitaa—"Straight or allghtly iranx, raaioular at tlaoa, 90 in 6 a n ," lanarka,—Tha largoat aorallua aolloatod haa a diaaatar of 6 , 6 an , Tha also and ahapo of tha autoaorallltaa agroa with Laaba*a daooription, Tho naaaaorallltaa ara usually rathsr aquara bat also boooao dlstlnotly alongato and wary In alto (lntarnal dlaanalona) froa 0,4 X 0,4 an, to 0,6 X 0,9 an, (pi, 7, fig, 19), Thoaa aaaaurananta, h n m r, ara baaod upon tary poorly praiarrad m torlal whioh, for tha noot part, daaa not poralt aoourata naaouraaant af tha aaoaaorallitao, Tha tabulaa la tha autsaorallltao ara althar straight or allghtly aonaawa upwards, Thar a a ra 6 to 9 tabulao in a dlatonaa of 9 no, (pi, 7, fig, IS), In Mm asasoorallitas 6 to 6 allghtly sonvaz tabulaa oaour in a dlstanss af • S i f t * 1 « , r a r i l l i l ranki delim iting elongate laounaa may each lnolude up to eight eutoeorallltea (pi* 7# fig* 20)* ffypotypae*—O. 8 . U. No. 21016, 21097, and *t 0 «. Ooourrnnoei.—L llley foraatlon—Loo* 7* If* 8 * tf*t Loo* 10* unit tf Lee* 11* unit 3| Loo* 39* unit 11 1 Loo* 40* unit 9j Loo* 41* unite 7* 9* 13* 15* Peeblee formntlon—Loo* 2 1 * u n i t 1 0 | Loo* 23* u n ite 5* 6 j Loo* S4* unit t| Loo* 28* N* 8 * 4* Family Syrlngoporldae Oenuo 8 yrlngopora Ooldfuea 1626 1826* Syrlngopore Ooldfuea* Petrefaote Oermaniaa* vol. 1* p* 75* I860* 8 yrlngopora Edaarde end Holme* on* Brltlah Foeall Coral a* Pt* 1* Peleeont* 8 oo* p. lxll* 1899* Syrlngopore Lembe, Canede* Gool* Surr,* Contr* to Peleeont** vol. 4* Pt* 1* op. 49* 60* 1916* Syrlngopore Beeeler* O, S* Natl* Mua** Bull* 92* Pt* 2* p* 1282* 1940* 8 y r l r 4 CQPore Long* Smith* and Thomaa* Index of Pelaaoeole Corel Oenera, p* 180* Oenoleototypei 8 * ratau lo ea O oldfuea* 1626* p* 76* p i* 28* fig* 7 (Bdwerda end Helme* 1880* p* lxll)* Horleon and Loeallty of Genoleototypet /* Cerbonlfaroug^ Vue dam Uebergengehelk von Olne lm Limburgleehan”* Germany* -8 1 4 - Byrlngopora f Ibrata Roadngsr 1878 (Flat* 7, fig. 84) 1676# Syrlngopora f lb rata Bomlnger* Oeol# Starr# ^iohlgan* vol* 3, Pt« t | p < 9t( pi# 30# flj^i 3# Description by Bomlnger. 1878#— %arge oonvox colonies* with closely approximated subparallel or diverging tubule* half a millimeter in diameter# laterally oonaeotod by maaeroua short transverse ohaanelSf branching off at oloaa intervals from the olr* eumferenoe of the thread-like items. The distance separating the a teas la variable — sometimes leaa# sometimes more than one tube diameter# Radial oreata long* rnery dlatinot# twelve In number# Diaphragms dlreot transverse* not funnel-shooed# ..#• Remark*#—Thla specie* la represented by a single specimen which was identified for the writer by Er# J# J. Galloway# The o or all tea la oonrooaed of very small parallel to aubparellol oorallltes connected at Irregular Interrala by transrerse tubes (pi# 7, fig, 84)# The cyllndrloal corallites are approximately 0 , 8 mr.« In diameter# The dlatanoe be two on e ora lilt© a rarles from 0 # 8 mm# to 0#5 mm# Contiguity of oorallltes was not obserred In the corallum studied# The diameter of the transverse oonneoting tubes is generally less than that of the oorallltes# The average dlatanoe between these tubes along a single eoralllte is 0#4 mm# Transverse tubes are usually distributed in an alternate manner along the eorallite but are also in rcrtlcillate position at many plaoes throughout the corallum# Several poorly pre served horlsontal tabulao were observed In a few oorallltes# HypptypC#—0# 8 # U# No# 21142. Ooourronoe#—l#llley formation—Loo. 32, unit 3# -n% . •yriiMBm if. fl^ L«udal« 1186 (Plat* T, fig* 16) 1139. tw iw u ra b ifw ak Liulala, turah* 111* Ijpaka, p. 666, pi* 16 M a., flga* 11* lla, lib* 1869* Syria* opora b lfu roata Lawh*. Canada* Oaal* I a n * , Contr* to Palaaoat** vol* 4* Pt* 1* p* 61* Daaarlptlan by Lanb*. H W .— •Growing In aaaaaa oopposad of upright* slightly ganloulatad oorallltaa ara raging 1^ lino In dlanatar and at tinaa nsarly aa anah aa S llnaa apart* Tha gonloulatlofta of tha oorallltaa ara an an avaraga about 6 llnaa apart* and an aasount of thaaa ohangsa In tha dlraatlan of thalr growth* tha oorallltaa ara fraquaatly brought alnaat Into aontaat with aaah athar* Connssting bars or tubaa* otout* short* aaaurrlng at tha ganloulatloaa or wharo tha oorallltaa ara aloa* togathsr* or If tha oorallltaa aro soaparatlvaly strait and para* lla l to aaah othsr* about 8 or 4 llnaa apart* Tha outar ourfaoo of tho oorallltaa la roughanad by nodarataly strong but lrragular annulatlona* In othsr roopasta thlo spoolsa prssonta nothing unusual In Its atruatura*" Raaarks*— dost of tha spoolnaaa oeaparad with thlo apaalas aonolst of naoaoo of twlatad and variously orlantad oorallltaa luhaddad In an arglllaosous I laws tons* Tha gsnarolly lrragular appoaranoo of thaao oorallltaa la partly tha rsault of thalr rathar strong gonioula- tlona and partly dua to fragasntatl on* Ona opsolmon* howsrsr* aapoaao part of tho uppar aurfas* of a oorallun (pi* T* fig* 86)* Corallltao aro round In tranrvaraa oootlon and attain a dlanatar of f mb* Tho dla» tanoa batwaan oorallltaa nay b* as anah aa 4 an* % howarar* oontlgulty aaong than also oaaura* Growth linos ara qulta dlatlnat* Traasvsrao ooanootlng tuba a ara 1 m* to 1*8 an* In dlanatar* Tha aannar In whlah thay ara oonaonly dlotrlbutad along tha aoraH its la unknown* Tabulaa* wlawad in longitudinal saatlon appaar to ba vary strongly doprasaad* Tha »&•» • ▼ m g * 41«lun botwaoa tibvUt, Mu«r«d «l»a| tto U itii odfo #f • laafltudiaally iHtiM id •o n lliti, la 1 ■« tabulaa ara dapraaaad about 1 mii ftnebfM .—Oi 8 . U. Wo. 21149. 0—urronao.—1*11 lay foraatloo—Loa. 11, unit 9| Loo. 41, unlta t , 10. •ubalaaa Sehlaaaorallla Ordar H allolltlda Fhadly H ollolltidao Oanua H a llo llto a Dana 1848 1848* Hallalltaa Dana* Zeophytaai U. I, h p l, Ippad., p, 841. 1898* Hallalltaa Llndatroa. Handl. K. Svanak. TaWaa,-Akad,t vol, 38, 1 , ppt 38-40, (aon taln a ay nonywy op to 1898)* 1989, Hallalltaa Jonaa and B ill, lay* Soo. Quoanaland P ro a * , toI . 81, Pt. », pp. 198-199. Oonotypat Aatraaa poroaa Ooldfuaa, 1816, Patrafaota Garaanlaa, vol. 1, Pt. 1, p. 64, pi. 81, Pis* Borlaon and Locality of Oanotypai Devonian, B lfal. Bollolltoa Into rati natua (LU m m o ) 1767 (Plata 7, flea. 87-19) 1767. Hadrooora intoretinata Llnmoua. Syateaa Waturao, 18th Edition, vol. 1, Pt. 8, p. 1876. 1899. Hallalltaa lntoratlaatua Lindatrow. Haadl. X. Svenak. Vota&a.* Head., vol. 38, Wo. 1, pp, 41*48, pi. 1, flga. 1*S6| pi. 9, -2 1 9 - flgs* 1, t| pi* 5, fig* 1, S| (sontains eynonywy wp to 1895)* 1999* Boll oil too lntorstlnstus Jones and B ill, Boy* Soo* Cusensland Proo*, vol* 51, Pt* S, pp* SOV104, pi* 9, flf* S* Pooorlptlon by Joooo ond H ill. 1999*— "Diagnosis--Boll oil too with thin walled tabular la of variable olooi usually with non oplnooo oopta which arloo from tho ereaulatIona t typloally with a dlaoontlnmouo ooluaollat tho tubull aro polygonal* In oomo oora 11a ooioo or all of the tabularla aro without orenulatlons, oopta or oolumolla (doolploao variation)• * Bomarteo*— Tho opooioo lo ro p ro o e n te d by one o o re llu m . T a b u la rla aro 1 to 1*5 mra* in diameter and are 1*9 to S mm* apart (pi* 7, fig* 18), Tho tabularla oontain IS ohort, rit^liko oopta oaoh of whleh io looated at an Inward projection of a oronulation* Tho oopta appoar to bo oikooth throughout tho interior of tho tabularla* Eaoh tabularlua la bordorod by approximately SO tubull* All tubull are polygonal in tranoveroe oeetlon* The rootloulum ooparotlng the tabularla oonoloto o f 6 to 11 tubull whleh lnoreaoe in maber upwards (pi* 7, fig* 29)* Tabulae In the tabularla are at Irregular Intervals* Preservation of the oolumolla was observed in one tabularlum but oould only be traced for a dlotenoe of one millimeter (pi* 7, fig* 99)* 8 ola are at regular intervals of 0*95 millimeter* Jones and Hill (1999, p* 197) state that "Individual species of Hollolltidao may vary within wide lim its, In many oharaetors* Thus tho width of tabularlum varies between 1 mm* and S ms* in H elloljtes l n t o r s t l n o t u s * " Hypotypo*—0* 8* U. No* 21074. Oosurronoo*—Lllloy-Poobloa transition unit—Loo* 18, N* 8 * 4* Peebles formatloi^J*oe* 15, I* 8 * X* -tto - M ld ltti (F lata T, fig. »•) last. Ballolltaa olcgane Hall. Pal. Haw York. vol. S. p. ISO. pi. 8 6 , flgo. la-g. 1876. Plaemopora cloaanc Boodnger. Gael* Sura. 'Ilohigan, col. S. Ft. 2 . p . 1 ®. pl« 3. ftj* 8 # 1944. Helloiltoa alcanna Shimar and Shrook. Index Foaalla of Horth America. p. 108. pi. 84. fig. 17. Paaarlptlon hr Roalngcr. 1876.— "Tubee a llttla oeer half a alllim atar wide, radlatad bp twelve prominent longitudinal rova of aplnaloa obliquely dlraotad qnard, and naarlp reaching tha oantra. Diaphragae ooaiol looted and anohyloeed with tha aplnuloaa project lone. Coenenohym eompoeed of carp atout vertical laaala. with dalleata tranaverae laaflata lnteraeoting than. Intarrala batwaan tha tubaa about aa largo or larger than a tuba dlanatar. Growth pprlforu or globular.” Remark#.—Tha oorallua la irregularly ahapadt ita great#at dlanatar la 80 nan. The tabularla are approximately 0.8 n . In dlanatar and contain 12 rib-like aapte. Tha dlatanoe batwaan tabularla varlea from 0 . 0 am. to 1.20 nu Tha minute tubull ara polygonal and uniform In alia. In the one epeolnon collected the tabulae and aola are obaoured by reeryetalllration. l^Q^otjQj Ooourrcnoo.—L 111 ay formation—Loo. 7, V. 8 . '*• Hcllolltec op. (Plate 7, fig. 80) Remarks.—''oat of the corolla are healephorloal. - m - dlvw tfr of 4 * 6 oantlnatara and halght of S oontluatara* Oao dloooldml oorollua ha a a dlanatar of 11 oontluatara* Tha dlanatar of tho tabularla in both haadapharloal and dlaooldal ooralla la C an* Tha dlatanoo batwaan tabularla Tar la a fron 0*70 to 1*S mu Baoh tabularlum oontalna It ahort, rlb-lik* aapta* Tho alto and ahapo of tubull togathar with tha oharaetor of tabulaa and aola ara obaourad by alllalfloation* Tha also of tha tabularla and tha dlatanoa batwaen than auggaata tha apaalaa Halloiltaa naaaatona MoCey* Tha atata of praaorratlon, homaror, doaa not permit poaltlwo Identification* Hypotypa> * 8 * 0. No* £1209. Ooourranoo*--Lllloy formation—Loo* 41, unit a 9, 10* Oanua Lyallla Edwarda and Halna 1861 1861* Lyallla Edwarda and Halna, Aroh* ha* Hlat* Hat* Parla, t o I * 0 , pp* 160, tt 6 * 1916* Lyallla Baaaler, U. 8 * Hatl* Vua*, Bull* Bt* Pt* t* p* 770* 1940* Lyallla Lang, Smith, and Thonaa* Index of Palaaoaolo Coral Oanara* p* 8 t* Oanoloototypat anarloana Edward* and Halna 1801, p* 126, pi* 14, flga* 0, Sa, (aaa filler, 1889, p* 196)* Horlaon and Loeallty of Oanolaototypat 811urlan, Drummond Ialand, Laka Huron, Q* 8 * A* Lyallla anarloana Edwarda and Halna 1801 (Plata 7, fig* SI) 1851* Lyallla anarloana Edward* and Halna, Von* da a P olyplaro foaa* * 8 8 - d«a Torralna palooseiqnss, Aroh, %•« Hist, W at,, vol* 6 , p , 8 8 6 , pi, 14, flea, 5, 9a, 1876, Lyallla anarloana toadngsr, Oaol, 8 urr, Hohlgaa, wol, 8 , P t , t, p, 18, pi, 8 , 1 , 8 * 1944, Lyallla anarloana Ehlmsr and 8 hrook, Indsx Foaslla of Worth Ansrlsa, p, 103, pi, 36, figs. 9-11, Paaarlotlon by HcalafT. 1676,— "Tubas lj- to S al 1 1 las tar a aids, radial araata almost sxtonding to tha oantra, and daaurrant on tha outar projaoting part of tha orlfioao, but not pro longs tad aaroaa tha lntaratioaa, vhlah ora dlwldsd Into a nstwork of lrragular angular oall apaoaa, or ara. In waatharsd apooiaana, of bllatarad aepaot, Transworss dlaphragma subplana, oftaa uarpad, olossly sat, Intar- •tioaa batwaan tha tubaa largar than ooa tuba dlanatar, Vaaiouloaa platas of ooananohym of lrragular, ooaraar, or anallar alaa, fraquantly found partially dsstroyad by daeay, in whioh aasaa tha t ubaa praaant thaasalras aa fra*, longitudinally oarlnatad a olumas, hald togathar by auoh of tha ooananohyu aa asoapad de a tr notion. Oroath In larga sonrax axponalons, with an aplthaaal arust on tha lowsr, oftan oonoara aida, or af lantioular or pyrlfora ahapa, with oonloal basal aids," Banarka,—This apaalaa la rapraaantad by ona haulspharlosl eorallua whioh has a dlanatar of S3 aau Tha aorallltas ara 1,5 aa, to 9 u . In dlanatar, Tha dlotaraa batwaan oorallltaa la 1 urn, t o 8 a n . Bash ooralllts oontalns 18 ahort aapta whioh do not sxtand to tha osntar of tha tuba. All othsr atrustural faaturaa of tills speslasn ara daatroyad by silloifloatlon, Hrootypa,—O, 8 , U, Wo, 21131. Oaourronoo,—Li 1 lay fom atlon—Loo, 11, unit 3, Phylum Bryosoa A faw poorly prasarrad Bryosoa waro o ollsotad, Baoauaa noat of th in ipeolaoni or* too fragile to bo leotlnnid, they oould not bo otudlod ir tho doto 1 1 required for fionorlo and spoolfla identification. Phylum Broohlopodo Clooo Artieuloto Ordor Protreaoto-Telotreaoto (undlfforontloted) SuperfOmlly Orthnoeo Oenui Plotyitrophlo King 1860 I860* Plotyotrophlo King, Mon* Permian Fooollo of England, Pol* See., p . 106* 1 8 9 8 . Plotyitrophlo H*ll and Clark*, Pol. Non York, t o I . 8 , P t . 1 , p. too. 1988. Plotyitrophlo 8 ohuohort ond Coopor, Broohlopod Genera, ’*•«• Peabody Hue. Hot, B lit,, yol. 4, Pt. 1, pp. 64»69. Gonoholotypot Torobrotulltoi blforotui Sohlothelm 1880, Potrofoot., p. 8 8 6 . Rorlion ond Loooilty of Genoholotypet t Plotyitrophlo unlonamli (Poorito) 1909 (P lo to 8 , fig * . 9 * 6 ) 1909b. Plotyitrophlo poualpllooto Foe rats (not Cumlngi, 1905), Clnolnnoti 8 o o . Hot. Hist. Jour., t o I . 81, p. 86, pi. 1 , f i g . 15. 1916. Plotyitrophlo unlononili Bonier, n. S. Ifitl. -An., Bull. 98. P t . 8 , p . 996. Penrlptlon by Fperite. 1909.— "Thli ipeeloen of Plotyitrophlo la dlitlngulihed by -114- tha prvwDH of only tiro pllootlnna on tha aadlan fold ond three pllootlona on aaoh aldo of thla fold, with o faint IndioatIon of o fourth plloatlon noar tha hinge lino* Tho hinge lino la diatlnetly ahortar than tho width of tho aholl aaroaa tha ndddle* Tho arural platoa aro atrongly dareloped, and tho ridge in tho earity batwaan thoao platoa, representing tho oordinal proaaaa, la diatinotly lndioatod toy « doproaaion along tha middle of tha oaat of thla oarlty, aa praaantad by tha specimen figurod, but thla dapraaalon la not lndioatod in the aooompanylng drawinga," Remarks*--Four specimens of thla apaolea war# collected* All tho apaalaana ara strrngly plloatod haring two pllootlona on tha fold, ono plloa In the alnua, and four lateral pllootlona (pi* 6 , flg a * 2 , 9}* Tha fold la rary high and the corresponding alnua la deep* Tha oardlnal area oooupiea about seren-tenths of the straight posterior aargin of the shell (pi* 8 , fig* 4)* Prominent imbricating growth- llnaa ooour In the anterior half of both T a ira s (p i* 8 , fig * S)* Tha fewer number of pllootlona on tha fold, in tha el mis, and in a lateral position distinguishes this apeolea from P_^ daytonopals (Foarate) whioh It otherwise resenblea* PI mans Iona of Rypotypo»--0, S« U* No* 20629--length 7*6 mm*| w id th 10 aun*f h e ig h t 7 aaa* Oeeurrenoe*—L llley formation—Loo* 41, unit a 7 , 9* Platyatrophla of* P* dayt one nets (Foarate) 1886 ( P l a t a 8 , f i g . 1) 1885* Orthia bl fora to rar* lynx forma daytonanala Foarate, Bull* Sol* Lab* Denison Unir*, rol. 1, p* 82, pi* IS, fig* 8 * 1696* Orthia (Platyatrophla) blforata (part) Foarate, Oaol* Sure* Ohio, rol* 7, p, 579, pi* 26, fig* 6 * 125- 1913* Platrstrophla daytonanala 8 a vacs. Bull* Cool* Sure* Illinois* t o I * 9 3 * p* 1 2 2 * p i . 6 * f i g * 8 * Dooorlption by Toerate. 1666«»- ^Bhell of snail site, wider than long* with a subquadrate outline* hinge lino usually shorter than* or s q u a ll ng the broadth of tho t s Ito* in one specimen exceeding it in siso* Tho shells hare thoir outlln# indlstim tly preserved and are found only as single tcItis showing thoir exteror surfaoo* •Ventral and dorsal waives with eir.us and fold roundod* tho plieations also aoro roundod than thooo of Lower Silurian formations* simple** Remarks*--Two ventrel valves are compared with this spoolos* There are two plioatlons in the sinus and six lateral plications whioh is oharaoteristlo in P^ daytononsis (Foerste)* The sinus remains deep from the anterior margin to the umbo* The lnoonpleteness of the specimens prevents their oertain ldertlflcetlcn* Dimensions of Hypotype*— 0 * 3* V* *'o* 20630—length 10 an*| width 16 im*i height approx* 6 am* Ooourrenoe*—Ljlley fornation—Loo* 99* unit 11 1 Loo* 41* u n it 9* 8 uperfamily Dalmanellaoea Genus Khlpldomella Oehlert 1890 1890* B hlpldom olla O e h lert* Jour* Conohyl* Ser* 3* vol* 38* p* 372* 1892* Rhlpldoaolla Ball and Clarke* Pal* New Tork* vol. 8 * Pt* 1* p* 209* 1982* Bhlpldomella Sehuohert and Cooper* fen. Peabody vfus* Nat* Hist** to I* 4* Pt* 1* p* 133* Oenoholotypet Tere bra tula aiohellni L ewe 1 l i e . 1835* 'Ism* 8 oo* G^ol* Franoe* rol* 2* p* 39* pi* 2. figs. 14-17* - • j a ilor 1 tor and Looallty of Oenoholotypei Silurian, turope. M ttldw ilU tobrida ( 8 0 — r by ) 1838 ( P la to 8 , fle a * 6 - 8 ) 1639. Orthia Igbridi Sowerby, 4urohlaon*a 811* Syotem, p. 680, pi. 18, fie. 11. 1802. Orthia hybrlda Hall, Pal. How York, vol. 2, p. 263, pi. 63, f i g . 4 . 1892. Bhlpldomolla hybrlda Hall and Clarko, Pal. How York, vol. 8 , Pt. 1, pp. 210, 224, pi. 6 , figa. 1*6. 1982. Bhlpldomolla hybrlda Bohuohort and Coopor, doa. Peabody 4>a. Hat. Hlat., vol. 4, Pt. 1, p. 188, Poaorlptlon by Hall. 1862.— ^.entioular or doproaaod aphoro&dal, vldor than long) valvea poorly equal, tho doraal £ v o n tra l m 7 ono doproaaod from tho oontro to tho baao, while tho vontral £ doraol ^ 7 valvo la regularly oonvoz, eometlmee with a alight doproaalon In tho oontro near tho boak| boaka alaoat proolaoly equally elevated, tho doraal /*ventral . 7 ono being aoarooly lnourvodi hlngo-llno onoh anorter than tho width of tho ahell 1 aurfaoe marked by thin aharp dlohotomoua atriao, whioh are arohod upwarda upon tho aidaa and hlnge-marglnf radiating atriao oroaaad by extremely fine oonoontrlo atriao, which aro vielble under a magnifier.* Bomorka.—Thlo form apooloa la well reproeented in tho w riter'a oolloetlon. the average mature apoolman la 1 1 mm. long and 18 mm. wide. Tho vontral valve la allghtly more oonvox than tho doraal valvo. The umbo on tw doraal valvo la very low and lnoonapiououa (pi. 8 , fig. 7). A very aha 1 low aln u a oeoure in aoem apeoimene b u t la ab ao n t In othera. Tha aurfaoe la marked with very fine radial atriao. There aro about 4 atriao in a diatanao of 1 mm. Diatinot oonoontrlo growth- -38T- linn im lly M nr Mar tha antarlar and lataral m t| 1 m a f th a s h a l l • Thla opaalao la aaaily dlotingulahad fran Pam orthia aprln#» flaldaaala Prorata bjr tha laaa praalaait aatoonal raglon an tha T a a t r a l ▼alro and tha nara sonrax daraal Taira. Plnoasloaa of Bypotypoat 0 . 8 . 0 . Vo. L aagth Width 80648 1 1 an . 1 8 m . 80648 1 1 w . IS n u 80648 6 n u 1 0 m . Ooomrranoa.—Blahar fomation—Loo. 16. R* S. V.| Loo. SO. unit 4| Loa* 17. unit 8 | Laa. SO. If. 8 . V.| Loo. S7. unlta S. 16. 17| Loa. 38. unit 1| Loa. 8 6 . unlta S. 6 | Laa. 48. V. 8 . 1 . Llllay foruatlon—Loo. 8 8 . unlta 4. «i Loa. 8 6 . unit 11| Loa. 41. u n lta 7. 6 . 11. 18. Oonua Pam orthia Bohaahart and Coopar 1681 19 SI. Pamorthia Sohuehart and Coop or. Am. Jour. Sol.. 8 or . 6 . r o l . f*. p. 146. 1688. Pamorthia Sohuohort and Coopar. ton. Paabody tus. Vat. Blot.. Tol. 4. Pt. 1. pp. 186. 186. 1644. Pamorthia Shlnar and Vhraak. Indax Paaalla of Worth Anar laa. p . 8 8 8 . Oanahalotypat Orthia alaaantula Dalnan. 1688. Kongl. S t u b . Vat.