REFERENCE DEPARTMENT LIMA PUBLIC LIBRARY by ROBERT L

'-"

.STATI OF OHIO FIANK J. LAUSCHI, e-r..r D•AITMINI' OF NATURAL RBOUICES A. W. MARION, Director DIVISION OF 6EOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN H. MILVl!ti. Chief

REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 8 (ftl'ROLEUM AND NATURAL &AS SERIES NO. I) ,

PART I OHIO OIL AND GAS WELL DRILLING STATISTICS FOR 1950

PART 11 . OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION, HISTOIY, IEGULATIO", SECONDARY RECOVERY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

REFERENCE DEPARTMENT LIMA PUBLIC LIBRARY By ROBERT L. ALKIRE

COLUMIUS 1951 • STATE OF OHIO FRANK J. LAUSCHE, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES A. W. MARION, Director DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY JOHN H. MELVIN, Chief

REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 8 (PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS SERIES NO. I )

PART I OHIO O'IL AND GAS WELL DRILLING STATISTICS. FOR 1950

PART 11 OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION, HISTORY, REGULATION, SECONDARY RECOVERY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

By ROBERT L. ALKIRE

COLUMBUS 1951 STA TE OF OHIO Frank J. Lausche, Governor DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES A. W. Marion, Director

NATURAL RESOURCES COMMISSION Lew Reese, Chairman

John A. Silpher, Vice Chairman Roy Battles, Secretary C. D. Blubauch A. W. Marion Bryce Browning L. L. Rummell C. L. Dow George Winger

DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

John H. Melvin, Chief INTRODUCTION

The Petroleum and Natural Gas Series of the Division of Geological Survey makes its first appearance with this issue. Part I reviews the current annual drilling activity. Part II presents new material and reproduces some of the old. It is hoped that this method of presentation may be continued.

The works of Orton and Bownocker are well known to students of petroleum geology in Ohio. Nearly all of these volumes are now out of print. Many sections are of considerable interest from a historical standpoint and others remain pertinent in studies of Ohio geology. From time to time these sections will be reproduced.

The reference files of the Oil and Gas Section of the Survey are being rapidly expanded. Soon we will be able to prepare detailed studies in almost any area of the State. Such studies, along with those prepared by other authors, will be included in this new series.

Although Ohio has long since passed its peak in the production of oil and gas, there still remains many millions of dollars of these valuable minerals yet to be found. Their discovery will depend in great measure upon a renewed interest in petroleum geology research and increased activity on the part of the operators to explore areas still untested. It is the purpose of this new Petroleum and Natural Gas Series to stimulate and assist this search for oil and gas in Ohio.

Robert L. Alkire • 1950

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The source data for Part I, Drilling Statistics for 195 0, was gathered by members of the Ohio Oil and Gas Scouts and made available through semi- monthly reports published by the Ohio Oil and Gas Association. Additional information was contributed through the courtesy of Mr. J. C. Wilson and Mrs. Elma Coyne of the Division of Mines, Mr. Allan Johnson, Ohio Fuel Gas Com - pany, l'Jl:r. Walter Bates, Ohio Oil Company, and IV1r. George Lindberg, Sun Oil Company.

The historical and statistical information contained in Part II has been derived from numerous sources. Oil and gas production and drilling statistics from 1875 until recent years were compiled from the U. S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Year Books. Oil production data from 1940 to date was taken from annual reports prepared by Mr. D. T. Ring, Vice-President, Preston Oil Com- pany, for the American Petroleum Institute. 11 Highlights, 11 an interesting review of Ohio's 0 firstsn in the search for oil and gas, was prepared by Mr. Kenneth C. Cottingham, Chief Geolo5i.st, Ohio Fuel Gas Company. "Secondary Oil Re- covery in Ohion was written in 1949 by Mr. Jack Cashell, Vice-President, Preston Oil Company. It is an authoritative review of oil recovery by this method in Ohio. During the nearly 30 years that Mr. J. C. Wilson has been associated with the Division of Mines he has witnessed most of the development of well drilling regulations now in force. At the writer's request, he has contributed an interesting and informative digest of these developments. The last bibliography on Ohio geology, prepared by the Geological Survey, was published in 1906. A new bibliography of petroleum and natural gas is presented here by Miss Ethel S. Dean and Mr. Gerie Garrison of the Survey staff.

The writer expresses his sincere appreciation to all the authors for permission to reproduce their articles in this first issue of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Series. Particular commendation is due to staff members Miss Jeanne Morrow for excellent assistance in compiling statistics, editing, and proofreading, Mr. H. J. Flint, preparation of maps and charts, and Miss Doris Runkle, typing the final copy for printing. Their generous cooperation have made this publication possible.

Robert L. Alkire

ii CONTENTS

Page Introduction . . • i Acknowledgements. ii Table of Contents • iii

PART I

Ohio Oil and Gas Well Drilling Statistics 1950

Surnm~~ . • • • . . . • • • 1 Map Showing Area:s of Drilling Activity 2 Oil and Gas Discovered - By Counties 3 Oil and Gas Discovered - By Sands . 5 Summary of Footage Drilled ..... 6 Chart of Wells Completed and Drilling. 7 Chart of Production By Grades . . • • 7 Drilling Permits Granted and Wells Abandoned. 8 Inactive Counties • ...... 8 Summary'of Drilling By Sands .. 9 Summary of Drilling By Counties. 17

PART II

Production, History, Regulation, Seconda!'y Recovery, and Bibliography of Oil and Gas in Ohio

Review of Gas Production . . . . • . . . . • . . . 38 Chart of Gas Production and Consumption 1940 - 1948 40 Review of Oil Production. . . . . • .41 Chart of Oil Production 1876 - 1950. 44 Wells Drilled 1888 - 1950 . . . .• 45 Map of Oil and Gas Fields . . . . • 47 Map of Oil Pipelines and Refineries. 48 Generalized Section of Rocks of Ohio . . 49 General Features of Producing Sands - by Wilber Stout . 53 Discovery of Petroleum in Ohio, 1860 to 1864 - by F. W. Minshall 61 Cost of Drilling in Macksburg Field - by F. H. Newell . . • • • • . 64 Highlights in the Se~ch for Oil and Gas in Ohio - by K. C. Cottingham 66 Development of Oil and Gas Well Drilling Regulations - by J. C. Wilson. 72 Digest of Present Oil and Gas Law • ...... • . . . 75 Permits Issued and Wells Abandoned 1913 - 1950 - by J. C. Wilson . 77 Legislation Governing Secondary Recovery...... • • • . . . 78 Second~y Oil Recovery in Ohio - by Jack Cashell . . ...••.. 79 Smith-Dunn or Marietta Compressed Air Process - by J. O. Lewis .• 87 Division of Geological Survey Oil and Gas References - by E. S. Dean. 105 Bibliography of Oil and Gas in Ohio - by R. L. Alkire and G. Garrison 117

iii PART I

OHIO OIL AND GAS DRILLING STATISTICS

1950 SUM:MARY OF OIL AND GAS WELL DRILLING IN omo DURING 1950

In 1949, large Clinton sand gas discoveries in the northeastern and northcentral counties tended to overshadow drilling operations elsewhere in the State. The failure of additional discoveries in these areas during the early months of 1950, along with slight increases in the price of oil, stimulated activity in the oil prdducing counties, especially those in southeastern Ohio. The prominent areas of oil discovery during the year occurred in Bowling Green Township, Licking County, and Newcastle Township, Coshocton County. There were no new outstanding gas areas found.

A total of 1,141 wells were reported drilled in 48 counties in 1950. Of these, 666 were successful and 475 resulted in dry holes, an average of 42 per cent failures. Discoveries amounted to 144, 833, 000 cubic feet of gas and 10,328 barrels of oil per day initial. Footage drilled totaled 2,247,125 feet.

Gas was found in 284 wells in 33 counties with reported open flows totaling 177,487,000 cubic feet per day. In 24 counties 282 new oil wells produced 7, 902 barrels during the first 24 hours. One hundred combination oil and gas wells were found in 17 counties and were reported to have produced 26,346, 000 cubic feet of gas and 2,426 barrels of oil during their initial period.

The largest gas well reported during the year was completed in November by the Ohio Fuel Gas Company on the L. A. Starr•farm, Lot 5, Litchfield Town- ship, Medina County. The Clinton sand was found from 2,611 to 2,623 feet and produced 5, 740, 000 cubic feet natural during the first 24 hours after drilling was completed. The initial rock pressure was 960 pounds.

Midland & Hunt discovered the largest oil well of the year on the S. S. Cooperrider farm in Section 3, Bowling Green Township, Licking County. This well found the Clinton sand from 2, 949 to 2, 99i feet and reached a total depth of 3, 009 feet. The pay section occurred at 2, 954 to 2, 989 and produced 220,000 cubic feet of gas and 64 barrels of oil natural during the first 24 hours. After being shot, well production was 620 barrels the first day, 430 barrels the second, and at the end of the first week 300 barrels per day.

Ashland County led the State with a total of 136 wells drilled. Other active counties were: Perry 107; Washington 87; Knox 78; Monroe 73; Noble 61; and Meigs with a total of 5 8 wells completed.

The four leading counties in gas discovered were: Perry 20, 172, 000 cubic feet per day initial; Knox 15,491,000; Medina 10,867,000; and Ashland 9,042,000. Perry County led in new oil discovered, with 2,545 barrels per day initial reported. Following Perry County were Licking County with 1, 83 0 barrels, Coshocton with 1,379, and Muskingum with 1,042 barrels. Oil and gas discoveries in the leading counties were found principally in the Clinton sand. 1 AREAS OF DRILLING ACTIVITY IN 1950

~ /) 0 o o {;! trie I'JaKe WILLIAMS FULTON

TRUMBULL

HENRY DEFIANCE ~

SENECA PAULOINO NING

PUTNAM HANCOCK ""

LOGAN SHELBY

CHAMPAIGN

MIAMI

CLARK

-11.E PICKAWAY

FAYETTE

BUTLER WARREN CLINTON

2 NEW OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION DISCOVERED DURING 1950* BY COUNTIES

MCF - thousand cubic feet of gas Bbls - standard 42 gallon barrels of oil GAS OIL COMBINATION Producing Total Total Dry Total Total Per Cent County Wells MCF Wells Bbls Wells MCF Bbls Wells MCF Bbls Holes WeHs Feet Dry

Ashland 22 6,270 28 302 33 2, 772 323 83 9,042 625 53 136 134,429 39 Athens 19 3,249 7 30 26 3,249 30 17 43 49,363 40 Belmont 6 854 1 1 7 854 1 13 20 29,010 65 Carroll 3 218 2 8 1 30 2 6 248 10 9 15 24,816 60 Columbiana 3 9 3 0 9 10 13 15,944 77 Coshocton 2 2,380 19 1,298 4 693 81 25 3,073 1,379 7 32 90,368 22 Cuyahoga 1 718 1 718 0 1 2 6,612 50 Darke 0 0 0 1 1 1,260 100 Defiance 0 0 0 1 1 2,038 100 Erie 1 290 4 1 290 4 1 2 4,445 50 Fairfield 3 599 2 22 2 450 289 7 1,049 311 6 13 30,556 46 Gallia 2 110 2 110 0 0 2 2,890 0 Geauga 0 0 0 1 1 3,210 100 Guernsey 2 65 2 16 1 25 1 5 90 17 4 9 13,366 44 w Hancock 0 0 0 2 2 2,619 100 Hardin 0 0 0 1 1 1,995 100 Harrison 0 0 0 2 2 3,495 100 Hocking 7 718 1 28 8 718 28 4 12 17,615 33 Holmes 14 6,570 6 243 3 158 42 23 6, 728 285 16 39 75,684 41 Huron 0 0 0 1 1 4,103 100 Jefferson 4 845 4 71 8 845 71 8 16 20,533 50 Knox 13 10, 924 26 592 14 4,567 294 53 15,491 886 25 78 200,621 32 Lake 3 537 3 537 0 2 5 16, 713 40 Lawrence 3 344 3 344 0 1 4 10,819 25 Licking 2 2,250 26 1, 754 3 2,290 76 31 4,540 1,830 21 52 118,563 40 Logan 0 0 0 1 1 1,387 100 Lorain 1 710 2 12 3 710 12 6 9 19,660 67 Mahoning 3 398 3 398 0 4 7 4,821 57 Medina 10 10,867 6 73 16 10,867 73 16 32 44,903 50 Meigs 24 8,089 14 79 7 786 125 45 8,875 204 13 58 79,176 22 Mercer 0 0 0 2 2 2,274 100 Monroe 25 5,597 12 43 5 722 43 42 6,319 86 31 73 111,470 42 Morgan 5 4,457 7 21 3 300 54 15 4,757 75 14 29 46,100 48 Muskingum 3 710 14 767 7 6,696 275 24 7,406 1,042 19 43 145,845 44 Noble 13 3,228 18 95 3 45 77 34 3,273 172 27 61 73,929 46 Perry 17 14, 798 45 2,173 8 5,374 372 70 20,172 2,545 37 107 326,437 35 Pike 0 0 0 1 1 4,227 100 Portage 1 1,500 1 1,500 0 3 4 17,358 75 GAS. OIL COMBJNA TION Producing Total Total Dry Total Total Per Cent County Wells MCF Wells Bbls Welll MCF Bbls Wells MCF B.bls Holes Wells Feet Dry

Putnam 0 0 0 1 1 1,392 100 Richland 2 2,900 2 2,900 0 1 3 2,429 33 Scioto 0 0 0 2 2 3,876 100 Stark 15 7,488 15 7,488 0 11 26 108, 961 42 Summit 4 1,135 3 348 63 7 1,483 63 8 15 46,658 53 Tuscarawas 17 8,260 17 8,260 0. 14 31 12~,956 45 Vinton 1 0 6 2 3 5,102 66 Washington 21 3,990 28 121 49 3,990 121 38 87 98, 794 44 Wayne 17 6,709 2 16 19 6,709 16 9 28 76,656 32 Wyandot Q 122 2 800 305 8 800 427 8 16 221647 50 TOTAL 284 117,487 282 7,902 100 26,346 2,426 666 143,833 10,328 475 1,141 2,247,125

A VERA GE OF DRY HOLES - 42 Per cent

~ *Based upon reported production at completion. NEW OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION DISCOVERED DURING 1950* BY SANDS

MCF - thousand cubic feet of gas Bbls - standard 42 -gallon barrels of oil

GAS OIL COMBINATION Producing Total Total Dry Total Total Per Cent Sand Wells MCF Wells Bbls Wells MCF Bbls Wells MCF Bbls Holes Wells Feet Dry

Mitchell 1 10 1 0 10 3 4 1,408 75 Peeker 11 68 11 0 68 5 16 &296 31 Cow Run 14 1,592 13 29 1 50 1 28 1,642 30 37 65 36,512 57 Buell 1 2 1 0 2 4 5 1,197 80 Macksburg 2 353 3 13 5 353 13 0 5 4,031 0 Stray 1 1,250 3 5 4 1,250 5 2 6 4,302 33 Germantown 18 90 3 45 77 21 45 167 2 23 24,298 9 Salt 9 4,888 1 297 2 10 5,185 2 2 12 10,972· 17 Maxton 10 1,731 10 1, 731 0 5 15 16~984 33 Lime 6 2,587 1 1 7 2,587 1 1 8 12}207 13 Keener 4 842 12 46 16 842 46 9 25 34,292 36 Injun 4 518 4 19 2 130 35 10 648 54 16 26 36,169 62 Squaw 1 75 1 75 0 7 8 11,887 88 CJ1 Berea 106 19,281 99 731 49 4,201 505 254 23,482 1,236 182 436 490,800 42 Gordon 1 50 1 50 0 1 2 3,451 50 Shale 7 3,474 7 3,474 0 1 8 18,525 13 Oriskany 2 135 3 348 63 5 483 63 5 10 23, 723 50 Newburg 14 5,968 2 14 3 740 293 19 6,708 307 2 21 56,044 10 Clinton 101 73,358 106 6,674 36 19, 735 1,145 243 93,093 7,819 164 407 1,363, 716 40 Medina 2 1,385 2 78 4 1,385 78 7 11 41,969 64 Trenton 6 122 2 800 305 8 800 427 17 25 36,017 68 St. Peter 0 0 0 3 3 10 325 100

TOTAL 284 117,487 282 7,902 100 26,346 2,426 666 144,833 10,328 475 1,141 2,247,125

AVERAGE OF DRY HOLES - 42 Per cent

*Based upon reported production at completion. TOTAL FOOTAGE DRILLED DURING 1950

County GAS WELLS OIL WELLS COMBINATION WELLS DRY HOLES Feet Feet Feet Feet

Ashland 33,055 21,387 24,142 55,845 Athens 28,673 5,995 14,695 Belmont 6,376 1,536 21,098 Carroll 1,128 2,497 1,367 19,824 Columbiana 2,466 13,478 Coshocton 6,646 57,392 13,035 13,295 Cuyahoga 3,093 3,519 Darke 1,260 Defiance 2,038 Erie 2,045 2,400 Fairfield 6,879 4,535 3,907 15,235 Gallia 2,890 Geauga 3,210 Guernsey 2,393 2,661 1,310 7,002 Hancock 2,619 Hardin 1,995 Harrison 3,495 Hocking 5,645 2,670 9,300 Holmes 28,938 18,151 2,114 26,481 Huron 4,103 Jefferson 3,040 6,044 11,449 Knox 37,569 58,305 39,284 65,463 Lake 9,988 6,725 Lawrence 7,944 2,875 Licking 5,175 50,593 8,957 53,838 Logan 1,387 Lorain 2,294 2,451 14, 915 Mahoning 2,118 2,703 Medina 27,534 2,720 14,649 .Meigs 35,538 17,597 11, 954 14,087 Mercer 2,274 Monroe 41,284 17,920 5,940 46,326 Morgan 17,513 5,783 6,900 15,904 Muskingum 10,647 47,389 23, 724 64,085 Noble 17,341 17,519 3,153 35,916 Perry 47,109 133, 968 26,872 118,488 Pike 4,227 Portage 4,277 13,081 Putnam 1,392 Richland 1,479 950 Scioto 3,876 Stark 61,531 47,430 Summit 10,103 6,200 30,355 Tuscarawas 71,306 50,650 Vinton 1,094 4,008 Washington 30,650 28,333 39,811 Wayne 49,714 4,255 22,687 Wyandot 8,367 2,779 11 1501 TOTAL 628,237 513,261 183,683 921,944

COMBINED TOTAL 2,247,125 Feet Average Depth of all wells drilled 1, 969 Feet

6 NUMBERi OF OIL AND GAS WELI..$ IH3oo :. REPORTED BY YEARS · -=-==-4~~~~~~~-~~~~ COMPLETE!? AND DRILLING 1500- D:l~O \1400: \1300 RE.PORTED BY MON'}'HS

260

.240

220

200

180

.160

140 iWells

7 WELL DRILLIN"G PERMITS AND WELL ABANDONMENT PERMITS * ISSUED BY THE DIVISION OF MINES FOR THE YEAR 1950

County Drilling Dry Holes Old Wells Permits Plugged Plugged

Athens 36 9 34 Belmont 20 11 19 Carroll 14 5 13 Columbiana 24 7 6 Coshocton 7 5 11 Cuyahoga 0 1 16 Erie 0 1 0 Gallia 2 0 6 Geauga 0 1 0 Guernsey 9 0 12 Harrison ~ 2 7 Hocking 5 2 17 Holmes 27 9 12 Jackson 0 0 10 Jefferson 17 6 14 Lawrence 4 0 5 Lorain 0 9 0 Mahoning 4 2 7 Medina 66 11 16 Meigs 70 12 29 Monroe 65 27 97 Morgan 28 5 39 Muskingum 42 17 59 Noble 64 20 63 Perry 1 09 42 109 Portage 1 1 1 Scioto 2 1 0 Stark 17 6 55 Summit 3 1 8 Tuscarawas 27 12 14 Vinton 3 2 9 Washington 86 32 100 Wayne __1 _o _o_ Total 756 259 788

*Information compiled by the Oil & Gas Section, Division of Mines

NO TEST WELLS FOR OIL OR GAS WERE REPORTED DRILLED IN 195 0 IN THE FOLLOWING COUNTIES

Adams Franklin Paulding Allen Fulton Pickaway Ashtabula Greene Preble Auglaize Hamilton Ross Brown Henry Sandusky Butler Highland Seneca Champaign Jackson Shelby Clark Lucas Trumbull Clermont Madison Union Clinton Mar ion Van Wert Crawford Miami Warren Delaware Montgomery Williams Fayette Morrow Wood Ottawa

8 SUMMARY OF OIL & GAS WELL DRILLING DURING 1950

BY SANDS

Abbreviations:

MCF - thousand cubic feet of gas Bbls - standard 42 gallon barrels of oil

MITCHELL SAND

GAS ~ COMBINATION DRY HOLE

Count~ Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls ~ Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells ~ Meigs 1 10 458 1 501 Washington 2. 449 Totals T 10 458 3 950