-Akad. Handl. (for 1887). p. 117. pi. S. fig. 6 . Harlson and Laaallty of Oanaholatppat Silurian. Bur op a. tn - F tw orttli oprlnxfleldsnsls (Foerste) 191T (Flat* 9, fig*. 9*11) 1917* Dal——11* sprlnxfleldonsl* Foerste, Ohio Jour. Sol*. vol. 17. Wo. 7, p . 246. p i . 11. f i g * . 6 V S . 1932. Faraorthl* sorlngf leldensls Bohuohert and Coop*r. tn . Peabody Hus. Sat. Hl*t.. vol. 4. Pt. 1. p. 129. D**orlptlon by Fo*r*t*. 1917.** *edloel valve strongly convex, th* convexity •quailing from five-tenth* to elm-tenths of tho width in th* more convex specimens. Th* beak la strongly incurred. Sow* of th* *p«oli**ns tend to b* anguleted along the median Hn*. but thi* ie not a oonatant feature. Speolmsns rarely oxo*ed 12 millimeter* in length. Casts of the interior indicate the proeenoe of atrong dental lamella*. whi*h extend forward from the hinge*line for • diatano* of two to two and a half tail lime t*r*» "Brachial valve only moderately convex or oong>ara* tively flat and with the greater convexity about ono* third of the length of th* valve from th* b*ak| depressed along th* median line. Length varying from slightly less to slightly more than the width. Casts of th* interior lndloate the presence of a snail and narrow cardinal process, of strong crural proc**s*a. and. in mature specimen*, of strongly defined muscular impressions. The median elevation separating the nusoular iapresalons is strongly defined, especially posteriorly where it separatee the posterior adductor impressions. The anterior adductor impressions are not strongly differ entiated from the posterior impressions, nor are they strongly limited anteriorly, but laterally both sets of Impressions are clearly defined. "Surface marked by narrow radiating striae, about 5 to 6 . sometimes 7 ooourrlng in a width of 2 m illim eters." Remarks.*-The w riter's epeolmens agree with Foorste'e description and figures. The averse;* nature specimen is 14 mm. long and 13 mm. w ide ( p i . 8 . fig. 10). Two elongate aaisole impressions were observed on the Interior of several dorsal valves (pi. 8 . fig. 9). P. spring* field*nsls Foerste and P. waldrononals are names now assigned to -88h* braehlopode fen trlj otlltd lbXta»lli iltm atiili (D il«n)• Foaritt (191 7, pt 946) proposed the ter* «ildren»Ml» for tho fono related to P. sprlnafloldonsls whleh eoour la the Waldron shalei however ho did not distinguish waldr ono nolo fro* oprinxfloldonsls. Plaoaolono of hrpohrpwt 0 , S« U# Not Length Width Height 10686 Ventral nlto 18 nau It ■*• 6 aa« 80660 Dorsal valve 7*6 on* 8 mm, Volvo lo flatt Ooourroneot—Biaher f onaetior*—4 joc * 15, N, S. ,4, | Loot 80, unit 4| Loot SO, V« &• If,) Loo• 34, unit 3| Loo, 37, units 3, 10, 16| Loot 89, units 3, 9| Loo, 60, unit 3| Loe. 48, St 'L LHI 0 7 foraation—Loot S 8 , u n i t 8 | Loot 41, units 6 , 7 , 9 , Pam orthlo orassloostata Sohuohert and Cooper 1988 ( P l a to 8 , figs* 18, 13) 1938t Parnorthlo orasoloootata Sohuohert and Cooper, ha* Peabody Wuot Hatt Hlott, volt 4, Ptt 1, p. 189, pit 21, figs, 4, 6 * Doaorlption by Sohuohert and Cooper, 1932t~ "Shell rather snail, subo iroular, of tho typo of Pt olosantnla but haring rather ooarse ribs, there being about 84 to the valve# Uaaoureaonto of tho h o io ty p e 1 length 9 *a«f width 9 a*t" Reworks#—-This opeeies is represented by two ventral valves# The aurfaoe of the shell is narked by rather ooarse radiating striae ( p i t 6 , fip;# If)* There are about 5 striae in a distance of 8 nau along the anterior aargin of the shell« Tho eearoor striae distinguish this ape ole s fro* Pt_ springfleldensls (Foarate) whleh it otharwioo reeeableot •sao> PI—nolo— tf 8* U« Wo* 10641—length 9*8 —*| « 1 4 tt 1 0 — i hoight 6 « . Oooiarro—o *—Blohor for—tloa-- L o o * 48, 4 , 8 * V* 8 uporfo*ll]r Ponto— roooo Oonuo Ponto— ruo 8 oworby 1618 1618* Ponto—mo Soworby* 41—rol Conoh.* t o I * 1 , p* 76* 1604* Ponto—mo Boll ond Clarko* Pol* Woo York. rol. 6 * Pt* 8 , p* 8 8 6 * 1938* Ponto—ru« Sehuohort ond Coopor* Braobiopod Conoro* 'Jon* P—body too* Wot* Hint* * vol* 4* Pt* 1* p. 177* 1946* Ponto—rm Alaxandor* 9uart* Jour* Gaol* 8 oo** t o I * 108* P t* 8 t p* 146* Oonoloototypot P^ oblonguo J* do C* Soworby 1839 in 4urohioon'a ^Silurian Syotoir.** p* 641* pi* 19* fie* 19 (too Alaxandor* 1948* p* 146)* Horison and Loeality of Genoloetotypoi Silurian* Llandovary* Wngland* Ponto—ruo oblonguo Soworby 1889 (P la to 8 * flea* 14-17) 1613* Ponto—ruo laoolt Soworby. J«* 41—rol Conch,, rol* 1* p* 76* pi* 8 8 * f ig . 8 * 1889* Ponto—ru« oblonguo Soworby. J* do C** taroh* Silurian Syatoa* p. 641* pi* 19* fig* 10* 1867* Ponto—ruo oblonguo Povldoon. 'on* British S11. Brooh.* Pol* S o o .* pp . 151*165* p i . 18* flgo* 1-18* pi* 19* fig s* 1* 8 * 1894* Ponto—ruo oblonguo Hall ond Clarko* Pol* Wow York* yd* 8 * 8 3 1 - P t . 8 , pp. *3%840, pi, 61, figs. 11-13, 80, pi, 6 8 , figs. US, pi, 60, figs, 1-14, pi, 70, figs. 1-8* 1044, Pentansrui ltrrla Ihlm r and Shrook, Index Poaalla of Worth A n r l o a , p , 308, pi, 116, fl^a, V4, 8 , 0 , 1048, Fantamerua oblonnua Alaxandar, Quart, Jour, Qaol, 8 oo,, rol, 103, Pt. 3, op, 148-140, figs, 1, 8 , 1064, Pcntaacrua oblongua Internet!onal Commission on Xoologioal Hoaaanolatura, to I , 8 , Pt, 14, pp. 170^-108 (undar tha Plenaiy Powers tha apaolfle name laewla Sowerby (J,) 1813 la suppressed and tha apaolflo na designated aa tha genotype of Pentaaerua) • Peaorlptlon by Pawldson. 1667.— longitudinally oral or orate, sub-trigonal) waives moderately and almoat equally oonwex, In seme oaaaa depressed) young ahalla ewenly oonwex and smooth, older aha 1 1 a usually anah trllobad. Mealel fold In doraal valve tolerably broad, of snail elevation, allghtly dapraaaad along tha nlddla, while that on tho ventral valve la rounded) beak Moderately produoed, and ao much lnourved aa to touch tha uafeone of tha doraal valvei flaaura under the beak triangular, not much axpoaedf bea)^ ridges aharply dafinad, and leaving batwaan thaa and tha hinge-line a a one are apaae (not a true area), 8 urfaoe of valves smooth, with sometimes a few irregular furrowa and oonoontrlo llnaa of growth, Inalda tha ▼antral waive a long Median aaptum, extending to two thlrdo or more of the length of tha valve, aupporta tha oonjolned trough-shaped dental plataa. In tha doraal valve two almllar long, Tartioal aapta, with a small free apaoa batwaan thaa, support two outwardly sloping plates, whioh correspond with tha trough-shaped plataa or V-shaped cavity of tha opposite waive, She11- atruotura lmpunstete,* Remarks,—The exterior of tha apeolmena oollaotad is smooth except for distinct growth linos. Wone of tha dorsal valwea Shows any auggaatlon of a low fold, Charaotarlatloally there is a rather •ts t* •longote apondyllum dvplox on th* Interior of th* Tontral t»1t * ( p i , 8 , fig*, 16, 18), Th* **ptel plate* in th* interior of th* dor Ml toIt* or* dl*or*te ond moat ooncnonly poroll*l. In on* specimen th*** ••ptal plots* or* rather for oport ond beeom* divergent anteriorly ( p i , 8 , fig, 14), Th* *p*ol*ena or* distinguished from the gomt* P*ntom*rold** Sohuohert nnd Cooper by the discrete **ptol plot** on th* dorsal valve, Th* specimens ore leo* elongated then TV, oylindrloo* Boll ond 'Thitfield. Dimensions of Hypotyp<*,-4 ). 8 , U, Ho, 211+6 —'vantrel valv*) length 38 mn,| width unknown j height 28 mm,) 0 , 8 , U, Ho, 211+7, 2 1 1 +8 , ond 21 1+7 , fragm ent*, Oocurreno*.--L ill*y fornoti on-*Loo, T, H, 8 , ¥, P**bl*t formation—Loo, 10, unit 8 | Loo, 21, unit 1 0 , Superfoadly 8 trophomonoo*o Family Hefinosquinlde* Oenus Lop toon* Dolmen 1828 1828, L*pto*no Dolman, Kongl, Svenake Vot,-Ak*d. Uendl,, for 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 94, 1892, L*pto*no Boll ond Clark*, Fol, H*w York, vol. 8 , Ft, 1, p, 276. 1916, L*pto*no Bossier. U, S, Hotl, Jus., Bull, 92, Ft, 1, p. 708, 0*nol*ototyp*i ConoKites rhomboldelis niokens 1769, ffeohrl«ht ▼on **lt*n*n V*rsteln*rung*n, p, 77, pi, 8 , figs. 43, 44, Horlson ond Looellty of G*nol«*totyp*i Upper Silurian, 7, •IU > U pktni rhomb oldall* (lilotou ) 1788 0, fi«*. is-a) 1780* Conohlta rhoaboidalls Wllekens, Tlaohrloht Ton a*lt*n*n erungen, p. 77, pi. 8 , fig*. 48, 44. 1897, Strophomena rhoaboldall* Davidson, ‘*on. B ritish 811. Brash., Pal. Soo., pp. 881^185, pi. 89, fie*. 1*81, pi. 44, fie* 1* 1898. Leotaena rhoaboldall* Ball and Clark*, Pal. New York, vol. 8 , Pt. 1, pp. 278*880, pi. 8 , fig*. 17-a , pi. 15 A, figs. 40*48. pi. 80, figs. 81-84. Daserlptlon by Davidson. 1871 (of tho exterior).— ?Shcll more or lass transversal/ semicircular or sub-quadrat*| valve* genlsulatadf hlnga-lina straight, and as Ion? as the greatest width of tha shall, with roundod oardInal angles, whioh are at tlnaa prolonged In the shape of expanded wine*. The ventral valve is slightly eonvex at tha beak, and away ftrom this It beoone* flattened to a certain distance| also with age, whan tha valve is suddenly bant downwards at almost right angle a. Tha frontal margin is undulatod, concave near tha cardinal anglesi it afterwards bulges out laterally to fora a slight outward curve in front. On th* flattened portion of tha dlsa there exists a variable number of slightly undulating and occasionally Intercepted oonoantrio wrinkles, whioh turn outwardly towards the cardinal angle*, and thus follow th* .virginal eurves. The entire aurfaoe is also severed with nuaeroue radiating threadlike striae| and a small olroular foramen is generally observable, up to a oertain age, olose to the extremity of the beak, but it boooaes obliterated or oioatrlsed in the adult. Th* dorsal valve is oonoave, usually following the curves of the opposite valve, and is sisdlarly wrinkled and striated . • • . " Reworks.— A large number of spool mens belonging to this speoies wore oolleeted. The eardlnel angle varies from aeute to 90 degrees. The width of the trail at the anterior margin of the ventral valve varies from 3 n*. to 10 as, (pi. 0 , figs. 80, 81). The slse of the ■hell apparently has aa bearing upon the number of oonoentria rugae ~ts+> mhiah m y in nuabor from T to 10* Radial itrlM ara always diatinot* Pi—naIona af Hyp otypa at 0 . 8 * 0 . Ho* Uftckh Vldth 80848 17 —u 89 —u 80648 16 —u 81 —u Osaurranoa*—Altar foraatlos—Loo • 5* unit 1 | Loo* 46, unit 1* Biahor form ation—Leo* 16* H* 8 * ’(*| Loo* 80* unit a 4* 7* 8 | Loa* 87* unit 8 | Loo* 80* H* 8 * ‘4*| Loo* 84* unit 3| Loo* 87* unlta 8 * 8 * 1 0 * 18* 16f Loo* 8 8 * unit 1| Loo* 8 8 * u n i t 8 f Loo* 40* unit 3| Loo* 41* u n l t a 8 * 6 f Loo* 47* unit 17| Loo* 48* H* 8 * M* L lllay formation—Loo* 8 8 * u n l t a 8 * 6 | Loo* 40* unit 9| Loo* 4 4 * u n i t 85* Family Stropheodontldao Oonua Strophoodonta Ball* 1868 1668* 8 t r op ho odonta Ball* Pal* Hoar York* t o I * 8 * pp* 61* 6 8 * 687* 1868* Stroohoodonta (part) Ball ard Clarko* Pal* Row York* t o I * 8 * Pt* 1* pp. 864-869. 1866* Braohyprlon Shalor* Bull* 4ua* Coo^* Sool** wol* 1* p* 6 8 * 1989* Stroohoodonta Caator* Bull* Aou Paloont** rol* 84* No* 6 8 * pp* 6 6 - 6 6 * 1981* 8 oa tr oohoodonta N il llama* Ouart* Jour* 0 a ol* 8 oo* London* rol* 107, p. 188* 1968* Strop ha odonta Williams* Gaol* 8 oo* 4m** Hem* 6 6 * pp* 84* 8 6 * tM - iubganus Bruahrarlon IhtU r 1066 1865* Briotoprton Shtlcr, Bull. 'Ina, c«ap, Zool., vol. 1, p« 6 3 . 1898* Braohyprloo Ball and Clarka, Pal. Wav York, vol. 8 . P t . 1 . p . 8 8 6 . 1939. Braohgrprloa Cub tap. Bull. Am. Palaont., wol. 84, Wo. 83, p. S3. 1963. 8 trpphaodonta (Braohyprlon) Williams, Oaol. 8 o e . A n., Man. 6 6 , p . 36. O anotypat 8 trophoaana ladu B ill Inga, I860, Canadian Wat. Oaol., p. 56, flga. 8 , 3 . Boris on and Locality of a#notypai iiddla 8 ilurlan, Juapars, Antlooatl, Canada. Stroohoodonta (Braohyprlon) of# 8 ^ robusta Twanhofal 1987 ( P l a ta 8 , f i g s . 8 8 , 83) 1987. Braohyprlon robuatua Tsonhofal. Canada, Oaol. 8 urr., *an. 164, p. 190, pi. 16, flga. 18, 13, 14, 16. Doaorlptlon by ftstnhofsl. 1987.— "This fora baara sons raaaablanoa to Laptaana 7 oaraa. and In part it appaara to hawa baan aoT3ontlfiad TJyTTllings. Ha alao appaara to hawa partly Inoludad it in hla Strophonana lada. The shall la haaaiar and largar than lattar and ah or tar than 7 oaraa. and also baara dantloulatlona on tha hlnga-llna. An aaaraga asanpla la 18 an. long and 8 8 an. vlda. It la aa a rula ooaawhat a lata, and a faw apaolnana hawa baan oollaotad whioh hara wary lorg wings." Bsuarka.—fha apaolnana ecaqmrad with thla apaoisa ara aand- olreular, baooning rathar alata poatarlorly. Tha itara-a natura apaelnan la 1 1 an. long and 8 8 au wida along tha hlnga-llno (pi. 8 , fig. 83). Tha noatarior and oantral parta of tha shall ara rathar - 2 3 6 - flat exoopt for a very slight oonvexity in tho uabonal region* Anteriorly tha -rontrol n lv i beocnea strongly genloulated, producing a trail ! to 4 aa* wide (pi* 8 , fig* 12)* Commonly tharo ara two oiaall ridgoa diverging from tha aldaa of tha umbonal r aglon towarda tha poataro-lataral anglaa* Tha aurfaoa of tha ahall la smooth exempt for wary fins radiating atrlas* Thara ara about 4 atrlaa In a dlatanoa o f 1 am* Tha ahaps and dlmanalona of tha shall a gras with TWenhofel*o description* However, tha absanea of preaarrad internal faaturaa and dontloulatlona along tha hinge-line prevents oartaln identification of tha w riter *s specimens* Dlmanalona of Hypotypaai 0* S* U* Vo* Length Width 80638 11 mm* 8 8 mm* 80634 18 mm* 8 8 aa* Ooeurronoo*—Blabor f ormation-J*oe* 30* H* 8 * 4*i Loo* 37* u n its 10* 13j Loo* 98* u n i t 8 * Stroohaodonta (Braohyprlon) plana Foarate 1909 ( P l a t a 8 * flga* 84, 8 8 ) 1909b* Strophe odonta (Braohyprlon) planna Foarate* Cincinnati 8 oo* Wat* H ist** Jour** v o l. 81* p* 8 8 * pi* 1* flga* 13 A-C, pi. 8 * figs* 11 A* B. 1919* Strophe odonta (Braohyprlon) plana Foarate* Ohio Jour* Sol** vol. 19* No* 7* pp* 377-378, pi* 16* flga. 8 A* B* 1999* Braohyprlon plana Caster* Bull* Am* Faleont** vol* 84* No* 83, -* 5 7 - S3* PeaorlptloD by Poarate* 191i*-» "Compared with oVwr charter forma from tha m m locality and herison, it ic moro convex and it* radiating ctrlationc ara aora nearly cubequel in alee* Tha a hell material la exfoliated, eo aa to preeent an almoet parfaat oaat of the interior of tha padiaal valve* Pootero-laterally tha mnaeular area la clearly delimited, the aldea making an angle of 80 degree** Poaterlorly, within thla area, there are two oblong aha How depreaelema, aaparatad by a law, aharp, narrow ridge, and tha former ara Interpreted aa the anterior adductor a©era* Tho anterior margin of the muaoular area la not dletlm tly delimited in thla cpeelmen# Between the no* ter (^lateral margina of the muaoular area and the adjaeent part* of tha hlnge-erea, there are numeroua aharply elevated granule*, oharaeterialng the ao-oalled ovarian apaoea • • • * "In an aaaoolated brachial valve, in whleh the ratio of length to width la aa 77 to IOC, almoat th* entire Interior of tho valve la minutely granuloee, the granulea tending toward linear arrangement along tha oreeta of the fine radiating line* which oorroapond to th* groove* between the radiating atriao oharaeterialng tha exterior of tha ahell* From tha bilobed cardinal proeoae ahort thlokened llnaa of eleration extend obliquely forward, lim iting the poat*ro»lat*rel outlinea of the muaoular area* A ahort, low, but brMd line of elevation alao extend* from the cardinal proeeaa atraight forward, dividing the muaoular area*" Ranarka*—The ventral valve of thla epeoioa la rather evenly oonwex rialng about 4 mm* above the hinge-line* The average mature apaoimen la 36 mau long and 31 nn* wide (pi* 8 , fig* 26)* Tha poatero- lateral angle la 80 to 90 degree** Externally Sohellwienella proa earl (Foarate) and Sohellwienella tanuia (Hall) are dlatlngulahed from Hiia apealea by thalr reauplnate ventral valve* Sj^ (Braohyprlon) plana la dlatlngulahed from (Braohyprlon) robuata Twenhofel by it* larger alee and more eoareely atrlateu aurfaoe* Pimenalona of Hypotypeai 0* S. U* Ho. 10669 Length 25 W idth 31 mm* 0. S. O. No* 90670 Loagtfc SO an* «4th (m W rd) t4 on* Ot»aiT<— >—lltktr ftm tlM -lM * 90, unit 4| L n « IT, unit 8f Loo* 90, 9* 9* n*| Loo* 9T, unlta 9, 8, 10, 19, 19, 91| Loo* 98, unit ll Loo* 98, unit a 9, 9| Loo* 41, oaltc 9, 8| Loo* 47, unit 17, Lllloy forwntio^-Loo* 98, unit 4* Ooana Moaaatroohlo Coator 1998 1998* Nonoatropklo Cootor, Bull* Am* Poloont*, toI* 84, No* 88, pp* 9 L 4 I . 1998* Protowgaatroohla Coator, Bull* Am* Poloont*, wol* 84, No* 89, pp* 94*87* 1999* Piotroatroohlo Coator. Bull* Am* Poloont*, toI* 84, No* 88, pp* 4 M L 1989* Moonatrophlo NilIlona, Oool* Boo* An*, Mon* 86, pp* 98, 99* Subganua Prota— naatroohlo Coator 1999 1999* Prot onoieoatrophla Coator, Bull* An* Poloont*, rol* 84, No* 88, pp* 96»9T* 1988* Nogaatrcphlo (Protanaca atrophia) Nllllona, Oool* too. An*, ban* 86, p* 99* Oonoholotypot Strophoodonta profundo B oll, 1868, Pol* Now T ork, toI* 8, p* 61, pi* 81, flga* 4, 6* Horlaon on4 L ooolltj of Gonoholotjrpot Silurian (N logo ran) | Niagara County, Now Tork, U* 8* A* tsaaatrophla (Frotomcantrophic) of, tt. profunda (Ball) 1688 ( P l a t a 8 . f l e a . 8 6 , 87) 1858* Lcptacna profunda Hall, Pal# Hew York, vol. 8 , p, 61, pi, 81, flgi* 4, 5# 1888# Stroohodonta profunda Hall, 11th Rap, Indiana Stata Oaol,, pp. 889, 890, pi. 83, figa. 9, 10, pi. 87, fig. 18, 1 9 9 9 , Protomeicastrophla profunda Caatar. Bull, Am, Paleont,, t o I . 8 4 , Wo, 8 3 , p p , 36, 37, 1963, fagastrophla (Protomegaatrophia) profunda Williams, Oaol, 8 oo, Am,, lam. 36, p. 39, pi, 9, figs. 1*3, Description by H all. 1888.— "Shall large, broadly eemi-oval, tha full groan individuals having a width of about sixty mil lima ter a, with a length of about 40 mm,) graateat width along hingo-llrej deeply ocneevo-eonvex, point of graateat convexity in front of the middle cardinal angle* slightly extended and aubaurioulate, in the oaata often obtuae or rounded, "Ventral valve very convex, beak alirhtly elevated, oardinal margin sloping and a little concave to the cardinal anglee, moderately oonvex for more than half tha length, and rapidly descending to the margin. Hinge area narrow) foramen triangular, width about Cf|ual to height) covered by a etrong doltidial oalloeity. The eranulatione or teeth on tha interior margin are oMlque, diverging from the beak, extending froa t’ * foramen lace then half way to tha cardinal anglea, Jusoular impreaalon aubtriangular or flabel 1 ifo rm , extending for tw»»fiftha the length of the ahell, A oentral longitudinal oalloeity extends from the apex, searatimes for one-third of the length of tha muaoular impreaalon, "Dareal valve very o oneave, nearly following tha contour of the ventral valve. Hinge area narrower than that of the ventral valve) foramen covered by a o a l l o e i t y , ^Surface marked by etrehg, large, radiating atrlaa, alternating with four or five smaller striae and increasing by implantation) radiating striae crossed by vary fine, aharp, orowdad, regular, continuous, erenuleting ooneentrle striae) the smaller radiating striae often become stronger. - f « V fin in i tha U rpr and laaa npdar alriaai lateriar of falvH pap&llaaa or punatato. " Knaarba*—Tha apaaiMM ao^part< with thia apaaiaa ara ah «l 40 an* wldo at tha hiag^llna and about 80 m * lo n g ( p U 6 , flg a * 86* W ). Tha awaraga haight af tha wantral wulwa la It aa« Tha ahapa af tha ▼antral n lva and tha oharaatarlat&aa of tha radial atrlaa agraa with Hall'a daaorlption* Kaltbar faaturaa alang tha hinga»llna nor lntam al faatoraa ara praaarwnd* tbao praranting aartaln ldantlflaatlan of tha wr&tar'a apaolnana* Plnaaalona of Hypotypaat 0. 8* U. Vo* Laagth Width Haight 80671 86 m u 41 an* IS anu 80678 S8 m u 40 m u 10 m u ( raatarad) Ooaurranoa*—Blahar fornatloo—Laa* 80* V*8*M*| Lao* 41* unit 8* fu lly Ortho tat Ida a Oanua Sahallwjanalla Thonaa 1910 1910* Sohallwlanalla Thonaa* la u Oool* Sara* Oraat Britain* PalaaoaV olagy* toI* 1* Ft* 8* p . 98* 1988* Sahallwjanalla Dunbar and Gondra* Vab* Oaol* Surr** Bar* 8* Bull* 6# p. 71, 1989* Sahallwjanalla Caatar, Bull* An* Palaont** t o I * 84* p* 111* Oanoholotypat Splrifara oran!atria Phllllpa, 1686, Oaol* York* ▼ol. 8, p. 816* H or la on and Loaallty af Qanaholotypat Lawar Carboniforaua* teglaad* - m l - iw irltit-ftw ii (1910* p. 9t) named tha genus Sahellwlensile for braohiopoda externally llln O rthitatai tod lahw harW llt but with short, well-developed, diverging dental lamellae* The w riter's assignment of 8 *^ pronw i (Foerste) and 8 ^ tenuis (Hall) to thla gonna la baaod upon their resupinate ventral t o I t * a , diverging dental platea* and the apparent abeenoe of a median septvrn* 8 ehellwlenella.proaaerl (Foerate) 1918 ( P la te 8 , fIra* 33-36) 1919* 8 ohnohertella proaaerl Foerata, Ohio Jour* 8 oi** vol. 19* No* 7, pp. 378-377, pi. 16, fine, 1 A-F. Peaorlptlon by F o r ate, 1919*— "The pedloel valTao are distinctly oonoava, the beak being slightly elevated above tha adjacent parts ef tha waive. Tha braohial valve la oonvex, with the greatest convexity anterior to the oenter of the valve* The sides of tha shell converge moderately posteriorly so t h n t tha hinge - 1 1 no Is shorter than tha greatest width of tha ahell, but there Is no conspicuous rounding of the postern-lateral angles * • « • Nhlle In the more moderately elongate shells tha anterior outline nay be broadly and regularly oonvax, in the more strongly elongated shells the convexity of the anterior outline increases toward the median line, producing sometimes a subtrlangular appearance. Associated with this sub* triangular appearance the concavity of the pedicel valve is most pronouneed along the median line, and there is a corresponding accentuation of tha convexity of the brachial valve, especially anteriorly * • • • "The interior of the pedloel valve is exposed frequently, but the olearast indications of the outlines of tha muscular area are presented by the oasts presented by the matrix filling these interiors* In outline this muscle area Is almost circular and is distinctly delimited except near the median line anteriorly* Posterior to the oenter of this muscular area there is a small oblong spaoe locating the position of the posterior adductors* A median lino of elevation, often bordered laterally by shallow lim a of depresslor, extends across this oblong spaoe • • • • The dental lamellae ara shoK and diverge - 1 4 * i t m k I i i if ikoot 106 difrtiii Thi litirler of tho brnohlal n lit p m n ti a rural rllgii, ikoot 6 « • lii|, dloorglag ot on anglo of ikw t 140 dogrooo, ond o loo, brood, median o lm tlw of about tho oooo loi(th( Vo doflnlto muaoular oroo oon bo aotootod," B n tfk ifk iq r of tho opoolmomo roproaontlng thli apooioo oro SB mu long ond 86 h u wldo, In 1*11 forno tho groatoat width io ooanonly along tho hlngo-linoi lorgor forno oro wldoot noor tho nlddlo of tho oho11 (pi, 8, flgo, 88, 84), Tho oontrol volvo lo ofton rooup- Inoto, Tho poo tori or nuoelo lnprooolono oro orpoood In ono opoolnon (pi, 6, fig, 88), Tho ourfoeo lo narked with dlotinst, oharp, radia ting otrlao, Thoro oro about 8 otrlao in a dlobonoo of 8 aiu noor tho antorlor margin, Tho ooorooly otriotod ourfaoo dlotlngulohod thlo opooloo from 8, bonulo (B oll), 'Unanalona of Bypotypoai 0, 8, U. Vo, Longbh »ldth 80640 86 nn, 86 h u 80661 88 on. 88 h u 80668 Pragmont Pragaont 80668 IV on, 84 n. Ooourronoo,—Plabor formation—Loo, 18, V, 8, M,| Loo, 84, unit S| Loo, 87, unlbo 8, 18| Loo, 8V, unit 8| Loo, 46, V, 8, V, Lllloy formation—Loo, 41, unlbo 6, 17* 8ohollwlonollo bonulo (Boll) 1868 (Plato 8, flgo, 88-81) 1668, 6brouborharnohua bonulo Hall, trano, Albany Xnot,, wol, 4, p, 810, 1679, 6broptorhmobuo bonulo B oll, 86th Bap, Boo York Btata Huo, Vab, - 1 4 * Hist,, p. 180, pi. 88, figs, 11-18. 1898, Orthothotos tonula Hall and Clark*, Pal, la* York, wol, 8, Pt. 1, p. 868, 1618, Sohaohortolla tonuls Basslor, 0* 8. Rati* tbs,, Bull, ft, Pt« 8, p. 1181. Doaorlptlon by Ball. 1879.— FBholl largo, soralolroular or Broadly aonlolllp- tloal, oardlnal lino loaa than tho groatoat width of tho aholl, oardlnal oxtroultlos rouadod, Vontral mlvo •lightly oonoarof ar*a narrowi boak slightly olovatod. Dorsal valvo aodoratoly oonrox, nabo not proaimnt, arouato noar tho front aargln, and oonprossod noar tho oardlnal oxtronltloa. ^lurfaoo oarkod by nodoratoly fin*, roundod, altoraatoly largo and snail throa*»llko strlao, ohloh aro strongly onroad on tho latoral portion of tho shall, orosaod by Tory flno oomoontrlo otrlao, giving, undor a Ions, a baautlful rugoao oharaotor, Substanoo of sholl ▼ory t h i n .” Ho ■arks.—This spool* • lo roprosontod by a largo mmbor of •pooiaons nost of whloh aro fragaonts, Tho aoorag* adult tpoolaon la 80 an. long and 88 an. wldo, Tho rontral walvo Is rosuplnat* (pi, 8, fig, 81), Tho dorsal walwo Is slightly oonoox In napy spool**no but In othors la marly flat, A nodlal doprosslon roproaontlng tho adduo- tor platform ooours on ono intorm l mold of tho dorsal oaloo (pi, 8, fig, 80), Tho oxtorlor ornaaontatlon, oonslsting of flno, radiating, aajor and minor atrlatlona, la wory oharaotorlstlo of this spool** and distinguish** It fron 8, oroasorl (Foorsto), Plnonslons of Bypotmost 0, 8, u, Ho* Length didth 80688 80 mu 80 mn* 80866 17 mu 18 ■*, -1 4 4 - Pliw lw i »f Bypotypsat («o>t)t 0. 8, U. Is* Length Width 10687 SO MU 14 MU ( r s s ts r s d ) 10848 14 an. 18 au O tnw tw *—Slahnr fttnatlon—Lm. 10, u n it 1 | L»t« 10, u n its 4 , Tf Lm * 17, u n it 8 | Lm« SO, V* 6* *£#| Loo* S4, units 8, S| Loo* S7, units 8, 4, 10, I S , IS , 111 Loo* SS, u n it s S, S | Loo* 40, unit S| Loo* 41, units S, 0| Loo* 47, unit 17| Loo* 48, M. 8* «• L illsy formation—Loo. SB, units 1, 4| Loo* 41, units 6, IS, 17* Oanus Fardanla Laaont 19SS 19S8* Fardsnla La n o n t , Trans*, Oaol* Soo* Glasgow, t o I * 19, pp. 310, 811* 1944* Fardsnla 8hinar and Shrosk, Iadsn Fossils of W* Anariaa, p* 84S* Osnoholotypst F* saotloa Laaont 19SS, pp. 311, 311, pi* 7, fig s * 1-7* ■orison and Looality of Osnoholotypst Ordosioian, Loo or Drusnaaok group| S o o tla n d i Bngland* Fardonia subplana (Conrad) 1041 (Flats 9, figs. 1-3) 1841* Strophonsna oubplana Conrad, Jour* load. Sat* 8oi* Philadalphia, ▼ol. 8, p* 186* 1881* Loptaona suVplana Ball, Pal* Sow York, sol. 1, p. 169, pi* 6S, figs* 8-10* 1907* Sohuohsrtslla subplana Orabau and Shlnar, Worth Aaarioan Indsn -»4ft- PMallii vd* 1# p* 116, fl|» tW. 1909b, Sohnahartalli oonfortoo foarata. Jour. Clnolnnatl toa, la t, B&att. to1» II, 9 * IS, pi* I, flea* IS A, B. 1944* Firtanla aabalaaa Shlaaor an4 Shrook, Indai Paaalla of Worth iaarlea, p* S4S, pi* 181, flgo* 86-40* Dooorlptlon hr Boll, 1951*— ^Bholl roouplnoto, oom lolllptlonl, longth ond width ofton nonrly oquol \ hlngo-llno oxtondlng boyond tho width of tho oholl* Barfooo norkod by premAnont ahorp otrloo, whloh froquontly blfurooto bofor* roaohlnf tho morglni radiating otrloo orooood by otrong oonoontrlo otrloo* Cordlnol oroo oxtondlng to tho axtroadtloo of tho hlng^llno, narrow, partially fonood by both w o I to o * * Bownrka*--Tho oholl warlaa fro* modoratoly bioonwox to plana- oonwoxf tho dorool walwo In oooio opoolwono la flat* Tho ( too to a t oonwoxlty In tho wontrol toIto oooura In tho umbenal rogloa (pi* 9, fig * 8 )* Tho pootoro-latoral port of thla talfo la oomotlmoa wary flat or olightly oomoto In whloh ooao tho oardlnal oxtrondtloa aura d o flo o to d upward* Tho dorool walwo la uoually owonly oonvax (p i* 9 , fig* !)• Tho groatoat width of tho oholl la alwayo along tho hlngo- lino although tho oardlnal anglo lo noarly 90 dogrooa In aaaa opoolmono* Tho dontol looolloo oro otrong ond lnolinod 80 to 40 dogrooa to tho hlngo-llno* Two anall olongoto muaola lwproaalona ooour In tho umbonal roglon of tho wontral to Ito (p i* 9, fig * 1)* Tho o x to r lo r l a oarkod by dlatlnot radial otrloo whloh oro unoqual In alto poatorlorly bat boecMO uniform ontorlorly* Growth-11 no a oro oetion noar tho am tar lor m argin* F* aootloo Lomont whloh la not alwayo wldoot at tho hlngo-llno oon bo furthor dlatlngulahod from F, aaplona by tho groator anglo (60 dogrooa) botwoon tho dontol platoa ond tho hlngo-llno. - 8 4 * Dtaonalono of ftroolawwn 0. 8 , U. Wo* Length Width 80664 Young fora 6 * 6 an* 18*8 urn* 80666 Dorool vain 18 m u SO u u ( rootorod ) 80666 Frafuat 0oourr«mee*»-61eher foraotlon—Loo* 80* unit 4| Loo* 87* unit 6 | Loo* 34* u n it 3* Loo* 38* u n it 9» Loo* 41* u n i t 8 | Loo* 48* W* S. VI^ L lllo y fo ra a tio o -J* o o * 36* u n i t 8 | Loo* 41* u n i t 13* 8 uporfamily Hhynohonellaoeo Oonuo C aw arotooohla B o ll ond C lark* 1883 1893* Caaarotooohla Ball and Clarko* Pol* Wo* York* vol. 8 * P t* 8 * n . 169* 1944* Couarotooohla 8 hlmer and Shrook* Index Focallo of Worth Aaorleo* P* 311* Genotypea Atrypa oo more rata Conrad* 1841* pp* 6 6 (ooe Hall and Clarko* 1893* p. 190)* Rorlson and Locality of Oonotypoa Devonian (Baal 1 ton) low York* U* 8* A* Caaarotooohla ploa (Hall and W hitfield) 1876 (P la t* 9* flgo* 4-8) 1875* Rhynehonolla ploa Hall and Whitfield* Pal* Ohio* vol. 8 * p* 138* pi* 7* flgo. 18-88* 1909b* Caaarotooohla ploa Poorato. Jour* Cincinnati 8 oo* Wat* H lat** ▼ol* 81* p* 18* pi* 8 * fig * 1 A* B* -t4 f> D— criptlon by Hall and ih itfltld. 18yi»— "Shell small, globular in full-grown speeimens, but varying from depressed lenticular to highly gibbous at different stages of growth* General outline of tha aholl broadly ovate, wldoot noor tho front or bblow bit adddlo of tho length* Ventral valve lost gibbous than tho doranlf book small, pointed, ond slightly curved, usually projecting but moderately boyond that of tho opposite valve, though somotlmes rother extended) body ond sides of the valve regularly rounded, becoming broadly, but rot deeply, sinuate In front, where It is prolonged ond bent upward in the middle* Dorsal valve regularly convex, the oenter of tho valve tho most prominent, beoondng slightly elevated in front, forming • not very prominent mesial elevation* "Surface narked by from twelve to sixteen rounded plications, whloh are distinctly marked on tho sides and in front, but become obsolete soon after reaching tho middle of the valve on the dorsal side, but ore eontlnued somewhat further on the ventral valve, and In oomespeolmons those bordering the sinus extend to near the beak* On the dorsal valve there are usually four plioatiors elevated to fora the mesial fold, and three depressed in the ventral sinus, though In some oases there are only three elevated on the dorsal valve** Remarks*—The w riter's specimens agree with the description by Ball and Wiltfleld* The adult speoimons may either have three plications in the fold and two In the alnus or four plloatlons in flhe fold and three in tho sinus* Young forms, however, usually have two plloatlons In the fold and one plloa In the sinus* Several specimens reveal various stages In the early development of plications whloh lead to the variation In the plication ratio fouad in the adult* Figure 6 shows a young Individual with two fully developed plications in the fold and one plioa in the sinus* A small ridge has begun to develop in the sulous between the left side of the sinus and tha single plica* Likewise a avail groove is present along the axis of the left plloa in the fold* If no further division of plications occurred, this individual would have had a plioatlor ratio of throe to two when adult* -S 4 6 - F lg u re 8 Is a young individual in whloh now plications woro developing simultaneously In two parto of the fold and alnus. This lo undoubtedly one method by whloh adult Individuals acquire four plloatlono in the fold and three in the sinua. Dinenolone of Hypotypoat 0. S. U. Ho. Length W idth l e l r f i t 80818 6 mm. 7 mm. 7 mm. 80618 8 me. 7 asm. 5 mm. 80616 6 awn. 6 anu d mm. 80616 6 nau 4 .6 mm. 4 .6 am. Ooourronoe.—Blahor formation-J-oo. SO, unit 4| Loo. 90, N. 8 . V| Loo. 97, unite 8 , 10, 18, 16, 21| Loo. 99, unite 3, 9| Loo. 41, unit 9| Loo. 48, I. S• Caaarotooohla roadel Foerete 1917 (Plato 9, flgo. 9-14) 1917. Caaarotooohla roadel Foerete, Ohio Jour. 8e i., to I . 1 7 , Bo. 7, pp. 860-S61, pi. 18, flgo. 6 A-E. Deeoription by Foerete. 1917.— "General outline rotund subtriangular, aapeolally when viewed from the aide of the pedloel valve. Pedloel waive only moderately convex In appearance alnoe tho antero-lateral parte have almoet the eame elevatIona aa tho umbonal parta of tho valvo. Brachial valve otrongly convex, eapeclally anteriorly, along the median fold, where the median parta are oonapiououaly elevated above the lateral parta of the valve. Median fold with four plleotl^na, the lateral ones narrower and at a aaaowhat lower elevation. Lateral plloationa, on oaoh aide, five or alx, aoaetlmee aeven. Jodion elnua id th throe plloationa. Tho plloationa aro relatively low and rounded and are a op ara ted by shallow grooves) posteriorly they usually are ino onspiououa and in a one speolmens are -24ft- •laoit obsolete. The o ornate muscular ores ef the brenohlel nlve evidently wee illfttly raised above the general level ef the inner eurfaoe. Thle muscular area le trevereed by a median septum whloh dlvidee post eriorly Into a narrow sp ondyllusu A similar but broader nusoular area, without a nedlan septum, oharaoterlsee the pedieel valve. The dental lanellae of the pedloel valve extend downward eo as to rest upon the Inner e u rfa o e ." Ismarks.—Many of the writer *s specimens of this epeolee wero oolleoted In tie bod from whloh Foerete obtained the holotype. The apeoiee has greater variation than Is indioated by Foerste*o deeorlption and figures. The rounded plloatlons aro seldom inconspicuous near the umbo although they do become finer and sharper posteriorly (pi. 9, figs. 10. 11). The dorsal valve Is always mere convex than the ventral valve but does not always display the gibbosity shown by Foerete's fig u re 6 C (see pi. 9. figs. 9. 12). The less gibboee specimens have a saall mesial depression on the dorsal valve near its posterior end. The fold In adult specimens varies from low and rounded to high and pointed (pi. 9. figs. 18. 14). This fold usually terminates beyond the antero-lateral margins producing a rather pointed profile when viewed from the side (pi. 9. fig. It). The postero-lateral margins aro flat and straight. There are always at least five lateral plloatlons on either aide of the sinus and fold. Tho beak la usually Incurved but Is ereet in one specimen. The eurfaoe Is marked with faint growth- l l n e s . Tho species is distinguished from Rhqmohotrcta amsrloana Hall by Its straight postero-lateral margins, rounded plication, greater number of lateral plications, and the absence of a foramen. roadel Is much larger than plea and has s much more prominent fold. The larger - t 80- als* end rounded plieatlnns distinguish this spoolss fro* Stogorharaohuo nogleetua (Hull) and 8 , lndUntms (Bell)* P lssn ilo M a t 8w>cftyp»«i 0* S* U* Wo* L en g th W idth H eig h t 20618 16 MU 16 MU 10 MU 20619 16 an* 17 m u 8 * 6 a t . 20610 12*6 m u 14 M * 6*8 s u 0wwrrtnBt*—Bishtr fonsation~Loe* 9* unit 1| Loo* 20* unit 4| Loo* 27* u n i t 8 | Loo* 90* If* S* H*| Loo* 37* units B* 10* 19* 16| Loo* 98* unit 1| Loo* 98* units 9* 9| Loo* 40* unit 3| Loo* 41* units 3* 6 | Loo* 47* unit 17* Loo* 48* N* g* M* L llley fornotion—Loo* 30* unit 11 j Loo* 40* unit 4| Loo* 41* units 7* 0* 11* Oonuo Rhyne ho troto Boll 1879 1879* Bhynohotroto Boll* 28th Rep* New York State p* 1 6 8 * 1897* Bhynohotroto Sehuohert* Bull* U* 8 * Oaol* Sure*, Bo* 87* p. 970* 1915* Bhynohotroto Bossier* U* S* Natl* h i.* Bull* 92* Pt* 2* p* 1196* Oenotypei torebrotulo ounooto Delnen, 1826* Kong* Vet* Akod. Bondi** p* 141* Pi* 6 * f ig * 9* Horison ond Locality of Oonotypoi f Bhamohotroto ooorloono (Boll) 1849 (Plots 9* figs* 16* 16) 1843* Atrypo ounooto Boll (non Del "ion)* Oool* Vow York| Rep* 4th >61* diet* Tab, Ore* 15# fig*# s , d# 1879* Rhynehotrota ouneata T>r. w r lm t M 1. tsth Rep. few Tork Stttc ki« Kit* Rl(t«| p* 18?| pi* M, flgp* If-SB* 1909b* Rhamohotreta w rlo tn i Foerete, Cinolnnatl See* Wat* Hist* Jour*, vol. II* p* 11* Deoorlptlon by Ball, 1879*-- "Shell triangular, cuneiform, longer than wide* graataat width noar tha front, and taparlng poetcrlorly Into an angular baak* ValTaa moderately oonvex* tho doraal sometime* glbbouat ventral beak elongated, foramen aubolroular, fortaad by tha extremity of the beak and a portion of the area below, whloh la aeparated from tha hinge-line by a deltldlum In two pleoeai aidea of the beak ootqpreaaed, flat or concave. Sinus wide* deep or ahallow* aooordlng to the development ef the ahell* oommenolng at on^third the length of the ahell from the beak* and becoming vary oonaplououa In front* Doraal valve the more oonvex* the medal fold beginning an a depreaalon Juat below the beak* and beooalng eery prominent os the lower half of the ahell* Surfaee marked by nine or ten atrong angular plloationa on eaoh valve, of whloh three are depreaaed In the alnua* and four are elevated ont he mesial fold - the two central one* being aueh the mere prominent) the plloationa are eroaaed by niaaarous* regular* fine thread-like atrlae* The entire eurfaoe la minutely papillose*" Remarks*— Thla epeeiea la repreaented by only a few apeelmena* "oat of the apeelmena have neither fold nor alnua or theae are only weakly developed* The foramen la vlalble on the extended beak ef the ventral valve* There la a avail nealal depression lr the pooterlor part of the doraal valve (pi* 9, fir,* 15)* The exterior ie marked by 1 0 rather aharp plloationa* Dlnonolono ef Hypotype*—0* 8 * U* No* 20687— le n g th 10 mm*) width 9 ma*| hei#it 4 mo* Ooeurrenoe*—Bloher formation—Leo* 2 7 * u n it 8 | Loo• 90* N, 8 * I* L llle y form ation—Loo* 7, N. S* *t*| Loo* 41* u n it IS* -35B* Oanma M «|irbQ ahni Fotrit* 1909 1909t« StoKorhrnohtta F oerhi, Bull* Donlaon Unix*, Sol* Lab*, to I . 14, p* W» 1944* 8 toKorhraohua Shimar and Shrook, Indox F o tilli of Worth Aaarloa, p* 909*. Oonotypoi Bhynohonolla w hltll praoouraor Foorato, 1909a, p* 96, pi* S, flga* 47 4>C* Horlaon and Looallty of Oonotypoi Silurian (Braaaflold), C lifton, Tonnoaaoo, U* S* A* St agorhynohui of* S* naglootun (Ball) 186S (Plato 9, flga* 17.14) 1859* Atrypa nogloota Hall, Pal* N*w York, wol* 9, p* 70, pi* 93, flga* 4 a-dj p* 974, pi* 87, flga* 1 o-p. 1889* Bhynohonolla nogloota Hall, 11th Rop* Stata Oool* Indiana, pp* 306, 306, pi* 96, flga* 1*6, pi* 97, fig* 3* 1 8 9 3 * Caaarotooohla 7 nogloota Hall and Clarko, Pal* Woo York, t o I * 8 , P t* 9 , p . 1 9 0 * 1909a* Rhynohonolla (Stogarhrnohua) noglaota Foorato, Bull* Donlaon Unix* Sol* Lab*, to I* 14, p* 98* 1944* 8 togorhynohua nonlootun Shlaar and Shrook, Indox Foaalla of Worth Jnorloan, p* 309, pi* 118, flga. 38*40. Daeorlptlon by Hall* 1889.