TOTAL DRILLED 4 TOTAL Qll:.. 10 Bbls TOTAL FEET 1,408 PER .QfilIT' DRY 75

PEEKER SAND

Athens 1 261 Morgan 3 6 .446 2 309 Washington _§_ -22.. 5,750 J... 1,530 Totals 11 68 6,196 5 2,100

TOTAL DRILLED 16 TOTAL OIL 68 Bbls TOTAL FEET 8,296 PER .Qfilil' DRY 31

cow RUN SAND

Athens 1 80 385 4 15 1,597 8 2,258 Belmont 3 448 2,386 3 3,211 Carroll 3 118 1,128 Meigs 6 923 3,179 3 5 1,946 3 1,687 Monroe 2 3 1,867 1 50 1 870 5 3,329 Morgan 1 1 479 6 1,134 Noble 1 23 688 Washington _j_ 5 1,725 12 8,643 ~ 14 1,592 7,766 13 29 7,614 1 50 1 870 37 20,262

TOTAL DRILLED 65 TOTAL GAS 1,642 MCF TOTAL OIL 30 Bbls TOTAL FEET 36,512 PER CENT JIBX 57

9 BUELL SAND

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLES

Count;t: Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells Feet

Noble 1 2 240 3 712 Washington l 245 Totals 1 2 240 4 957

TOTAL DRILLED 5 TOTAL OIL 2 Bbls TOTAL FEET 1,197 PER CENT DRY 80

MACKSBURG SAND

Athens 1 183 870 Meigs 1 170 870 1 2 236 Noble 1 10 1,060 Washington l 1 995 Totals 2 353 1,740 3 13 2,291

TOTAL DRILLED 5 TOTAL GAS 353 MCF TOTAL OIL 13 Bbls TOTAL FEET 4,031 PER £fil::l1' DRY 0

STRAY SAND

Noble 1 1,25 0 1, Oai 3 5 2,095 2 1,202

TOTAL DRILLED 6 TOTAL GAS 1,250 MCF TOTAL OIL 5 Bbls TOTAL FEET 4,302 PER CENT I2BX 33

GERMANTOWN SAND

Noble 12 75 12,484 3 45 77 3,153 Washington 6 15 6,464 .?. 2,197 Totals 18 90 18,948 3 45 77 3,153 2 2,197

TOTAL DRILLED 23 TOTAL GAS 45 MCF TOTAL .QIL. 167 Bbls TOTAL FEET 24,298 ~CENTJIBX 9

10 SALT SAND

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLES

Count:i:: Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells ~

Athens 1 260 656 Jefferson 3 745 2,362 Monroe 2 2,229 1,829 1 297 2 1,000 Noble 1 837 Washington ~ 1,654 3,428 l __@ Totals 9 4,888 8,275 I 297 2 1,000 2 1,697

TOTAL DRILLED 12 TOTAL GAS 5,185 MCF TOTAL OIL 2 Bbls TOTAL FEET 10,972 E.fil1 .Qfil::Il' DRY 1 7

MAXTON SAND

Athens 2 183 2,095 Belmont 2 236 2,558 Meigs 1 280 880 1 768 Monroe 1 325 1,161 1 1,165 Noble 1 1,091 Washington _j 707 4,768 ]._ 2,501 Totals 10 1, 731 11,462 5 5,522

TOTAL DRILLED 15 TOTAL GAS 1, 731 MCF TOTAL FEET 16, 984 Efil1 CENT DRY 33

LIME SAND

Knox 1 500 2, 731 Monroe 3 1,545 3,824 1 1 1,470 Scioto 1 2,243 Washington ~ ~ 1,939 1.2.illl§. 6 2,587 8,494 1 1 1,470 1 2,243

TOTAL DRILLED 8 TOTAL .Qa§ 2,587 MCF TOTAL OIL 1 Bbls TOTAL~ 12,207 Efil1 CENT DRY 13

11 KEENER SAND

GAS Q!1 COMBINATION DRY HOLES County Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls Feet Wells MCF -.-Bbls Feet Wells Feet Belmont 1 170 1,432 Meigs 1 1,157 Monroe 2 262 3,106 5 24 7,236 3 4,440 Noble 1 410 1,003 3 3,393 Washington 7 22 91912 .?. 2.613 Totals 4 842 5,541 12 46 17,148 9 11,603

TOTAL DRILLED 25 TOTAL .Qt&. 842 MCF TOTAL .QI1. 46 Bbls TOTAL~ 34,292 PER .Qfilil' .l2fil" 36

INJUN SAND

Columbiana 1 3 975 Meigs 2 1,730 Monroe 2 218 3,367 2 130 35 2,895 9 13,362 Washington ]_ 300 3.130 l 16 3.487 .£ 7.223 Totals 4 518 6,497 4 19 4,462 2 130 35 2,895 16 22,315

TOTAL DRILLED 26 TOTAL .Qt&. 648 MCF TOTAL .Q.!k. 54 Bbls TOTAL FEET 36, 169 PER CENT DRY 62

SQUAW SAND

Athens 1 75 1,424 Monroe 2 3,107 Washington §. 7.356 Totals 1 75 1,424 7 10,463

TOTAL DRILLED 8 TOTAL GAS 75 MCF TOTAL FEET 11,887 E!IB. CENT DRY 88

12 BEREA SAND

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLES

Counti Wells MCF Feet ~ ~ Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells Feet

Ashland 14 1,061 10,334 28 302 21,387 33 2,772 323 24,142 44 30,887 Athens 12 2,268 19,254 3 15 4,398 8 12,176 Belmont 1 1 1,536 10 17,887 Carroll 2 8 2,497 1 30 2 1,367 7 8,322 Columbiana 2 6 1,491 9 8,077 Coshocton 2 5 1, 779 4 3,663 Gallia 1 60 1,429 Guernsey 2 65 2,393 2 16 2,661 1 25 1 1,310 3 3,626 Harrison 1 1,505 Hocking 6 653 3,282 1 791 Holmes 7 1,580 5,857 1 2 690 3 158 42 2,114 11 9,020 Jefferson 1 100 678 4 71 6,044 8 11,449 Knox 9 41 6,913 1 115 1 756 4 3,059 Licking 12 48 8,880 4 2,771 Lorain 1 5 250 Mahoning 3 398 2,118 4 2, 703 Medina 6 73 2,720 13 6,531 Meigs 15 6,686 27,129 9 62 14, 957 7 786 125 11,954 5 8,247 Monroe 15 1,118 27,997 4 15 7,347 1 245 5 1,175 11 20, 923 Morgan 1 40 1,528 3 14 4,858 2 70 6 2,954 4 6,406 Noble 10 1,545 14,645 1 3 1,640 17 28,681 Perry 3 1,500 2,918 7 37 7,176 2 2,149 Stark 2 870 1,638 1 880 Summit 1 150 728 Tuscarawas 3 400 4,123 4 4,122 Vinton 1 6 1,094 1 1,208 Washington 10 787 17,385 4 6,194 Wayne -1 _1 610 _2_ 11387 Totals 106 19,281 143,436 99 731 98,928 49 4,201 505 45,772 182 202,664

TOTAL DRILLED 436 TOTAL~ 23,482 MCF TOTAL .ill. 1,236 Bbls TOTAL fllli1' 490,800 PER .Qfilil' DRY 42

GORDON SAND

Gallia 1 50 1,461 Harrison L 1,990 Totals 1 50 1,461 1 1,990

TOTAL DRILLED 2 TOTAL GAS 50MCF TOTAL~ 3,451 EJIB. CENT DRY 50

13 o:mo ·SHALE

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLE

County Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells Feet

Athens 1 200 3,989 Lawrence 3 344 7,944 Meigs 1 30 3,480 Richland 2 2,900 1,479 Scioto 1 1,633 Totals 7 3,474 16,892 1 1,633

TOTAL DRILLED 8 TOTAL GAS 3,474 MCF TOTAL .EEfil' 18,525 PER .Qfil::!1' DRY 13

ORISKANY SAND

Guernsey 1 3,376 Medina 1 45 2,185 1 2,238 Richland 1 950 Summit 1 90 2,080 3 348 63 6,200 Tuscarawas 1.. 61694 ~ 2 135 4,265 3 348 63 6,200 5 13,258

TOTAL DRILLED 10 TOTAL GAS 483 MCF TOTAL OIL 63 Bbls TOTAL EM.1' 23, 723 PER CENT DRY 50

NEWBURG SAND

Erie 1 290 4 2,045 Fairfield 1 7 1,969 2 450 289 3,907 Geauga 1 3,210 Holmes 1 715 2,476 Lorain 1 7 2,201 Medina 2 873 5,163 Summit 1 215 3,235 1 3,144 Wayne 10 4,165 281694 ~ 14 5,968 .39,568 2 14 4,170 3 740 293 5,952 2 6,354

TOTAL DRILLED 19 TOTAL GAS 6,708 MCF TOTAL OIL 307 Bbls TOTAL .EliliJ' 56,044 PER .Qfil::!1' DRY 10

14 CLINTON SAND

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLES

County Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls ~ Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells Feet

Ashland 8 5,209 22, 721 9 24,958 Carroll 2 11,502 Columbiana 1 5,401 Coshocton 2 2,380 6,646 17 1,293 55,613 4 693 81 13,035 3 9,632 Cuyahoga 1 718 3,093 1 3,519 Fairfield 3 599 6,879 1 15 2,566 6 15,235 Hocking 1 65 2,363 1 28 2,670 3 8,509 Holmes 6 4,275 20,605 5 241 17,461 5 17,461 Knox 12 10,424 34,838 17 551 51,392 13 4,452 293 38,528 21 62,404 Lake 3 537 9,988 2 6, 725 Lawrence 1 2,875 Licking 2 2,250 5,175 14 1,706 41,713 3 2,290 76 8,957 17 51,067 Lorain 1 710 2,294 6 14,915 Medina 7 9,949 20,186 2 5,880 Morgan 3 3,217 12,005 1 230 48 3,946 1 4,027 Muskingum 3 710 10,647 12 689 38,701 7 6,696 275 23,724 17 57,019 Perry 13 13, 113 40,369 38 2, 136 126, 792 8 5,374 372 26,872 31 101, 954 Portage 1 1,500 4,277 3 13,081 Stark 13 6,618 59,893 10 46,550 Summit 1 680 4,060 7 27,211 Tuscarawas 14 7,860 67,183 8 39,834 Vinton 1 2,800

Wayne 7 2 2544 21 2 020 1 _lQ 31645 _']_ 21,300 ~ 101 73,358 354,242 106 6,674 340,533 36 19, 735 1, 145 115, 062 164 553,859

TOTAL DRILLED 407 TOTAL GAS 93,093 MCF TOTAL OIL 7,819 Bbls TOTAL FEET 1,363, 716 PER CENT DRY 40

MEDINA SAND

Morgan 1 1,200 3,980 1 4,028 Muskingum 2 78 8,688 2 7,066 Perry l 185 3,822 .1 142385 Totals 2 1,385 7,802 2 78 8,688 7 25,479

TOTAL DRILLED 11 TOTAL GAS 1,385 MCF TOTAL OIL 78 Bbls TOTAL E!lliI. 41, 969 PER CENT mIT_ 64

15 TRENTON SAND

GAS OIL COMBINATION DRY HOLE

County Wells MCF Feet Wells Bbls Feet ~ MCF Bbls Feet Wells Feet Darke 1 1,260 Defiance 1 2,038 Erie 1 2,400 Hancock 2 2,619 Logan 1 1,387 Mercer 2 2,274 Putnam 1 1,392 Wyandot _Q_ 122 8,367 _g 800 305 2,729 _§ 111501 Totals 6 122 8,367 2 800 305 2,729 17 24,871

TOTAL DRILLED 25 TOTAL GAS 800 MCF TOTAL~ 427 Bbls TOTAL .Efilil' 36,017 PER CENT JIB1" 68

ST. PETER SAND

Hardin 1 1, 995 Huron 1 4,103 Pike l 4,227 Totals 3 10,325

TOTAL DRILLED 3 TOTAL FEET 10,325 ~ CENT DRY 100

16 SUMMARY REPORT BY COUNTIES

The following pages are a detailed review, by counties, of the number of wells drilled, the quantity of gas and/or oil reported produced during the first 24 hours after completion, the dry holes, and the total footage drilled throughout the year of 195 0.

The volume of gas and barrels of oil recorded refer only to the initial production developed during the year and are not indicative of the total annual volume of gas or barrels of oil produced by either the new wells or the wells already in existence.

The purpose of this review is to show where the exploration for new oil and gas reserves in Ohio was active and the measure of success or failure attained in each county.

17 WELLS DRILLED IN 1950

Abbreviations used within the table are:

MCF - Thousand cubic feet of gas - reported open flow at completion. Bbls - Barrels of oil reported for first 24 hours at completion. Feet - Total feet (footage) drilled.

ASHLA.NP COVNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Clinton 4 3,390 11,525 4 1,819 11, 196 8 5,209 22, 721 Berea 9 666 61584 5 395 31750 14 1,061 10,334 Totals T3 4,056 18,109 9 2,214 14, 946 22 6,270 33,055

OIL WELLS Berea 15 170 11,877 13 132 9,510 28 302 21,387

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 18 1,694 184 12,720 15 1,078 139 11,422 33 2,772 323 24, 142

DRY HOLES Clinton 6 16,486 3 8,472 9 24,958 Berea 16 111808 28 191079 44 301887 Totals 22 28,294 31 27,551 53 55,845

TOTAL WELLS 68 68 136 TOTAL MCF 5' 750 3 ,292 9,042 TOTAL BBLS 354 271 625 TOTAL FEET 71, 000 63, 429 134,429 PER CENT DRY - 39

ASHTABULA COUNTY *

DRY HOLES Oriskany 1 2,070 1 2,070

*Note: Data on this county received too late to be included in other statistical reviews in this report.

18 ATHENS COUNTY

First Hali Last Hali Total

Sand Wells Iv'ICF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Cow Run 1 80 385 1 80 385 Macksburg 1 183 870 1 183 870 Salt 1 260 656 1 260 656 Maxton 1 110 867 1 73 1,228 2 183 2,095 Squaw 1 75 1,424 1 75 1,424 Berea 7 1,431 11,178 5 837 8,076 12 2,268 19,254 Shale -1. 200 ~9 1 ~ 3,989 Totals 10 1, 799 14,339 9 1,450 14,334 19 3,249 28,673

OIL WELLS Cow Run 4 15 1,597 4 15 1,597 Berea _]_ 9 2,598 1 _§ 1,800 _]_ 15 4,398 Totals 6 24 4,195 1 6 1,800 7 30 5,995

DRY HOLES Peeker 1 261 1 261 Cow Run 4 1,126 4 1, 132 8 2,258 Berea ~ 3,254 _§. 8,922 J2.. 12, 176 Totals 7 4,641 10 10,054 17 14,695

TOTAL WELLS 23 20 43 TOTAL MCF 1, 799 1,450 3,249 TOTAL BBLS 24 6 30 TOTAL FEET 23,175 26,188 49,363 PER. CENT DRY - 40

BELMONT COUNTY

GAS WELLS Cow Run 3 448 2,386 3 448 2,386 Maxton 1 211 1,353 1 25 1,205 2 236 2,558 Keener 1 170 1,432 1 170 1,432 Totals 1 211 1,353 5 643 5,023 6 854 6,376

OIL WELLS Berea 1 1 1,536 1 1 1,536

DRY HOLES Cow Run 1 1,120 2 2,091 3 3,211 Berea J 5,050 1 12,837 10 17,887 Totals 4 6,170 9 14, 928 13 21,098

TOTAL WELLS 5 15 20 TOTAL MCF 211 643 854 TOTAL BBLS 1 1 TOTAL FEET 7,523 21,487 29,010 PER CENT DRY - 65

19 CARROLL COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Cow Run 3 218 1,128 3 218 1,128

OIL WELLS Berea 1 3 1,242 1 5 1,255 2 8 2,497

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 1 30 2 1,367 1 30 2 1,367

DRY HOLES Berea 5 5,799 2 2,523 7 8,322 Clinton 1 51787 l 51715 ~ 111502 Totals 6 11,586 3 8,238 9 19,824

TOTAL WELLS 10 5 15 TOTAL MCF 218 30 248 TOTAL fil2.1§_ 3 7 10 TOTAL FEET 13, 956 10,860 24,816 PER CENT DRY - 60

COLUMBIANA COUNTY

OIL WELLS Injun 1 3 975 1 3 975 Berea ~ Q 11491 ~ Q 11491 Totals 3 9 2,466 3 9 2,466

DRY HOLES Berea 2 2,183 7 5,894 9 8,077 Clinton l 51401 -1. 51401 Totals 3 7,584 7 5,894 10 13,478

TOTAL WELLS 3 10 13 TOTAL BBLS 9 9 TOTAL FEET 7,584 8,363 15,944 PER CENT DRY - 77 STORAGE WELLS - 4 in the Berea, TOTAL FEET: 3,244

20 COSHOCTON COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MQE Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Clinton 1 1,380 3,305 1 1,000 3,341 2 2,380 6,646

OIL WELLS Berea 1 2 1,031 1 3 748 2 5 1,779 Clinton ~ l(Jl 9,687 14 1,186 45,926 17 1.293 55,613 Totals 4 109 10,718 15 1,189 46,674 19 1,298 57,392

COMBINATION WELLS Clinton 4 693 81 13,035 4 693 81 13,035

DRY HOLES Berea 2 1,755 2 1,908 4 3,663 Clinton 3 9,632 3 9,632 Totals 2 1, 755 5 11,540 7 13,295

TOTAL WELLS 7 25 32 TOTAL MCF 1,380 1,693 3,073 TOTAL BBLS 109 1,270 1,379 TOTAL FEET 15, 778 74,590 90,368 PER CENT DRY - 22

CUYAHOGA COUNTY

GAS WELLS Clinton 1 718 3,093 1 718 3,093

12fil HOLES Clinton 1 3,519 1 3,519

TOTAL WELLS 1 1 2 TOTAL MCF 718 718 TOTAL E!lli1. 3,519 3,093 6,612 J2.fil1 CENT DRY - 50

DARKE COUNTY

I2BX HOLES Trenton 1 1,260 1 1,260

DEFIANCE COUNTY

DRY HOLES Trenton 1 2,038 1 2,038

21 ERIE COUNTY

COMBINATION WELLS Newburg 1 290 4 2,045 1 290 4 2,045

DRY HOLES Trenton 1 2,400 1 2,400

TOTAL WELLS 2 2 TOTAL..MQf 290 290 TOTAL BBLS 4 4 TOTAL FEET 4,445 4,445 PER CENT DRY - 50

FAIRFIELD COUNTY

GAS WELLS Clinton 2 550 4,586 1 49 2,293 3 599 6,879

OIL WELLS Newburg 1 7 1,969 1 7 1,969 Clinton 1 15 2.566 1 15 2,566 Totals 1 15 2,566 1 7 1,969 2 22 4,535

COMBINATION WELLS Newburg 1 300 150 1,955 1 150 139 1,952 2 450 289 3,907

DRY HOLES Clinton 3 7,785 3 7,450 6 15,235

TOTAL WELLS 7 6 13 TOTAL..MQE_ 850 199 1,049 TOTAL.mil§ 165 146 311 TOTAL FEET 16,892 13,664 30,556 .£1ili CENT .12RX - 46

GALLIA COUNTY

GAS WELLS Berea 1 60 1,429 1 60 1,429 Gordon 1 50 1,461 1 2Q 1,461 Totals 2 110 2,890 2 110 2,890

GEAUGA COUNTY

DRY HOLES Newburg 1 3,210 1 3,210

22 GUERNSEY COUNTY

First Hali Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Berea 1 35 1,223 1 30 1,170 2 65 2,393

OIL WELLS Berea 2 16 2,661 2 16 2,661

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 1 25 1 1,310 1 25 1 1,310

DRY HOLES Berea 1 1,201 2 2,425 3 3,626 Oriskany 1 3,376 1 31376 Totals 2 4,577 2 2,425 4 7,002

t TOTAL WELLS 5 4 9 TOTAL MCF 35 55 90 TOTAL BBLS 16 1 17 TOTAL FEET 8,461 4,905 13,366 PER CENT DRY - 44

HANCOCK COUNTY

DRY HOLES Trenton 2 2,619 2 2,619

HARDIN COUNTY

DRY HOLES St. Peter 1 1,995 1 1,995

HARRISON COUNTY lIB:]" HO LES Berea 1 1,505 1 1,505 Gordon l 11990 1 11990 Totals 1 1,990 1 1,505 2 3,495

23 HOCKlliG COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Berea 3 90 1,661 3 563 1,621 6 653 3,282 Clinton 1 65 2,363 1 65 2,363 Totals 4 155 4,024 3 563 1,621 7 718 5,645

OIL WELLS Clinton 1 28 2,670 1 28 2,670

DRY HOLES Berea 1 791 1 791 Clinton 2 5,134 l 3,375 ~ 8,509 Totals 2 5,134 2 4,166 4 9,300

TOTAL WELLS 6 6 12 TOTAL MCF 155 563 718 TOTAL BBLS 28 28 TOTAL FEET 9,158 8,457 17,615 . PER CE:NTI5RY - 33 STORAGEWELLS - 19 in the Clinton, TOTAL FEET: 47,128

HOLMES COUNTY

GAS WELLS Berea 3 116 2,280 4 1,464 3,577 7 1,580 5,857 Newburg 1 715 2,476 1 715 2,476 Clinton §. 3,657 171224 l ~ 3,381 Q 41275 20,605 Totals 8 3, 773 19,504 6 2,797 9,434 14 6,570 28,938

OIL WELLS Berea 1 2 690 1 2 690 Clinton 2 112 7,154 ~ 129 101307 5 241 17,461 ~ 2 112 7,154 4 131 10,997 6 243 18,151 COMBlliATION WELLS Berea 3 158 42 2,114 3 158 42 2,114

.QEX HOLES Berea 5 3,663 6 5,357 11 9,020 Clinton 1 3,505 ..1. 13, 956 5 17,461 Totals 6 7,168 10 19,313 16 26,481

TOTAL WELLS 16 23 39 TOTAL MCF 3,773 2,955 6,728 TOTAL BBLS 112 173 285 TOTAL FEET 33,826 41,858 75,684 EE.li CENT DRY - 41

24 HURON COUNTY

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

DRY HOLES St. Peter 1 4,103 1 4, 1 O:.J

JEFFERSON COUNTY

GAS WELLS Salt Sand 2 575 1,560 1 170 802 3 745 2,362 Berea - l 100 678 1 100 __fil§_ Totals 2 575 1,560 2 270 1,480 4 845 3,040

OIL WELLS Berea 1 2 1,563 3 69 4,481 4 71 6,044

DRY HOLES Berea 2 2, 775 6 8,674 8 11,449

TOTAL WELLS 5 11 16 TOTAL MCF 575 270 845 TOTAL BBLS 2 69 71 TOTAL FEET 5,898 14,635 20,533 PER CENT DRY - 50

KNOX COUNTY

GAS WELLS Lime 1 500 2,731 1 500 2,731 Clinton 1 3,121 20,607 5 7,303 14,231 n 10, 424 34, 838 Totals 7 3, 121 20,607 6 7,803 16,962 13 10, 924 37,569

OIL WELLS Berea 6 31 4, 765 3 10 2,148 9 41 6,913 Clinton 10 364 30,326 7 187 21,066 J1 551 51,392 Totals 16 395 35,091 10 197 23,214 26 592 58,305

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 1 115 1 756 1 115 1 756 Clinton 10 3,874 234 29,580 ~ 578 59 8,948 li 4,452 293 38,528 Totals 10 3,874 234 29,580 4 693 60 9,704 14 4,567 294 39,284

DRY HOLES Berea 3 2,288 1 771 4 3,059 Clinton 9 26,817 R 35,587 ~ 62,404 Totals 12 29,105 13 36,358 25 65,463

TOTAL WELLS 45 33 78 TOTAL MCF 6,995 8,496 15,491 TOTAL BBLS 629 257 886 TOTAL FEET 144,383 86,238 200, 621 PER CENT DRY - 32 25 LAKE COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Clinton 2 412 6,844 1 125 3,144 3 537 9,988

DRY HOLES Clinton 2 6,725 2 6, 725

TOTAL WELLS 2 3 5 TOTAL MCF 412 125 537 TOTAL FEET 6,844 9,869 16, 713 PER .Qfilil' DRY - 40

LA WREN CE COUNTY

GAS WELLS Shale 1 94 2,809 2 250 5,135 3 344 7,944

DRY HOLES Clinton 1 2,875 1 2,875

TOTAL WELLS 2 2 4 TOTAL MCF 94 250 344 TOTAL FEET 5,684 5,135 10,819 PER CENT DRY - 25

LICKING COUNTY

Qa§ WELLS Clinton 1 1,650 2,347 1 600 2,828 2 2,250 5,175

OIL WELLS Berea 2 13 1,562 10 35 7,318 12 48 8,880 Clinton i 127 11.719 .1.9 1,579 29.994 14 1,706 41, 713 Totals 6 140 13,281 20 1,614 37,312 26 1,754 50,593

COMBINATION WELLS Clinton 1 1,340 24 2,906 2 950 52 6,051 3 2,290 76 8,957

1IBY HOLES Berea 3 2,091 1 680 4 2,771 Clinton J1 24.493 9 26,574 11. 51,067 Totals 11 26,584 lo 27,254 21 53,838

TOTAL WELLS 19 33 52 TOTAL MCF 2,990 1,550 4,540 TOTAL BBLS 164 1,666 1,830 TOTAL~ 45,118 73,445 118,563 PER .Qfilil' DRY - 40

26 LOGAN COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Egfil Wells MCF ~ Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet DRY HOLES Trenton 1 1,387 1 1,387

LORAIN COUNTY

GAS WELLS Clinton 1 710 2,294 1 710 2,294

OIL WELLS Berea 1 5 250 1 5 250 Newburg l ...1 2.201 1. .1_ 2.201 Totals 2 12 2,451 2 12 2,451

DRY HOLES Clinton 3 7,246 3 7,669 6 14, 915

TOTAL WELLS 6 3 9 TOTAL MCF 710 710 TOTAL .!lli,12 12 12 TOTAL FEET 11;991 7,669 19,660 PER CENT DRY - 67

MAHONING COUNTY

GAS WELLS Berea 3 398 2,118 3 398 2,118

DRY HOLES Berea 1 536 3 2,167 4 2,703

TOTAL WELLS 4 3 7 TOTAL MCF 398 398 TOTAL,EU1' 2,654 2,167 4,821 m CENT DRY - 57

·27 MEDINA COUNTY

First Hali Last Half Total

§filill Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Oriskany 1 45 2,185 1 45 2,185 Newburg 1 592 2,666 1 281 2,497 2 873 5,163 Clinton .i.. 1,952 11,312 ]_ 7,997 8,874 _J_ 9,949 20,186 Totals 5 2,544 13, 978 5 8,323 13,556 10 10,867 27,534

OIL WELLS Berea 2 50 929 4 23 1,791 6 73 2,720

DRY HOLES Berea 3 1,536 10 4,995 13 6,531 Oriskany 1 2,238 1 2,238 Clinton _L 2,842 1 3,038 _1_ 5,880 Tulfil§ 5 6,616 11 8,033 16 14,649

TOTAL WELLS 12 20 32 TOTAL MCF 2,544 8,323 10,867 TOTAL BBLS 50 23 73 TOTAL FEET 21,523 23,380 44, 903 PER CENT DRY - 50

MEIGS COUNTY

Qt& WELLS Cow Run 3 190 1, 786 3 733 1,393 6 923 3, 179 Macksburg 1 170 870 1 170 870 Maxton 1 280 880 1 280 880 Berea 4 352 7,370 11 6,334 19, 759 15 6,686 27,129 Shale _1 ~ 3,480 1 _]_Q 3,480 Totals 10 1,022 14,386 14 7,067 21, 152 24 8,089 35,538

OIL WELLS Mitchell 1 10 458 1 10 458 Cow Run 1 2 508 2 3 1,438 3 5 1, 946 Macksburg 1 2 236 1 2 236 Berea 5 28 8,212 .1 34 6,745 __J 62 14, 957 Totals 7 40 9,178 7 39 8,419 14 79 17, 597

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 4 647 77 6,902 3 139 48 5,052 7 786 125 11, 954

DRY HOLES Mitchell 1 501 1 501 Cow Run 1 241 2 1,446 3 1,687 Maxton 1 765 1 765 Keener 1 1, 157 1 1, 157 Injun 2 1,730 2 1,730 Berea ]_ 4,714 ~ 3,533 5 8,247 Totals 7 7,450 6 6,637 13 14,087

TOTAL WELLS 28 30 58 TOTAL MCF 1,669 7,206 8,875 TOTAL~ 117 87 204 TOTAL FEET 37,916 41,260 79, 176 PER CENT DRY - 22 28 MERCER COUNTY

First Hali Last Hali Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

DRY HOLES Trenton 2 2,274 2 2,274

MONROE COUNTY

GAS WELLS Salt 1 979 790 1 1,250 1,039 2 2,229 1,829 Maxton 1 325 1, 161 1 325 1, 161 Lime 1 850 1,252 2 595 2,572 3 1,445 3,824 Keener 2 262 3,106 2 262 3,106 Injun 2 218 3,367 2 218 3,367 Berea ~ 753 16,624 Q 365 11,373 12 1,118 27,997 Totals 15 3,062 25,139 10 2,535 16,145 25 5,597 41,284

OIL WELLS Cow Run 2 3 1,867 2 3 1,867 Lime 1 1 1,470 1 1 1,470 Keener 3 13 4,190 2 11 3,046 5 24 7,2.36 Berea l.._ 5 5,267 1 10 2,080 _i 12. 7,347 Totals 8 21 11,324 4 22 6,596 12 43 17, 920

COMBINATION WELLS Cow Run 1 50 1 870 1 50 1 870 Salt 1 297 2 1,000 1 297 2 1,000 Injun 2 130 35 2,895 2 130 35 2,895 Berea - 1 245 5 1,175 1 245 _5 l, 175 Totals 4 477 38 4,765 1 245 5 1,175 5 722 43 5, 940

DRY HOLES Cow Run 3 2,000 2 1,329 5 3,329 Maxton 1 1, 165 1 1, 165 Keener 3 4,440 3 4,440 Injun 4 6, 1:.J 1 5 7,231 9 13,362 Squaw 2 3,107 2 3,107 Berea _§. 10, 714 5 10,209 11 20, 923 Totals 18 26,392 13 19, 934 31 46,326

TOTAL WELLS 45 28 73 TOTAL MCF 3,539 2, 780 6,319 TOTAL BBLS 59 27 86 TOTAL FEET 67,620 43,850 111,470 PER CENT DRY - 42

29 MORGAN COUNTY

First Half Last Half ~

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF ~ Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Berea 1 40 1,528 1 40 1,528 Clinton 3 3,217 12,005 3 3,217 12,005 Medina l UQQ.. 3,980 1 1,200 3,980 Totals 3 3,217 12,005 2 1,240 5,508 5 4,457 17,513

OIL WELLS Peeker 3 6 446 3 6 446 Cow Run 1 1 479 1 1 479 Berea 1 ~ 1,660 z. §. 3,198 !2. 14 4,858 Totals 1 8 1,660 6 13 4,123 7 21 5,783

COMBINATION WELLS Berea 2 70 6 2,954 2 70 6 2,954 Clinton l 230 48 3,946 1 230 48 3,946 Totals 3 300 54 6,900 3 300 54 6,900

DRY HOLES Peeker 2 309 2 309 Cow Run 1 523 5 611 6 1,134 Berea 1 1,700 3 4,706 4 6,406 Clinton 1 4,027 1 4,027 Medina l 4.028 _l 4,028 Totals 4 10,278 10 5,626 14 15,904

TOTAL WELLS 11 18 29 TOTAL MCF 3,517 1,240 4,757 TOTAL BBLS 62 13 75 TOTAL .EfilIT 30,843 15,257 46,100 PER CENT J2EX - 48

30 MUSKINGUM COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Clinton 2 410 7,133 1 300 3,514 3 710 10,647

OIL WELLS Clinton 6 440 19,331 6 249 19,370 12 689 38, 701 Medina £.. 78 8,688 ~ 78 8,688 I.Q!fil§ 6 440 19,331 8 327 28,058 14 767 47,389

COMBINATION WELLS Clinton 5 5,484 228 16,008 2 1,212 47 7,716 7 6,696 275 23, 724

DRY HOLES Clinton 12 40,869 5 16,150 17 57,019 Medina 2 7,066 ~ 7,066 Totals 12 40,869 7 23,216 19 64,085

TOTAL WELLS 25 18 43 TOTAL MCF 5,894 1,512 7,406 TOTAL BBLS 668 374 1,042 TOTAL FEET 83,341 62,504 145,845 PER CENT DRY - 44

31 NOBLE COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Cow Run 1 23 688 1 23 688 Stray 1 1,250 1,005 1 1,250 1,005 Keener 1 410 1,003 1 410 1,003 Berea -1.... ~ 6,132 §. 1.265 8,513 lQ 1,545 14,645 Totals 6 1, 940 8,140 7 1,288 9,201 13 3,228 17,341

OIL WELLS Buell 1 2 240 1 2 240 Stray 3 5 2,095 3 5 2,095 Germantown 3 11 3,055 9 64 9,429 12 75 12,484 Macksburg 1 10 1,060 1 10 1,060 Berea 1 .2 1,640 --1 2 1,640 Totals 7 26 6,210 11 69 11,309 18 95 17,519

COMBINATION WELLS Germantown 2 35 17 2,063 1 10 60 1, 090 3 45 77 3, 153

DRY HOLES Buell 1 292 2 420 3 712 Stray 1 242 1 960 2 1,202 Salt 1 837 1 837 Maxton 1 1,091 1 1,091 Keener 3 3,393 J 3,393 Berea 10 17,342 _J_ 11,339 17 28,681 Totals 14 19,804 13 16, 112 27 35,916

TOTAL WELLS 29 32 61 TOTAL MCF 1, 975 1,298 3,273 TOTAL~ 43 129 172 TOTAL FEET 36,217 37,712 73,929 PER CENT DRY - 46

32 PERRY COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Berea 1 200 974 2 1,300 1,944 3 1,500 2, 918 Clinton 6 4,239 18,575 7 8,874 21, 794 13 13,113 40,369 Medina 1 ~ 3,822 1 185 3,822 Totals 8 4,624 23,371 9 10, 174 23, 738 17 14, 798 47,109

OIL WELLS Berea 4 18 4,072 3 19 3,104 7 37 7,176 Clinton 24 1,401 82,291 13 735 44,501 38 2,136 126,792 Totals 28 1,419 86,363 17 754 47,605 45 2, 173 133, 968

COMBINATION WELLS Clinton 6 4,488 287 20,256 2 886 85 6,616 8 5,374 372 26, 872

DRY HOLES Berea 2 2,149 2 2,149 Clinton 17 56,861 14 45,093 31 101, 954 Medina J_ 7,678 __.z 6,707 _i 14,385 Totals 21 66,688 16 51,800 37 118,488

TOTAL WELLS 63 44 107 TOTAL MCF 9,112 11,060 20,172 TOTAL BBLS 1,706 839 2,545 TOTAL FEET 196,678 129, 759 326,437 PER CENT DRY - 35

PIKE COUNTY

DRY HOLES St. Peter 1 4,227 1 4,227

PORTAGE COUNTY

GAS WELLS Clinton 1 1,500 4,277 1 1,500 4,277

DRY HOLES Clinton 1 4,415 2 8,666 3 13,081

TOTAL WELLS 1 3 4 TOTAL MCF 1,500 1,500 TOTAL FEET 4,415 12,943 17,358 PER CENT DRY - 75

33 PUTNAM COUNTY

First Half Last Half

DRY HOLES Trenton 1 1,392 1 1,392

RICHLAND COUNTY

GAS WELLS Shale 2 2,900 1,479 2 2,900 1,479

QBY HOLES Oriskany 1 950 1 950

TOTAL WELLS 3 3 TOTAL MCF 2,900 2,900 TOTAL FEET 2,429 2,429 PER CENT DRY - 33 STORAGE WELLS - 13 in the Clinton, TOTAL FEET: 34,108

SCIOTO COUNTY

DRY HOLES Shale 1 1,633 1 1,633 Lime l 2,243 1 2,243 Totals 1 2,243 1 1,633 2 3,876

STARK COUNTY

GAS WELLS Berea 2 870 1,638 2 870 1,638 Clinton 1 4,584 321260 .§. 21034 271633 1l 61618 591893 7 4,584 32,260 8 2,904 29,271 15 7,488 61,531

12.EY HOLES Berea 1 880 1 880 Clinton _i. 181527 .§. 281023 10 46,550 Totals 4 18,527 7 28,903 11 47,430

TOTAL WELLS 11 15 26 TOTAL MCF 4,584 2,904 7,488 TOTAL FEET 50, 787 58,174 108, 961 PER CENT DRY - 42

34 SUMMIT COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Berea 1 150 728 1 150 728 Oriskany 1 90 2,080 1 90 2,080 Newburg 1 215 3,235 1 215 3,235 Clinton ..L 680 4,060 _J_ 680 4.060 I.Q1fil§. 1 680 4,060 3 455 6,043 4 1,135 10,103

COMBINATION WELLS Oriskany 3 348 63 6,200 3 348 63 6,200

DRY HOLES Newburg 1 3,144 1 3,144 Clinton .1. 3.523 §_ 23.688 1 27.211 Totals 1 3,523 7 26,832 8 30,355

TOTAL WELLS 2 13 15 TOTAL MCF 680 803 1,483 TOTAL BBLS 63 63 TOTAL FEET 7,583 39,075 46,658 PER CENT DRY - 53

TUSCARAWAS COUNTY

GAS WELLS Berea 1 100 1,229 2 300 2,894 3 400 4,123 Clinton 1L. 2.692 38.885 §_ 5,168 281298 14 7.860 67.183 Totals 9 2,792 40,114 8 5,468 31,192 17 8,260 71,306

DRY HOLES Berea 2 2,098 2 2,024 4 4,122 Oriskany 2 6,694 2 6,694 Clinton 3 14.252 5 25.582 ~ 39.834 Totals 5 16,350 9 34,300 14 50,650

TOTAL WELLS 14 17 31 TOTAL MCF 2,792 5,468 8,260 TOTAL FEET 56,464 65,492 121,956 PER .£filil' DRY - 45

35 VINTON COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

OIL WELLS Berea 1 6 1,094 1 6 1,094

DRY HOLES Berea 1 1,208 1 1,208 Clinton 1 2,800 1 2,800 Totals 1 1,208 1 2,800 2 4,008

TOTAL WELLS 2 1 3 TOTAL~ 6 6 TOTAL FEET 2,302 2,800 5,102 PER .Qlli1' DRY - 66

WASHINGTON COUNTY

GAS WELLS Salt 1 1,000 1,199 2 654 2,229 3 1,654 3,428 Maxton 1 25 1,125 3 682 3,643 4 707 4,768 Lime 2 542 1, 939 2 542 1, 939 Injun 2 300 3,130 2 300 3,130 Berea 5 ~ 81734 2 __M_1 8,651 10 __J_fil_ 171385 Totals 9 1,588 14,188 12 2,402 16,462 21 3,990 30,650

OIL WELLS Peeker 4 13 2,477 4 49 3,273 8 62 5, 750 Cow Run 2 3 1,171 1 2 554 3 5 1, 725 Macksburg 1 1 995 1 1 995 Germantown 3 6 3,442 3 9 3,022 6 15 6,464 Keener 3 10 4,254 4 12 5,658 7 22 9,912 Injun 1 6 1,305 2 10 2,182 3 16 3,487 Total 14 39 13,644 14 82 14,689 28 121 28,333

DRY HOLES Mitchell 2 449 2 449 Peek er 2 1,530 2 1,530 Buell 1 245 1 245 Cow Run 5 3,481 7 5,162 12 8,643 Germantown 2 2,197 2 2,197 Salt 1 860 1 860 Maxton 2 2,501 2 2,501 Keener 1 1,118 1 1,495 2 2,613 Injun 1 1,435 4 5, 788 5 7,223 Squaw 2 2,977 3 4,379 5 7,356 Berea 2 4, 732 1 1,462 4 61194 Totals 15 16, 133 23 23,678 38 39,811

TOTAL WELLS 38 49 87 TOTAL MCF 1,588 2,402 3, 990 TOTAL BBLS 39 82 121 TOTAL FEET 43,965 54,829 98, 794 PER CENT DRY - 44

36 WAYNE COUNTY

First Half Last Half Total

Sand W,ells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet Wells MCF Bbls Feet

GAS WELLS Newburg 5 2,412 14,276 5 1, 753 14,418 10 4,165 28,694 Clinton i 1,417 121134 ~ 1,127 8,886 7 2,544 211020 Totals 9 3,829 26,410 8 2,880 23,304 17 6,709 49, 714

OIL WELLS Berea 1 1 610 1 1 610 Clinton j_ 15 31645 1 15 3,645 Totals 2 16 4,255 2 16 4,255

DRY HOLES Berea 1 729 1 658 2 1,387 Clinton ]_ 91250 1 121050 1- 21,300 Totals 4 9,979 5 12, 708 9 22,687