-* ^Bholl oTold or aubpyramldal, gradually onlarglng from tho boaka to tho baao* In young Individuala tho baao la roundod, but bootaaoo dooply alnua to In oldor oxanploa* Vontral to I t o with a naalal alnua bolow tho adddlo and a oorroapondlng fold upon tho doraal t o I t o * Surfaoo ornaaontod with alwplo ahaurp p lloatl ma, whloh -85 3 - t r « W M M4 by fin* eoneeatrlo atrliv , and a one time a by a few oonsaotria Imbricating llnaa of growth* la tha young aha 1 1 a tha valvea ara naarly equal, and thara la neither alaua a or feldj bat aa tha ahall advanoea la alia* tha alaaa bee one a angular and oonapieuoua* Thara ara ganarally thraa aad aaawtlaaa four plloatloaa In tha alaua* aad four or five alarm tad an tha oppoalte valve* Tha plloationa aaually appoar aa if emooth* exoept aaar tha baao* where thara ara acme atroag Imbrloatlng llnaa of growth** Roaarhe*—Over 100 epeeimeno In tho w rltar'a oollaatlon ara compared with thla apaolaa* Tha outllna of tha ahall la aubtrlangular whan viewed frow tha top or bottoa* Tha antero-lateral aargln la roundad whoraaa tha pcatcro-lateral aargln la atralght or Tory allghtly eonoave (pi. 0* flga* 82, 24)* Tha average adult ahall la 8*5 aa* long* 9 an* wlda noar tha alddla* and 6 * 8 am* high* Tha graataat oomrexity of tha ventral valve oooura In tha poatarlor part whloh tarnlnatoa aa a polntad* lnouraod baafc* Tha doraal tolve la aora oonvex than tha ventral mWa In adult forma although In young foraa tha convexity of thaaa valvea la naarly equal (pi* 9* fig* 18)* Tha aurfaoa of tha a h a ll 1 a warkad by aharp plloationa and groovea whloh oontlnua to tha beak* Thara la a oonapiauoua alnua In tha anterior part of tha ventral valve In whloh two to thraa plloationa ooour (pi* 9* flga* 19* 80)* Tha fold on the doraal valve la ooi^oaad of throe to four plloationa* Tha aurfaoa of tha plloationa la aaooth except Immediately adjaoent to tha anterior ooamlaeure where eeveral Imbricating growth llnaa ooour on both valve a* There ara four dlatlnot and two lndlatlnot lateral plloationa on either aide of the alnua and fold* Tha apaolmana are dietingulahed from Camarotooohla roadal Foorato by their aharply polntad plloationa and their nuoh analler alaa* According to Ball (1888* pp* 308* 307) 8 . aodootun la dlatlngulahad -284- from 8« lndliMMt (Rill) by lta m lltr « 1m and I m i roudtd plloationa* Tho X ndiam form a o f 8 , neglootnn however aro a oro triangular and have a far leaa development of lmbrloated growth llnaa than tho typloal 6 * noglootf found In Wow York* Tho dlatinotion botwoon 8 * noglaotun and 8 * lndlananao la not oloar to tho writor in view of the apparent variation within oaoh epeolea* Tho writor thorofore faola that poaltlvo ldontlfloatlon of hla apeelmena la not poaalblo until tho dlatlnotlon botwoon S*_ lndlananao and tho Indiana foraa of 8 * noclootum 1a bettor known* Dlnonalona of Hypotypoai 0* 8 * U* Ho* L ength W idth H eight 80801 8 * 6 mm* 9 an* 6 * 8 ma< 80602 7 an* 7*6 mm* 4 mm* 20603 7*6 nw* 8 am* 4 an* 20804 7*6 no* 6 * 8 mm* 4 an* 10806 7 **• 8 * 6 safe Ooourronoa*—Algor foraation—Loo* 6 * u n i t 1 * Blaher fornatlon—Loo* 9* unit 1| Loo* 80, unlta 4* T, 8 | Loo* IT , unit S7f Loo* 90, N, 8 , ‘l.| Loo* 94, unit 3| Loo* 97, unlta 8 , 1 0 , 13, 16, 21) Loo* 38, unit 1| Loo* 99, unit 3, 9j Loo* 40, unit 3| Loo* 41, u n lta 3 , 6 ) Loo* 47, unit 17| Loo* 48, 3* 8 * U* L llley fornatlon—Loa* 8 8 , u n lta 2 , 4| Loo* 39, unit 1 1 j Loo* 40, u n ite 6 , 9| Loo* 41, unlta 9, 13* P e e b le a fo rm atio n —Leo* 13, 3* 8 * 4* 888- 8 ig>ar fam ily A trypaaoa Oanus Atrypa Dalaan 1888 1888* Atrypa Hainan, Kong* Vat. Akad. Handl. Stookhol*, pp. 93, 103- 104, 187-838, 148. 1 8 6 7 . Atrypa Oawldaon, Mon. B rit. Foaa. Braohlopoda, t o I. 8 , F t . 6 , P a l. 8 oo., p. 5}, 1893. Atrypa Hall and Clark#, Pal. Haw York, vol. 8 , P t . 8 , p . 183. 1949. Atrypa Alaxandar, Quart. Jour. Oaol. 8 oo. London, vol. 104, p . 808. Oanolaototypat A. ratloularla (Llnnaaua) 1788, Syataaa Haturaa, ▼ol. 1, p. 708, pi. 5, fig. 6 (aaa Dawldaon, 1863, ion. B rit. Foaa. Braohlopoda, Pal. Soo., yol. 1, p. 90). Horlaon and Looality of Oanolaototypat Silurian, I a la o f Gotland, Swadan. Atrypa ratloularla aa. (Llnnaaua) 1768 1766. Aaomla ratloularla (partlm) Llnnaaua, Syataaa Naturaa, 10th ad., ▼ol. 1, p. 708, no aacal. *ua. Taaa., yl. 6 , f i g . 5 . 1862. Atrypa ratloularla Hall, Pal. Haw York, wol. 8 , pp. 78-73, p i . 6 6 , f l g a . 8 a - a . 1667. Atrypa ratloularla Darldaon, 'on. B rit. Foaa. Braohlopoda, Pal. Soo., ▼ol. 3, Pt, 6 , pp. 63-66, pi. 10, flga. 3, 4. 1949. Atrypa ratloularla Alaxandar, Quart. Jour. Oaol. 8 oo. London, ▼ol. 104, pp. 808-813, pi. 9, fi a. 1 a-d. Daaorlptlon (partla) by Alaxandar. 1949.— *Piagnoala—Atrypa with lnourrad padlola unbo. Padlaal • 166- n lt« slightly oonvtx tt tabo, btemlng flat or o o m i t i antorlorly and la to rally, ilaia rudimentary to very deep* Brachial n lv t convex to gibbous, fold rudiaontary to Tory hi^u Ornament of sinq>le and dlohotomous, radiating ooatao orooood by more or loco prominent growth-linos whloh may bo oictondod aa lam ellae," Atrypa rotloularia hlllsboroonsls Foorato 1919 (Plato 9, flea. 26-S3) 1919* Atrypa rotloularia hlllaboroonala Foorato, Ohio Jour* Sol*, ▼ol# 1 9 , Wo* 7, pp* 381, 362| pi# 17, flga# 1 i^D# Poaoription by Foorato. 1919*— • la roly exceeding 17 aun* in length* Antorlorly tho pedloel valve tends to bo marked by a distinct sinus, while tho oorrosponding part of tho braohlal vulva Is elevated into a fold* Frequently tho lino of junction botwoon the two ts I vos , when ▼lowed directly from in front, is strongly sinuate* (oat of the apeolawns show eonoentrlo lines of growth, some of whloh tend to become oonsplouous, although on soma of the specimens the lines of growth aro inoonspiouous over the middle and posterior parts of the shell* About 6 plloatlons eooupy a width of 6 a ll11meters** Bo marks*—A large number of braohlopoda belonging to Atrypa ratioularis senau lato were oolleotod* Although these apeoimens show soma ▼aria t Ion a ll have 6 to 6 plloationa in a d lata now of 6 m u W ith the exception of A^ ratioularis elonesta Foorato all adult forms have cither a short sinus and fold or at least soma upward defleetlon of the anterior oomndsaure* These ooaiblned features agree with Foorato*s desorlptlon of the variety A^ rotloularia hlllsboroenals* Foorato, however, states that this variety "rarely exoeeds 17 aai* in length" vitloh would exolude many of the w riter’s larger specimens* The w riter believes that most of his specimens of this speoiea belong to tho -2 5 7 . n rlitjr reticularis hlllsborccnsle and th«r«fort wishes %o expand Foerete'a description aa followst Tha average aiaa of tha adult la 18 hu long, 18 mu wide* and 1 1 ■ti high* Tha graataat convexity of the ventral valve oeoura In tha umbonal region* Tha ahall da a o and a vary gradually from thia region to tha lateral margins where It beooaes m arly flat (pi* 9* fig* 33)* Poaterlorly there la a vary a hallow alnua* The doraal valve la strongly oonvex especially along tha median portion of tha aholl* Tha ahall •lopaa ataaply down to the poatero-leteral aargln where It begins to flatten out* producing a short* rather thick flange (pi* 9* fig* 39)* Anteriorly the fold oauaea an upward deflection of 1 to 6 anu In the anterior oommisaure (pi* 9* fig* 30)* The diduo tor Ugireaolon on tha Interior of the ventral valve la flaballifona attaining a diameter of 9 am* near Its anterior margin (pi* 9 0 fig* 31)* A strong muscle callosity delimits the lateral margins of this lmoresslon* Tha ventral teeth arc about 0 urn* apart and rise 1*5 to 3 mu above tha interior eurfaoe of the ahell* Ovarian impreaeione* arranged in rows* ooour on the thickened part of the ventral valve adjacent to the dlduetor muscle Impression* The exterior of the shell la aarkad by radiating plications and oonoentrlo growth lines* There are 5 to 6 plicae In a dlstanoe of 6 mu Plloatlons increase anteriorly by bifurcation and Intercalation* Growth-lines beoome prominent anteriorly* Tha shape and convexity of the ventral valve apparently does not change from tha youthful forma to tho adult* The dorsal valve* however* la lass oonvex In young apeolaens than the ventral valve* Aa the individual grows the two valves baa erne equally convex and later are distinctly nafw l In Ihtir oonfizity (pi* 9* fig*. 98-98)* The shell Appears to bs quite thin* HMirkjt—This variety is distinguished frei tha genoleetotype of A* retieularis bp its snaller sise and finer radial plications* The w riter's specimens closely resemble A* retieularis harfcnoasl Alexander but the greatest width of the shell in that variety occurs a ore anteriorly than in the variety here described* The strong muscle oalloeity and finer radiating striae distinguish this variety from 4^ retieularis lapworthl Alexander. A* retieularis hillsboroensls is distinguished from Ag' reticularis nlowaronslo Rettelreth by its equal length and width* and coarser radial plloationa* A* reticularis nrvsomsnsls olosely resembles Ag reticularis hillsboroensls but Is more eoareely p lic a te d * Dimensions ef hrpotypest o* 8* o, No. Length ttdth H eight 90609 90 an* 90 mm* 18 am* 90608 17 mm* 17 mm* 1 0 am* 10611 IS mm* 14 mm* 6 as* 10610 8 * 8 a n . 9 am* 4 mm* 2M 54- Fragm ent Oocurrenos.--Aljcsr formation—Loo* 6 * u n i t 1 | Loo* 48* u n i t 1* Bisher format! on—Loe* 9* unit lj Loe* 18* H* 8 * M*| L o e. * 0 * u n ite 7* 8 | Lee* 97* u n i t 8 | L oe. 80* N. S . A*, Lee* 80* W* S* A., Lee* 84* u n it 8 | Lee* 87* u n its 8 * 10* IS* 18| Loc. 8 8 * unit 1| Lee* 8 8 * w its 3* 9| Lee* 40* unit 3) Lee* 41* unite 8 * 8 | Loc. 47* unit 17, Loe. 48, 8 . S . 'I. -2M w Lllley r»rati«ft-lo«i U , unitS | Lm , M, wait a t, ft| Lm * SB, u n it 1 1 | Loo* 40, unlta 4, ft, 9, 1 1 1 Lm , A , u n lta T, ft, IS, 1ft, 1T| Loe, 44, unit SO, Atrypa rotloularia olonaata Foorato 191ft (Plato 9, flgo, 54, SS) 1919, Atrypa rotloularia olonaata Foorato. Ohio Jour, Sol,, tal, 1ft , So, 7, pp, 300, 381, pi, 16, flga, 4 A~C, PoM rlptlon hr Foorato. 1919,— *Tho amount of elongation of tho elongate variety of Atrypa whloh ooour a in tho Blahor amftar war lee greatly in dlfforont apoolmono, hut la aluaya aoen boat whan tho epoolmon la viewed from tho name aldo aa tho podieol valve, In full-grown apoaimona tho book of tho podlool n lra rlaoa rathor atrongly above tho boak of tho braohlal nlva. Both valvea aro atrongly oortmu Tho antorlor port of tho podlool Tilm tonda to bo allgjktly flattonod and that of tho braohlal n lm to bo slightly ol ora tod ao that tho aitorlor aargln of tho ahall la allghtly naauto, Tho radiating plloationa aro acre narrow than In Atrypa rotloularia noweomonala, from tho Waldron ahalo o f Tonne o b m , kentuoky, and ¥n4iana,* Kom arkoy - 0 nly two apooimona of thlo variety woro oollootod, Tho aholl la dlatlnotly langor than wldo (pi, 9, fig, 34), Judging from Bit anglo at whloh tho ventral vulva moota tho doraal vulva along tho lateral and antorlor margin It appears that the two valvea aro nearly equally oonvex (pi, 9, fig, Sft), There lo no alnua or fold and therefore no dofleetlon In tho antorlor oomniaeuro, Tho aurfaoe la narked with radiating otrlao and ooneentrlc gromthe&inea. There are ft to 6 otrlao In a dlatanoo of ft an, Thla variety la oaaily dietingulahed from other variation of A, ratloularla by lta more elongate dioll, mere oonvex ventral w ive, -8 6 0 - anl it* fetndiMj to hare a rM tiw rfln tt antorlor •oMdafV** Plnonalona of l« U« to* 8061T— longth >3 m « | width 19 ai« | bolght unknown* Qanrrtnaa*—Birior foraatlon—Loo* 18* *• 8 * M*f Loo* 08* If* 8* vl* Suporfaually Spirlforaooa Oona Roaplrlfor Sohuohort 1918- 1913* Bo op 1 r i f f 8 ohaohort* In KaatoaiwSlttol * Text-Book Pol** ad. 9* w l » 1 * p* d ll* 1944* rooplrlfor 8 hlaer ond Shrook* Index Foaslla of North toorioa* p* 319* Oanolaototypat 8 p lrlfor rodlatua Sowerby 1888* Min. Conoh** ▼ol. 8 * p. 161* pi* 498* flgo* 1 * 8 * Horl«on ond Locality of Oenoleotobype* Silurian* "Dudley linos tone** IngUad* H o fta .—Tho throo opooloo representing thla gemia In tho writor'• oollootl on oon bo on oily distinguished fToao one onothor* Tho go notypo* B* rcdlatua (Soworby) hno no lotorol plloatlons whereas 1* Qttdora (Mall) and JIj_ fomd (Nottolroth) how sewwral plloationa on olthor aldo of tho fold and alnua* 1* audora and Kj. f omrl oan bo dlotlngulahod by tho character of tho latoral plloationa and tho longth of tho oardlnal iraa relative to tho width of tho poatorlor aargln * - M l - ■2 fik& ££ •atea 1861* Bolrlfora wdort H ill, Aim* Hap* Oaol* 8urv. Aaoouln, p. II* IMS* Splrifara oudora Ball* 11th Sap* State Oool* Indiana* p* 194, pi* M, figs* 1S-1B* 199S* Salrlfor oudora Ball and Clarks, Pal* Wow York, vol* S, Pt* S, Pp. IS, SB, pi. SI, flga* 19*SO, 89* 1944* Botplrlfar oudora Bhiaar and Shrook, Index Foaslla of Worth Aaa rla a , p* 8S1* Description by Ball. 1981*— "Shall of moderate alts, transversely aubovate, length and width aa thraa to four, valves extramely gibbous| hinga-llne laaa than tha width of tha ahall belewj oardlnal axtraaitlas rounded| area nodaratoly high| foramen £ delthyrius^7 triangular, a little higher than wide| aurfaoa marked by thraa to four a 1^1 a, strong angular plloationa on aaoh aide of tha mesial fold and sinus* Dorsal value regularly areuatei beak aonewhat ineurved) mesial fold of moderate width, flattened above and siightly depressed in the lower part* Ventral valve most prominent noar tha wboi beak strongly lasurved over tha araai mesial sinus broad and deep*" Pswarks*— This spaoiaa is represented by more speolmens in tho writer's eolleetion than any other speolas of Bosplrifer* Both dorsal and ventral valves agree with Ball's desarlptlon* The largest speolmma a oil ee ted la SB mm* long and 83 am* wide* Thera ara nearly always five prominent lateral plloatlons whloh eentinue to tha beak* Tho oardlnal area on tho ventral valve lo s l i g h t l y eoneave and extends tha full length of tha posterior margin. Tho aurfaoa la marked with fine radiating atries* *, nlagaronals (Conrad) has about twenty to thirty plloations on • 88ft* M«h ealee which dlatlnguleh it from B^ wdow. The lateral plloe- tlo n o I n 1 , f Djmonoloma of Hmotepoot 0* 8. U* Wo* Length Width Height 80688 IT ma* SI m u 7 m i . S06S6 8 an* IS a. 8 na* Occurrence*—Blohor fomatlom—Loe. 8* unit 1| Lee* IS, IV* 8* V*| Loo* 88, unit 1| Loo* 88* unit 8* L llley formation—Loo* 88* unit t% Loo* 40* unit 4* Loo* 41* unite 8* 10* 11* Beeplrl for fo j^ (Wettelroth) 1888 (Plato 8* flga* 86* 37) 1888* Snlrlfera feed Wettelroth* Kentucky Pooe 11a 8holla* Wen* Kentucky Oeol* Sure** pp* 117, 118* pi* 88* flga* 88-81* 1804* Splrlfor foeel Kindle aad Bregor* 88th Ann. Bap* Dept* Oeol* Bat* Wee* Indiana* p* 441* pi* 8* flga* 84* 88* Dooorlptlon hr W ettelroth. 1888*— "8hell of nedlun el act eub-oiroular aub-oral or aub-olliptieali eery eentriooae or glbbouei hinge-line greatly leea than width of oholli oardlnal oxtrenitlea rounded* Surface plleated* "Ventral ealee eentriooae in young opeelnona* beeonlng glbboua In old oneet greateat eoneexlty a little aboeo the middle of tho ealee* from where it alopee in a gentle regular aurea to the front* but abruptly to the ear dino-lateral narginai a neeial alnua extenda from beak to front* well defined in lto whole eourae, moderately wldomlng* but not, or eery little* laoreaoiag in depth towarda the front| * • * * uabe more or loaa prominent* aeoordlng to ago* and beak atroagly arehed oeer the umbo of oppoalte ealee* • • • -MS- triangular fitaura of moderate also, with its baaa to &%• height aa twa to thraa* "Doraal n h a af equal eonwexity with tha ▼ antral vo I to , bath in yeung and eld ahella, • • • • a naaial fold af nadarata elevation aad aadarata width, but wall daflaad la lta ahala eourae, * * * • eurfaee amaaantad by flaw ta elx braadly raandad pi lea tl ana an eaeh aide af tha naaial fald and alnua, af whieh anly tha firat ana, adjaeent ta tha naaial elevation ar dapraaaian, la af nadarata alaa and plainly narked fren beak ta front, while tha athara dlninlah in alta and dletinetneea nora and nara toward tha lateral nargina* In wall preaerved apaalnana retaining tha ahall, tha avrfhoe ia covered with fine, thread-like, radiating etrlae, • • thaaa atrlae ara araaaad by fine lubricating llnaa of growth, whieh baaana aonawhat arawdad near tha front* . • " lenarka*—The apaainan ahown in figure 36, plate t, la 16 an* wide at the peaterler nargin* The oardlnal area af thla apaainan 1 a 10 wau long* The w riter'a apaalnana have two to four aubdued lateral pllaatlana on either aide af tha fold and alnua* The laat aet af plloationa ia barely vlalble and ueually beeonaa abaalete I to S ne* from the anter»*lateral nargin* The ventral beak 1a atrongly curved (pi* 9, fig* 87)* Moat of the apeeinana ehow indlatlnet eonaantrla growth-llnaa and radiating atrlae* Thla apealea la dlatlngulahed fron 1 , oudora (Hall) and K* nlagaron- ala (Conrad) by lta aubdued lateral pllaatlana, whloh beeoaw abaalete b ^ fare reaahlng the beaka, and lta ahort oardlnal area* The rather enooth lateral exterior reaenblea *. radlatua (Sowarby) but that apealea haa no lateral plloationa* dooordlng ta Wettelroth (1889, p* 116) I* feed aaauplea an lnteraedlato paaltlon between radlatua and 1 * nlacarenela* Dlnenalana of Hypetypoat 0 * 8 * 0 . We* Length Width Haight 90616 16 aa. 91 an* 9*8 we. 90699 17 am* 90 m * 19 aa* • 1 1 ^ OoiMtfW*—lllU r Parnatlon—Lao* N, a i t 11 1 Lm« 41, a l t •• EoaolrIfbr mdlatu* (Soworby) 1888 ( P l a t* 8 , f i g . 8 8 ) 1 0 IS, Solrifar llM »tq (n d iita ) Somrby, Mn* Conoh,, ml* 5, p. 181, pi, 8 8 8 , figs. I, 8 * 1868* Solrifar rt41>tM Ball, Pal* B*w Tark, toI* t, pp* 6 6 , 8 6 6 , p i* 8 8 , flga* H it (not 8 * * * ), pi* 5 4 , fig * 6 * 1888* Solrlfara radlata Bottalroth, l*ntwk^ Foaoll Shall*, Mm* lantuafcy Oaol* 8 urr*, p* ISO, pi* 8 8 , flga* 15»16* 1944* Baaolrlfar radlatu* Shlnar and Shrook, Indax Foaoll* of Barth Iw rtia, p* 881, pi* 181, flga* 47*48* Daaarlptlen br H all, 1688*** Mihail rarlabla In fora, aubtrlangular, rotund or aubglaboa* walwaa alaaot afually oonrran, tha baak of th* d a ra a l f auntral^ 7 t d n nor* or laaa axtandad, and aorwing rrar th* rostral /" daraaly ▼alwai hlmg*»lln* oftan laaa than tha width of th* ahall, tha axtraaitiaa ha&ag raoodadf aurfaaa uarkod bp fin* alaaa radiating atriaat naaial alawatlon and dapraaaion nodarata, aarkad by tha atria* aa ethar parta of tho ahall | doraal araa nor* or laaa anpaaad, apd giving a wary aarlabl* appaaranoa to th* ahalli foranaa Adalthyriao j narrow and long* afton partially ar ontlraly aloaad by a aalloaihf f paando»daltidiua^/t intorlor plataa of tha doraal ▼ antral 7 vulva naar togathar, and a standing downward* within th* llaita of tho naaial dapraaaion** Banarka***Moat of th* u ritar'a apaainana ara fragaantary* Tha alnua in tha wontral volTa la wary broad and ohallow (pi, 8 , f i g , 8 8 )* Tha fold an th* doraal vulva la naually flat on top* Both alnua and fold axtand to tha bank* Tha aurfaaa of aavoml apaainana la m r in d with aubduad aonaontrio growth-llnaa togathar with radiating atriaa* Thia opaalaa la anally dlatingulahad fran tha athar looplrifar aallootad by tho febamc of lotoral plloationo* OiMMloai of Oooorronoo*— Blohor fonottot—Lte« 489 R« 5* I* Lilloy foraatlon~4*oo* U , unit St Loo* 41* unit I* Otaoc Crlppollo Kotlowoki 19S9 1911* Crlopollo latlm kl* Palaoont* polonloa* wol* 1* No* SO* p* lit 1644* Crlooollo 8 hi nor and Shrook* Indox Pooollo of Worth Anorloa* p* SS7* Oonotypot Solrlfor orlopoo (Blalngor) 1816* Swonaka ▼•%*- Akad* Handl** pi* 7* Pig* 4* Horlaon and Looallly of Oonotypot t Crlopollo oriopo olnplox (Hall) 186S (Plato 9* flga* 40* 41) 166S* Splrlfora orlopa oar* Ball* Trana* Albany Inat** tol* 4* p* Sit 1079* Splrlfora orlooa oar* alnplox Hall* 10th Hop* Now York Stato 4ao* Wat* Blot** p* 157* pi* S4* flga* 1-6* 1904* Spirt for (Rotloularla) oriapoa tar* a ln lo i Klndlo and Brogor* M th Ann* Hop* Dopt* Goal* Wat* Roo* In d ian a* p* 44S* p i* 0* flga* S6-S9* Poaorlptlon by Hindio and Broaor. 