TOTAL WELLS 15 13 28 TOTAL MCF 3,829 2,880 6,709 TOTAL BBLS 16 16 TOTAL FEET 40,644 36,012 76,656 PER CENT DRY - 32

WYANDOT COUNTY

OIL WELLS Trenton 1 30 1,389 5 92 6,978 6 122 8,367

COMBINATION WELLS Trenton 2 800 305 2 800 305

DRY HOLES Trenton 8 11,501 8 11,501

TOTAL WELLS 3 13 16 TOTAL MCF 800 800 TOTAL BBLS 30 92 122 TOTAL FEET 1,694 18,479 20,173 PER CENT DRY - 50

37 PART II

PRODUCTION, HISTORY, REGULATION,

SECONDARY RECOVERY, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

OIL AND GAS IN OHIO NATURAL GAS PRODUCED AND CONSUMED IN OHIO 1885 - 1948

Compiled by R. _L. Alkire and Jeanne Morr ow From U.S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Year Book

Year Number of Gas 1 Average Value Number of Gas Average2 Value2 Gas Producing Produced Price At At Consumers Consumed Price at At Imported Wells (million Wells Wells (domestic & (million Point of Point of (million cu. ft.) (cents (thousand commercial) cu. ft.) Consumption Consumption cu. ft.) per MCF) dollars) (cents per (thousand MCF) dollars) 1885 $ 100 86 400 87 1,000 88 1,500 89 83 5,216 1890 99 4,684 91 110 3,076 92 304 2,136 w 93 207 1,510 co 94 1,276 95 1,256 96 1,172 97 729 1,172 85,551 $ 1,506 98 806 1,488 68,560 2,251 99 929 1,866 78,478 3,207 1900 900 2,178 136,835 3,823 01 1,099 2,147 150,658 4,119 02 1,343 2,355 120, 913 4,786 03 1,523 4,479 199,496 7,201 04 1,661 5,316 233,693 9,394 05 1,705 320,oooa 5, 721 277,540 10,397 06 1,977 45,436 7,146 313,491 74,813 12,653 29,377 07 2,942 52,041 8,719 385, 965 82,972 15,228 30, 931 08 3,691 47,442 8,245 430,897 79,907 15,166 32,465 09 4,260 53,223 9,967 456,233 97,867 18,884 44,644 1910 4,717 48,232 8,627 479,309 108,075 21,211 59, 843 11 4,999 49,450 9,367 580,897 112, 123 22, 792 62,672 12 5,163 56,210 11,891 646,138 126, 855 27,196 70,044 13 5,308 50,612 10,417 690, 966 128,205 27,056 77,892 14 5,809 68,270 21.4 14,668 740,456 138,389 21.6 29,937 70,407 15 6,064 79,510 21.8 17,391 779,169 146, 725 31,901 68,186 Year Number of Gas1 Average Value Number of Gas Average2 Value2 Gas Producing Produced Price At At Consumers Consumed Price at At Imported Wells (million. Wells Wells (domestic & (million Point of Point of (million cu. ft.) (cents (thousand commercial) cu. ft.) Consumption Consumption cu. ft.) per MCF) dollars) (cents per MCF) 1916 6,003 69,888 $ 15.601 841,430 169,480 $ 37,394 100,257 17 5,979 68,917 18,435 876,816 165,782 26.9 44, 743 96,865 18 6,168 61,261 24,235 889,88.6 143,585 30.43 43,694 82,324 19 63, 153 20,389 894,996 126,694 41,006 63,541 1920 58,938 21,587 941,351 136,872 50,374 77,934 21 47,412 19,216 961,980 106,001 43,221 61, 795 22 51,481 18.0 9,267 987,625 116,127 47.0 55,062 68,200 23 53,812 15.6 8,395 1,023,730 120,920 50.8 58,468 70, 770 24 47,396 17.6 8,351 1,065,860 111,353 51.1 57,550 66,642 25 43,235 17.9 7, 752 1,094,120 111,969 51.8 58,635 70,522 26 47,363 18.5 8,781 1,124,080 115,719 53.6 65,982 74,426 27 51,381 16.8 8,632 1,149, 760 112,603 57.1 64,258 63,672 28 56,341 18.0 10,125 1,192,500 122,484 57.4 70,295 68,230 29 6,500 57,936 16.6 9,640 1,214,170 126,631 57.2 72,381 71,047 1930 6,849 63,394 17.1 10,859 1,239,300 125,816 57.7 72,545 64,169 31 6,754 56,326 17.1 9,654 1,198,330 107,460 57.2 61,418 45,656 32 6,749 51,4q6 16.9 8,698 1,157,030 94,414 55.7 52,595 40,482 w 33 6,610 47,929 17.1 8,215 1,161,580 92,762 52.5 48,686 46,015

1 Gas produced and marketed. 2 Applies to all gas, Domestic and Imported. a Accumulative 1885-1900 produced and delivered to consumers. Estimated by Mr. K. C. Cottingham, Ohio Fuel Gas Company...... w w IJ... u dl :::> u z 0 ..J

YEARS

:XX PRODUCTION liJ/J CONSUMPTION m FOREIGN Jfli11t 40 CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION IN OHIO 1875 - 1950 Compiled by R. L. Alkire and Jeanne Morrow From U. S. Bureau of Mines Mineral Year Books and A. P. I.

Production By Grades - Bbls. Producing Wells Total Total 1 Year Producing Production Lima Corning Penna Cleveland 2Mecca - 3E. Ohio E. Ohio N. W. Ohio Wells Bbls Chatham Belden

1875 & before 200,000 200,000 1876 31, 763 31,763 1877 29,888 29,888 1878 38,179 38,179 1879 29,112 29,112 1880 38,940 38,940 1881 33,867 33,867 1882 39,761 39,'761 1883 47,632 47,632 1884 90,081 90,081 1885 650,000 650,000 1886 a700 1,782,~70 1,064,025 703, 945 1887 5,018,015 4,625,375 372,257 1888 1,788 10,010,868 9,682,683 297, '774 1,465 e 1889 2,640 12,471,466 12,153,189 318,277 1,240 2,242 1890 16,124,656 15,014,882 1,116,521 1,440 1891 17, 740,301 17,315,978 422,883 1,440 1892 16,362,921 15,169,507 1,190,302 3,112 1893 16,249,769 13,646,804 2,601,394 1,571 1894 16, 792,154 13,606,904 3,184,310 940 1895 19,545,233 15,850,609 3,693,248 1,376 1896 23, 941, 169 20,575',138 3,365,365 666 1897 21,560,515 18,682,67J' 2,877,193 645 1898 18,738, 708 16,590,416 682 2,147,610 1899 21,142,108 16,377,174 799 4,764,135 19CO 22,362,730 16,884,358 5,254,215 2,283 5,476,089 1901 21,648,083 16,176,293 940 5,470,850 1902 21,014,231 15,877,730 135 5,136,366 1903 20,480,286 14,893,853 575 5,585,858 1904 18,876,631 13,350,060 425 5,526,146 1905 26,523 16,346,660 11,329,924 90 5,016,646 26,523 1906 14,787,763 9,881,184 180 4, 906,399 1907 12,207,448 7,993,057 93 4,214,298 1908 10,858, 797 6,748,676 186 4,109,935 1909 32,156 10,632, 793 5, 915,357 367 4, 717,069 1910 31,255 9,916,370 5,094,138 41 4,822,234 Crude Oil Production In Ohio (Continued)

Production By Grades - Bbls .. ~roducingWells Total Total Year Producing Production Lima Corning 1Penna Cleveland 2Mecca- 3E. Ohio E. Ohio N. W. Ohio Wells Bbls Chatham Belden

1911 31,337 8,817,112 4,535,875 64 4,281,237 1912 30,739 . 8, 969,00'7 3,955,897 59 5,013,110 1913 30,947 8, 781,468 3,817,043 4,964,425 1914 31,891 8,536,352 3,727,087 4,809,265 1915 30,811 7,825,326 3,393, 833 4,431,493 1916 31,144 7, 744,511 3,135,967 4,608,544 1917 29,978 7, 750,540 2,910,861 4,839,679 1918 29,500 7,285,0(l) 2,343,164 4,941,841 1919 7, 736,000 2,514,000 5,222,000 1920 7,400,000 2,115,000 5,285,000 1921 37,000 7,335,000 2,137,000 5,198,000 17,600 19,400 1922 39,300 6,781,000 2,030,000 4,751,000 20,300 19,000 1923 39,550 7,085,000 2,154,000 4,931,000 20,650 18,900 1924 38,900 6,811,000 2,018,000 2,168,000 4,793,000 20,900 18,000 1925 39,060 7,212,000 1,940,000 2,242,000 5,272,000 21,120 17,940 1926 39,250 7,272,000 1,880,000 2,011,000 5,392,000 21,150 18,100 >!>- t-.'.l 1927 37,600 7,593,000 1, 709,000 2,346,000 5,884,000 20,100 17;500 1928 37,900 7,015,000 1,581,000 2,877,000 5,434,000 20;950 16,950 1929 .37,210 6, 743,000 1,484,000 2,654,000 5,259,000 20, 720 16,490 1930 36,530 6,486,000 1,312,000 2,742,000 5,174,000 20, 710 15,820 1931 34,800 5,327,000 1,115,000 2,184,000 4,212,000 20,530 14,270 1932 34,530 4,644,000 1,065,000 1, 741,000 3,579,000 20,640 13,890 1933 33,600 4,235,000 1,032,000 1,594,000 3,203,000 20,100 13,500 1934 32,650 4,234,000 976,000 1,597,000 3,258,000 19,880 12,770 1935 32,100 4,082,000 b 90'7,000 1,547,000 3,163,000 20,000 12,100 1936 30,950 3,847,000 800,000 1,510,000 19,400 11,550 1937 28,500 3,559,000 627,000 1,367,000 Hl38 27,000 3,298,000 582,000 1,180,000 1939 26,400 3,156,000 580,000 1,179,000 2,576,000

1940 25,500 3,aJ2,000 325,000 1,159,000 1~i9 8, Obo 370,000 17,600 7,900 1941 24,801 3,547,000 549,000 1,034,000 1, 509,000 455,000 16, 929 7,872 1942 24,080 3,664,000 358,000 972,000 1,752,000 582,000 16,233 7,847 1943 23,335 3,442,000 325,000 881,000 1,759,000 477,000 16,235 7,100 1944 23,058 3,053,000 2a:i,OOO 810,000 1,656,000 382,000 16,258 6,800 1945 22,931 3,012,000 365,000 815,000 1,50'7,000 325,000 1946 22,972 3,508,000 396,000 757,000 2,063,000 292,000 1947 21,790 3,618,000 208,000 n~,ooo 2,401,000 285,000 1948 21,439 3,906,0(;0 201,000 804,000 2,625,000 276,000 Crude Oil Production In Ohio (continued)

Production By Grades - Bbls. Producing Wells Total Total 1 2 Year Producing Production Lima Corning Penna Cleveland Mecca - 3E. Ohio E. Ohic° N. W. Ohio Wells Bbls Chatham Belden

Zanesville 1949 20,034 3,485,000 176,000 966,000 1, 727,000 310,000 307,000 15,490 4,544 1950 18,587 3,314,000 139,000 1,029,000 1,574,000 311,000 261,000 15,187 3,400 TOTAL 623,003,189 376, 124, 716

1 Years 1872-1897 from Derrick's Handbook, Vol 1, pp. 804-8(l). 2 The Mecca field was discovered in 1860 and the Belden field several years later - production figures 1860-1888 not available. ·3 Eastern Ohio figures are Bureau of Mines and include Penna., Corning, and Cleveland-Chatham grades. a Macksburg 450, Lima 250. ~ b Estimated · w c Years 1940 to date are A. P. I. figures. Considered more accurate as they include oil moved by trucking. 24

18 tPETROLEUMPRODUCT >------+------+------IN OH10 16 1876-1950

Cf) 14 ..J w a: :ti a: 12

0 YEARS 1876 1880 84 88 92 96 1900 04 08 12 16 1920 24 28 32 36 1940 44 50 WEL L S DRILL:j<:D IN O HI O 1 888 - 1950

Data from U. S. Bureau of Mines M in e ral Year Bo ok and the A. I. M . E. A nnual Reviews for Oh i o.

Compiled by: Robert L . Alkire a nd Jeanne M orrow

YEAR OIL GAS DRY TOTAL PER CENT YEAR OIL GAS DRY TOTAL PER CENT. DRY DRY

1888 & 1923 Before 3,788 3,788a C&E 688 469 462 1,619 18 ~9 759 83 66 903b 7 NW 605 --11 75 697 1890 1,830 96 193 2,119 10 Total 1,293 486 537 2,316 23 1891 1,338 110 264 1,712 15 1924 . 1892 1,381 304 251 1,936 13 C&E 656 519 376 1,551 1893 1,510 216 249 1,975 13 NW 487 42 _fil. 592 1894 2,386 455 2,841b 16 Total 1,143 561 439 2,143 20 1895 2,815 477 3,29~ 14 1925 1896 3, 864 649 4,513 14 C&E 721 421 325 1,467 1897 2,035 88 593 2, 715b 22 NW -2ll ~ ~ ~ 1898 1,922 120 408 2 ,4 50~ 17 Total 1,233 447 414 2,094 20 1899 4,176 134 752 5,062b 15 1926 1900 989 97 457 1,543b 3 C& E 812 484 348 1,644 1901 1,460 113 35 1, 608 2 NW --11..3 ~ _M. __@_ 1902 266 40 306c 13 Total 1, 225 497 382 2,104 18 0 1903 290 62 352c 20 1927 1904 5,439 334 1,082 6,855 16 C&E 626 433 302 1,361 1905 3,307 342 871 4, 520 19 NW 211 _1Q ~ ~ 1906 3,210 337 843 4, 390 19 Total 837 449 337 1,623 21 1907 2,252 431 747 3,430 22 1928 1908 2,256 398 775 3,429 23 C& E 660 496 340 1,496 1909 3,152 657 945 4,754 20 NW 130 19 55 _w_ 1910 1,448 555 726 2,729 27 Total 790 515 395 1,700 23 1911 1,245 868 735 2,848 26 1929 1912 1,328 1,062 804 3,194 25 C& E 1,009 776 5 94 2,379 1913 2,119 759 928 3,806 24 NW 126 ~ _iQ _lfil_ 1914 1,628 1,366 843 3,837 22 Total 1, 135 801 634 2,570 25 1915 901 1,571 759 3,231 23 1930 1916 1,543 1, 006 801 3,350 24 C& E 815 581 533 1,929 1917 1,341 1,017 810 3,168 26 NW 94 72 ~ ~ 1918 1, 172 1,069 781 3, 022 26 Total 909 653 572 2,134 27 1919 1931 *C &E 1,218 334 591 2, 143 C&E 280 385 263 928 *NW 328 _ 4 _M ~ NW _qj _fill ~ 148 Total 1,546 338 644 2,528 26 Total 314 475 287 1,076 27 1920 1932 C &E 1,502 354 722 2,578 C& E 230 216 200 646 NW 478 _ 7 _J1Q ~ NW _jJ2 21 24 124 Total 1,980 361 802 3,143 25 Total 279 267 124 770 29 1921 1933 C&E 898 405 531 1,834 C& E 158 245 153 556 NW 372 __ill!_ __ifil NW 21 --1.Z _]Q_ 123 Total 1,270 405 620 2, 295 27 Total 209 287 183 679 27 1922 1934 C&E 1, 046 482 546 2,074 C& E 402 412 242 1, 056 NW 449 _n _fil_ ~ NW ~ ~ _qj --1ill. To.tal 1,495 494 607 2,596 24 Total 450 433 276 1, 159 24

45 YEAR OIL GAS DRY TOTAL PER CENT YEAR OIL GAS DRY TOTAL PER CENT DRY DRY 1935 1942 C&E 256 216 170 642 Total 181 471 356 l,008d 35 NW 43 29 22 94 1943 Total 299 245 192 736 26 Total 170 455 391 l,016d 38 1936 1944 C&E 310 372 237 919 Total 169 478 393 l,040d 38 NW 35 37 9 81 1945 Total 345 409 246 1,000 25 Total 220 429 385 l,034d 37 1937 1946 Total 316 497 43 2 1,245 35 Total 338 547 408 l,293d 32 1938 1947 Total 189 433 288 910 32 Total 317 582 484 l,383d 34 1939 1948 Total 216 497 31 9 1, 032 31 Total 493 428 534 l,455d 37 1940 1949 Total 327 491 41 0 1,228d 33 Total 334f 292 426 l,052e 40 1941 1950 Total 333 701 527 l,56ld 34 Total 384f 282 475 1,141 e 42

TOTAL 83,333 28,395 31,020 142,748

* - C & E - Central and Eastern Ohio NW - Northwestern Ohio a - Gas and Dry not available b - Eastern Ohio only c - Gas only d - A. I. M. E. Annual Review e - Division of Geological Survey f - Combination wells included

NOTE: The statistics for the years 1894 to 1904 in the Mineral Year Books were not complete. Additional information was obtained from Bulletin No. 1 of the Survey but discrepancies still appear to exist. It is estimated that the total number of wells not accounted for during. those years is approximately 12, 000. Thus, the total wells drilled in Ohio would be near 155,000.

46 OIL AND GAS FIELDS OF OHIO

94• -'2. e1°· I 42° ! }.( H G £ RIE

..,

.....

~ 39° LEGEND tJ GAS ~ OIL

Scale of Miles ,, 20 3il ~o '° 50

47 OHIO'S PRINCIPAL OIL PIPELINES

• REFINERIES • STORAGE

48 GENERALIZED SECTION OF ROCKS IN OHIO SHOWING OIL AND GAS PRODUCING SANDS

Abbreviations: cl - clay ls - limestone sh - shale cong - conglomerate ss - sandstone dol - dolomite

~unconformity

~ co IZl IZl 1 E-< H DRILL$R S NAME GEOLOGIC NAME AND MATERIAL co ~ &1 PRODUCING SAND (BASED ON OUTCROP STUDIES) co co

Waynesburg Coal (No. 11) Gilboy, sh, ss j .. Waynesburg ls, sh ~ Uniontown Coal (No. 10), ss, sh, ls ::r:: Arnoldsburg ss, ls, sh ~ Goose Run Sand Benwood ls, sh z Upper Sewickley ss 0 z Meigs Creek Coal (No. 9), cl, sh 0 Lower Sewickley ss ~ Fishpot Coal ls, ss Redstone (Pomeroy) Coal, ls, sh Pittsburgh ss

Pittsburgh ss Upper Pittsburgh ls, sh z Bellaire cl, ss, sh ;:1 Summerfield sh, ls z Mitchell or McCune Sand Connellsville ss, sh :; Clarksburg ls .--"1 ~ Wolf Creek Sand Morgantown ss zco Elk Lick ls, sh z Birmingham sh ~ p, Duquesne sh, Coal Vincent Sand Gaysport ls, ss, sh "Fossil Rock" Ames ls, sh ::r:: Harlem Coal \.'.) Round Knob sh ;::J Peeker Sand Saltzburg ss, sh ~ (of Morgan, Athens & Washington Co's) Barton Coal, Ewing sh, ls zIZl 1st Cow Run Sand Cow Run ss, sh 0 Bloomfield sh, ls 0 Cambridge-Wilgus ls, Coal, sh Buell Run Sand Buffalo SS, sh Brush Creek ls, Coal, sh Mahoning Sand Upper Mahoning sh, ss l/Iahoning Coal, cl, ls Macksburg 300 Ft. Sand Lower Mahoning sh, ss ~ IZl Upper Freeport Coal (No. 7), cl, sh ls, ss ::r:: \.'.) 2nd Cow Run Sand Lower Freeport Coal (No. 6-A), cl, ls, sh, SS IZl (also Peeker Sand) Middle Kittanning Coal (No. 6), cl .--"1 .--"1 Oak Hill cl, sh

~ CIJ r:r:i r:r:i b H DRILLER'S NAME GEOLOGIC NAME AND MATERIAL CIJ 0::: :>< r:r:i PRODUCING SAND (BASED ON OUTCROP STUDIES) CIJ CIJ

~ Vanport ls, Coal, sh ~ Macksburg 500 Ft. Sand Clarion Coal, c~; ss, sh C'.J Putnam Hill ls r:r:i .....:!• .....:! z «: ~ Brookville Coal (No. 41 cl ~ *Macksburg 700 Ft. Sand Homewood sh, ss .....:! *Macksburg 800 Ft. Sand Tionesta Coal, cl, sh, ss :>< CIJ Upper Mercer ls z *Germantown Sand Bedford Coal, cl, sh, ss r:r:i r:r:i *Brill Sand Upper Mercer Coal (No. 3-A) cl, sh, ss P< .....:! Lower Mercer ls .....:! H ::> *Nagle & Shramm Sands Middle Mercer Coal, cl, sh, ss CIJ Flint Ridge Coal, cl, sh, ss b b *(location indefinite) Lower Mercer Coal (No. 31 cl, sh, ss 0 Vandusen Coal, cl, sh, ss P<, Salt Sand Massillon sh, ss Quakertown Coal (No. 2), cl, sh, ss Brill or Nagle Sand (Athens Co.) Sciotoville cl, sh, ss Maxton Sand Sharon Coal (No. 1), cl, sh, cong

------~ I r:r:i :X: .....:! ~~ "Jingle Rock" Maxville ls ::> - - - - 2 ~ Keener Sand Vinton ss, sh 0 Allensville cong, ss, sh .....:!

z ~ Big Injun & Squaw Sands Black Hand cong, ss ;:; o"' Portsmouth sh P< ~ P< Weir, Hamden & Welsh Sands Buena Vista ss, bro. sh H CIJ g Henley ss, gray sh ~ u CIJ ~ ~ I ;>< $~ 11 Coffee Shale" Sunbury sh, brown to black CIJ m .«: r:r:i 1st Berea & Cussewago Sands Berea ss, gray sh 0::: r:r:i m tr l:t:' Sagamore sh, brown 0 Ji.. 2nd Berea Sand Euclid ss Q ,m111]

Z. Gordon Sand Cleveland sh, black to brown ·;:; Q. 11 Little Cinnamon" Chagrin sh, gray z 11 0 !Ii" Big Cinnamon" Huron sh, black to brown ::> 0 r:r:i Q 50 Generalized Section (continued)

~I Cf.) 1111 111 DRILLER'S NAME GEOLOGIC NAME AND MATERIAL H H Cf.) ~ PRODUCING SAND (BASED ON OUTCROP STUDIES) :>;' 111 Cf.) Cf.)

I :>; Zd 111 z Olentangy sh, ls ~.:i: Of-! ,

j~ Delaware ls, blue gray z ~~ ;::; § z Corniferous Venice ls 0 CQ !> Marblehead ls, dol 111 ~ Onondaga Bellepoint dol, brown Q H 0 u ~~ 0 111 Lucas dol, gray ~ !> Amherstburg dol, brown !:-< H 111 ~ Q - - - - - '-" ~ - - - -- ~· - - - -

Austinburg & Oriskany Sands SS ~ (location of 1st Water) 111 ~ ~ ~ Q d H z CQ Raisin River dol j Put-In-Bay dol, gray to brown w Salt & Gypsufa Beds Tymochtee dol, gray to brown Cf.) 'J.l Newburg Sand (2nd Water) Greenfield dol,· gray to brown .:i: CQ

- - - z - - - - ~ ~ ------~ ;::; ~ Guelph dol, gray H ~ Cedarville dol, gray H Cf.) (§ Springfield dol, blue gray ;::; '- Euphemia dol, blue gray z Niagara Shale Alger sh Dayton dol, gray

~ Little Lime or Packer Shell Brassfield ls, sh Q Clinton &· Medina Sands Clinton ss (does not crop out) 111 .,..., ~ ~ - - - - ~ - ~ - - - - - .- - - zQ Red Medina Elkhorn sh 0 Whitewater sh ~ Liberty sh u Waynesville sh § H ~ Arnheim sh uH > 0 I 111 Q cr.iH f§ :>; H McMillan sh ~> Fairview sh

51 Generalized Section (continued)

~ Cf.l ril ril E-< H DRILLER'S NAME GEOLOGIC NAME AND MATERIAL Cf.l 0:: :;:.... ril PRODUCING SAND (BASED ON OUTCROP STUDIES) Cf.l Cf.l

z ril Q Latonia sh ril

t-1u :> ~ 0:: 0 u ril Trenton ls or dol Q :s~ 0:: 0 iX1 0::

:z;O ril 0 Lower Green dol, sh ~o c.J i3

h/:' ------~ 0:: ------ril E-< ril O; St. Peter Sand ss, dol E-< Cf.l z 0:: ~ ril Cf.l dol, SS ts ~ 0 c.J H~ z ~ dol, SS 0:: iX1 ~

52 GENERAL FEATURES OF PRODUClliG SANDS IN OHIO*

Goose Run Sand The Goose Run sand was named for a "pay" discovered in 1899-1900 on Goose Run east of Marietta in Marietta Township, Washington County. The bed is correlative with the Sewickley sandstone and has a stratigraphic position closely above the Meigs Creek, Sewickley, or Mapletown coal. The stone is medium-fine in textill'e, open in character, massive in structll'e, and from 10 to 40 feet in thickness. It has been only a small producer in Washington and Monroe counties.

Mitchell Sand The name Mitchell was applied to a sand found on the Mitchell farm in Sec - tion 10, Marietta Township, Washington County. The original pool was small and was developed dll'ing 1899 and 1900. The stratum identified as the Connells- ville sandstone is found in the upper part of the Conemaugh series about 90 feet below the PittsbW'gh coal. It is an open textW'ed, medium-grained, micaceous sandstone and expands from 10 to as much as 50 feet in thickness. The member is not a persistent unit, but local deposits are known in Athens, Morgan, Wash- ington, Noble, Monroe, and Belmont counties.

Wolf Creek Sand The Wolf Creek sand of northwestern Washington County appears to be only a local development of the Morgantown sandstone of the Conemaugh series. The stratum is very unsteady, being absent far more often than present. Physically it changes from a fine-grained, bluish gray sandstone to a coarse-grained, yellowish gray rock. The thickness is also erratic, the usual measll'ement, however, being between 15 and 25 feet. The position of the Morgantown sandstone or its correlative equivalent is from 130 to 150 feet below the PittsbW'gh coal and from 40 to 60 feet above the Ames limestone. This member is only a small producer in southeastern Ohio.

Vincent Sand Sandstone lenses without definite stratigraphic designations appear at or near the horizon of the Ames limestone in places in southeastern Ohio. Near Vincent in Barlow Township, western Washington County, one of these stray beds was productive and hence was given the name Vincent sand. No other pools have been found at this horizon in southeastern Ohio.

*Unpublished manuscript, Wilber Stout, State Geologist of Ohio, 1928-1946, Published in revised form in Geology of NatW'al Gas, AAPG Symposium, 1935.

53 Cow Run Sand The Cow Run is the most prominent producing sand in the Conemaugh series of southeastern Ohio and came to the attention of oil men in 1861 through drilling on Cow Run in southwestern Lawrence Township, Washington County. The position of the member is between the Cambridge and Ames limestones, or, more definitely, between the Anderson and Barton coals. Where well developed the stratum lies on or only a few feet above the Anderson coal. On the average the top of the Cow Run sand is nearly 45 feet below the Ames limestone and 5 0 feet above the Cambridge limestone. The thickness of the member varies from 5 to 40 feet, but averages about 20 feet. It is a coarse-grained, loosely cemented, light gray or drab-colored sandstone without definite partings or bedding planes. The Cow Run member is of wide distribution but is most conspicuous through drilling in Washington, Morgan, Noble, Athens, and Muskingum counties.

Buell Run Sand Along Buell Run southwest of Elba in sections 20, 21, and 28, Aurelius Township, Washington County, a local lens of productive sand was found by the drill in 1888 and a small pool developed. The stratum appears to lie between the Cambridge and Brush Creek limestones and to have the position of the Buffalo member, which is very locally developed, usually thin, but commonly coarse or even pebbly in texture. Elsewhere in southeastern Ohio nothing of consequence has been developed at this horizon.

Macksburg 300-foot Sand Macksburg 300-foot sand is the name applied to a small lens of sandstone penetrated by the drill along Duck Creek in the vicinity of Macksburg, Washing- ton County; Here it was only a slight producer and elsewhere it has been of little interest as a source of oil or gas. In most cases the Macksburg 300-foot sand is the equivalent of the Mahoning member, but in some localities it is evidently the Upper Freeport bed.

Second Cow Run or Peeker Sand In many cases the most probable correlation of the Second Cow Run or Peeker sand, originally discovered on Cow Run in Washington County, is with the Lower Freeport sandstone, which is a massive stratum that forms the roof of the Middle Kittanning coal over wide areas across southeastern Ohio. Much confusion, however, exists among the drillers regarding the correlation of this and other sands in the interval from the Brush Creek limestone to the Middle Kittanning coal. The Lower Freeport sandstone is massive in character, medium coarse in texture, and light gray to buff in color. Small production is scattered over southeastern Ohio in Washington, Noble, Morgan, and Monroe counties.

54 Macksburg 500-foot Sand The Macksburg 500-foot sand, one of the important members discovered • at Macksburg in Washington County in the original drilling in the early 60' s appears to be the Clarion sandstone lying below the Clarion coal and not far above the Putnam Hill limestone. This member is a massive, persistent stra - tum over large areas in southern and eastern Ohio and ranges in thickness from 10 to 5 0 feet. The stone is commonly light gray in color and rather fine in texture. It has been a good, long-lived producer in parts of Washington, Noble, Morgan, and Monroe counties.

Macksburg 700-foot Sand and Others The Macksburg 700-foot, Macksburg stray, First Germantown, Macksburg 800-foot, Second Germantown, First Salt, Brill and Schramm sands are local developments of siliceous strata that appear on or not far above or below the . Mercer limestone. In general, these beds are only local lenses, which feature makes them good reservoirs. Such deposits have been- most productive in Washington, Noble, Morgan, and Monroe counties.

First Salt Sand In Ohio the most persistent sandstone near the base of the Pennsylvanian system is the Connoquenessing or Massillon member, which lies about 70 feet below the Lower Mercer limestone and just above the Quakertown coal. This sandstone is commonly identified with the Salt or First Salt sand of most drillers. The deposits maintain a thickness of 20 to 40 feet over wide areas in the southern and eastern parts of the State. Locally, owing to the absence of the Sharon members, the Massillon or Salt sand lies at or close to the base of the Pottsville series and hence is mistaken for the Sharon conglomerate or Maxton sand. In general, the Massillon is a coarse-grained sandstone, often conspicuously conglomeratic in the basal portion. This bed was the source of brine for the early salt works in southern Ohio, hence the name Salt sand. The stratum has not been a large producer in any field in Ohio but has given scattered wells from Meigs County on the Ohio River to Columbiana County on the Ohio-Pennsylvania line.

Maxton Sand The Maxton sand of the old Sistersville, West Virginia, pool is correlated with some certainty as the Sharon conglomerate at the base of the Pottsville series. The Lower Salt and the Lime sand of Monroe County have the same stratigraphic position. The Sharon member is very patchily developed across the State as it occurs only in the trough-like basins eroded deeply into the Mississippian floor. With the submergence closing the long period of erosion in late Mississippian time, the first parts filled with Pennsylvanian sediments were the low depressions in which were deposited the great beds of quartz sand and pebbles now representing the Sharon conglomerate. These deposits vary from 10 to 200 feet in thickness and from a coarse conglomerate to a 55 fine-grained sandstone. The Sharon or Maxton sand has yielded some production in Lawrence, Gallia, Meigs, Athens, Morgan, Washington, Monroe, and Belmont counties and has possibilities in several others to the east and north.

Keener Sand The Keener sand, named for an oil stratum discovered on the Keener farm near Sistersville,West Virginia, correlates as a part of the Vinton member, the upper formation of the Logan group of the Waverly. It is separated from the lJ'.Iaxville limestone above and from the Big Injun sand below by shale, the former interval being from 10 to 40 feet and the latter not far different. The usual thickness of the Keener sand is from 25 to 35 feet. The member is made up of alternate layers of fine to coarse-grained sandstones, generally open in texture, varying in color from light gray to bluish gray. The several layers give rise to different pays and thus to variations in productivity. The Keener sand in southeastern Ohio is troubled by water, hence production is found on structure. It is one of the chief sources of oil and gas in Monroe and Washing- ton counties and is important also in Morgan, Athens, Noble, Guernsey, and Belmont counties.

Big Injun Sand The Big Injun sand, widely known to the drillers in southeastern Ohio and northern West Virginia, is identified as the Black Hand conglomerate which outcrops so prominently in western Hocking, central Fairfield, and eastern Licking counties and which then extends southeastward to the Ohio River and on far into West Virginia. This bed is absent in southern and eastern Ohio, its place being taken by shales with minor quantities of thin sandstone layers. The usual thickness of the Big Injun sand is from 70 to 120 feet and its maximum expansion as much as 260 feet. It is always coarse grained and in typical exposures contains many pebbly layers distributed as lenses along bedding and cross- bedding planes. This material is open and porous in texture and varies from light gray to drab or even pinkish in color. The top of the Big Injun sand is from 60 to l 75 feet below the Maxville limestone and from 35 0 to 65 0 feet above the Berea sandstone. Ordinarily in the main field these intervals are about 125 and 410 feet respectively. This stratum is a source of large flows of salt brine which in places makes the life of the wells short. As a producer the Big Injun sand is of most interest in Washington and Monroe counties; but it is of some value in Athens, Vinton, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Guernsey, and Belmont counties.

Squaw Sand The Squaw sand is not a definite stratigraphic unit, but only the lower part of the Black Hand member that has been separa~ed from the main body by a thin stratum of shale. It is represented only by local wells in southeastern Ohio, the best being in southern Monroe and eastern Washington counties.

56 Hamden-Wier Sand In the Mississippian system sandstones appear with some regularity in that part of the section from 100 to 200 feet above the Berea sandstone. Through local changes in character and through structural relations, one or more of these layers may become a reservoir for the accumulation of oil or gas. On the outcrop they are known as the Buena Vista sandstones and are best represented in western Scioto, western Pike, and eastern Adams counties. On this horizon, but probably not directly correlative other than to the group, belong the Wier sand of West Virginia, the Hamden sand of Jackson and Vinton counties, Ohio, and the Welsh Stray of Monroe County. The formation consists of a number of distinct layers which are from a few inches to 4 feet in thickness, from fine to medium coarse in texture, and from light gray to a deep brown in color. In Ohio the outstanding pooi is near Hamden in Vinton County.

Berea Sand The Berea sandstone, known to the driller as the Berea sand or Berea grit, was named by Newberry for deposits exposed near Berea in Cuyahoga County. The formation outcrops in a broad belt extending from Ashtabula County west to Huron and thence south to Adams and Scioto counties on the Ohio River. East and south of this outcrop in eastern and southern Ohio the member is very persistent, few wants being recorded. In many localities in Ohio, especially the eastern part, a shale layer 1 to 12 feet in thickness divides the deposits into two units, the lower one being known as the Butler Gas, Butler 30-foot,or Second Berea sand. The Berea sand is easily recognized stratigraphically as it is overlain by the Sunbury shale, which is brown to brownish black in color and of tough, flaky nature; and is under lain by the Bedford shale, which is soft and clay-like in character and light gray, chocolate, or pink in color. In general the Berea is a fine-grained, argillaceous, light to bluish gray sandstone which is moderately resistant to the bit. The deposits are made up of alternate layers of sandstone and shale, the former greatly predominating in quantity. The upper layer of sandstone known as the cap rock is often very hard and resistant. The thickness of the formation varies from 5 to 200 feet, but averages close to 45 feet. It is by far the most important member of the shallow sand group and is productive in nearly every county in eastern and southern Ohio well within its outcrop.

Gordon Sand In the Macksburg area and in some other parts of eastern Ohio, a thin lens of sandstone, lying 3 65 -400 feet beneath the Berea, is correlated with the Gordon sand of West Virginia. It has been only a very small producer in several widely scattered areas in southeastern Ohio.

Ohio Shale The Ohio shale, the upper division of the Devonian system, is made up of three members: Huron, Chagrin, and Cleveland. These units, however, are not 57 sharply defined and regionally are variable. The Huron and Cleveland are typically black, fissile shales with a high content of carbonaceous matter in a fine state of division. The Chagrin, or middle unit, is a gray, siliceous shale, differing from the others through lack of organic matter. The Ohio shale is present in three widely separated areas in Ohio, one in the eastern part of the State, another in the northwestern corner, and the third in the Bellefontaine outlier. In the main field, in eastern Ohio, the formation outcrops along Lake Erie from Conneaut to Sandusky, thence southward across the State to Buena Vista on the Ohio River. This division of rocks varies in thickness from less than 400 feet in Pike County to more than 5,000 feet in Jefferson County. Normally, these shales thicken from 20 to 30 feet per mile east and from 5 to 15 feet per mile south. The Ohio black shales are interesting for their oil and gas possibilities. During the early 50' s they were utilized at Buena Vista for the distillation of kerosene, the first used in Ohio. In northeastern Ohio they afford many shallow wells, drilled in the shale to a depth of 3 00 to 600 feet and the best gauging from 25, 000 to 50, 000 cubi'c feet per day· with a rock pressure of 40 to 60 pounds. Here the shale has furnished local household fuel over a wide field since the 70' s. The gas appears to be confined to openings along the joint planes which have been loosened somewhat through crustal movements. The Ohio shale has yieldeP, scattered wells of small magnitude in central Ohio and gives promise of fair returns in a field north of Portsmouth and east of Waverly. In Ohio it has been commercially productive in a few small groups of wells in southern Lawrence County. In southeastern Ohio this great shale formation is pierced by the thin edges of a few sandstone lenses that enter from West Virginia to the south and east.

Oriskany Sand In Ohio the Oriskany formation is known only under deep covering in the eastern part of the State where it is reached by the drill in the search for oil and gas. It is very patchy in development, being wanting or at least unrecog- nizable over large areas. The thickness of the deposits as revealed by the drill varies from 1 to 100 feet, but the average me2_surement is between 10 and 3 0 feet. The material is a fine-grained sandstone which is loosely cemented with a calcareous bond. It is known also as the Austinburg, Cambridge, and Corniferous Lime sand. This formation is reached by the drill at 1, 950 feet in the Austinburg pool of Ashtabula County; at 3, 700 feet in West Township, Columbiana County; at 3,400 feet in the CambridgE: ..:ield of Guernsey County; and at 5,200 feet near Steubenville in Jefferson County. So far the production in the Oriskany sand has been largely gas. The main pools are in Ashtabula County, in the northeastern corner of the State, and in Guernsey and southern Tuscarawas counties, in the central part. In general, Oriskany wells are strong producers with a high rock pressure, but are short lived. The rocks on this horizon also yield large flows of brines, hence the oil and gas in the Oriskany is found where the relief is decided.

58 Newburg Sand The Newburg or Stadler sand first came into prominence in 1913 with the opening of a small field at Newburg southeast of Cleveland. In fact, the so-called sand is usually an impure, porous dolomite, varying from light gra:sT to pink in color. Locally the horizon bears thin lenses of sand, apparently deposits left along a line of disconformity. The position of the Newburg sand is variable, but commonly it is found from 150 to 250 feet above the base of the Big Lime. Stratigraphically, the deposits are interpreted to lie at or near the line of separation of the Salina formation from the underlying Guelph dolo:nite. The Newburg sand varies from 1 to 3 0 feet in thickness but commonly measures between 8 and 15 feet. So far it has been a good producer of gas but has yielded only minor quantities of oil. The largest pools are found in Cuyahoga and Summit counties. Stray wells, however, are known across the central part of the State from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. This also is one of the chief water-bearing horizons in the deep seated rocks. The flow is so great that it is known to the driller as the Big Water in the Big Lime. It is sometimes referred to as the Second Water. These brines are rich in saline matter and are widely distributed; in fact, they are seldom wanting in any part of the eastern half of Ohio. On account of the brines, production .in the Newburg sand is confined to structural deformations.

Clinton Sand In Ohio the Clinton sand is known only through the drill as it nowhere appears at the surface. The associated group of rocks, however, crop out in a few counties in the southwestern part of the State. This formation enters Ohio from the east or northeast, thins rapidly westward, and becomes wanting or very indefinite before reaching the central part of the area. It is of Medina age, correlating with the Whirlpool sandstone of the Niagara Gorge (New York) section. The usual position of the Clinton sand, below the base of the Big or Niagara Lime, is not far from 100 feet in northern Ohio, 140 feet in the central part of the State, and 250 feet in the southern part. In general, it is a fine- grained, compact sand, varying from light gray to pink in color. On account of its dense nature it responds well to shooting. The formation has good continuity but is considerably broken by shale partings which give the individual pools a long-drawn-out oval shape. The thickness of the sand varies from 1 to 100 feet, but the usual measurement is between 20 and 40 feet. With few exceptions the Clinton sand is dry, hence production is not dominated by structural features. In Ohio it has been a great producer of gas and ranks next to the Trenton in oil. The first production was obtained near Lancaster in 1887. The largest gas pools are in Jackson, Vinton, Hocking, Fairfield, Licking, Knox, Holmes, Richland, Ashland, Wayne, Medina, Stark, Summit, and Cuyahoga counties; and the main oil pools are in Hocking, Perry, Licking, Muskingum, Coshocton, Holmes, and Wayne counties. Scattered production is also present in Athens, Morgan, Tuscarawas, Portage, Geauga, Lake, and Ashtabula counties. The initial production of the gas wells ranges from 100, 000 to 15, 000, 000 cubic feet and the rock pressure from 600 to 1,300 pounds. The flush production of the oil wells is from 1 to 600 barrels. In general, Clinton wells are long lived,

59 maintaining a satisfactory yield from 10 to even 20 years. The depth of drilling varies from 1,000 to 5,000 feet. The Clinton field is far from exhaustion as new pools are brought in from year to year.