1904*-- Niholl anall* gibbouai oontral n lv t naaoh noro oonrox than ha doraal* Thoro ara two or throo roundod plioationa on oaoh aIda of tho fold and oinao* tho outor onoa not roaohing tho boakat plioationa aro oroaood by flno lanolloao* oonoontrio atriao whioh hawo* frlagiiig tholr nargino* maoroua wary flno ootaoi tho lattor •taruteri art virjr m il praM rral In tha m tw al aaulfe* IpaalvM frm %14ron ikot than m il daralopod* ▼•ntral n lm with thin, lev, m ilai mpkm axkaadlii about o n a - th ir d Mm dlitaaaa %• th* front* A thin festal plata, half tha langth of tha aaptwa llaa an aaah olda a f i t . " Bamrla»—thl< tarlaty la raprasentad by ana Tuntral and ana daraal walwa. Tha alnua on tha ▼ antral m lm la dallnltad by taa roundad plioationa whiah axtand to tha bank* Thara la ema aat of lataral plioationa nblah bnaawa lndiatino t In tha uaboaal part af tha ahall (pi* 9* fig* 4 0 ) m Tha naaial fald on tha doraal n lm la low and roundad* Tha flrat aat of roundad lataral plioationa antanda to tha bank (pi* 9* fig* 4l)« Tha aaaond aat of lataral plioationa la aary aubduad and baoomaa indiatlnot naar tha baak* Tha aurfaaa af bath Talvaa la aarkad with fina, allghtly frlllad, eanaantrlo atriaa* Thara ara about flva atriaa in a dlatanaa af ona a&lllaatar* C* arlapa (Hlaingar) l a diatinguiahad from t h la Tarlaty by ita g r a a ta r aunbar of lataral plloatAoaa all a f w hiah oontlnua to th a baaka* Diaanalona of ftrpatypaai 0* 8 * 0 . Vo* Langth Width Halgrt 90697 7 an* 9*5 an* t.i ma« 10698 7 an* 9*6 am* S m u ( raatarad ) Oaaarrnaaa*—■Llllay foruatlon—Loo* 41* unita 9* 13* Suparfaaily laatraapiraaaa Qanua Crrptatharralla Caopar 1949 1949* Cryptathorralla Caopar. Jour* Wash* Aaad* 8ai*t toI* 89* Wo* 6* -9 6 7 - f. «as. 1944* C nrftFittm llt Ihlatr tod Ihrnk, ZbAix Fm iIIi of lorlk iwriM «f p* S&« Qonoholotypo* W hlkfltldxlU wxdnm pdxrli Fotrate 1906, Xtatoaky 0««1( 8urr«( Bull* 7. p. 317. pi. 1, firs* 4 o-o. Rorlion tnd Looallty of Qonoholotypot Silurian. F ltp ru t Ado Ml Co*. Ohio. o. 8. A* Cryptothrrolla oyllndrloo (Roll) 1068 (Plato 9. flga. 44-49) 18ft* Atrypa oyllndrioa Hall. Pol. How Tork. toI. t. pp. 76. 77. pi. 94. flga* t a-h. 199S* W hltfioldolla oyllpdrloa Hall and Clarko. Pal* How York. wol. 6 . P t* t . p . 60. pi* 40. flga* 16-tt* 1906* H hltfloldollo aubquadrata t Poorato. Aontooky Oool. Burv*. Bull* 7. p* 896. pi. 1. flga. 8 A-IP. 1906. W hltfioldolla ouadranxularl a 7 Poor a to. Aontooky Oool* Burv*. Ball. 7. p. 897. pi. 1. flga. 4 A-C. 1944* Cryptothrrolla oyllndrloo Bhlaor and 8hroak. Indox Foaallo of North Aaarloa. p. 8S1. pi. 196. flga. 8B-65. Poaorlptlon by Hall. 166t*«— *8holl olongatad. oyllndrloal. gibboua. width and dopth ooval i walowa naarly oqually oonrox. hook of tho doraal £ wontral_/ ono nuah olowatod In front, oontro fla t, or with a alight undoflnod doproaalon fro m tho baao naarly tolho anrwo of tho hoaki lataral aargina af tho two walyoa uniting in naarly a diroot llnoi aurfaaa narked by flno oonoontrlo llnoa. and atrongar 11 no a of growth * towarda tho nargln. a ana flno radiating atriaa aro Tlalblo." - m - Iw w lii—ftli ipMlM la npr»Mnt»d by m r two hundred ipitiaiM moot of whioh or# oooploto and fro# fro* tholr im 1 « i1 d | watrlx* Tha adult font n rle i from a modorotoly expanding elliptical oholl to • rapidly i^M diogi abort m ta ahall (pi. 9, flga* 47, tf)« dll tranaitlonal forma botwoan thoao two typoa aro wall rapraaoatad in tho wrltor*o oolloatloa. Tho doraal and rontrol velvet aro about equally convex although tho ventral utbo la alwayo wore prowl bo n t thaw that on tha doraal valve In adult apoalaana (pi. 9* fig* 89)* Tho alnua and fold, which bogin approxlwately in tha wlddla of tha ahollf ara eebduod, oauaing only a modorato doflaation in tha aatarlor eommiaeure* Yeung forua aro uaually broad. Koto no fold or alnua, and ho** a far laaa prowlnant ventral wbo than oooura In tha adult (pi* 9, fig* 44)* Adoloaoant forma beeoao woro elongate, tha alnua and tha fold aro barely vlaible, and tho a antral laabo la allghtly wore prominent than tho doraal unbo (pi* 9, fig* 49)* Tho exterior la awooth except for oonoentrle growth*Linea* %ny of tha w riter'a apeelmone oloaoly reaea&le Poorato'a figure a o f £ 5 aubpuadrata and ouadraaxularla* Thara ara, however, a larger number of tranaltlnnal forme in tha w riter'a oolleetlon whiah wight be plaaad either In C* oyllndrioa or in one of thoao two related opeolea* Beoauee of tha laok of Internal featuree and reliable aodea af dlatlnatlon tha writer hae provialcnally plaood all varietal forma in C« oyllndrioa* Piwanalana of Brpotypoai 0* 8 . U* Ho* Length Width H eight 10800 89 wa. 17 me* 17 mm. P ttaaloa* of *r*okrp**« (**at) * * jj I I o 00 ft o «* «o ( J 4P £ ■4 ■4 S W « J « W M 1 8 9 8 P 0 i * • h <* « 1 1 * •a 1 j 8 j H « 4 9 8 6 8 * e 8 M « * • H • * _ •4 .4 8 4•4 9 3 8 8 is oa *» J 8 S * " • : «4 £: 1I 8 a 1 * § ■ -• i 8 - .1 I » , 4» P ,4 • 8 • t «4 ft 8 *J - £ A •** 1 3 J 4* 8 . i . ft 1 * 8 ft 1888, Ihltflaldalla Ball and Clark*, Pal, N*w York, vol. 8, Pt. I, H ac t *-« i ? i 4» t 8 Jtt 1 I 4 c 8 I* m o s I 9* H 1 5* *1 * 8 *- o 3 $ S I I £ f S I «3 | 8 * ft ft ° 4 «* * •3 »4 t *9 * I I IS 5 V 9 8 8 9 a i i 3 4 3 8 9 ft *t r4 0 4 t 8 9 C 9 t f ft 1848, Akryp* ajtida Ball, Q**l, War York, lap, 4%h D lat,, tWb, Org, -tr o - Kan, 1 8 , f i g , 8 , 1811* A tfw Bltidt U l, Fal« l#t T#rk, wl» I, p, 166, pi, 66, fig* 1# 1698* ld tfl«l< ilU d tili U 1 and Clark*, Pal, law Tark, toI , 6 , Pt. t, p, ft, flga, 48, 44, Paaarlotlaa by Mall. 16>t,— "Shall owald, with tha baaka nor* or laaa axtandadi aurfaaa anaoth, ar with fin* wwnaantrla atriaa and a faw aonaplauaua Unaa of growth toward* tha baa*, and ■ aw> tiro* on th* nlddla of tha ahallj aalwoa naarly oqually MBvas, tho baak on tha daraal r n n tn v wait* balag anoh alavatad abort, and inaurglng orur tha tantral £ doraal^/ walaui tha daraal £ auntral_7 walaa aonatlnaa aarkad, naar tha baao, by a longitudinal dapraaalon," lawarka,--Thla opaalaa la rapraaantad bp 6 apaainana, Tha awaraga apaolman la 10,6 nn, long and 7,6 aw* wlda. In daraal prof11a tha ahall aspanda awanly fran tha baak ta tha nlddla whara It roaahaa It* graatoat dianotar, Tha anbrler profll* daaarlbaa a anooth aaad- alrola (pi, 6, fig, 4t), No alnua or fold la praaant, Thara la a anall olroular foranan at tha and of tha point ad rantral baak, Coa» oantrlo growth-llnas ara wialbla on tha aurfaaa, Tha wantral hnd daraal urbo ara nora narrowly taparad than In young f ama of Crypto- thrralla oyllndrioa (Ball), Jgggotj|]£,*«0, 8, U# Va, 80681, O*ourranpa»»-Llll*y fam atlen—Laa, 41, unit* 8, 10, It, 18, - m - Phylun M iIIini Claaa FalNypada Order Taaadwta taparfnlly Araaaaa Oenua Hegel— aa H ell 1868 1888. Hegeleeue Hell, Pel* Wo» Terk, wol* I, p* 548* 1888, Hegelc— Hiller, *. Aa« Oeol* Falaeont*, p* 488, Genotypet H» oanadonale Bell, 1868, p* 948, pi* 80, fig*, 1 a -e , pi* 81, flga* 1 e*f, pi* 88, flga* 1 n-1* Horlaon end Looellty of Genotypet Hiegeren (Ouelph) Gelt, Ontario (1888, p. 844). Hegeloama eenedenala Hell 1888 (Plate 9, flga* 80-88) 18Bt, Heeel— la oanadanala Hell, Pel* Hew York, toI* 8, p* 848, pi* 80, flga* 1 *-e, pl« 81, flga* 1 e-f, pi* 88, flga* 1 n-1* 1944* Hogalaane eenedenala thlner end Shroek, Index Peealla of Worth Aaerloe, p* 881, pi* 147, flga* 1 Peaerlptlen b y Hell* 1888*— "Shall ovoid, eub-oyllndrloel, the depth ef both eelvee being equal to the helgjhti beak a anterior, lnenroed, e dlatlnet groove along the Inner edge of the doraal aargln fron beneath the beak two-third a the dletanoe to the poaterlor extronltyi ahell eetrenaly thlek on the anterior portion, eonpoeed of nuaeroae lenlnee, whloh, when aeon vertically, have an apparent flbroua atrueturei wueoular lapreaalon very deep, the aidea atrlatedi two aeeller end ahallowor pita above the larger one* Kxterlor eurfaoe of ahell eonoentrloally atrleted * "The oeata of thla apeeloa, when not dlatorted, la very prooinent at the beake and along the doraal aide, gradually aloping off to the poaterlor end* Below the * 7 9 - laboM ii and far aama dlitanM bactm rdi, It la abruptly aoatraotad ar dapraaaad froai tha thiakanlng af tha ahall at thla parti whila tha laaar portion, with tha aaat af tha anaaular lmpraaalon, projaata forward aa far aa, ar a llttla in adwanaa af tha uabaaaa* Bataaaa tha anaaular lapraaalon and aabanaa, thara uaually raaain aawaral folda with oarraopondlng ladantatlona, mark&nga tha lapraaaloaa af tha taath ar pllaationa of tha hinga, Praai tha auaaular lapraaalon, a a hallow gro«ra axtanda baakmarda parallal to tha aargln of tha ahall, till It gradually dlaa out on tha poatarlor half af tha ahall*" lUaarka.—Tha apaolaa la rapraaantad by a numbar af lntarnal aolda all of whloh agraa with Hall*a daaarlptlon and flguraa (1801, pi* 90, 91, 8t)* Figura 91 on plata 9 ahowa two prominant projaationa about 10 iaa* balow tha vabo whloh rapraaant tha daap antarler aaaala aaarc. Two aaall oardlnal taath oan ba aaan batwaan tha unbo and tha auaola aeara* Dlaanalona of Hypo typo at 8 . U, No, H aig h t Oapth L angth 10996 89 am. 81 a a . 48 mm. 90996 99 am. 49 nmu 99 mn* 90S9T 90 a a . 79 am. 118 a a . Oaourranaa,— aablaa f ormatlon-*Loo, 94, unit I. Claaa Oaatropoda Subalaaa Proaobranahia Ordar Arahaaogaatrapoda fuparfanlly Plaurotomarlaaaa Oanua Coaloaauloa Oahlart 1968 1999* Caalaoanlua Oahlart, Bull, 8oo* Ltudaa Sol, Angara, p, 84. 1908, Coalldlum Clark* and Ruadanann, Naw York Stata b a ,, Man, 6, -IT* p . 6 0 . I t 41. Coo lo o p aim b& K hlf O i»l« I n * ta,* IpN til Fiytri, Wo. II, p* II* Oanohelotyp* (by nlM qiwal daalgnotlon)i C» l»Tldind 0 1877, pi. 9, fig. T ( m « Knight, 1941, p. 81). Horlton tnA Loaollty of Oanoholotypa* Devonian, Lo Baeonaloro, dopartnont of d gm n , Fronao. Cooloooulua of. C. naoroaolra (Hall) I66t (Plot* 10, flga. 1, «) 18if. tarahlaonlo nooroaplra Holl, Pol* l#w Tork, vol. t, p. 346, pi. 83, fig. 0. 1868* ‘hnrohlaonlo logon!1 Holl. Pol. Vow Tork, vol. t, p. 346, pi. 84, flga. 4o, 4b. 1903, Coolldlun oooroaolro Clorko and loodowaim, How Tork 8tat* 4 u ., •Ion. 8, pp. 60*67, pi. T, flga. ft>9, pi. 10, fig. 13. 1844. Cpoloaottlaa naorooolm 8hlm*r and Shroak, Xndos Pooalla of North Aaarlao, p. 499, pi. 166, flga. 93, 90. Doaorlptlon by Clorko and Haodouann. 190l«— *fl» llloatrotlona horo given ahow tho angularity •f tho lawor whorl a, on whloh tha a llt bond £ N lw lM M a7 atoada oot prowl neatly ot tho periphery, holag narrowly * aoaeen, with elevated, thin wargln not rialng to tha hight of th* aurfaaa of tha band. Of tha whorl a, whloh any ha 10 In awabor, tho laat four ahow thia angularity with 1nor**alag dlatlaataooa, but tha oorllar whorla ovaa wh*n wall preaerved praaant only o roundad ourfaee. Th* a llt bond lloa olnoat oantrolly an tha whorl, but tho overlap by lotar growth uokoo It appoor bolow the nlddla oxaopt on tha final whorl. Tha alopo on tha qpper part af tha whorl to t ha allt bond la mora dlraat and laaa aonwex than balow. Tho eonoantrla aurfaaa llnoa alopo dlreetly bookaord about tho parlphory but -8 7 * . oho* a ourwatwr# aa « M 1 1 n 1 awrfnoe* tha ap leal angla la fr « 90* to If*, tha dlrootlon af tha euture la quit* tranoreroei farm of aperture not unbl Ilona narrow bat open to#** apex af tha ahall** l a a r b «— thi apeolnona eeopared with thla opeeie* eonslat af pearl/ preaerwed external nlda non* af ahlah la eonplete* A narrow, rather ladlatlnet aalaalaana waa obaerred oa tha lawar two wharle of aaa apeeinaa (pi* 10, fig* t). Moat af tha opaelnaaa dloplay rathar round*d whorl• although angularity, whloh aontlawaa to tha apex, la apparent In oaa epoeinea (pi* 10, fig* 1)* A narrow uabllleua la praaant* tha apartnra la not axpoaod la any of tha writer * a apaalaaaa and therefor* aan not bo poaltiwely identified with C*^ naoroaolra* larnotoaa whltoaTool Clark* and Buadonaaa wh leh roaanblaa C^ naoroaolra la dlatlngulahad fraai tha latter by lta laaa oonproaaed whorl a m i tha abaanaa a f an uablllena* Hypotypoe*—0* t* Q, Wo* W o t and £lll*>* Ooourrenee*--Poeblea foraatlon—Lee* 14* nnlt f| Loo* 16, W* t* W*l Loo* 98* W. 8* 4*| Loo* 99* W. 8* W* Stporfaally Troohonanataaaa Oettua PalaiuAta Clarko and tnadaaam 1908 1908* P olauwlta Clarko and Kuedenaan, Wow Tark State ha»* Mon* 6, p . 89* 1941* Palenaita Knight, Qaol* 8oa* An*, 8peolal Papara, Wo* 89, p* 969* Oonotypo (by nonatypy)* P* dlaoora (J* Boworby) 1814, p* 118, pi* 88, fig* 1 (aa* Knight 1941, p* 868)* Horlton and L aoallty af Gonotypot S ilu ria n , Wanloak llaoeton oi Coalbrook Dale, Shropahlro, Kngland* Pol ow l ta pQTOTl Poorest 19If (Plato 10, flga, »• 4) 1919, Pplowed ta aoTtrl Poor*to, Ohio Jour, Sol,, wol, 19, Wo, 7, p, 884, pi, 17, flga* 9 i*>o , Dooorlotion by Poor a to. 1919,— tp iio loo, but with tho a pox rltlag dlottnotly •b m tho level of tho on tor whorls la tho largo a t tpeoinen ot hand, about St asu la dlaaotor, tho apox o f th o a p lro r lo e o a t lo o o t 4 m u abort tho outer whorl. Whorla five or alai tho aonvexlty of tho outer whorl It wore or loot obliquely depretted j tho oowoxlty of tho lowor tldo of tho body whorl It nederate, and tho anblllout It relatively tha How, Botwooa tho upper tvtwro of tho body whorl and lto porlphory thoro aro 11 or It rathor ttrozvg revolving ridge a, oqually tpaood, Bolow tho porlphoral 11so thoro aro about 6 additional revolving rldgot, tho inner of whloh beuado tho oeaa» parativwly onooth uohllloua, la tho larger tpooiwoa, horo do tori bod, tho revolving ridge a art tllghtly lo ti than half a ailllneter la width and aro ollghtly noro than half a a&lllnotor apart, Tho revolving rldgot aro oroatod by oontpiouoat tranaveroe atriaa, of whloh • or 6 ooonr la a length of two m illinotort, toward tho aporturo of tho body whorl, Whoro tho t raatwwrto otrlao eroti tho revolving rldgot thoy or* boat oontplououtly baekward," Htuqrkt,—the lorgeit tpooiaon of thlt tpoolot oollootod hat a batal dlaaotor of tl au (pi, 10, fig, 4), Tho oxtorml omaaontatlon oontltto of revolving ridgea and flno iabrleatlng tranaveroe otrlao (Pi. 10, fig, 8), Tho Interval between revolving rldgot It 1 aa, Thoro aro 4 to B tranoverto otrlao in a dlttamo of 1 mu Pooroto (1919, p, 884) motet tho following otatenont regarding tho dlitlnotion of thlt tpoolot* "Coopered with Polounlta toannata Clarko and tuodtnam, free tho Owolph of Wow York, both ike revolving rldgot and tho tranevereo ttriae are ooaroor. In Polounlta hnatjngtoaonoli Uadle and Bpeger tho tplre it auoh higher ani there it nothing known of tho hrantwtrto otrlao, Za f oleunita elana Kindle and Brogtr the revolving rldgot -rr*- aro I m i aowrovi, irt m n wldoly tp«M4 in i tho tap of too oplro to ■ara flattonod* bolag actually doproaood in aano opoolaono*" hypotypo#.—o» >• n( Wo* iw if and fiors. Ooourranoo*—L lllar fenmUoa ■loo« 19, unit f| Loo* 41* unit 19* Poobloo forootlon—Loo* 99* N( S* vt* Ooaua F lo t r oar a o Conrad 1940 1849* Plotroorao Conrad, 4th Amu Bop* low Tork Oool* 8urw** p* 909* 1941* Flatroaroo Haight* Oool* Soo* Am*, Spoolml Poporo* *o* 39* p* 990* 1944* Platyoorao 8hi nor and Shrook* Indox Pooollo of Sorth haorloa* p* 473* 1999* P lo ty ooro o Bowrohor, ObIt * Kanoao* P alacont* Contr** Art* 9* p* 9* Gonoloototypoa P* wotuota (J* do C* lamrbjr) 1999* pi* 60T, fig * 1 (ooo Wont* 1999* ■* p* 944)* Horlton and Locality of Oanolaototypot L Quoona County# Ireland* 9»nortoi"dhlnor and dhrook (1944* p« 473) rootriot Plotroorao to thooo foroo haring "whorlo oollod in oontaet in oarly growth otagoo h ot froo and born*»ohapod a t la t o r otagoo*” Thoao authoro regard Platrootona aa a oubgoaao of Platyoorao oharooterltod by "natlalform ahollo with whorl a oollod in oontoot at all otagoo* * Thla olaoolfloatloo hao boon followod by tho arltor* r U tflfli (Platyoorao) nloaaronoo (Ball) 1893 (PUto 10* fig* 8) 1888* Aorooulla ntanoronoo Holl* Pal* How York, ▼©!• 2* p* 988, p i . -87%. 60, fig. s, 1868, F litw m n ltiirw li Vail* 20th (top, >«■ Tork State Cab* Hat. H ist,, 1868, p, M l, 1944, Flatrooras (Platyooras) nlaiaronala Shiaer sn4 Ihroek, Index Fossils of Perth Ausrleo, p, 478, pi, 198, fig, 10, Dssoriptioo by Holl. 1888,— "Ap#x lmrolute, soaroely forsdng a rolutlon, gradually standing with boo or thro# longitudinal folds or undulations, tranarersely striatsdi stria# undulating across tho #1orations and doproaalons of tho surfaoo,” Remarks,—This spooios is represented by one speeljaea prosorrod as ar internal aold, The spooinon is horn-shaped, expanding to a disaster of 14 as, at tho aporturo, Thoro are two longitudinal doprosolons whloh extant approxlaatoly 9 na, froji tho aporturo towards tho apex, 3trlae aro not prosorrod on the w riter's specimen, F®* 80884, O oourroneetlihor formation—Lee, 80, unit 7, Subgoaus Flatrostcm a Conrad 1648 1848, Platrostoma Conrad, 'Tour, Aoad. S t, Sol, Philadelphia, rol, 8, Ft* 8, p, 878, 1868, Pjaphoroatoma Flaohor. Han, Coneh,, p, 766, 1941, Platrostoma Inlght, Oool, Boo, A*,, Spoolal Papers, He, 88, p , 888, 1944, Platraoras (Platrostoaa) thlssr end Shrook, Indox Fossils of Forth Aaarloa, p, 478, Oonoloototypoi F, rontrloosum Conrad, 1848, p, 278, pi, 17, • fTfU fig* I (m Ball, 1888, p. 10)* H o rlto n and Looallty o f Oonoloetotypot l o n r Doveuian (Orlskany aaadstoao), How Tork, C. 8. 1* Platrosras (Platrostooa) oornutuo (Blslngor) 1887 (Plato 10, flga* 6, 7) 1IST* Pllooooli oomuta HI tin nor. Lothaoa Suooloa, p* 41, pi. IT, f i g . 11. 1888* Platyottoaa nlaxaronala Hall, Pal. tow Tork, vol. 8, p. 887, p i* 8 0 , flg a * 1 a -v , 1884* Platroorti ooraat— Llodotroo. lotigl. iron, rot. JUcad. Handl., vol. 19, Ho* 8, pp. 88*87, pi, 8, flga* 19*81, pi. S, flga* 8*9, 19-88* 1908* D la p h o ro a to t nlataron ala Clarko and Buodomann, How Tork S ta to 'too*, Nan, 6 , p . 59, p i . 10 , f i ^ a . 14*18, 1944* Platyooroo (Platyoatoaa) oornutuo Shlnor and Shrook, Indox Potalla of forth Asorloa, p . 478, p i , 198, f1*:o. 1, 8. Doooriptlon b y Ball. 1858*— "GFlobotoi v o lu tio n s throo or fo u ri body-whorl lorgoi 1oflatod towardo tho aporturo whloh la dllatodi auturoa doopt aplro doproaaod (raroly olovotod)) aboil thini aurfooo atriatod aoroaa tho volutions, and In wall prooorvod apoeloans longitudinally oarkod by fllifom undulating atrlao.” Bo narks*—Tho wrltor'a oollootlon of this opoolaa oonalata of a largo maabsr of apooloons whloh sollootlvsly display eonaldorablo oarlatlon* All of tha apooioano aro within tho rings of variation ahom by Ball (1868) on plato 80, flga, 1 a-v, Tho ahalla aro natlolforo and ha vs 8 to 8 whorls. Tho first whorl nay rlso abovo tho body whorl or -* 7 9 - be t«pr«(Md k liv It* tin ihirla in etanool/ rood in trtam rN aeetlon but are lOMtiMi ratter u riltr anr tte aperture, In several •pM lm i tte Uat whorl In daflaite daarar* Jut behind te afartea (pi, 10, fig, 6), fte largest stell aallMtad Is tl aa. In disaster and I t m u high, Tte aurfaaa la smooth oasopt for faint growth llnaa, Diasnalona of teoteaai 0, t, U, Vo, Haight width t \ l 5 2 10 an, 19 mm, niSB IS m . 