Trenton "Sand" The Trenton formation, named for deposits originally examined in Trenton Township, Oneida County, New York, is of regional distribution, being present over thousands of square miles in the Allegheny Plateau and the Mississippi Valley plain. It is of Ordovician age, lying well towards the bottom of the system. The Trenton of the driller includes two groups, the Lexington and the Highbridge, with eight members. It lies between the Utica shale and the St. Peter sandstone. In general, the formation is a limestone with only small quantities of magnesium carbonate. Locally, however, it may change both laterally and vertically to a rather pure dolomite, grainy in texture and open or even cavernous in structure. It is productive only where it is of dolomitic character, otherwise the stone lacks the porosity necessary for accumulation. The production is confined to the upper part of the formation and may occur in one, two, or even three pays. The Trenton field was opened with the discovery of gas at Findlay in 1884 and of oil at Lima in 1885. Drilling spread rapidly and eventually important pools were opened in Lucas, Ottawa, Wood, Sandusky, Seneca, Hancock, Hardin, Allen, Auglaize, Van Wert, and Mercer counties. Nearly 75, 000 wells, of which about 80 per cent have been productive, have been drilled in the Trenton field of northwestern Ohio. The pay is reached usually at a depth between 1, 000 and 1, 800 feet. The maximum production in oil was reached in 1896 when the field produced 20,573,138 barrels.

St. Peter Sand The St. Peter sandstone near the base of the Ordovician system is widely distributed in Ohio but is very poorly developed. The horizon appears to be represented by local lenses of sandstone, by sandy matter in dolomite, and by only a break in the drilling. It is most sharply marked by a strong flow of brine, highly saturated by hydrogen sulphide gas and known as Blue Lick water. The. position of the St. Peter is normally about 2,300 feet below the base of the Big Lime and 65 0 feet below the top of the Trenton. In Ohio the St. Peter has been of no importance as a producer of either oil or gas.

60 DISCOVERY OF PETROLEUM IN OHIO, 1860 TO 1864* by F. W. Minshall

Over forty years ago, long before the idea of drilling for petroleum had occurred to Col. Drake, or to any one else, the oil was collected from the sand-pits of Hughes River, in West Virginia, and sold as "Seneca Oil" to Messrs. Bosworth & Wells, in Marietta, Ohio. It was purchased for 25 cents per gallon, and the first shipment of five barrels was made by them in 1843, from Marietta to New York, by way of New Orleans. The oil was sold on arrival in New York to a drug house, at 90 cents per gallon. Messrs. B. & W. continued dealing in the oil for about ten years, purchasing from one to two hundred barrels per year, from the Hughes River producers, and selling it to dealers all over the country. Large quantities of it were purchased by the makers of the once-celebrated "Mexican Mustang," and "Nerve and Bone" lini- ments. The oil was obtained fr.om the lands of Mr. Bushrod Washington Creel, and was a source of considerable revenue to that gentleman, as well as to those who gathered it. Messrs. Bosworth & Wells may, therefore, justly claim to be the pioneer oil-dealers of Ohio. Considerable quantities of the nseneca" oil were also collected from wells drilled at an early day for brine at different points in West Virginia and Ohio. The first petroleum obtained from the Duck Creek Valley, in Noble County, Ohio, came from wells of this kind.

The process of drilling wells for the express purpose of obtaining petroleum in Ohio, followed closely after the first successful experiment made in the valley of Oil Creek, Pennsylvania. After it had been demonstrated that large accumulations of this valuable liquid could be found in the underlying rocks, by drilling into them at points where the gas was seen bubbling through the water or the greenish fluid was seen floating upon its surface, wells were started where such surface indications could be found.

THE COW RUN OIL FIELD In the winter of 1860, Mr. John Newton, of Marietta, Ohio, was one day sitting in his office at the "Harmar Bucket Factory," when his attention was called to a newspaper article on the subject of drilling wells for petroleum in Canada. In the article, natural gas-springs were mentioned as an indication of underlying deposits of oil Mr. Newton read the article aloud. Among the listeners was Mr. Uriah S. Dye, one of the workmen at the factory. After the reading was finished, Mr. Dye informed Mr. Newton that he had one of those gas-springs on his farm, at Cow Run, in Lawrence Township-that the spring had been a subject of curiosity for many years to the owners of the land, and that a crude attempt had been made to use the gas as fuel by a Mr. Guyton, who had a cooper shop near the spring. Mr. Newton was finally persuaded to go out with Mr. Dye and look at the spring. As a result of the investigation, a

*Volume VI, Geological Survey of Ohio, pp. 443-446 61 company was formed, composed of John Newton, Douglass E. Newton, William Naylor, Moffatt Dye and George S. Bosworth. On the 2nd of February, 1861, leases were taken by the company fron;i Uriah S. Dye, covering the W. i of N. W. t of section 19, and W. i of S. E. t of the N. W. t of same section, in all 100 acres; also, from Samuel Dye, the N. E. t of N. W. t of section 19, 40 acres. Drilling was commenced at once, the first well being located close to the gas-spring. The machinery then in vogue for drilling was the 11 spring-pole" and "treadle;" the motive power, human muscle. In that day it was essential that the driller be sound in both wind and limb. The first Newton well was, however, soon °kickedtt down to what was then supposed to be a sufficient depth, and "came in dry," barely showing enough oil to grease the tools. Instead of being discouraged, Mr. Newton seized a shovel and said, u Come, boys, I'll show you where to get an oil well." He went over to the Samuel Dye 40 acres, chose a spot on the main run where the gas could be seen bubbling up through a pool, and by night had a pit dug down to the gravel. In the morning the water in this pit was covered with oil. The "kicking process" was speedily resumed, and at a depth of 137 feet their labors were rewarded by striking a" gusher. 11 The well did not flow; it was pumped with the spring pole, and each day' s product put into barrels- the pumping and filling of fifty barrels was about an average day' s work for two men. The oil was taken by wagon nine miles to Marietta, and sold chiefly to Mr. William Finlay, buyer for a refinery located at St. Louis, Mo.

The Newton Company drilled seven shallow wells upon the Dye farms, all of which, except the first one, produced more or less oil.

DISCOVERY OF PETROLEUM AT MACKSBURG

Previous to the drilling of the last named wells, however, in the fall of the same year, 1860, Mr. James Dutton, in company with Alden T. Warren and John Smithson, decided to drill a well on the bank of Duck Creek, near the northwest corner of Mr. Dutton' s farm, in Aurelius Township, about one-half mile below the town of Macksburg. They had often noted the oil spreading over the surface of the creek at that point and, as Mr. Dutton says, the boys used to get the oil on their backs when they went in swimming. The location selected was on the adjoining farm of Mr. William Rayley. On the 18th of August, 1860, a lease was given to James Dutton for a strip of land two rods wide, fronting on Duck Creek. The term was for 99 years, the consideration one hundred dollars, to be paid at the expiration of ten years; search was to be made for rock oil, and if no oil should be found, land was to revert to the owner, and no money to be paid. Mr. Dutton made arrangements at once to have the drilling tools made, and as soon as they were ready work was commenced. The method of drilling adopted was even more laborious than the "spring-pole," the tools being raised by a hand-lever. At a depth of about 59 feet a vaiuable vein of oil was struck. The gravity was 28° B., and Mr. D. found difficulty at first in disposing of it, on account of its heavy gravity. Its value as a lubricating oil was, however, soon discovered, and the oil

62 eventually brought as much as $28. 00 per barrel. This well was also pumped by hand; the oil filled into barrels and taken by wagon ten miles to Lowell, on the Muskingum River, from which point it was shipped by boat to Pittsburgh.

The successful issue of the Dutton well at Macksburg, and of the Newton well, at Cow Run, soon caused derricks to spring up rapidly in their immediate vicinities. The most important of these at Cow Run, was one known as the "Elm Tree" well, which was drilled on a farm which adjoined the S. Dye tract, by Lemuel Wheeler and others. It followed closely after the first Newton well, and produced at the rate of 100 barrels per day. Among those who were drawn to Cow Run by the fame of the "Newton" and "Elm Tree" wells, was Col. John H. Weare, a pioneer operator in the Burning Springs district of West Virginia. In the year 1860, he had drilled a shallow well in that field, which, at the beginning of the war, was producing handsomely, when a raid was made upon the field by the rebel General Jones, and the property burned. Colonel Weare then went to Cow Run, where he was known for several years as one of the most active and enterprising operators in the field.

EARLY DRILLlNG TOOLS

The drilling tools used were composed of a twenty-foot drill-bar, two inches in diameter, an eight-foot sinker-bar, and jars in proportion; the complete string of tools was about forty feet long, and was worked in a derrick forty-five feet high, and fourteen feet square at the base. The temper-screw was about three feet long, and instead of working between open reins, as at present, was en- closed in a close round sheath; when the screw was run out, the driller, instead of opening the reins and sliding the screw back to place, had to grasp the sheath and start the clamps at the end of the screw, whirling backward in a circle until the screw worked its full length back into the sheath. A Brooklyn dentist who came out to Cow Run to act as superintendent of an oil company, took hold of the tools one day to turn them while the driller was temporarily absent; he kept turning out the screw until he was suddenly startled by the clamps ·striking the floor with tremendous force. Looking curiously at the screw the doctor ex- claimed, "' Pshal I thought there was a nub on the end of it. rt The cutting was done with a chisel-shaped center-bit, followed by a reamer. The Cow Run drillers are entitled to the credit of having first discovered that the reamer was a superfluous tool, and that the center-bit could be so modified that it would drill a true round hole, and thus save time and greatly diminish the risk of fastening tools in the well Instead of the long chisel-shaped taper, the bit was made thick for its entire length and brought to a cutting edge with a short bevel; the thickness of the bit at the top of the bevel, when dressed as the arc of a circle, gave a reaming face which answered every purpose.

The driller sat upon a high stool and turned the tools; convenient to his hand was a wooden maul, with which he knocked the "follower" loose on his temper- screw when he wished to let out a little jar. Compared with the driller of today he was rather a drowsy-looking fellow, and he drilled about one foot to the 63 modern driller' s ten.

The kind of machinery used, although an improvement upon the "spring- pole and treadle," was inferior to that in present use. In many cases a direct connection was made by the pitman between the walking-beam and the crank- pin of the engine, without the intervention of counter wheel and belt. The link for reversing was not in use, and it was necessary to go to the engine and shift the cam -rod if any reverse motion was needed. This direct attachment was used by the old salt-well drillers, who used poles instead of a cable.

COST OF RIG, DRILLING TOOLS, AND A WELL IN THE MACKSBURG POOL* .by F. H. Newell

The total cost ranges from $350 to $400. To save expense, when the wells flow quite steadily, many of the producers in the Macksburg field, when one well is drilled and tubed, take down the rig and use it for the next well. The cost of taking down and putting up the rig again is about $75, to which must be added $25 for new lumber to replace that broken in cutting down. This is a considerable saving of outlay for rig-irons and timber to a person operating with small capital, but if the wells stop flowing and need cleaning out, the rig must be, in part at least, put back.

Sawed lumber, 10,000 fe.et, at $15 ...... $150.00 Rig timbers ...... o...... o...... 3 0. 00 Rig irons ...... o••····································••OO••·····. 65. 00 10 days' labor at $3.50...... 35.00 20 days' labor at $2.50...... 50.00 Teaming, grading, nails, etc...... 45. 00 Total...... $ 375. 00

DRILLING TOO LS

A full set of drilling tools consists of: Cost 1 temper-screw ...... $ 50.00 1 rope socket, weighing 75 pounds ...... 16.00 1 sinker-bar, 16 feet long, weighing 600 pounds ...... 48.00 1 set jars, weighing 300 pounds ...... •.•...... 105. 00 1 auger-stem, 3 5/8 in. diam., 40 feet long, weighing 1,300 pormds ...... 85.00 2 bits for 5 3/8 in. hole, weighing 150 pounds each...... 70.00

*Ibid, pp. 482, 486,509. 64 2 bits for 8 inch hole ...... 90.00 2 tool-gauges ...... 2.00 2 tool wrenches ...... 24.00 1 wrench-circle ...... 5.50 1 wrench-bar ...... 4.50 Total...... $ 5 00. 00

Besides these, a contractor needs:

1 cable, 1 7/8 in., say 1,600 feet long, weighing 2,000 pounds, at 14 ~ ...... $ 2 8 0. 00 1 sand-line, 7/8 in., say 1,600 feet long, weighing 450 pounds, at 14~ ...... 61.00 Set blacksmith' s tools, anvil, bellows, forge, sledges, etc ...... 40.00 Bailer, 3 0 feet long, at 85~ per foot...... •...... 25.00 Sand-pump ...... ~ .. 25.00 In ciden ta ls ...... 19.00 Total ...... $ 95 0. 00

The above are list prices on which there is a discount for cash, so that a good outfit is estimated to be worth at Macksburg, $850.

In addition to these necessary tools, the contractor, especially if at a distance from a large machine shop, finds it economy to own a few of the com - moner "fishing" tools, such as extra rope-socket, sinker-bar, jars, horn-socket, slip-socket, rope-spears and grabs, costing, say, $350.

The total cost of a flowing-well, 1, 600 feet deep, at Macksburg, is estimated as follows:

Rig, complete ...... $ 35 0 Boiler, 20-horse-power...... 450 Engine, 15-horse-power ...... 210 Drilling, 1,600 feet, at 75 cents per foot...... 1,200 Casing, head, etc...... 25 0 Tubing and pipe to tank, 1, 700 feet, at 13 cents...... 221 Shot, 80 quarts, at $2. 00 per quart...... 160 Tank, 25 0 barrels...... 100 Teaming, connections, tank-cover, etc...... 5 9 Total...... $3,000 Engine and boiler can be sold at...... 5 00 Net cost...... $2,500

For a pumping-well, add about $100 for sucker-rods, pump, polished rod, stuffing-box, etc. The boiler and engine must be left at well for pumping, or power obtained by some other means. 65 HIGHLlGHTS IN THE SEARCH FOR OIL AND GAS IN OHIO Compiled By Kenneth C. Cottingham, Chief Geologist Ohio Fuel Gas Company

Several days after completion in 1887, the Ducat well in Liberty Township, Wood County, gauged 10, 000 bbls. per day but when first completed, it was probably much larger. This was one of the first wells to indicate pay in the Trenton below the first 50 feet. Depth of Trenton is about 1,300 feet.

Probably the first Clinton oil well in Ohio was completed in 1885 in Wood County, producing about 3 0 bbls. per day. Depth to the Clinton in this vicinity is about 3 00 feet.

"The Klondyke," in Oregon Township, Lucas County, was located with a forked stick. When completed in 1897, it flowed 250 bbls. in one hour and 15 minutes. The pay was 48 feet in the Trenton, and it was reported as giving no indication of oil or gas until shot.

On November 17, 1894, at a depth of 10 feet in the Trenton, a well in Madison Township, Sandusky County, produced at a rate 11 estimated from 10, 000 to 40, 000 bbls. per day. Spraying oil was caught by a strong south wind, so that farmers a half mile from the well were obliged to disconnect roof spout- ing from their cisterns to save the water from contamination. 11

In Sec. 1, Salem Township, the largest well in Wyandot County was com - pleted about the year 1890. Initial production was said to have beep 1,200 bbls.

At Belden, oil springs were known from the earliest days. Many oil pits could be seen at one time in this vicinity, and from them medicinal oil was once skimmed and sold throughout the country. In 1861, a number of wells were drilled at Grafton, but the oil was thick and not suitable for kerosene. This is Berea production and the depth is about 130 feet.

The Newburg horizon was discovered October 17, 1911, the discovery well in South Newburg having produced 100 barrels at ?,520 feet.

The Mecca (Berea) field was developed in 1860. It is estimated to have had 2,000 to 2,500 wells, each about 50 feet deep. At one time this oil sold for $50 per barrel, and in 1887 sold for as much as $15 per barrel. In 1884 a shaft was sunk to the Berea, and from the shaft, entries were driven at right angles to one another, with the object of draining oil to the shaft.

The deepest shaft in Ohio, and probably the world's deepest limestone mine, is owned by the Columbia Chemical Division of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass 66 Company. The vertical 2,200-foot shaft is used to mine Delaware limestone, and was completed in 1943.

The Wooster (Clinton) oil field opened in 1911 with a 60 barrel discovery well drilled by Columbia Chemical Company to a depth of 3,218 feet.

The Scio (Berea) oil pool was discovered June 15, 1898. In January 1900, the field contained about 85 0 producing wells. It has been said that no dry holes were drilled within the field proper. Maximum production was about 175,000 barrels per month. Depth of Berea is about 1,200 feet.

Between 1865 and 1875, Peter Neff discovered gas while searching for oil in eastern Knox County. In Newcastle Township, Coshocton County, the largest gas wells yet known (1865) were drilled. Peter Neff built the first natural gas "lamp-blackn plant here, the product from which was shipped to various parts of the world. This was Berea gas and the depth of the wells was 600 feet.

The second Clinton oil pool was discovered in Sec. 14, Jackson Township, Knox County, in August, 1904. ·The depth to Clinton was 2, 771 and initial daily production 35 bbls.

In 1861, W. L. Greenhill of Marietta, who had bought about 100 bbls. of Cow Run oil at 9 cents per gallon, took it by flat-boat up the Muskingum to Zanesville where Mr. Hodkinson had a small refinery for coal -oil, made from cannel coal; and there probably the first crude was refined.

Oriskany oil production in the Cambridge field was discovered in 1925 following discovery of gas. Depth was about 3,300 feet.

Probably the largest Clinton well ever found in Ohio was the Wittmer Oil and Gas Company - Johnson# 1, completed in 1943 in Falls Township, Muskingum County. Initial production was 550 bbls. per day and depth 3,494 feet.

The largest gas wells of record in Ohio were the Ohio Fuel Gas Company - Cornelium #1, Sec. 17, Knox Township, Guernsey County, completed in 1924 with initial open flow 27 million cubic feet and initial rock pressure 1,220 psi. in the Oriskany sand, and the Arco Oil and Gas Company - DeVinney # 1, Sec. 3 0, Congress Township, Wayne County, completed in 1915 with 25 million cubic feet open flow in the Clinton sand.

What was said to be the first application of geological reasoning in locating a deeper pay horizon resulted in the earliest Berea production, a gas well in S. W. t 32, Enoch Township, Noble County, in the Macksburg field.

Boys swimming in Duck Creek complained of the oil on their backs when they came out of their favorite "hole" a half mile south of Macksburg. In 1860, oil was found at 5 9 feet in a well drilled here on the bank of Duck Creek. It was an excellent lubricant and sold for $28 per barrel. 67 The Diest #4, in Section 9, Perry Township, Monroe County, had an initial daily production of 2,400 bbls. from the Big Injun at a depth of about 2,000 feet. The well was completed in August, 1895.

In 1860, oil leases along Duck Creek covered only those portions of tracts lying along·the stream, referred to as "boring territory." It was supposed that the oil was confined to strips (50 to 150 feet deep) along stream courses.

Repressuring began in the Macksburg pool in 1903, when I. L. Dunn forced gas at 45 pounds pressure into an oil well producing from the 500-Foot sand. This was beginning of the Smith-Dunn process.

The Macksburg field in the early days had an unusual number of fishing jobs. At one time it was said that of 32 drilling wells, as many as 14 were fishing.

The deepest well in Ohio was drilled in 1933 on the Knowlton farm, Indepen- dence Township, Washington County. The depth was 7, 890 feet, and the well was dry. The Clinton sand was found at from 7,658 to 7,678 feet. The "School House" well was drilled in 1869 on t acre on Cow Run. At 594 feet, the Second Cow Run was reached, and oil flowed for about a year. During that first year the well produced $63,000.00 worth of oil. At about this time the discovery was made that oil was not confined to the valleys.

Three miles below Newport, in the spring of 1868, the first oil pipe line was built by the West Virginia Transportation Company. It was 5i miles in length, two inches in diameter, and was planned to carry oil from the Cow Run field. Between 1868 and 1884, about 540, 000 bbls. was produced by this field.

The first iron tank in Ohio for the storage of oil was built at the river terminus of the line of the West Virginia Transportation Company, by" Cow Run Iron Tank Company." It had a capacity of 10, 000 bbls.

About 1840, oil was collected from sand pits along the Hughes River, 8 miles northeast of Elizabeth, in what is now West Virginia. It was sold as an ingre- dient for "Mustang Liniment" to a firm in Marietta for 25 cents per gallon. In 1843, a shipment of 5 barrels was sent to New York by the way of New Orleans, bringing 90 cents per gallon and for about 10 years, from 100 to 200 bbls. per year was shipped to New York.

In 1814, a well drilled for salt near South Olive, Noble County, was the first discovery of oil, by drilling, in Ohio. The oil and gas ruined the undertaking for salt, and the oil was too light for a lubricant.

In March, 1900, a well was completed near Brown' s Mills which is said to have produced at the rate of 1,400 bbls. per day from the First Cow Run at a depth of about 400 feet. 68 Deepest Trenton test in Ohio was the Sinclair Prairie-Longsworth in Olive Township, Meigs County. It was completed (dry) in 1943, the top of the Trenton being 6, 884, and the total depth 7, 466.

In 1860, the Joy Farm of 400 acres was bought for $375,000. Another farm of 325 acres was bought for $100, 000, divided into smaller tracts and sold for a much greater amount. In 1865, oil at Macksburg was selling for $14 per barrel at the well.

The Clayton, (Perry County) Clinton field opened in 1936. Depth of wells was approximately 3,300 feet. The area now proved is 4,200 acres, with some 160 oil wells.

The Bremen (Clinton) field was discovered in July, 1907. In the year 1909 The Great Expectation Oil and Gas Company drilled on a f acre lot at the edge of Bremen. This well is said to have produced originally at the rate of 5 00 bbls. per day, and by July 1910 to have paid dividends of 650 per cent. (The Company did no further drilling.)

First Clinton oil in Ohio was discovered in Sec. 3, Jackson Township, Vinton County, in August, 1899. Depth was 2,428, and the largest well produced 7 0 bbls. per day.

First Clinton well (gas) was drilled at Lancaster in 1887 to a depth of 1, 957 feet. In drilling this well, considerable difficulty was met when the drive pipe struck a tree, buried end-wise, at 40 feet.

In 1826, the Ohio historian, Caleb Atwater, then a resident of Circleville, published part of a letter written by a pioneer geologist, Samuel P. Hildreth, in 1819. "They have sunk two wells (Washington County, year 1819) now more than 400 feet in depth. n

Between 1856 and 1860, stills making kerosene were in operation at Buena Vista, western Scioto County (using Ohio shale); on Flint Ridge, north of Browns- ville (using cannel coal); in Coshocton County and Mahoning County, both using cannel coal.

Natural rock asphalt quarries worked the Lilley formation, possibly representing the Newburg horizon of eastern Ohio.

The oldest outcropping bed rock in Ohio is the Point Pleasant limestone in the Ohio River. This formation lies immediately above the Trenton, but is absent in the oil producing area of northwestern Ohio.

John Locke (1792-1856) was the earliest geologist to observe and describe the Cincinnati arch. Locke, who was the inventor of the Locke level, was one of the first geologists to co-ordinate dip measurement by noting the slope of individual strata, the vertical intervals between them and resolving to one datum. 69 Dr. Locke, in the first Ohio Geological Report of 1837, reported oil along Clinton (Brassfield) outcrop.

A well completed in 1927, located 11 miles southeast of Springfield, is stratigraphically the deepest well in Ohio. Although drilled only 4, 648 feet, it went 800 feet into pre-Cambrian limestone. The latter, much of which was carbonaceous, had not been known to exist in Ohio previously.

The first detailed theory to account for the origin and accumulation of oil and gas was published in 1888; the first explanation of the hydrostatic basis for rock pressure was published in 1890. Both were by Edward Orton, State Geologist of Ohio, and both accepted as fundamentally correct today.

In 1887 a well was begun at St. Paris, Champaign County, above a drift- filled preglacial channel, probably a portion of the old Teays Valley. After using 530 feet of drive-pipe without reaching rock, the well was abandoned.

Largest well in Mercer County was drilled in 1895 with a production of 1,200 bbls. per day. Between 1894-1899, about 900 wells were drilled in this county. An unproductive well drilled in Granville Township, in 1887, in which the Trenton when analyzed was extremely low in magnesium carbonate, was taken by Orton to confirm his theory that to be productive the Trenton must be dolomitic.

Probably the largest well in Allen County was in Sec. 18, Perry Township, which produced 2, 760 bbls. the first 24 hours.

Oil was discovered at Lima in May 1885, at a time when oil stocks of the country were low. The first well was planned as a gas well, but it produced about 18 barrels of oil per day. Although the well was unprofitable, it attracted great attention. However, experienced men were not impressed by northwest Ohio. "All of the conditions were unusual; the surface of the country was flat; its elevation above the sea was comparatively small; and, worst of all, the producing rock was a limestone."

The maximum production of the Lima-Findlay field was in 1896, when 21 million barrels was produced. The total production of the Ohio portion of the field is approximately 392 million barrels. It is estimated that some 70, 000 Trenton wells have been drilled-oil, gas and dry.

Oil production from the Trenton really began with the eighth well drilled at Findlay. This well, completed in November, 1885, flowed 300 bbls. per day from a depth of 1,320 feet.

They had their troubles in the old days, too. In the diary of an operator in the Cow Run field (date about 1861) the following complaint is found:

70 Government Tax...... $ 1. 00 per bbl. Cost of Barrel...... 3.25 Teaming 1 Barrel to Marietta. .. 1.25 Freight to New York...... 3.65 Ware ho use ...... 1.00 Leakage ...... 25

Total...... $10. 4 0

71 DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS WELL DRILLING REGULATIONS IN OHIO

By J. C. Wilson Oil and Gas Well Inspector

The discovery of oil in Ohio resulted from the drilling for brine in the year 1814 on the Caldwell farm, southeast of the town of Caldwell, Noble County. At approximately 350 feet deep oil was found in the First Cow Run sand. The solid wooden conductor is still in existence and is in an excellent state Gf preserva - tion. Actual prospecting for oil was not started until the fall of 1860. The first well was drilled on the Rayley farm, Washington County, near Macksburg.

Definite information is not available but it is believed that no drilling laws or regulations existed prior to 1908. In that year Section 306-2·was made a part of the mining law for the protection of coal in the drilling of oil and gas wells. Mapping and plugging of all wells through workable coal seams were required. The plugging requirements were that a wooden plug be placed 10 feet below the coal seam and filled 7 feet with rock sediment or cement placed on top. If an oil or gas sand was encountered above the coal seam, a wooden plug was to be driven on top of the coal seam and 5 feet of rock sediment placed on the plug. No oil or gas sand plugging was required.

In 1910, a Civil Code was enacted covering the plugging of oil and gas sands. The method of plugging varied with the depth of the wells. Notice to the adjoining land and lease owners had to be given and action for violation could be insti- tuted by any citizen of the State. Fines were paid to the local school district in which the violation occurred.

The mining law was amended ~n 1910. Permission to drill was required from the Chief Inspector of Mines when a workable coal seam was to be penetrated and a written statement of facts from the owner, lessee, or agent was necessary before drilling. A map was also required. All wells had to be cased to 5 0 feet below the lowest workable seam of coal, such casing or pipe to be wrought iron securely connected together with collars the same diameter as the drill hole. Upon abandonment, the casing 50 feet below the lowest workable seam of coal was to be left in the well; such casing to extend not less than 10 feet above the surface and protected against filling with refuse by a cast iron elbow securely fastened to the top of the casing and a horizontal fitting securely fitted with a perforated metal cap or plug. If the well to be abandoned had not been cased, such casing was to be installed at time of abandonment. No plugging of any kind was required in the mining law.

In 1911, the mining law was again amended. The casing requirements of the 1910 amendment were repealed and the method of plugging a workable coal seam was revised to provide for wooden plugs and cement from 20 feet below the coal to 30 feet above. Property owners were required to report to the Chief 72 Inspector of Mines the drilling of any well or wells on their property. There- after, at the end of each year, the number of wells, date of drilling, and the name of the operator were to be reported. Sometime prior to'l911, plugging was witnessed by a man appointed in each county. He was paid a fee collected from the oil and gas operator.

The 1917 amendment to the mining law to provide for an Oil and Gas Well Inspector and the section on drilling permits were altered to read coal-bearing townships instead of coal-bearing counties. All wells in these areas, whether producing or abandoned, had to be located by the operators and a map filed with the Division of Mines. Plugging in the coal-bearing areas was to be supervised by the Oil and Gas Well Inspector or a mining inspector. Plugging of the oil and gas sands was provided for but it conflicted with the Civil Code law of 1910. The code applied to all of Ohio.

In 1927 ~ cement as plugging material was replaced by rock sediment or prepared clay, and filling of 5 0 feet below and above coal measures adopted.

In 1931 the following amendments were enacted by the Commission: -

1. Drilling logs for all wells in a coal-bearing township. 2. Plugging method of sand and casing-seat improved and included in law. 3. Mudding around tubing in gas well with all casing removed. 4. Appeal from ruling of Chief of the Division of Mines and Oil and Gas Well Inspector. 5. Notification of abandonment to the Division of Mines in coal-bearing townships.

In 1933, the Civil Code enacted in 1910 was repealed and all jurisdiction placed in the Division of Mines. Requirement to pum-p and flow oil wells and repafr leaky casing or tubing in all wells was added. Casing methods for all wells were enacted for the protection of oil sands and fresh water, to be approved by the Chief of the Division of Mines.

The water flood law was passed in 193 9 and also enactment of conservation section of oil and gas.

In 1941, amendments by the Commission appointed by Governor Bricker were as follows: -

1. Jurisdiction over all wells in State of Ohio by the Division of Mines. 2. Appointment of one deputy oil and gas well inspector. 3. Appointment of Mining Board to conduct examinations for all personnel o{ the Division of Mines, and elimination of provisional appointments. 4. The term "coal -bearing'' township changed to "coal or mineral -bearing'' township. 5. Plugging of potable water stratum in all wells.

73 In 1943, the mapping law was amended to apply only to wells completed after January 1, 1940, in townships declared to be coal or mineral-bearing since January 1, 1940. The permit-to-drill regulations were changed to require a map to accompany application for permit to drill The water flood law was amended to prohibit oil wasted upon ground surface to enter surface water courses. Also, the Chief of the Division of Mines was authorized to suspend water-flooding permit for willful refusal to comply with water flood regulations.

74 A SHORT DIGEST OF OHIO'S PRESENT OIL AND GAS LAW

by R. L. Alkire Division of Geological Survey

Under the present interpretation of the Ohio oil and gas law, the Division of Mines exercises its complete jurisdiction only in the coal or mineral bearing areas. The eastern portion of Ohio is coal or mineral bearing, except for the counties adjacent to Lake Erie, and therefore is now properly supervised. The Lake counties and western Ohio, having no coal, are without adequate regulation.

The law governing the drilling of oil or gas wells in Ohio and administered by the Division of Mines requires the following:

In Coal or Mineral Bearing Areas 1. Permit to drill 2. Well location plat prepared by a registered engineer or surveyor 3. Casing program suitable for the protection of all coal, oil or gas bearing formations and fresh water strata 4. Copy of driller' s log with notations as to the depths of all coal, fresh water, salt water, and oil or gas encountered, and casing points 5. Permit to plug and abandon 6. Supervision during plugging

In Non -Coal or Mineral Bearing Areas 1. Casing program suitable for the protection of all fresh water strata and oil or gas bearing formations 2. Copy of driller's log with notations as to the depths of all fresh water, salt water, and oil or gas encountered, and casing points

It is readily evident that the Division of Mines can do little toward proper regulation of drilling in the non-coal or mineral bearing areas under the present law. Since no permit to drill is required it is not possible to know where or when wells are being drilled, whether they are properly cased, or, when abandoned, whether they are properly plugged. The Division of Mines does not now have sufficient funds or personnel to patrol the non-coal or mineral bearing areas to discover possible violations.

The Division of Mines, the Ohio Oil and Gas Association, Division of Geological Survey, and the Ohio Water Resources Board have endorsed proposed amendments to the present oil and gas law. These amendments will extend the protective measures, now in effect only in the coal or mineral bearing areas, to cover the entire State. They will also legalize certain practices, such as mudding behind casing, which are now in use but are not specifically set forth in the present law. It is hoped that the present legislature will favor these 75 amendments. The amended law will then give adequate protection to mining operations, fresh water horizons, and oil or gas sands throughout the State.

Copies of the present law or answers to questions concerning its applica - tion may be obtained by addressing Mr. Stephen Williams, Chief, or Mr. J. C. Wilson, Oil and Gas Well Inspector, Division of Mines, 244i South High Street, Columbus, Ohio. ·

76 OIL AND GAS WELL DRILLING PERMITS ISSUED BY THE OHIO DIVISION OF MINES

Prepared by Mr. J. C. Wilson Oil and Gas Well Inspector

Permits Maps Logs Year Wells Wells Issued Received Received Abn' d Mudded

1913 693 487 270 1914 707 980 260 1915 600 1087 283 1916 1082 3252 287 1917 1090 2387 372 1918 1060 1860 374 1919 924 1720 381 1920 792 1596 404 1921 892 1879 504 1922 1144 1803 625 1923 1216 1837 581 1924 1090 2067 527 1925 986 2080 526 1926 1050 1732 542 1927 1017 1441 578 1928 977 1409 610 1929 1134 1399 694 1930 868 1372 601 1931 456 762 392 1932 457 730 557 368 1933 433 447 924 452 1934 579 800 873 643 1935 595 3393 1093 882 1936 847 1265 1157 900 1937 769 1266 1212 1284 1938 511 1120 828 1105 1939 612 1148 781 990 1940 708 915 976 1001 1941 891 1230 1166 1045 1942 660 975 1335 785 98 1943 805 1057 986 789 36 1944 751 857 981 668 47 1945 881 875 1088 643 16 1946 1195 1232 1181 903 189 1947 1224 1276 1380 1076 368 1948 1117 1369 1221 1245 225 1949 741 873 1367 1024 150 1950 756 885 1060 1047 102

Totals 32,312 52,863 20,166 24, 761 1,231

77 LEGISlA TION COVERING SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY IN OHIO

No specific sections of the Ohio Oil and Gas Law are devoted to secondary oil recovery by the air gas repressuring process. No permit is needed to begin a project and no regulation is enforced during operation unless sections of the law pertaining to drilling, casing, plugging, conservation, safety, etc., are violated.

Secondary oil recovery by the water flood method was legalized in 193 9. The text of this amendment to the General Code of Ohio follows: ·

Sec. 898-lff8c *** The owner or operator of any well or wells within Ohio which produce. oil or gas shall be permitted, upon the written approval of the chief, division of mines, to allow such well or wells to remain open for the purpose of introducing water or other liquid pressure under control, upon and into any oil bearing sand for the purpose of recovering the oil contained therein, and shall be permitted to drill additional wel~s for like purposes, provided that the introduction of such pressure of water or other liquid into said oil bearing sand shall be controlled from the ground surface only and shall be through casing or tubing which shall be anchored and packed so that no other oil or gas bearing sand and fresh water strata, above or below, shall be affected by the introduction of such controlled pressure. Such approval of the chief, division of mines, shall not be granted unless said owner or operator submit a map of proposed operations designating the area and the sand to be flooded. Such map shall comply with all the requirements of section 898-184 of the General Code and shall designate the sand and show the location and depth of all existing wells and the location and probable depth of all proposed wells within the area to be flooded, and, if possible, the location and depth of all producing wells on adjoining farms with a description of the production of each well, whether or not oil or gas, and the sand from which said oil or gas is produced, and also a statement giving the names and addresses of the owners of and well operators on all adjoining premises. The chief, division of mines, shall give written notice to the owners or agents of the adjoining lands and the adjoining well owners or agents of the application for water flooding permit. Any such owner or agent shall have 10 days' time in which to file objection to the granting of such application. If such objection is filed, the owner or agent shall furnish to the chief, division of mines, such information pertinent to the objection as he may request to enable him to rule upon the application. The chief, division of mines, shall not in any case grant such approval if it can be shown that damage to gas wells or the potable water supply will result by the introduction of water or other liquid upon the same for the purpose of oil recovery. All water flood - ing projects shall comply with sections 898-180 and 898-187 of the General Code.

78 SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY IN OHIO By Jack Cashell, Vice President Preston Oil Company

Completion of the first producing oil well near Macksburg in 1860-1861 started a 180, 000 well drilling campaign in Ohio, which has yielded approximately 615,000,000 barrels of oil from the 850,000 acres developed in some fifty counties.

The peak annual production of 23, 941, 000 barrels, reached in 1896, has been followed by a generally declining production, which in 1947 was 3,618,000 barrels. This, incidentally, was the highest production of any year since 193 6.

At the present time Ohio's 21,000 odd oil wells are producing at a daily rate of about one-half barrel per day. The State' s total production represents two-tenths of one per cent of the national total

It is impossible to estimate how much secondary recovery operations have contributed toward compiling the foregoing production totals, due to the fact that data are not available on early shallow repressuring projects in the southeastern part of the State, which have since been abandoned. However, by review- ing the past history of secondary recovery and by citing data on present day operations, I believe it will be apparent that even though secondary production may be of somewhat minor importance, it certainly is, and has been, and will continue to be significant in its value.

The first known attempt to increase oil production by repressuring an oil sand was made in the Macksburg pool of southeastern Ohio by I. L. Dunn in 1903. The original venture consisted of injecting gas at a pressure of 45 psi into an oil well for a period of ten days. At the end of that time the pressure was released and the well put to pumping with increased production resulting until the injected gas had been dissipated from the formation. This procedure was later patented as the Smith-Dunn process.

The first commercial project on which records are available was started in Morgan County in 1911. In his description of this project, J. 0. Lewis* stated that approximately 150, 000 cubic feet of air per day was injected into a well at 40 psi and production from surrounding wells increased about one week after repressuring started. The project was later expanded to include more of the property.

*Lewis, J. 0., Methods for increasing the recovery from oil sands: U. S. Bureau Mines Bull. 1°48, pp. 36-91, 1917.

79 The success of the repressuring procedure prompted acceptance of the process by more operators, and by 1917, ninety properties were being repres- sured and 4, 000 wells were affected. The peak in operations was reached in 1920 when many thousands of wells were rejuvenated.

It is estimated that about 80 per cent of these projects were successful, and records from thirty-two properties show an average increase in production of 3.5 times the producUon at the time the process was started. Gas was the repressuring medium wnen it was available, but air was used nine-tenths of the time.

Following the peak of 1920, in these shallow southeastern fields located in Morgan, Washington and Monroe counties, operations continued actively until 1932 when a combination of factors caused many projects to be abandoned.

At the present time 6, 000 acres in these shallow sands are in secondary operations, with 52 input wells and 450 producers being used. There are ten projects operating, four in the Cow Run, one in the Mitchell, three in the Big Injun, one in the Macksburg, and one in the Keener. Four of the projects are using air as the injection media and the other six are using gas. Their total daily production amounts to about 175 barrels.

There is no doubt that even though thousands of wells have been developed for secondary operations in these shallow sands during the past forty-five years and a considerable portion of the developed acreage abandoned, there still remains a large reserve that should be thoroughly investigated from a re-development standpoint for its water flooding or more advanced repressuring method producing possibilities.

The deeper formations in the State have not been developed for secondary recovery nearly as thoroughly as the shallow sands. The depth of the formations, their inherent physical properties, cost of project installation, and a variety of other factors have retarded but ,certainly not condemned their economical development.

Several experiments have been made in the Trenton fields with discouraging results.

During the past twenty years numerous attempts have been made to repres- sure the Clinton sand in Perry, Muskingum, Hocking, Wayne, and Holmes counties. Even though increases in production were obtained, some of the projects were not considered economically successful. Others have been successful and, through my own experience and knowledge, I have no doubt but that in many areas in Ohio the Clinton offers attractive economic possibilities to carefully engineered installations.

Five Clinton gas repressuring operations are now active in Hocking and Perry counties. Twelve input wells and 96 producers are included in the 1,285 80 acres developed and the daily production approximates 90 barrels.

The first of these projects was started in 1933 in a group of 18 wells located in the New Straitsville pool These wells were completed in 1912 and 1913 and averaged 25 to 250 barrels per day initially. The pay sand averages 20 feet in thickness and is found at depths ranging from 3, 3 00 to 3, 400 feet. Prior to the start of repressuring all of the wells were given a thorough cleaning out and a centrally located well selected as an injection well, with gas being injected by a two - stage compressor. At first, gas was injected at 100 psi. This pressure was gradually increased to 160 psi, at which pressure the well accepted 64,000 cubic feet per day. The pressure was later reduced, and now stands at 65 psi with 40, 000 cubic feet being injected per day.

An increase in production of 25 per cent was noted one month after repressuring was started and the peak was reached twenty months later, when monthly production had increased from 352 to 763 barrels. Since then production has gradually declined until at present it is practically down to where it was when operations were started.

The second of these Clinton projects was started in 1935 in Hocking County, where again the field was developed in 1912 and production found at about 3, 000 feet. Twenty-three producers and 4 inputs were in the pattern. Initial injection pressure of 90 psi was gradually increased to 200 psi, at which pressure the 4 h1puts accepted 75, 000 cubic feet daily. Production gradually increased from 373 barrels to 1, 006 barrels 23 months after injection was started. Proration was in effect for some time following the attainment of the 1, 006-barrel monthly peak, and it is therefore rather difficult to ascertain the exact degree of the benefit derived.

Three projects were started ill 1945, one near New Straitsville, one near Somerset, and another near Union Furnace. It is still too early to state definitely what the results will be in these areas. Six input wells are being used on these projects, which cover about 800 acres and include 56 producing wells.