11 mm, Ooourroaso.--Blater formation—Loo, to, unit 4| Lao, SO, V, S, 1,| Loo, 94, unit S| Loo. 17, unlta 8, 10, IS, 1S| Loo, SB, unit 1| Loo, 89, unlta S, 9| Loo, 40, unit St Loo, 41, unit It Loo, 48, V, 8 , 1 , Lllley formation—Loo, 41, unit IS, Poobloa formation—Loa, tS, unit 6, Platyooras (Platyoatana) hlllateroonao (Poorsto) 1919 (Plato 10, fig. I) 1919, Dimnhoroatoaa hlllaboroonals Poorsto, Ohio Jour, S ol,, toI . 19, Vo, 7, p, S8S, pi, 17, flga, 10 LD» Poaorlatlon hr Poors to. 1919,— •Tte lanor margin of tho aporturo apparently la thin, aa In Plaateroatena. Spooioa amall, nano af tte apooiasns oaaaadlng 16 aa, Tu diaaator, horls about fottri tte apos of tha stell rising but modaratoly above tte outer uhorl, Tte oh&of oharaftorlotlo foaturo eonalata In tte proaonoo of loo revaluing llnaa, whloh vary from 6 in a diatomso of t am, to 9 or 10 In tte asms dlstanse, Tteao revolving llnoo often aro not eoaapleueus and aro readily ovarloohad,• -WO- liiirk iftldi it nffM tiiii tgr m knlm «pwititt Tha astart or of tha ipN lan it arhid with fiat rrrolwlag rirlto (pi* 10, fig* •). Thara art thraa otrlao in a distant* tf 1 as* Tha a ila n dlaaatar af tht vp«tlnta it 7,8 mu Tory faint growth lint* trass tha rtrtlwing atriaa but thaaa ara far lass dawolopad than thasa oaourrlag in tha gonna Polounlta* Tha praaanaa af tha rawsiwlng atriaa rsadlly dlstlnguishad this spaslas fron (P lntras tana) atrantun (Uslngar)* Dinanalons af Bypotma*—O* I* U« Wo* |060*~haight 7 a n t naidann dlanatar 7*8 m u Otsurrants*— L11 la y fo ra a tlo a —Loo* 41, u n it 10* Class Caphalopoda tnhalass Wautlloldaa Ordar Wlohallnaaaratlda Oat oaphalopod was sol lot tad* Tha spaainan is an orthaaarnso with an arthaahoanitla siphunala (pi* 10, fig* •)* Tha dlstanaa batwaan sapta is about 7 an* lha tsptal naafe has a width of 8 mu Wo aatamal fa* turns ara a spot ad* Wfaatraa*—0* 8* 0 , Wa* £ l1 s t . Ottarraatt*—Bishar fornatlon—Lao* 48, W* 8* W* • MU PlqrlM iBBtllda Claee PdfohiH i Order Cryptooephala Ocmi Cornellto* l«hl»th«la 1810 1810* CtrnalltM Sohlothela, Petr*feetenkunde, p. 378. 1871* Conohleolltoe Iloholeon, An* Jeer* 8*1., Ser. 3, vol. 3, pp. 108.804. 1818. Cornell tee Bee el or, U. 8, la tl. Mm ., Bull. 81, Ft. 1, p. 177. 1844. Cornelltee Shiner end 8hrook, Index Peeello of Vorth Anerloa, p . 188. Genotypet C^ eerpelerlee Sehlotheln, 1810, p. 378. Bor 1 ton end Locality of Genotypet Silurian (lenlook), Ragland. C orn elltee arenatee Conrad 1841 (Plate 10, fig. 10) 1841. Cornelltee ereuatue Conrad, Jour. Aead. Bat. Sol. Philadelphia, ▼ol» 8, Pt. 1, p. 176, pi. 17, fig. 8. 1808. Cornulltoe aroeatee Clark* and Buedenann, lee Terk State 'tie., Von. 8, p. 108, pi. 4, flgo. 1*8. 1808. Cornulltoe arouatee Gratae, Michigan Oool. Sure., 8er. 1, pub. 1, p. 801, pi. 11, fig*. 4>6. 1844. Cornulltoe arouatee Shiner and 8hroek, Index Poeella of lorth Anerloa, p. 188, pi. 81, fig*. 19, 10. Peeerlntlon hr Ombau. 1808.— "Tube enall, rapidly tapering baeal portion in the only epooinon eoen, curved alnoot at right angle*. Annul*tlone about 10. In tho Internal nold the eurflaee elope* gently outward and then euddenly oontraote, eo - 1 0 * that tho We avrfiaei aro naarly at ri^it anglaa* laittcM feWMiii anrtlar tamrd tha tw M ond» allghtly lrn in lir at tha point af oanatara." ta ifh i.—The apaainana aallaatad Tory alaaaly m atbla Clarko and tiiail— nn*■ fl|a n 8 (1101, pi* 4), Dm larpat Wba la tf w* la laafth and hat 10 rlaga* All af tha apaainana ara rathar atralght and aranly aapandlag* lha rloga ara aharaatarlatlaally lnbrloatad* Tha a star lor la faintly narkad with longitudinal atriaa* Plaaaaloaa o f % potrpa*~-0* 8* ®* "a# f it 5 d —la n g th I t a a j dlaawtar 0 aa*| uumbar of rlaga 0* Oaaurranoa*—Blahar fam atlcn—Loo* ST, unlta 10* 18* lt | Laa* 80, unit 0* Phylua Arthropoda Claaa TrlloMta Ordor Oplathaparla Faaily Aaaphldaa Sanaa Bunaatua Vorohiaon 1080 1SSS, Bunaatua thro h ita n * tnrohlaon'a Silurian Syataa, t o I . 1* p , 006. 1916, luaaatua Baaalar* U, I, Natl, h a,, Bull* 00* Pt. 1* p* 180* 1044* Bunaatua Bhlnar and 8hroak* Indax Foaalla a f Barth Anarloa* p* 680* Oanatypaa 1* barrlanala huruhlaon* 1680* pl» T bla* flf* 8 a* a* pi* 14* flga* 7a b* ■orlson and Laaallty af Oanatypaa Silurian* Staffordahlro* feglaad* • n % > mmmmmtarn UlM (lall) 1848 (P lato io, rig* n) 1843. Btttrtm barrloaala Ball ( boo tforohlaoa) Oool* Vow Tork, Pt* 4, p* 1 0 tf fig* 4 on p . 10l| tab* org* roo* 10* fig* 4 oad It, fig * t* 1107, Illooooo loro Bailor, Chloogo Aoad* 8ol* M , Blot* Barr*, Bull. 4* Pt. 8, op* ttt, ft*, pi* 8, flga* 1*8* 1818* B aoiln ioxua Baaalor. U* 8* Votl* !ti*, Bull* 88, Pt* 1* p* 148* 1844* Bnaaatna 1 oia» Bhlnor ood Shrook, Indox Pooollo of Vorth Aaorloa, p* 888, pi* 888, flgo* IS, 14* OooorlptloB by Boll. 1848*— to r apooiaono aro uaually auoh flattonod, and tho oo ul If ora protuboranooo aoarooly olowatod* Althoagh thoro la no dlatlnot trllobatlon of tho body, thoro la uaually a atrcng undulation in tho riba at tho point botwoon tho ooatral and latoral lbboa* Aftor tho roaooal of tho omataoootta o ora ring, tho body la aoa»> tinoa aoon to bo ooworod with ainuto pnaotao* In our opooinono, tha loagth of tho bo4y la froa obo th ird to two thlrda tho loagth of tho oaudal oxtraalty*" Boaarka*—Tho epooloo la roproaontod by ooo largo and ono aaall oophalon with oat froo o hooka* Tho largo apoolaon la 80 wn* long and haa a aaxUwa dlaaator of 76 am* (pi* 10, fig* 11)* Tho glabolla la lndiatinot In tho wrltor'a apooiaoao* Tho oyoa aro oharaotorlatloally looatod In a pontorior poaltlon and oauao a proainent latoral doflootloa o f tho fa o la l auturo* Both o f tho apooiaona ar** aodoratoly eotnrox* DjIjjOtj^jO*— 0* 8* U* Vo* 80888* Oaavrronoo***Blohor foraatloo—Loo* 87, unit 10| Loo* 88, u n it 8* Order Frtptrla Fanily D tlauitidtt Subftnlly Del—altl—e Qenua D ilniW i krruit ill! ISMi m — tk i krruk (w » ). Add., iyat. til. du Centre, I oKAm , PI. 1, p. 919, 19 Si. Pal—nltoa Dal a. Jour. Pal., rol. 9, Re* 9* pp* 48^486* 1940* Dal—nltoo Dele* Deal. 8oo. la ., 8peeial Paper a. He* 89* pp* S6>M . Genotypet Trllobua oaedatua Irunnloh* 1781* p* 898* 1 plate* ( aee Dele* 1936, pp. 484*486). Horlton and Locality of Genotypet Silurian* "a— mile fr— Colebrookdale* fthgland in a yellow-gray elay." Dal—nitea brorl—udatua Foerate 1909 (Plate 10* flga* 14-16) 1909b* Dal—ni tea 11—lurua brorl—udatua Foerate* Jour* Cinala—ti 8oo. Rat* Hiat.* ?ol* 81* Re* 1* pp* 36—36, pi* 8* flga* 20a1 a* I960* Dal—nltea brorl— udatua Delo* Gael* tee* ia*, Spaalal Pap era* Re* 89* p . 36* pi* 6* fig * 4* Doaorletlon by Foerate. 1909.— "In our apeei— a* the pygldi— la —rely pointed and not prolonged into a epina* lbe axial lobe eeouplea aeret^tentha of tho length of the pygidiun* It la narked by aeren or eight dlatl—t aanulationa* 0— or tee additional but lndlatinet annulatlone —y be preeont poaterlorly* and at the end there la re— for auroral more* but thla part — lly la a—oth* There are fire dlati—tly groered pleural eeg—ntt, one eeg— nt oeeaaian ally ladlatlnetly groered, eith a oneti—a a traoe of a aereath aegaont* not groered* There la no hr—d •08- fltttiH d border alone tht oldoo of dho pygldlun. Dio aaooeladed eephaleoe do nod proaerra dho nedlan pord of dho andorlor bardor. The eendldiona of praeerradlon of dho epeelnene horo deaerlbed la nod a off lo land do dodorn&no dho prooonoo of |ram l«i, bnd no dubereleo ooro noted. Tho lonfdh af dho largeod p n ld la wae oadiaadod ad td an., with a width of td an fraai dhia dho lanfdh of dho oanplodo tr 11 obi do la oadiaadod ad IT an " loner ka.—Thla opooloa la roprooontod in tho wrldor'a oollaod&on by a largo niabor of oophala and pygldla. Tho width af tho a op hi on la about tv loo Ida loagth* Tho aidorlor border la rather wide and dominate a with a ohert. rounded projeedlon (pi. 10. flga. 14. 10). Tho loagth and aaxUnn dianodor of the glabella aro uarally equal. Tho length of tho frontal lobe la about two*thirda Ida width (pi. 10. fig. IT). Tho width of tha flrad lataral lobe inoreaeea laterally dorarda dho axial furrow. Tho flrat lataral furrow la nod oonfluond with dho axial furrow duo to a ooaleeoenee of dho flrad aad aooond lateral loboa In their lateral oxdronlty. There la a alight eoaleeoeaee of dho aooond aad third lateral loboa near tho axial furrow bud do a leaewr degree than that whleh oeoura between the flrat and eeeond lateral loboa. The third lateral furrow la aoparently o on fluent with tha axial furrow. Tho width of tha lateral lobe* lnereeaea firoa third do f lr a d . The pygldlua la triangular. Ida width and length are about equal. Tha lateral border la very thin and uaually wary straight (pi. 10. flga. It. Id). Tho terminal aplno la abort, pointed, or allghtly rounded. Tho axial lobe, whleh oxpaada anteriorly, beare 10 or 11 dladlaod aaaulatloae. the furrowo between thoao aanulatlone aro oonfluond with dho axial furrowa. There ara fire or alx palra of - w e - furrowod pliurtl riba whiah b n l poatorlorly m Ihijr roaoh tho lilin l krtari of tho pygldlm* UiM liy t«» «r tk m alaplo* pM terlcrljr dlrnM pl«unl riba h m v j« it bolow tha 1««1 fvrroM d rib* D ili (1940* p« IB) nkM tha following atatoaant rogardlng tho dlatlnstlon of thlo opoo&oot "Thoro appaara b bo nothing apooiflaally ahar» ootorlotto in tho oopholon of Vila apoolaa, bat tho •Pm I m m ooon woro rot oory wall praoartod, and battar ootorlol nirht ahow flno ahodao of difforontiation* Although tho opooloa uoro originally doaoribod aa a tarlaty of B» lianlurua* It appoara to bo ovon aloaor to D* h a lll, am far tiki a roaaon ha a boon olomtod to apooTHa rank* Tho pygidlaa la dlatinatiTo booaaao of tho tory long raohia and wary abort opt no, tha alaoot atralght narglna* and narrow bordor* No othor opooiaa of Palnanitaa ahowa thla aaaaablago of oharaatora*” Pino aa Iona of Nypotypoai 0* 8* 0* No. Loagth Width 90678 Pygidlua 19 on* 81 at* 80079 F yg ld lu a 19 an* 80 aa* •0880 Cophalon 18 an* (roatorod) 88 aau 80681 Cophalon (raa tor ad) 19 ■« (roatorod) 88 aa* 80688 Caphalaa (roatorod)19 ant* (roatorod) 89 aau Ooourronao*—»Algor foraation—Loo* 8* unit 1* Blahor f oraatlon—Loo* 10* unlta 4* 7g Loo. 90* N* 8* M*g Loo* 94* unit 8g Loo* 97* unlta 9* 0* 10* 19* 16g Loo* 98* unit 1| Loo* 99* uhita 9* 9) Loo* 40* unit 8g Loo* 41* unlta 9* S| Loa* 40* N. 8* 'I* L lllay fnrnation—Loo* 40* unit 5* |8 7 - Fanlly >Mrln«rlda« Oanus la tr tM f Baarloh 1844 1844* Bnarlaurus hwrtth, lur. Batg. dor M l., p. 18* 1889* 1-rliw n ttUtrf Aa» Om I* PaU «ti( p. 847. 1916* fcarlaiTM laiilw . 0* 8* Htl* 4 m *, B u ll. 9 9 . P t . 1* p . 478. 1944. jM fiaam Ikiair and Shm k, latex Foaollo of Borth Anorloa. p . 848. Genotype* 1. punotatua ( tahlonborg). 16H (do faoto)i Trllobus ouaatatua Bnswloh (do jura). Borlaon and Locality of Oonotypat T Baorlnarua af. B. ornatua Ball and thltfield 1878 (Plato 10. fig. 19) 1889. Cytale puaatata Ball (non Brunnloh). Pal. tea Tork. vol. t. p. 997. pi. 88. flga. 1 a-1. 1878. Baorlnurua ornatua Ball aad Nhltflald. Pal. Ohio. vol. 9. p. 1 8 4 . p i . 6 . f i g . 16. 1887. teoriaarai ornatua Foorato. Bull. Sol. Lab.. Doulaon Univ.. eol. 9. p. 109. 1944. InorlBurua ornatua Bhlnar and 8hroak. Indox Foaaila of Barth Anorloa. p. 648. pi. 971. flga. 8»7. Doaorlotlop by Ball and Bhltflald. 1878.— •Tho f oru of tho pygldlma la triangular. aa wide, or a llttlo vldar. than long, noaourod on tho lntornal oaat. whiah la tha condition In uhioh It ooaura. Tho prolongation of tho posterior extremity bolng naah oontraotod In this condition, tho length of tho plate on tho perfect erust has probably anaewhat oaaoodod the groatoot width. The axial labo forma looa than one* * W(U third of tha ontiro width, io atrongly war lead and aon* what flottonod on tho top, oxoopt ot tho ontorior portion, tad divtdod tranavoraoly into twonty or noro Mpoata* Tho ooabor of tho lobo io aarhad by o row of fiia , prtadnont, rovadod nodoo, tho oat or lor ow of whloh io ol too tod ob tho aoooad lapwat, tho aost on tho fifth, tho othoro hawing throo ooguonta botwoon oooh Bodo, It io pooolblo that oa tho o xtorlor ourfooo of tho oroot thoio aay havo boon on additional or alxth aodo on tho tom laal aogaant of tho axia, but bo rridonoo of it o x io to o b tho apooiaoaa ananlnod. Tho latoral loboa aro nor hod by aaran oogaonta, all of vhloh aro dlrootod abruptly baofararda froo tholr origin at tho longitudinal auturo, and oaoh aogant appoaro to hawo boon aorkod boot its innor and by a tranovoroo nodo, aad, alao, by oao or noro othor nodoa furthor out on tho rib," honor ha.— Two p y g ld la aro ooapaurod w ith th ia opooloa* Tho boat proaortwd opooiaon (pi, 10, fig, 10) io probably a young fora* Tho pygidlua la triangular with a loagth whiah io oqual to lta aaxlanu diana tor, Tho axial lobo haa about 10 aimulationa, five of whloh boar law roundod nodoo, Thoro aro T dlotlnot ploural riba aoparatod by rathor daop furrowo, Thoao ploural riba oxtond froa tho axial furrowa to tho latoral oargiBa of tho pygidlua whoro thoy bond pootorlorly. Booh p lo u ra l r ib boaro a oubduod nodo looatod on tho qppwr ourfaoo of tho ploural lobo noar tho axial lobo. Tho ploural nodoa aro aligaod in a ainglo row on olthor oido of tho axial lobo, Tho rowa of ploural nodoa aro olightly noro oonvorgout pootorlorly than tho axial furrowo, Tho p lou ral lobo bonda abruptly downward j u it outoldo o f tho p lo u ra l nodoa, Tho writor'o apooiaona oaqplotoly agroo with tho original doaarlptlon of 1, ornatua Hall and whltfiold (1876) oxoopt for tho aln^Lo row of nod oa oa tho ploural loboa, Thia nay bo duo to tho iaaaturlty of tho apooiaona whloh la lndlrootly auggoatod by tho abaonoo of latoral nodoa in Ball'a figuro 1*1 (pi, 66, 1868), - t s t * PI—MloM of jwrtarDtt-0« 8* U« ■#* l«a|Mi 6*8 aui «xl— width 8*ft —* O M W tn.-B lihtr foraation—Loo. 41* anil 8* L llley for—tloo—Loo* 41* wait IS* ftodly CiljMiddt* Oonuo C alr— no B ro n g n la rt 1882 lilt* Calr—no Bron -4* Blot* Bat* Crust* Foot** p* 7. 1888* Cal— no Sal tor* ‘ion* British Trll** Pal* 8oo** p* 90* 1844* Caly— no 8hl—r and 8hrook* Index Poo oils of Worth A—rlea* p* 841* Oonotypes C* blu—nbaohll Brongnlart* 1822* p* 11* pi* 1* figs* 1 a-o* Borlson and Loeallty of Oenotypet Silurian (Wonlook)* England* C al— no op* (Plato 10* figs* 12* 18) • s s t S i — Two glabellas belonging to tho ganus Cal— no woro oollootod* laoh glabella hao throo pairs of latoral lobos* Tho siso of thoso latoral lobos inoroasos fron first (antorior) to third (posterior) • Tho third pair of latoral lobos aro triangular duo to latoral ojq»anoloa* Botwoon tho oeeond and third latoral lobos there 1* a sot of snail tuborolos whleh aro about tho siso of the first latoral lobos* Tho ooolpltal furrow la rather deep and tho oooipital find 1* vary prsalnoat* The dorsal surface is —dorately so—ox* Tho anterior and la toral narglns aro strongly o aawsx* Only a traee of tho A k S (3 8 t * i * 1 a • 3 ! I I t O a ft » 3 A 3 i % 8 t j tO H JS I - u 8 to 8 « * 3 m t CB r 4 o • J * %* <4* V m fl .3 I i 3 m W K 8 9 a . % 8 i to to » j, .6* i • • A j m t* i 3 £ Ji n kC 0 . 4 s I i 9 P- s 2 a» 9 0 £ 3 * •-t I 2 k I 8 «4 i £ )S V a •f 8 9 8 6 i 5 : 8 1 2 I o •a I fc 8 t 8 «4 ; I * £ 1 t 8 A ■ H «< 2 m v 3 t o 0 3 o M I I 1 8 2 *4 8 *4 Vi £ * a J t pJ S a 9 fl ft ft • 8 2 i ft II £ •0 I e 3 £ 8 -■ JS! t * * • o s 2 1 1 21 * I* 2 ti a B S t • • ; ° s n «4 i 8 8 8 i k - S S o ? i © 8 8 s I 9 I » • « t I fl m •4 A 13 3 ! ^ 3 S i 9* M* pi. m » u u 8 4 4 *4 to •O I I -i * ft s s A A A i ? ' x 19S6« Hwolonotm Konlg, Xooaoa Foaa. S o o tilo a , p - 1 * 1 - 1S3S* Bawalanatna 4>toldaiiwh« lii Nwihlawi, Silurian SjnWa, p* m , pi* 7, flea 1, 1* 1843* Honalonatua dalphlnaaaahalaa Hall, Oaol. Saw York, Ft* 4, p* 103, fig* 34* 1186, Banal ana tua dalahl nooaphaluo Sal tar, dan* Britiah Trll*, Pal* Saa*, pp. US-11S, pi. 11, figo. 1-11* ISIS* Banal onatua dalahl noaophalua Saaalar, U, 8. Satl* tia ,, Bull, •t, Pt. 1, pp. 6IS6SS. 1S44* Trlnorua dalphlnouaahalna Bhinsr and S hr oak, Indax Faaalla af Barth Anarloa, p. 6S4, pi* >71, fig* 33* Paaaription br darahlaon. 183**— "Hoad dapraaaad, omta-aaualnota* Front af hand appraaahing to aran, antarlar part flat, slightly ralaad, and narkod with lndlatinot pratubaransaa* Paatariar and aarkad by a daap p»aora whlah pradnaaa a ridga aloaaly raaawbltag ana af tha bady riba* Byaa praninant, rathar aaall, papillary and trunoatad* Paaial antara (linaa faalalia) otrrad, apparantly diriding tha aya In two, and aaparating tha aantral loba froa tha lataral labaa, paaaaa within tha ralaad antorior wargin* Bady ooopaaad of 13 riba with intarooatal plataa, whlah axtand to tha and af tha riba* lataral nartlona af riba falalfana, and daaoandlng abruptly, tha point a balng diraatad antarlorly* "Caudal portion (pygidiua) rary dlatinot froa tha body* riba If, lataral labaa naarly aqual in width to tha aantral laba* Tail aaoath and aouainatad*1 Baaarka*—Tha apaalaa la ropraaantad by a rathar largo imnbar af pygidia and a faw aaphala. Tha an tar lor war gin of tha eaphalon la flat and dlatlaatly aouta (pi* 10, figa* S4, SB)* Tha glaballa la quadrata baaawing ollghtly taporod antarlorly* Tha glaballa la uaually aaoath although a rary lndlatinot auggaatlaa of irragular glaballar furrawo appaara an ona apaainan (pi* 10, fig* >6)* Tha faalal autura praaaada froa lta antarlar axtrandty through tha aya whara it tw ai - m - rtthar Abruptly tm rd the pHWr»*liWrtl aar|lB of tho eephelea* Dm oeolpltel furrow lo deep* produolaf o dletlnot ooo&pltol rln£* fto doreel eurfeee of tho oopholon lo croaeleee* Tho pygldlun lo trleafuler tad etrongly oonrex* Tho pointed poo tor lor n tr o lty lo oaoiealj tq* turned (pi, 10, fie* 88)* Tho u d il lob# lo Tory brood along tho mterlor unrein of tho pycldlun but toporo posteriorly* Thoro oro 11 or It onnvletlooo on tho exlel lobe* Tho ifiM plourol rlbo or# uouolly rothor brood end etrelght but booooio lndlotlaot boforo rooohlng tho letorol norfin of tho pygldlm* gypotypoo**^>* 8* U, Woo* 80688*80881* pygldlei Woo* 80888 end 80888* oopholot Wo* 80884* glebelle* Ooourronoo*—Blthor fe r u e tle n —Loo* 80* u n it 4) Loo* 87* u n it 8 | Loo* 80* W* 8* tf*| Loo* 87* u n ite 8* 10* IS* 18| Loo* 88* u n ite 8* 8j Loo* 40* u n it S| Loo* 41* u n ite 8* S| Loo* 48* W* 8* W* L U lo y fe m o tio n —Loo* 88* u n it 4| Loo* 41* u n it 18* Phylun Kohlnodomote Subphylun Polootosoo Cleee Cyetoldoo Subeloee Bleetoldee Order Coroneto FUadly Stophonoorlnldoo Oenue Wtoohonoorlnuo Conrod 1848 1848* Btoohonoorlnuo Conrod* Jour* Aood. Wot* Sol* Phllodolphlo* rol* 8* p* 878* 1818* Steohonoorlnuo Booelor* 0* 8* Wotl* tie ,, bull* 88* ft* 8* p. 1167: 0*n*1yp*< •*. r n U ti Cim ItrlaoB m l Lm lltjr *f OtMfgrpvi lllv iia , RUcarta, Raw York, u . t . A. It^lm m riaM ilw w tm *111 *r 1898 (Plat* 10. figs. St-81) 1698. itoehan**rlna* oloamtu* H iller. 17th Ann. Bsp. Indiana Vept. Otol. Hat. Isa*, p. 684. pi. 6. fig. 6. Daaarlptlon by M illar. 1698.— "This spaalas la distinguish** from oes*od*nala. bjr th* *l*ngst* f*m of th* body, slight contraction o f th* basal plat*s and th* trlangolar «hara*t*r *f th* bas*. In other partloulars. a* far as shown by th* ap*oln*ns at hand. th*y substantially agr*«. Th* basal plat*a ar* p**ullarly *l*ngat*d. • xpand wry n*d*rat*ly to M«t th* radial*, and ar* slightly *oatra*t*d at th* lowar third. 1h*y ar* distinctly triangular at and b*lo» th* *ontra*tl*n. nhil* ost*od*nais la hssagonal I n 9 u **rr*spoadlng part.* Bogarts.—Fourteen *alyo*s belonging to this spool** wore **ll**t*d. Th* a**rags height *f th*s* *aly**s 1* 11 an. Th* calyx expands oaonly In son* apoelnsns and in oth*ra th* p sliis Is s*nsahat •oaoaa* (plat* 10. fig. 89). Th* oxterler la oosuMnly narked tdth divergent rldg*s or oarlna* boglanlng about t asu ab*u* th* bas* *f th* •alyx and *st*ndlng to th* ambulacra (pi. 10. fig. SO). Th* upward projecting part *f th* radial plates **ld*a extends nor* than 8 an. above th* asd>ul**ra. Anhula*ra ar* oonflnod to th* top of th* *alyx ahsr* they ar* nearly herlsontal (pi. 10. fig. 81). Dimensions of Hyootyp—i 0. 8. U. 9*. Bs&ght Dlam*t*r -***. "flT "*— .f Bypatrr »«■(«->*)■ o« s. a . nuaw tar SDfM 11 «u T m . 0»w r>>H>B*till KVL4UTI0W OP PLAR I Clittwdlttrw vw lm low i Ilahalaon m 4 Hurl* 1676 ...... 164 Pig* 1* Tirllofti H ftlM , aW «li| Italaif and qratt. typatypa !•« Sllif* Lillajr fpm llM i looallty 41. X 1 0 , Pig* t. IkagwtUl H itiw af tha m m m i^nImb m fig* 1, •hawing plllara. X 10. Itm ntw T i M tim (Vlahalaan and tori a) 1616 ------166 Pig. 6. Partiaal aaatlon. Hjrpatypa lo. fll§6. Llllay faraatWn, laoality 66. X 10. Pig. 4. Tangantlal aaation a* tho aana apaalaan aa In fig. 6. X 10. PLATE 5 -216- -2 9 7 - SXPLAJUTI J I OP PUTS 9 Pago Conularla of. £. a ja m flli Hall IMS ------168 Pig. I. Inlargemont of tho turfact, • how lag tranavorao rods bearing puatulea* typotype So* 21161* Algor formation! locality 84* X 4* Pig* 2* Samo • pool won as In fig* 1, ■ hearing atoonolon of tho tranavorao roda towarda tho parlotal lino* 1 0 .8 6 . S tro p to laam a pygmaoum f o o r a to l Boorman war • now* ------170 Pig* 8* Sido t I ow of a rather largo ooralllto. Hole typo Mo* 21128* Algor foraatlonj looallty 6* X 0.86* Pig* 4. Top view, thawing topta In tho oalya* Holotype Ho* 21124* Algor formation! looallty 6* X 0*86* Pig* 6. 81do view, ahowing growth linoa noar tho top of tho ooralllto* typotype So* 21126* Algor foraatloni looallty 6* X 0*86* Plotohorla guolphonala (Nhiteavea) 1864 ------172 Fig* 6* Snlargement, thowlng tha major and minor aopta* fypotypo Ho* 21102* Poobloa foraatloni local ity 26* X 4. Pig* 7* Natural longitudinal aootlon, thowlng topta and tabulao* Tho interval botwoon tabulao In thio opooinon la exceptionally largo* typo type So* 21101* Poobloa formation! looallty 86* X 1* Caloatylia parTula Poorato 1917 ------174 Pig* 8* Sido riow of a largo apeoimoa, ahowing an Irregularly developed ooralllto* ifcrpetype Ho* 21082* Li Hoy foraatloni looallty 88* X 1* Pig* 9* Pollahod tranavorao eeotion ahowing topta* typotype Mo* 21080* M lley formation! looal lty 41* X 0.86. Pig* 10* Side view of a ooralllto which expandt evenly from tho baoo to tho top* typotype Mo* 21081* Llllcy formation! looallty 41* X 0.86. pig* 11* Top t I p i o f th o apeoiaon shown In f i |« 10# showing tho oontral vosloular m m produced by tho septa* X 0*98* Caloatylls rooaorl 8*ith 1980 Pit* 12* Sid# rlow of « transversely out ooralllto# •honing rather strong fluting* typotypo No* 21094* Biahor foraatloni looallty 20* X 0*89* Pis* IB* Top view of tho tp#olaon ohown la fig* 12# •hawing tho arrangoaoat of oopta* Caloatylls sponglosa Poorst# 1909 Pig* 14* 8ids view ahowiag irrogular developeaont of tho ooralllto* Hypotqrpo No* 21089* Algor foraatloni looallty 8* X 0*89* Pig* 19* Sido rlow of ooralllto* Hypotypo lo* 21088* Algor foraatloni looallty 5* X 0*89* Xaphrontla dlgonlata Poorsto 1917 Pig* 18* Basal view# showing tho subolroular outlino of tho ooralllto* Hypotypo No* 21078* Llllsy for»tloni looallty 41* X 0*89* Pig* 17* Sido view of spooiaon shown la fig* 18* X 0*89* Intorolasaa oalloul»*»(Hall) 1892 Pig* 18* Sido view of ooralllto# showing proalnont intorsoptal furrows aarkiag tho position of tho cardinal fosaula* hypotypo No* 21119* Biahor foraatloni locality 89* X 0*89* Fig* 19* Longitudinal polished section# showing tho •torooooluaolla* Hypotypo No* 21117* Bishor foraatloni looallty 99* X 0*89* Pig* 20* Transverse polished section# ahowing tho thin# slightly ourved sopta* Hypotypo No* 21118* Bishor foraatloni looallty 89* X 0*86* Intorolasaa oonulus Nonlngor 1878 Pig* 21* Top view# showing tho rather deep oalyt* Hypotypo No* 21122* U lloy foraatloni looal lty 41* X 0*88* - m - Flg* 22* Tranareroe poll*had •action, ihoning tha oepta and tho oardinal foaaula* Hypotypo lo* 21120* Blohor foraatloni looallty SB* 1 0.86* Pig* 28* Longitudinal poliahod section, ah owing tho atereooolwsella* hypotypo Bo* 21121* Li Hoy far'wtioni looallty 41* X 4* Pig* 24* Front vior, ahowing tho 1no 11nod aporturo* Hypotypo No* 21118* idlloy foraatloni local ity 41. X 0*86. Pig* 28* 8ido riow ahowing tho rathar awooth aurfaoo of tha ooralllto* hypotypo Ho* 21119* Biahor foraatloni looallty 89* X 0*96* Pig* 26* Front rlow of a ooralllto, ahowing longitudinal intoraoptal rldgoa* Hypotypo No* 21122* Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41* X 0*86* DalaanophyHim of* D* dalaanl Bd wards and Haiao 1861 ------188 Pig* 27* Top rlow of young fora, ahowing a oifoular ooluaolla about whioh tho aopta aro arranged* typotype No* 21098* Lllloy foraatloni looal lty 41. X 0*86* Fig* 28* Top riow of an adult fora, ahowing tha olllptloal ooluaolla and tho deep oardinal foaoula* Hypotypo No* 21092* Lllloy fora- ationi looallty 41* X 0*86* Pig* 29* Top rlow ahowing tho olllptloal ooluaolla projecting aboro tho oalyx floor* hypotypo No* 21091* Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41* X 0.86* Pig* 80* Sido rlow of tho •pooi'con shown in fig* 29* Holophragaa oalooololdoa Lind a tr on 1868 ------189 Pig* 81* Front riow, ahowing tha outline of tho ooralllto* Hypotypo No* 21089* Lllloy formationi looallty 11* X 0*86* Pig* 82* 8Ida riow, ahowing tho flat oardinal aide of tho ooralllto and tho 1nolined aporturo* typotype No* 21098* idllay foraatloni looallty 11. X 0*86* Pig* St* Front vlow* ahowing tho oordlr*l aoptiaa* typotypo 3,0 • 21090* IAll«gr fornntioni lo c a li t y 11* X 0*89* Cyathophylluw roadal Poorato 1917 ------ Pig* S4* Tranavorao pollahod aurfnoo* ahowing tho lrrogular oharaotor of tho major oopto* Hypotypo No* 21077* Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41* X 0.96. Pig* 86* Sido riow of a illlolfiod apooiaon* ahowing tho atrongly gonloulatod ooralllto* typotype No* 21076* Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41* X 0.96* Arao hnophy1 lun pontagonua (Ooldfuoo) 1826 ------ Pig* 86* Top rlow of a o ora Hun ahowing tho doop pita within oaoh polygonal ooralllto* typotypo Vo* 21098* Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41* X 0*88. A o o rv u larla ananaa o a ra a a l Bowaan n r * nor* ------ Pig* 87* Longitudinal pollahod aurfaoo* ahowing tho not-llko atruoturo within tho auloa produood by tho latoroootlon of tho lnoooploto tabulao with tho aopta* Paratypo Ho* 21182* Lllloy-Poobloa tranaltion unit} locality 18* X 4* Pig* 88* Tranavorao pollahod aurfaoo* ahowing tho oxtonalon of tho aajor and ainor aopta within tho auloa* Holotypo lo* 211S0* Lllloy-Poobloa tranaltion unit| looallty 18* X 4* Pig* 59* Tranavorao pollahod aurfaoo* ahowing olroular and aubolroular coral 11 toa a ll of whloh have a oonaplououa auloa* Holotypo No* 21180* Lllloy- Poobloa tranaltion uniti looallty 18* X 0*88* Aoorvularla ananaa pavoyl (Foorato) 1917 ------ Pig* 40* Tranavorao pollahod aurfaoo* ahowing tho rathar largo polygonal oorallltoa oaoh of whloh haa a oonaplououa auloa* Hypotypo No* 21128* Lllloy-Poobloa tranaltion unlt| lo o a llty 18* X 1. PLA T £ 6 - 1 0 * K1PLAHATIOH OF PLATE T Pago Acorrularla bm lw pttto (Vtlaurntl) 1894a ------BOO Fig* 1. Tranavorao pollahod aoctlon, •having tho auloa within whlah thoro aro no aopta. Hynotype Ho* 21129. Lllloy formotiosf looallty 58. Z 4* Pig. P. Longitudinal pollahod aootlon of tho apoolman •hown In fig. 1, ahowing tho flat, rogularly- •paoad tabulao in tho auloa* X 4* Favoeltoe gothlandloua Lamarek forma multlpora Loradalo 1039 105 Fig. S. Top view, ahowing tho polygonal outline of tho oorallitoa. hypotypo Ho. 21107. Poobloa formatloni looallty 21. X 1. Fig. 4. natural longitudinal aootlon, ahowing aplnoa extending from tho wall of tho oorallitoa. Hypotypo Ho. 21108. Poobloa formatlonj looallty 21. X 1. Fig. S. Samo apoolmen aa ahown In fig. 4 ahowing tabulao. X I. Faroaltoa niagarenaia Hall 1852 ------205 Fig. 6. natural longitudinal aootlon, ahowing aplnoa oztondlng from tho Inner wall of tho oorallitoa. Hypotypo Ho. 21105. Poobloa formation! looallty 22. X 4. Fig. 7. Sana apoelmon aa ahown In fig. 6, ahowing tho •hapo of tho oorallunu X I. Fig. 8. Profile of a homiaphorloal oorallum. Hypotypo Ho. 21106. Poobloa formatloni looallty 10. X 1. Fig. 9. Side view, ahowing tho outline of tho oorallum. Hypotypo Ho. 21104. Lllloy formatloni looallty 32. X 1. Coonltoa of. multlpora (Hall) 1852 ------207 F ig . 1 0 . Top t I ow ahowing branohing oharaotor of tho oorellucu Hypotypo Ho. 21155. Lllloy formatlo&i looallty 41. X 0.85. SOS- Pago Pin* 11* Top t I ow ihowlng tho email oporturoo arranged in oltornoto oerleo* Hypotypo Ho* SUM* Lllloy fomotloni looolity 41* X 0*88, Coo ni too of* rotioulotuo (Hall) 1852 ------HO Pig. 18* Top Yiew ohowing tho branohing character of o fragment* Hypotypo No* 81187* Lilloy forma- tioni looolity 41* X 0*85* Pig* IS* Knlargotaent ohowing tho email oiroulor oporturoo orrongod in porollol oorioo* Hypotypo Wo* (1136* Lilloy formation} looolity 41* X 4* Coonlteo romulooua (Holl) 1858 ------808 Pig* 14* Top Y ie w of o fragment, o h o w in g tho branching oho roe tor of tho ooralluo* Hypotypo Wo* 81141* Lilloy fornotioni looolity 41* X 0*85* Pig* 16* Enlargement of tho opeolmon ahown in fig* 14, ohowing tho ohoraotorlotie trllobotod oporturoo* Coonltoo oorlotuo (Holl) 1852 ------811 Fig* 18* Top y low of o frogmont* Hypotypo Wo* 81140* Lilloy formatloni looolity 41* X 0*85* Pig* 17* Enlargement ohowing tho oporturoo with o otrong outer lip* Hypotypo Wo. 21189* Lllloy formo- tlont looolity 41* X 4* Holyoltoo of. H*. nltldo Lombo 1899 ------818 Pig* 18* Natural longitudinal ooetlon, ohowing tho tabulao in tho outoooralllteo* Hypotypo Wo* 81098* Poobloa formatloni looolity 84* X 0*85* Pig* 19* Enlargement ohowing tho rolotlYo also of outooorollltoo and mooooora111toa* Hypotypo Mo* 81097* Lilloy formatloni looolity 41* X 4* Fig* 80* Top Ylew of o oorallum ohowing tho email loounao made by tho outooorallitee* Hypotypo Wo* 81098* Lllloy formatloni looallty 41* X 0*85* 304- Halraltos labyrlnthloa {Ooldfuos) 1886 ------212 Fig, 81. Enlargement of • natural longitudinal station, showing ths flat regularly»speoed tabula# la tha autooorallltes and ths oloool]^ spaced convex tabula# in ths asaooorallltes. Hypo- ty p e I*o. 81126. P e e b le s fo r mot Ion* lo o a llty 10. X 4, Fig. 22. Top visa of part of a oorallum, ohowing tha labyrinthitis pattsrn of tho lacunas. Hypo- typs Ho. 21099. Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41. I 1. Fig. 23. Natural longitudinal osotlon, shewing tho ta b u la o In tho autooorallltos. Hypotypo No. 21100. Pooblos foraatloni looallty 13. X 1. Syringopora flbrata Roainger 1876 ------216 Fig. 24. Longitudinal pollahod asotion, showing tho oorallitos and transverse oonnostlng tubas. Hypotypo Ho. 21142. Lllloy foraatloni locality 32. X 4. Syringopora of. 8^ blfurosta Lonsdala 1699 ------217 F ig . 26. Top t I ow o f a oorallum showing ths ooralllto apertures. Hypotypo Ho. 21143. Lllloy forma tion! locality 11. X 1. Hallolltos slogans Hall 1862 ------210 Fig. 26. Top alow of a oorallum, ohowing the small oorallitos. Rypotypc Ho. 21127, Lllloy foraatloni locality 7. X 0.86. Hollolltoa lntorstlnatus (Linnaeus) 1767 ------218 Fig. 27. Hatural longitudinal seotlon, showing tho rotioula separating ths tabularla. Hypotypo Ho. 21094. Pooblos foraatloni looallty 13. X 0 .8 3 . Fig. 28. Top tI ow of tho specimen shown in fig. 27, showing tho interval between tabularla. -805- fig* 29* KalirsM int of tho apooiaon ahown In fig. 17, ahowing tho lrrogular intorral botwoon tabulao. A abort roonant of tho ooluaolla la proaorrod In tho loft tabulorlwa. Hollolltoa ap. — ------— ------210 fig. SO. Top vie* of tho oorollua, ahowing tho rothor largo oloaolp-apaood oorallitoa. Hypotypo Ho. 21103. Lllloy foraatloni looallty 41. I 1. Lyelllo oaorloano Edwarda and Halao 1861 ------221 Fig. 31. Top rlow of tho eorallua ahowing tho oorallitoa and aopta. Hypotypo No. 21131. Lilloy foraa tloni looolity 11. X 0.85. PLATE. 7 - 306 - -8 0 7 - nPLAHATIOV Of PLATT 8 r«g* Platystrophle of. P. daytononsls (Pooroto) 1886 ------8S4 fig. 1. Vtatrtl n h f, showing two plioations in tho sinus. Hypotypo lo. 80880. Lilloy foraatloni looolity 41. X 1. Platystrophla uniononsls (Foorsto) 1909 ------888 Fig. 8. Anterior view, showing two plioetions in tho fold ond ono in tho sinus. Hypotypo No. 80689. Lilloy foraatloni looolity A . X 1. Fig. 3. 8ido view of tho spoeinon shown in fig. 8, showing outline of tho shell. Fig. 4. Anterior view of tho spoeinon shown in fig. 8. showing tho short oordlnol orea. Fig. 6. Dorsal view of tho spoeinon shown in fig. 8, showing throe latoral plications. Tho fourth lateral plication is not visible in tho figure. Rhlpldouolla hybrids (8owerby) 1888 ------886 Fig. 6. Internal nold of tho ventral valve, ohowing tho short, divergent dental lanollae. Hypo typo No. 80646. Bishor foruationi looolity 80. 1 1. Fig. 7. Dorsal view, showing oven oonvexlty of tho valve and tho low lnocnspiouous unbonal region. Hypotypo No. 80643. Bishor fomo tion | looallty 89. X 1. Fig. 6. Ventral view, showing tho low unbo, shallow sinus, and eoneontrlo growth linos near tho anterior uargin. Hypotypo No. 80648. Bishor foraatloni looallty 39. X 1. Paroorthls sprlngfloldonsle (Foorsto) 1917 ------888 Fig. 9. View of tho dorsal interior, showing ausolo iwpresslons separated by a oodlon elevation, hypotypo No, 80660. Bishor foraetioni looallty 39. X 8. Fig. 10, V«ntml tltw , ahowing tha radiating striae, aoneantrla growth lim a, and tha outline of tho shell. Hypotypo lo, IMJ8. Lilloy foraatloni looallty tt, X 1, rig. 11* 8Ida view of tha specimen ahown In fig. 10, ohowing tho outllno of tha ventral valve. Par wort his oraaalooatata Sohuohart and Cooper 1981 ------ Fig. 18. Doroal view, ahowing tha ooaraa radiating otriao. Hypotypo lo. 20641. Biahor forma tion | looallty 46. X 1. Fig. IS. 8Ida view of tho apeolmon ahown In fig. 12, ahowing tha outlina of tha valve. Pantanarua oblongua Sowerby 1839 Pig* 14. Internal view of tha doroal ulw », ohowing tha nearly parallel septal platee. Hypotypo Bo. 21149. Lllley formatloni looallty 7. X 0 .8 6 . Fig. 16. Internal t I ow of tha ventral m lvt, ahowing tha epondyllum duplex. Hypotypo Ho. 21146. Lilloy foraatloni looallty 7. X 1. Fig. 16. Internal alow of tha ventral waive, ahowing tha nodian aaptnn whloh a up porta tho eon verging aeptal platee. Hypotypo Ho. 21147. Lllloy foraatloni looallty 7. X I. Fig. 17. Side view of tha ventral valve, ohowing ita outline. Hypotypo Ho. 21146. Lilloy forma tloni looallty 7. X 1. Loptaena rhomboldalla (Wllokona) 1769 ------ Fig. 16. Tontral view, ahowing tha aouta oardinal angle. Hypotypo Ho. 20648. Biahor foraa tloni looallty 41. X 1. Fig. 19. Tontral view, ahowing oardinal angloa of nearly 90 degrees, Hypotypo Ho. 20649. Biahor foraatloni looallty 37. X 1. Fig. 20. Side view of tha apeolmon ahown In fig. 16, ahowing tha wide anterior tra il. -3 0 9 - Fig* 21. Sid* rlew of tho apeolmon ahown In fig* 19, ohowing tho narrow antorior troll* 8trophoodonta (Braohyprion) of* 8* robotta Twonhofol 198? - - 888 Fig* 88. Sido Yiew of tho Tontral to I to , ohowing tho atrong genieulation of tho ontorlor part of tho aholl* Hypotypo Ho* 80834* Blohor formatloni looallty 39* X 1* Fig* 83* T o n tra l t I o w , ohowing tho ooute oardinal anglo and tho onbdnod unbonal roglon of tho aholl* Hypotypo Vo* 80638* Biahor foraatloni looallty 37* X 1* Strophoodonta (Braohyprlon) plana Foorato 1909 ------886 Fig* 84* Intornal mold of tho rontrol toIto, ahowing tho pooltlon of tho dontal plate a* Hypotypo Vo* 80670* Blohor foraatloni looallty 87* X 1* Fig* 86* V e n tra l toIto* ahowing tho outline and conrexlty of the aholl* Hypotypo Vo* 80669* Biahor foraatloni looolity 87* X 1* Vo aa atrophia (Protomoicaetrophla) of* V* profunda (Hall) 1868 889 Fig* 86* Tontral wlow, ahowing the outline of tha aho ll* Hypo ty p e Vo* 80671, B iahor fo raa tloni looallty 41* X 1* Fig* 87* Tontral Tier, ahowing tho outllno of tho aholl* Hypotypo Vo* 80678* Biahor forma tion | looallty 41. X 1. Sohollwjonolla tenula (Hall) 1863 ------848 Fig. 86* Ventral Yiew, ahowing tho external orna mentation of th* aholl* Hypotypo Vo* 80666* Biahor formatloni looallty 7* X 1* Fig* 8 9 * D oraal t I o w , ahowing tho eonroxlty of tho walra* Hypotypo Ho* 8 0 6 6 7 * Biahor forma- tloni looallty 8 9 * X 1* Fig* 30* Internal mold of tho doraal toI to* ahowing an elongate doproaalon In tho poatoro- eentral part of tho aholl whloh roprooonta tho mnaolo platform* Hypotypo Vo* 80668* B iahor form atloni l o o a l l ty 41* X 1* 310 Pago Pig* Si* V«ntril wiow, showing tho roaupinoto oharaotor of tho nlv«. Hypotype Vo* 20066* Blohor formation} looolity 41* XI* Sohollwlopollo proooorl ( Poorato) 1919 ------2 4 1 Pig* S2* Into mol rio w of tho control to I to , ahow ing tho lin ita of tho ouaolo area* Hypotypo Vo* 20663* Biahor formation} looallty 39* X 1* Fig- S3* Intornal riow of tho Tontral Talaw, ahowing two anail olongnto doproaslona roproaontlng tho position of attaehawnt of tho pootorlor adductora* Hypotypo Vo* 20662* Biahor fo tlom looallty 48* X 1* Pig* S4* Intornal alow of tho T o n tral to I to * ohow ing lta roauplnato oharootor* Hypotypo No* 20660, Biahor formationt locality 37* X 1* Pig* 56* Intornal mold of tho doraal to I to , ahow ing tho poaition of tho dental lamollao and tho ausolo platform* Hypotypo Vo* 20661* Bishor formation} looallty 39* X 1* PLATE & -5 1 S - ■VL AH AT ION OP PLATS t Pag* Pardonla aubplana (Conrad) 1842 ------244 Pig* 1* Internal aold* ahowing two elongate bus o le impressions* Hypo type Ho* 20656. Blaher fornatlont locality 69. X 2 . Pig* 2* Doraal view, showing the ornamentation and convexity of the valve* Hypotypo No* 20566* Blaher foraatloni looallty 48* X 1* Pig* 5* Ventral view* ahowing the alate fora of the shell* Hypotypo No* 20664* Lllloy f o r a a tlo n i l o o a l l t y 41* X 1* Caaarotooohla plaa (Hall and Nhit field) 1876 ------246 Pig* 4* Bide view* showing the outline of the shell* Hypotype No* 20616* Blaher foraatloni looallty 87* X 2* Pig* 6* Anterior view of a young fora ohowing two fully developed plloatlons In the fold and one plica In the sinus. Additional plioa- tions have begun to develop In th e l e f t part of the sinus and fold* Hypotypo No* 20616* Blaher foraatloni locality 87* X 2* Pig* 6* Ventral view* showing the outline of the shell* Hypotype No* 20612* Blaher forma tio n } l o o a l l t y 89* X 1* Pig* 7* Anterior view of an adult fora* showing four plloatlons in the fold and three in the sinus* Hypotypo No* 20618* Bishor foraatloni looallty SO* X 1* Pig* 8* Anterior view of the apeolaen show* In fig* 4* showing the manner in idiioh plications sut^ divide In youthful forms* Caaarotooohla roadsl Foorsto 1917 ------248 Pig* 9* 8ide view* showing the outline of the shell* Hypotypo No* 20619* Blaher foraatloni l o o a l l t y 87* Z 1* • 313- f age Fig. 10* Vantril t 1«« of the apeolnen ahown In fig* D, ahowing the outline of the ahell and rounded plioationa. Fig* 11* Doraal view of tha apeeinen ahown in fig. 9* ahowing the outline of the ahell and rounded plioationa. Fig* It. Side view, ahowing tho outline of a leaa glbboua form* Hypotypo Ho. 20620* Blaher formation} looallty 37* X 1. Fig* 13. Anterior view, ahowing a apeoimen with a vary prominent doraal fold* Hypotype Ho. 20610. Blaher foraatloni looallty 41* X 1* n g. w . Anterior view of the apeoimen ahown in fig. 9* ahowing the typical character of the fold and alnua* Bhynohotreta aaerloana (Hall) 1643------200 Fig* 15. Doraal view, ahowing the outline of tha ahell plioationa, and aaall mealal de- preaaion near the poaterlor and of the ahell* Hypotypo Ho. 20637* Lllley foraa tlo n i l o o a l l t y 41* X 1* Fig* 16. Side view of the apeeiaen ahown in fig* 16, ahowing the flat poetero-lateral aldea of th e a h o ll. Stegerhynchua of. 8* noglootum (Hall) 1862 ------. - . • • 202 Fig* 17. Anterior view, ahowing five plioationa in the fold* Hypotype Ho* 20606. Blaher foraa tloni looallty 87* X 1. Fig* 18. Side view of a young fona, ahowing the out line of the ahell* Hypotypo Bo* 20602* Blaher foraatloni looallty 37. X 1* Fig* 19. Anterior view of a young fora, ahowing three plioationa in tha fold and two in the alnua* Hyp otype No* 20604* Blaher foraatloni looallty 37* X 1* 814- Page Pig. SO. Anterior view of t leaa glbboua form. ■howing four pileatlone in tho fold and throo In thn alnua. Bypotype Tl o. 80003. Blohor formation* looallty 87. X I. Pig. 21. Anterior Ylew of • typioal apeolmen. ■hoeing the oharaoter of the fold and alnua. Bypotype Vo. 80001. Blaher formation| loeellty 87. X 1. Pig* 82. Ventral Ylew of the apeolnen ahown in fig. 81. ahowing the outline of the ahell and the oharaoter of the plloatloaa. Pig. 88. Side Ylew o f the apeolnen ahown In fig. 81. •nowlng the outline of the ahell. Pig. 84. Doraal Y le w of the epeolnen ahown In fig. 21. ahowing the outline of the ahell. Atrypa retloularla h ll1aboroana1a Poerate 1919 ------800 Pig. 85. Posterior Ylew of a young form, ahowing the relative oonvexity of the doraal and ventral valvea. Bypotype Ho. 80010. Blaher foraatloni looallty 87. X I. Pig. 20. Poaterlor view of an adoleaoent fern. ahowing the relative oonvexity of the doraal and ventral valvea. Bypotype Bo. 80011. Lllley formation* looallty 41. X I. Pig. 27. Poaterlor view of a nearly adult form. ahowing the relative oonvexity of the doraal and ventral valvea. Bypotype Bo. 80000. Lllley formation* looallty 41. X I. Pig. 80. Poaterlor view of an adult form, ahowing the relative oonvexity of the doraal and ventral valvea. Hypotype Bo. 80009. Lllley formation* looallty 41. X 1. Pig. 89. 8ide view of the apeolnen ahown in fig. SO. ahowing the outline of the ahell. rig. 80. interior view of the apeolnen ahown In fig. 80. ahowing fold and alnua. 31 5 - P«(t Fig. 81. Interior Tiew of tho ventral n l? t, oh owing tho musole area, control tooth, end ovarian Impression*. Bypotype Bo. 81184. Lllley formation) looallty 41. X 0.86. Fig. 88. Dor eel view of the specimen shown In fig. 88, showing the outline of the shell end the surfeoe ornamentation. Fig. 88. Ventre 1 slew of the apeolmen shown In fig. 80, showing the outline of the shell end the surfeoe ornamentation. Atrype retloulerls olongoto Foerste 1919 ------869 Fig. 34. Dorse1 view, showing the outline of the shell. Bypotype Bo. 80617. Blsher fometlont locality 48. X 1. Fig. 36. Side view of the apeoimen shown in fig. 34, showing the oonvexity of the dorsel valve and the eoneentrle growth-llnes. Eosplrlfer foggl (Bettelroth) 1869 ------868 Fig. 36. Ventral eel t o , showing the shallow sinus end the lneonsplouous lateral nlloations. Bypo type Bo. 80624. Lllley formation) looallty 41. X 1 . Fig. 37. Side view, showing the outline of the shell. Hypo type Bo. 80686. L llley forma ti on) looallty 41. X 1. Eosplrlfer oudora (Hell) 1861 ------261 Fig. 38. Ventral view, showing the sinus end lateral plications. Bypotype Bo. 80622. Blsher formation) looallty 39. X 1. Eosplrlfer radlatus (8owerby) 1886 ------264 Fig. 39. Ventral view, showing the broad shallow simia. Bypotype Bo. 80683. Blsher formation) looallty 48. X 1. 3 1 6 - Crisps11a crisps simplex (Ball) 1663 ------266 Fig. 40. Ventral view. ahowing tha alnua and tha lnoonaplououa lataral plioatlona. Hypo- typa Ho* 20616. Llllay for nation) looallty 46. X 1 . Fig. 41. Doraal view, ahowing tha low rounded fold and tha broad lataral plioatlona. Hypo- typa Ho. 20627. Llllay formation) looallty 41. X 1 . Hhltflaldalla nit Ida (Hall) 1843 ------266 Fig. 42. Doraal view. ahowing tha outllna of tha aholl. Hypotypa Ho. 20631. Llllay formation) looallty 41. X I. Fig. 43. Slda view of tha apaeliaan ahown In fig. 42. ahowing tha outllna of tha ahall. Cryptothyralla eyllndrloa (Hall) 1862 ------267 Fig. 44. Doraal view of an immature form, a hearing tha relatively broad outllna of tha ahall. Hypo typa Ho. 20652. Blahar formation) looallty 48. X 1 . Fig. 46. Doraal view of an adolaaoent fora, ahowing tha more elongate outllna. Hypotypa Ho. 20661. Blahar formation) looallty 48. X I. Fig. 46. Slda Y lew of a aubquadrata form provisionally lnoluded In C_. oylindrloa. Hypotypa Ho. 20663. Blahar for nation) looallty 48. X 1. Fig. 47. Doraal viaw of tha specimen ahown in fig. 46. ahowing tha aubquadrata outline of the shall. Fig. 48. Doraal view of a typloal adult form, showing tha outline of tha shall. Hypotypa Ho. 20660. Blahar formation) looallty 48. X 1. Fig. 46. 3id4 view of tha specimen shown In fig. 48. ahowing tha outllna of the shall. Pag* Begal owas canadensis 1 1 *11 1852 ------271 Fig* 50* Anterior view of an Internal mold, showing the outline of the interior of the shell* Bypotype Bo* 20687* P e e b le s f o r a a tlo n i l o o a l l t y 24* X 0*7 5. Pig* 61* Anterior view of an Internal nold* showing two lateral promotions below the unbones whioh represent the deep anterior nusele soars* Fypotypo Bo* 20685* Peebles form etIon* l o o a l l t y 24* X 1* Pig* 52* View of an internal mold of the left waive* showing the pronlnent unbo* Bypotype Bo* 20886* Peebles foraatloni looallty 24* X 1* PLA T £ 11 i’ •* J A 4IS l! IS 14 * i k U ______ - 316- explanation or platf 10 F « |t C otlw ulni of. C. maoroaplra (Ball) 1852 ------273 Pig. I. 8Ida view of a epolaen with rathar angular whorl•• Hypotypa Ho. tlllO . feeblea forma* ttonj looallty 24* X 0.86. Pig. 2. Slda view ahoaing an lndlatinot aalanlaona on the laat two whorla. Hypotypa Ho. 21109. Paablaa formations looallty 28. X 0.86. Poleunlta paveyl Foarata 1919 ...... 276 Pig. 9. Vi aw ahowing tha ornamentation of tha ahall. Hypotypa No. 21076. Llllay formations locality 41. X 1. Pig. 4. Top alow, ahowing tha outline of the ahell. Hypotypa Ho. 21074. Llllay formations looallty 41. X I. Platyoerae (Platyoetpma) hillaboroanaa (Foarata) 1919 - - - - 279 Pig. 6. Slda view. ahowing tha fine revolving atrlae on the eurfaoe of tha ahall. Hypotypa No. 20897. Llllay formations locality 41. X 1. Platyoerae (Platyoatoma) oorautum (Hlainger) 1837 ------278 Pig. 6. Front view of a epeoimen in whleh the laat whorl la deflected downward. Hypotypa No. 21163. Blahar formations looallty 37. X 0.86. Pig. 7. Front view, ahowing the outline of the ahall. Hypotypa No. 21162. Blahar formations looallty 37. X 0.85. Platyoerae (Platyoerae) nlagarenew (Hall) 1862 ------276 Pig. 8. Slda view of an internal mold, ahowing tha outllna of the ahall. Hypotypa No. 20884. Blahar formations looallty 20. X 1. s t o - Mlohallnooeratlda* | m m ot ipM lii undot ...... ISO Fig* 9* lita n l longitudinal aoatlon* •honing tho orthoohoanltlo alphunele and tho aeptal neoka. Hypotypa Vo* fllS4* Blahar forma tion) looallty 46* X I, C omul 1 to a arouatna Conrad 184S ------S81 Fig* 10* Slda tlaw, ahowing tha outllna of tha apaolaan* hypotypa Wo* S1160* Blahar foraationi laoallty ST. X 0*05. lnnaatna loxua (Hall) 1843 ------<63 Fig* 11* Top wiaw of tho oaphalon* ahowing tho outllna of tha faolal auturo* Hypotypa Bo* <0683* Blahar foraationi locality 38* X 1* Calmono op* ------<89 Fig* 13* Top Tiaw of tho glabolla* ahowing tha lateral loboa* hypotypa Ho* <0676. Blahar foraationj looallty 41. X 1. Fig. 13. Top Tiaw of tha glabella* ahowing tha lataral loboa. Hypotypa Bo. <0676. Blahar foraationi laoallty 37. X 1. Dalnanltaa brorloaudatua Foarata 1908 ------<84 Fig. 14. Top wiaw of tho oaphalon* ahowing tha anterior border. Hypotypa Bo. <0681. Blahar foraationi looallty 40. X 1. Fig. 16. Top Tiaw of pygldlua ahowing Ita outllna* axial lobe with amulatlona* and furrowed pleural riba. Hypotypa Bo. <0678. Blahar foraationi looallty 48. X 1. Fig. 16. Top alow of pygldlum* ahowing tta outllna* axial lobe with 10 annulatlona* and furrowed pleural riba. Hypotypa Bo. <0679. Blahar foraationi looallty 89. X 1. Fig. 17. Top Tiaw of oophalon* ahowing glabolla and lataral loboa. hypotypa Bo. <066<. Blahar foraationi looallty 37. X 1. - s n - PiK* Fig* 18* Internal mold of tho oephalon* ahowing tho anterior termination of the border* Hypo- type Ho. tOWO. Blaher formatleni looallty 9* X 1* Knorlnurua of* ornatna Hall and Hhltfleld 1875 ------IB7 Fig* IB* Top alee of the pygidlum showing subdued nodes on the axial lobe and pleural ribs* Bypotype Ho* 90677* Lllley foraationi looallty 41. X 9* Howalonotua delphlnooephalua (Creen) 1632 ------990 Fig* 90* Top view of the pygldiua* showing its outline* Hypotype Ho* 20691. Blaher formation* locality 41* X I . Fig. 21* Top vie* of the pygldiua* showing 10 emulations in the axial lobes. Hypotype Ho. 20689. Blaher formation; locality 41. X I . Fig, 22. bide view of the pygidlum* showing upward defleotlon of the posterior extremity* Hypotype No. 20690* Blsher for Fig. 23* Top riew of a large pygldiua* showing Its outline* Hypotype No. 20C88, 3islier fo ra a tio n i l o c a l i t y 48* X 1. Fig. 24* Side wlew of the eephalon* ahowing its ou+line and the facial suture extending from the eye to the posterolateral margin* Kypotype tfo. 20693* Blsher foraationi locality 37. X 1* Fig* 23. Top wlew of the eephalon shown in fig. 24* ahowing position of the eyes and the glabella* Fig. 26* Top view of thf glabella* showing feint lateral lobes. Hypotype Ho. 20694. Blaher foroation; locality 37. £ 1. 27. Top view of the pygidium ahowa in fig. 22* ahowing its outline* X 1* • 3tV Pftgft Pig* 28. Top Tlow of * lorgft oftphalon, showing thft outline of the glob*lift. Hypotypft Wo. 20692. Bifthftr forM tloni locality ST. 1 1. Stftphftnocrlpuft »t oars to M iller 1892 ------293 Pig. 29. Sldft view of oftly*# showinr • slightly eonesve pelvis. Bypotypft to. 20696. L llley fonnfMopj locality 41. X I. P ig . SO. S)d« view of cftly*t fthovinr d iv e rg e n t oftrlnae. Bypotypft «o« 20696. Llllfty forawtlont looftllty 41. X 1. Pig. ?1. Tor view of the Cftlyy showr in fig, SO, shoving the position of the «mbulftero. X 2, -SS+- REFERENCES CITED Alaxarcler, F. K. S., 1948, A Revision of the Genua P irtw rm Jaaoa Sowerby 181* and a Deaorlption of tho Em Bpeelaa Qypldula bravonlxi froa tha Ayaeatry Llaaatone of tha mala oxitoropi Quar* Jour* Gaol* 8oo* London, v. 108, pt. 8, pp. 148-161, pi* 7* •. mm. 1949, A Raviaion of tha Braahlopod apoalaa Anemia ratlaularla Llanaaua, Oenoleototype of Atrypa Dalaam Quar. Jour. Gool* 8oa. London, ▼. 104, pt* 2, pp. 207-870, pla* 9, 10* Amaden, T. W., 1949, 8tratlgrapty and Paleontology of tha Brownaport For nation (8iiurian) of Eeatern Tannaaaaa, Peabody Muaeun of Ratural Hiatory, Tala Gnlveraity, Bull* 6, 126 pp*, 80 flga. 84 p la . Barranda, J*, 1862, Syataaa Bilurlan du aantra da la Bohdaot Frague and Faria, 1862, pt. 1, 986 pp*, pla* 1-61. Baaalar, R. 8., 1916, Bibliographie Indax of Ordovician and Silurian Foaailat Bull. U* 8. Mat. tfua., v. 92, pt. 1, pp* 1-718| pt. 2, pp. 719—1621, pla. 1—4. -——I960, Faunal 11 at a and Daaariptiona of Palaoaoio corale* Gaol* 8oo. An. Man* 44, pt. 1, Liat of Falaoaoie Coral Fauaaai pp* ^262* Billlnga, E., 1860, Daaorlption of aono non apaoiaa of Foaalla fran Tha Lower and Middla 811urian Roeka of Canada* Canadian Rat* and Gaol*, 6, Art. 6, pp. 49-69, figa* 1-12. — —1861*1866, Mo* Spaalaa of Foaalla froa different parte of tha Lowar, Middle, and Upper Silurian Rooke of Canada* Gaol. Burv. Canada, Palaeoaele Foaalla, v. 1, pp* 96-184. Bowahor, A. L*, 1966, Origin and Adaptation of Platyearatid Gaatropada* Univ. of Kaneao, Palaontologioal Contr., Art. 6, pp* 1-11, pla. l,t. Hrongniart, A., 1*12, H iateirt lataralla doo irwataaaa foaallM i araa l«i rapports lobleglquea ot (M lofiquan Los trilabltai, IN pp>, 11 p i s . Busher, W. H., lttlf Cryptoooloaaio structure la Ohio of tho typo of tho Steinhela basin (abstraot)i Oool. boo. Aa. Hull., t . 12 , p p . 74 -T8. ...•• 1 9 9 4 , Cryptoroloanio structures In tho United States, 10th Zntornat. Oool. Cone* Sept., *• PP* 1006*1004, 0 figs. lnol. gool. ond Indox naps. Buohlor, Btfward J., 1006, Tho Morphology and Taunoqr of tho Halysitidaea Poabody Mas. of Mat. H ist., Bull. 8, pp. 1*76, pi. 1*12. Busoh, D. A., 1000, Tho Stratigraphy and Paleontology of tho llagaran 8trata of west*oentrei Ohio sad adjaoent nor thorn Indians > unpub11shod dootoral dissertation, Tho Ohio Stato University, 266 p p ., 10 p i s . Carnan, J. I ., and Sohlllhahn, S. 0., 1000, Tho Hillsboro ssndstono of Ohio, Jour. Oool., »• 68, Ho. 6, pp. 240*201, 0 figs. Castor, I. K., 1000, A D m nlsa fauna froa Colonblai Hull. Aa. Paleoid., T. 24, Ho. 80, pp. 1*218, pis. 1*14. Clarko, J. M., and Ruodoaann, R., 1008, Ouolph Pauna In tho 8tato of H ow York* How York Stato Mus., Moaolr 6, 167 pp., 21 pis. Conrad, R. A., 1867, First Annual Report on tho Geological Surrey of the Third D istrict of tho Stato of Mew Yorka How York Oool. Surrey Ann. Rapt. 1, pp. 106*180. *****1840, Third Annual Report on tho Palaeoatologloal Dopartasnt of the Biragri How York Oool. Butt. , 4th Ann. Kept., pp. 100*007. -**—1841, Description of now Oonora and 8pooloe of Organic Renains a -S ift* New York Oool* Surv., 5th Ann* Rept** pp* 26-57* -——1842, Description or now Spooloo of Organio Bowl no boltagioi to tho Silurian* Devonian* and Carboniforouo 8ysteas of tho United Statest Jour* Aoad. Hat* 8al* Philadelphia* 8* pt* 2* pp* 285- 260* pla. 12-17. Cooper* 0* A** 194?* Vow Genera of North American Braohlopodei Jour. Washington* Aoad* Sol** v* 3?* No* 8* pp* 228-266* Cusdngs* £• K* and Shrook* R* R.* 1923* Tho Geology of the Silurian Rook a o f Northern Indiana i Indiana Conservation Coiwa** Division Geol** Publioation 76* 2?6 pp.* 45 figs.* 6 *la** 2 naps. Da loan* J* 1823* 'Jppstalling ooh Betkrlfnlng af do i Sverige funne Torobratuliter• Kongl. Vet. Akad* handl.* Btookholn* 1827* pp. 86-155* pla* 1-6. Dana* J. D.* 1346-1849* Zoophytes* In United States Exploring Expedi tion during tho years 1888* 1889* 1840* 1841* 1842, under the Connaad of Charles Wilkes* U. 8, N#, 740 pp.* Philadelphia* Atlas with 61 pla* Tho ooeploto work appeared in 1848 (Atlas 1849). A part of this work was published in Am.Jour* Soi* 8er* 2* v . 1* p p . 179-169* 1946. Davidson* T.* 1853* B ritish fossil Braohiopodat General Introduction* Mon. FalaeontsPgr. Soo. London* Vol. I* 136 pp. —— 1867-1871* B ritish Fossil Braohiopodat Mon* Palaeontogr* Soo* London* v. 3, pt. 6, pp. 1-131* pis* l-20*pt* 7, pp. 1-897* pis* 1-50* Dele* D* M** 1935* The Genotype of Palnanites i Jour. Paleont** v. 9* No* 6* pp. 424-426* fig. 1. —*—1940* Phaoopid Trilobites of North Anerioai Geol. Soo. An.* 8paalal Fapara, Mo* 29, 126 pp*, 11 pit* Dunbar, C. 0. and Condra, 0* £*, 1182, braohiopoda of tho rirjuylnalui 6)atoa In Aobraakat Kob* Cool* burr*. Dull* 6, Sor* 2, 277 pp*, 42 p i t * , 26 fle a * B dvardo, L* M., A Halno, J*, 1860, A Monograph of tho B ritiih Foaail Corolai pt* 1, lntroduotion, oto., Mon* Palaoontogt*. Soo* London, pp* 1*71, pla* 1-11* —•••1861, Monographla doa Polypi#™ foaalloa doa Terraina palaoaalquaot Arab* Mua* Uiat* Not* Pnrio, V, 602 pp*, 20 pla* — 1864, k Monograph of tha Brltiah Foaoll Corala, Pt* 6, Corala froa tho Silurian foraationi Uon* Pnlcoontogr. Soo. London, pp* 246-290, pla* 67-72* fiiohaald, C. 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Y., 1919, The Silurian Geology and Faunas of Ontario Peninsula, and Hanitoulin and Adjacent Islandsi Canada, Gaol* Surr., Nan* 3, pp. 1-196, 34 pit* -3U 0- 1DTOBH)GRJPHY I, Riohard Spencer Bowman, was born March 22, 1927, in Sandusky, Ohio* My primary and seoondary education Mfeft acquired in the publlo schools in O rrville, Ohio* I graduated from O rrville High Sohool in 1946* After being discharged from the Armed Forces I entered Witten berg College, Springfield, Ohio, in 1947 and continued my eduoetlon at that college until July, 1946, I entered The Ohio State University in October, 1948, and received the degree Bachelor of Solenoe in Deoember, 1950, I began my graduate study at The Ohio State University in January, 1951, where I specialised in the Department of Geology# While a graduate student I held s Bownooker Scholarship during the academic years 1952-1953 and 1953-1964, During the summer of 1955 I was granted a Researoh Fellowship at The Ohio State University while engaged in paleontological researoh. In Ootober, 1955, I was employed as a geologist for the New York Coal Cong)any and presently hold that p o s itio n * GEOLOGIC MAE OF THE NIA< IN HIGHLAND COUNTS By Richard S. Bowman 1956 Seal* fli DO Contour intrrvnl 20 fV«>t • • M i M t / i i m v m t LEGEND Peebles formation L.illey formation V. ,.*V i or. 3 b Bisher formation 1 Alger formation Sd with the Dayton I formation at base. % I . r’^ i si/" *-*■ 'T 0frkrY^ o _ [ * r . — 1- X.- ' j • »y _ . \ I W^./V V _w ' \ r vr ^V1 . '"Hf "v- -/ - j ' F S I-,A \r = " J - ..V ' :M / % JP «*\ > -?- “ T: LEGEND Peebles formation Li 1 ley formation Bis Her formation Alger formation with the Dayton formation at base. Location of Highland County, Ohio Sosa Compiled from the following U. S. Geological Survey Topographic Quadrangles] Bafnbridge Blonchester Greenfield H illsboro S a b in a S ardin ia , H; li - ItUi J j \ r J' MAP OF HIGH LAND COUNTY SHOWING LOCALITIES u N / t HoagtanU _iI o N A N o I M A ^ ^ AJatr MarAm ^ (_ • ^ j Sug a r Tram f?i< ON CO WHITE OAK E XPLANAT ION • tOCHTION OF MEASURED SECTIONS ANO/OR FOSSIL COLLECTIONS P L A T E 12 Y Cost Monro* G/rCCft/P/CLD ' / l. eesau/rG m <*> t i g / i / o n d o M A D 1 S O N O '_ _ < Con tor f / o / a \ . ) i > N N i L, ) . ' 7 f' o Sam antha .*«• r - Q A/otr Po tors burg Boston o Rainshoro 23 w° O N T / ; - /y/z. l s 00 fro -4*0 71 • 22 A R SHALL. ^ ^ Car mo / .«* / j// y C 2 ) * * c / / / B U H « / Borrysvt tto £»• « * 0 *Q / A S H I N G T O N,1 H arriott v 4 l / o K # / / f t / F o / s o m • 3« ' I o -J “ I1 _ ^ I Z» • z c * / ” S7 1 *»3 S/A/K/A/G • K s O N I SPP/A/G \ / t/go I ^ } BO>fast *32 R »•*» 30 F a i r f a x N SCALE ' iNCM , 2 WILES FENCE DIAGRAM OF THE LILLEY AND BISHER FORMATIONS IN HIGHLAND COUNTY EXPLANATION ^ [ S | — S p ~ j LILLET - PEEBLES TP ANSIT ION UNIT 1/ 'H oolo “,tc AB.ILLACEOUS C.P.ONATE LITHOPAC.E. < [cy J CRINOIDAL CARBONATE LlTHOFACIES < | OOLOMlTlC SHALE LlTHOFACIES LIMESTONE LlTHOFACIES SILTY CARBONATE LlTHOFACIES CRYPTOTHYRELL A LlTHOFACIES v I (BASE LINE) ^ , - r - 7 y v \ / • ' U. ^ / / / / / / A / / / / / / / / / / > / / / y # / / 9 / U. / VERTICAL SCALE — I INCH ■ SO FEET HORIZONTAL SCALE — I INCH « APPROXIMATELY I.S MILES PLATE 13