These five Clinton projects and the ten in shallow sands, coupled with a four input well, 137-acre Berea project started in 1943 in Carroll County, combine to make a total of 16 repressuring projects active in the State at the present time.

WATER FLOODilJG

In 1939, when it looked as though water flooding was about to be legalized in the State, a core well was drilled in the Chatham field of Medina County. This core showed an excellent sand section with favorable porosity, permeability and oil saturation characteristics, and marked the pool as water flood territory. 81 On March 31, 1939, Governor Bricker signed the bill legalizing water flooding, and drilling operations began on 9 water input wells and 4 producing wells, completing a test 5-spot pattern.

A temporary water pressure plant was installed, using a centrifugal pump rated at 200 psi pressure and 220 gpm with a 5-5/8" deep well turbine pump. The water supply for flooding was from a well drilled to a depth of 151 feet, which was satisfactory for flooding, without chemical treatment or filtration, and on June 27, 1939, water injection was started into the 9 input wells. The inputs were drilled on a spacing of 340 by 325 feet, with a diagonal distance from water to oil wells of 235 feet, making 10 acres in the original program.

Success of the experiment prompted expansion until 65 0 acres, including 380 input and 445 producing wells, had been developed for flooding. Abandon- ments have reduced these figures to the presently operated 575 acres, 325 input and 3 92 producing wells.

Production at Chatham is obtained from the easterly-dipping Berea sand found at depths ranging from 230 feet to 420 feet. The pool is a monoclinal accumulation, with a slight southeast dip, covering approximately 3,bOO acres of extremely variable sand and consisting of what might be literally termed a series of local accumulations in so far as productivity is concerned. Many dry holes have been drilled in the main body of the pool; and small local accumulations, which are unconnected for practical flooding purposes, exist all over the township.

The Berea in this area is a fine-grained moderately-hard light greenish- gray sandstone stratified with shale breaks. It is of Mississippian age, lying between the Sunbury and Bedford shales. The disconformable contact plane between the Bedford and the Berea accounts for a variation of sand thickness from l foot to more than 200 feet and accordingly presents a complicated geological picture. The cap varies in thickness from 1 foot to 20 feet.

Many cable-tool and diamond cores have been taken in the field. Their value might be questioned from an evaluation viewpoint due to lack of lateral sand uniformity, but they have proved valuable in well completions. Recoveries are, as a rule, somewhat lower than those indicated by core analysis.

A tabulation of all core analyses available in the field shows physical characteristics to cover the following range:

Porosity, 13 to 2 0 per cent Permeability, 0 to 365 millidarcys Oil saturation, 20 to 46 per cent

Average permeability for the field, excluding those portions of sano having very low or very high permeabilities which are not suitable for flooding, is 75 millidarcys; the average porosity is 17 per cent; and the average oil satura - tion 35 per cent. 82 So far as is possible the use of old wells for water inputs has been avoided; but, where they have been used, the wells have been re-shot, cleaned out, and equipped as a new well would be.

Input wells have been drilled, as a rule, on the 5-spot pattern, using a spacing approximately 350 feet square. A few wells were drilled where no sand was found; but by moving to a new location, or using an old well nearby, the 5 -spot pattern was maintained with slight distortion. The wells are generally completed with 50 to 75 feet of 8" -drive pipe and 120 to 150 feet of 6-5/8" casing. This pipe is left in producers but is pulled from the inputs, which have a packer, loaded with 10 to 15 sacks of cement slurry, set in the Berea cap on a string of 1-1/2" of 2" tubing.

At the input well-heads a connection is made to the pressure line using a gate valve, horizontal check, a ground-joint union, a water meter, and a valve in a tee, at the top of the tubing, to take pressure readings and back flow the well through.

The only difficulty experienced in the input wells has been corrosion, where untreated or improperly treated water was used, which created leaks in the tubing string above the packer. In those cases a string of 1'' -pipe was run inside the tubing with a pony packer set just above the regular packer. If this string of 1" -pipe corrodes out the well is lost as an input. Completion procedures followed by various operators vary somewhat from the foregoing, but they are comparable. Simplicity of installation of well-bore and well-head equipment is the governing factor.

The practice in shooting input wells in this pool has been to use 1 quart of nitroglycerine per foot of sand, placing the shot 2 feet below the top of the pay sand and 2 feet above the bottom of the pay sand, unless core analysis shows either a very hard or variable section. In these latter cases heavier or selective shooting has been employed. However, heavy shooting has frequently resulted in the formation of what is apparently an unpluggable fissure or fracture, through which water readily channels. Results obtained by selective shooting are definitely questionable.

The 5-spot program for each property is usually completed before water is injected. Water is started into the inputs under their hydrostatic pressure only for about a week. Following this original "wetting" period the pressure is increased in steps of 25 psi or more per month until the critical pressure for the area is reached, unless the input has an extremely loose sand section where regulation is required. By critical pressure is meant roughly 1 psi per foot of overburden, which is the theoretical overburden lifting pressure. Plants operate at 350 to 450 psi and maximum input pressure at the well head is 250 to 400 psi.

Daily input volumes are regulated at each well-head so that surrounding producing wells may keep fluid pumped off. Input volumes per well range from 83 1 to 400 barrels daily with the volume per-foot-per-day ranging from 0.1 to 10 barrels. Initial daily volumes are kept low, followed by a gradual increase until the desired volume has been obtained.

Water used for flooding is secured from water wells drilled from 15 0 to 200 feet deep into a water-bearing formation, or from a small river about two miles from the pool. During the early life of flooding in the field extreme corrosion was experienced in the input and producing lines and equipment. This has been corrected by taking samples of the source water as each project is developed to determine the type of transmission and pumping equipment to use, as well as the type and amount of chemical treatment and filtration necessary to make the water desirable for flooding purposes.

Movement of water through a typical water plant is as follows:

Raw water is pumped from the Black River and mixed with recycle water in a large earthen pond, which is separated into two parts to allow settling of sediment and skimming off of any oil which might have been carried over with the recycle water. From this pond, water is pumped with a 275-gpm centrifugal pump into the top of a 10 feet by 13 feet steel, mechanically agitated treater. Chemically hydrated lime and aluminum sulphate are added to the water at this point. The water and chemicals then migrate down through an in - verted steel cone in the treater, where they are agitated thoroughly by paddles and back up to the top of the treater on the outside of the mixing cone. The flock bed in the bottom of the treater is maintained by the continuous feeding of chemicals into the raw water, and is controlled by electrically operated solenoid valves which open periodically to dump dirty flock from the bottom of the treater.

Clear water gravitates from the top of the treater into a collector tube from where a 275-gpm centrifugal pump puts it through a battery of four 66 inch pressure-type sand filters into an 800 barrel wood clear water storage tank, and a 5 00 barrel wood filter backwash water storage tank. From the 800 barrel storage tank water gravitates through a 5 inch line to the suction of two 4-1/4" x 7n vertical triplex plunger pumps with a rated pressure capacity of 650 psi. From these pumps the water goes through the water pipeline system to the various water wells.

The majority of the operators in the field pump their production. One com - pany has recently started experimental flowing work, but to date definite con- clusions have not been reached as to its overall adaptability in the field.

One company generates electricity at their main water plant, using crude oil for fuel, to operate individual electrical motor driven pumping units, while another generates electricity at their central plant to operate bandwheel powers. The latter uses diesel fuel to operate their generators.

The bulk of the operators, however, use either bandwheel or geared 84 central powers for pwnping purposes, powered by full or semi-diesel engines using crude oil as fuel Oklahoma type jacks with 32 inch stroke set on concrete, pipe, or wooden, bases are used for pwnping the wells, with either 5/8 inch or 3/4 inch pull rods used in the shackle lines. The central powers are operated at from 12 to 18 strokes per minute.

Generally speaking, regardless of what method is used to produce the wells, the leases are completely re-equipped for the water flood operations, and the leases are operated 24 hours per day.

Corrosion of pwnping equipment, tubing and flow strings has been a serious problem in the Chatham field. Three inch, 9.2 lb. tubing, and 3 inch x 5 feet bronze, chrome plated barrels, equipped with Monel metal balls and seats, and soft cups are generally used to pwnp those wells affected by the flood. Smaller producers are equipped in the same manner, only 2 inch tubing and 1-3/4 inch pwnping equipment are used.

Flow lines from the wells to the separators are usually cement lined.

Separation of oil and water is accomplished by simple siphon type, gravity separators, which are elevated so that the oil will gravitate to the tank battery and the water will siphon into the re-cycle water pit. Normally it is not necessary to apply heat or chemicals to effect a satisfactory water-oil separation, except during the winter months, unless of course the oil is cut.

Present daily flood production from the field is 65 0 barrels and the total flood production to date is nearly 2,500, 000 barrels. Per acre recovery has varied from 1, 000 to 12, 000 barrels with the average being between 5 and 6, 000 barrels. Flood-out time for .a developed property varies from 3 to 10 years with the average being around 8 years, depending on crude price, etc.

Combining the Chatham water flood with an experimental Berea sand flood in Morgan County, and the repressuring projects, we find there are nearly 8, 000 acres included in the State' s total secondary operations. There are 400 input wells being used and 975 producers, yielding about 950 barrels per day.

The future of secondary recovery in Ohio seems well assured under satisfactory economic conditions. A large undeveloped reserve remains in the Chatham field and flooding operations will probably continue in the pool for 15 to 20 years under presently known flooding practices. This reserve and flood life could of course be extended if research discloses an economically feasible tertiary recovery method.

The shallow sands in Ohio offer considerable acreage which seemingly possess the necessary requisites for flooding, depending upon the price of crude, and there are nwnerous areas in both the Berea and Clinton which should respond satisfactorily to repressuring. Not having been tried, the economic aspects of flooding the Clinton are a matter of conjecture. However, some areas 85 offer the physical requirements necessary to justify the installation of experimental pilot floods.

In any event we know beyond a shadow of a doubt that there is a tremendous amount of oil still remaining in Ohio's oil sands, being in volume many times over the 615,000,000 barrels produced to date. Not having core analyses available on all formations the exact amount cannot be accurately estimated, but, it certainly is in the hundreds of millions of barrels.

I have many times heard the statement, made while discussing Bradford or other prolific secondary areas, that they were favored with ideal conditions. Don1 t be deceived into thinking that the record established at Bradford was the result of anything other than painstaking progress made in improved oil production methods resulting from intense, coordinated research into the technique of secondary recovery.

They have progressed through the application of competent theoretical and applied research and we in Ohio, if we do progress, must follow the same path.

86 SMITH-DUNN OR MARIETTA COMPRESSED-AIR PROCESS*

By J. 0. Lewis

HISTORY OF PROCESS

The present successful practice of stimulating the production from oil wells by forcing air through the oil sand was started on the Wood farm of the Cumber land Oil Co., near Chester hill, Ohio, by I. L. Dunn, in August, 1911. However valid the claims of others for priority in idea and application may be, the fact remains that the now extensive use of this method can be traced back to this first successful demonstration. With the aid of Orton C. Dunn and Harvey E. Smith, the details of practical operation were worked out and demonstrated to other oil producers. Because Messrs. Smith and Dunn have been credited with bringing the method into successful public use, the process has become known as the Smith-Dunn process, though it is also called the Marietta process because of its first extensive use near Marietta, Ohio.

Mr. I. L. Dunn states that his idea originated when operating in the Macks- burg pool, Ohio, in 1903, when gas at a pressure of 45 pounds was forced into an oil well producing from the 500-foct sand. After 10 days the gas pressure was released and the well began to pump much oil, which continued till the gas had worked out again. In 1911 the experiments on the Wood farm were started. About 15 0, 000 cubic feet of free air was compressed and forced into one well daily, at a pressure of 40 pounds, and within a week the production of the surrounding wells had increased, after which the use of compressed air was extended to other parts of the property. The Wood farm is located in the n Ches- terhill streak," production being obtained from the First Cow Run sand at depths averaging about 450 feet. This property had been drilled in 1898 and had been gas pumped for several years. At the time the experiment was started, the production had dropped to an average of 7 gallons per well daily. The oil is of paraffin base, has a gravity of more than 40° B., and the sand is coarse and pebbly.

The process is known to have been employed on over 90 properties, of which at least 80 per cent have been successful. Nearly all of these properties are located in the Appalachian fields in the southeastern parts of Ohio and the northwestern parts of West Virginia. Probably 4, 000 wells have been affected by the process, and its use is extending rapidly, being retarded principally by the diffi - culty in obtaining machinery under the present abnormal conditions. Few of the plants were installed during the past year (1916). It was not until recently that

*U. S. Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 148, 1917. 87 the producers in the district became fully awakened as to what was being accomplished, and as to how much oil still remains underground. The recent expansion in the use of this process is sufficient warrant of its practicability and success.

PRINCIPLES OF PROCESS

The essential principle of the Smith-Dunn or Marietta process is to replace the natural gas, which originally accompanied the oil and was the principal agent in forcing the oil into the wells but has been exhausted, with compressed air. The air is forced into the sand under pressures varying from 40 to 300 pounds through some of the wells on the property, which are called n air wells," the oil being pumped from the other wells in the usual way. Any gas which does not combine with the oil chemically under the conditions existing underground could be used, but of these gases onlY. air and natural gas are practically available. On the old, nearly exhausted properties where the process has been employed natural gas is seldom available, or only at excessive costs, and it is seldom practicable to use anything but air.

PROCEDURE IN INSTALLING PROCESS

Equipment Required

The extra equipment necessary for using the process over that commonly used on any producing oil lease consists of an air -compressor plant, a system of piping for conveying the compressed air to the air wells, and the preparation of certain wells for taking air.

The air compressor can be of any efficient type, and is usually driven by a gas engine, because gas is in nearly every instance the cheapest and most available fuel. However, any other type of engine can be employed. The tendency has been toward using direct-driven types because of greater efficiency and compactness.

The compressors in use vary in size from 20 to 100 horsepower. It is considered advisable to restrict the size of the units to 100 horsepower, and where more power is needed to install additional units. Where the air is compressed to a pressure of more than 100 pounds, two-stage compressors are generally used.

On account of having to use gas diluted with air,.it is frequently necessary to enlarge the gas intake and reduce the air intake correspondingly. Gas engines are now being constructed which are fitted with special valves for regu- lating the gas and air intakes conveniently.

88 The compressor plant should be situated convenient to an adequate water supply, because considerable water is needed to cool the engine and the com - pressor. The site of the plant should also be selected with a view to distributing the air with a minimum amount of pipe, as this item will comprise a considerable part of the initial cost of installing the process. Moreover, the farther the air has to travel through pipes the greater is the loss of volume and pressure from leakage and friction. On large properties it is considered the better policy to put in several plants rather than to build large central stations.

The compressed air is distributed through 2-inch to 4-inch mains, with 1 -inch laterals leading to the air wells. With the distances and the velocities of air used on the ordinary plant, these sizes are large enough and the pressure losses due to friction do not warrant the extra cost of increasing the size of the pipe. The air should be conducted through a cooling system near the com - pressor and the water drained off in traps, otherwise it will give trouble in the lines, especially in winter.

It is also necessary to have a gas-gathering system from the pumping wells to supply fuel for the compressor plant. These usually consist of 2-inch lines, and the system is essentially the same as on the ordinary lease where casing- head gas is used for fuel or for making gasoline.

The well-pumping equipment can be of the usual kinds, but as the com - pressed air can be used as a source of power there has been a tendency to put in pumps operated by compressed air. By using compressed air, the engine, pumping power, and housing can be done away with, as well as the shackle rods and the jacks. Where compressed air is used on a lease, it can be used as a source of power for nearly every purpose.

The oil -gathering equipments are of the usual kinds, and the only effect that the use of compressed air has is to reduce the number of pumping wells and, therefore, the amount of such equipment necessary.

The essential equipment in an air well consists of 1-inch or 2 -inch piping or tubing which extends down to the top of the oil sand and is packed or cemented directly above the sand. If the well is cased directly above the sand the air may be introduced through the casing. Where the pumping wells are fitted to take back pressure it is necessary that provision be taken, as in air wells, to prevent the waste of air, and, in fact, the possibility of leakage should be carefully considered at all points in the system because leaks in the air lines or the diffusion of the air into unprotected formations through air wells, pumping wells, or old abandoned wells will greatly reduce the efficiency of the method. The same can be said of the pumping equipment, and steps should be taken to prevent the un- necessary escape of air from pumping wells.

Determining The Size of Compressor Plant

The compressor plants in use at the present time average about 75 89 horsepower and are operated at average pressures of about 115 pounds. The smallest plant known to the writer is 20 horsepower, and the largest is 185 horsepower. The size of plant necessary will depend on the number of wells on the property, the pressures employed, and the capacity of the oil sand for taking air.

In determining the size of a plant consideration should be given to the experience gained on properties with similar conditions, especially those near by, but on account of the variations in the nature of the oil sands, even from one well to another: it is always advisable to make tests, although data on results obtained on properties near by may be available. The usual method of making such tests has been by means of a portable compressor, one of 5 horsepower having been found to be effective in the Appalachian fields. Each prospective air well is tested separately, and the volume of free air which it will take under different pressures is determined. Nearly always the sand will take practically no air until a certain minimum pressure has been exceeded, which is an indication of the frictional resistance in the sand. Also, the maximum pressure at which the sand will take all the air the testing plant can deliver at that pressure may be determined. By these tests data are obtained on the volumes and pressures the wells will require, from which the size of the plant can be estimated. It is, of course, impos.sible to make the calculation precise, and during the life of a property conditions may change which will modify the first estimates. As a matter of policy it is advisable to put in a larger compressor than is seemingly necessary, in order that there may be reserve power for using higher pressures and larger volumes if found desirable. The plant also decreases in efficiency with continued use, and if the gas becomes lean the actual delivery of horsepower from the gas engine becomes less.

When the tests have been completed they will show what volume of air each well will take at various pressures. The plant should be large enough to force into the sand the volumes of air experience has shown to be desirable. An average of about 10, 000 cubic feet of free air per day is used for each well (air and pumping wells), but the volumes required are less for pressures higher than the average pressure (115 pounds) and greater for pressures lower than the average, and may be as much as 20, 000 cubic feet per well daily. If the 5-horsepower portable tester showed that the wells which were to be used for taking air each averaged 40, 000 cubic feet of air per day at a pressure of 120 pounds and there were to be three pumping wells for each air well, then the average volume required would be 10,000 cubic feet per well, which is the average volume for that pressure. The property would consequently require a plant of not less than 1.25 horsepower per well, and to this figure should be added a factor for reserve power. If there were to be four pumping wells to each air well, higher pressures and greater horsepower per well would be required to force in the same quantity of free air.

Pr e par in g A fr W e 11 s

One of the most important considerations in preparing wells for taking air 90 is not to let the air have access to any formations other than the oil sands, otherwise large quantities of air may escape into the barren strata and be wasted. If the well has a string of casing tightly seated on the top of the oil sand, the air can be let into the top of the casing through a tight head or cap. When the well is not cased in this manner, a string of small pipe or tubing is placed in the well and packed at the top of the sand. One-inch pipe has been used in shallow fields, this sometimes being the only pipe in the hole. Considerable strength is required in the packer to withstand the upward pressure from the compressed air. The usual rubber packers frequently will not hold tight under the pressures employed, and other methods for packing must then be used.

A method of packing that has proved satisfactory for shallow wells is to wrap the pipe with broad strips of burlap or canvas, which is split at the top to form a flare, until the wrapping nearly fills the hole or the. casing. The pipe is lower- ed into the hole to the desired position, some sand is dropped in between the pipe and the walls of the hole to flare out the burlap, and a thin mixture of sand and cement (1 to 1) is poured down outside of the pipe onto the bur lap, forming a bridge 5 to 10 feet deep between the pipe and the walls of the hole, so that the pipe is securely packed when the mixture sets. The burlap is wrapped onto a short joint of pipe which has a left-hand thread at the top, and no anchor is put on the bottom of the pipe. If it is desired to remove the packing, the pipe is un- screwed at the left-hand thread, and the cement drilled out. The first few blows of the tools will probably drive the short joint of pipe through the cement and the hole can be cleared without much effort.

It has not often been considered necessary to shoot the air wells. They should, however, be cleaned out, and sometimes it is advisable to remove the waxy sediments that clog the surface of the sand. Newly drilled wells have the advantage of the sand being perfectly clean and free from waxy sediment.

Occasionally a combination well is made by forcing the air down between the casing and tubing in a pumping well. Such a well can be used as an air well for a time and then be pumped when the air is stopped and the oil comes back under the released pressure.

Preparing Pumping Wells

In preparing the wells on a property for the use of compressed air, ordinarily no changes need be made in a pumping equipment unless it is old and out of repair. However, the process is frequently installed on properties where the equipment has been allowed to run down because the small profits have not permitted repairs and replacements. Such equipment may not prove adequate to handle the increased production, nor the floating sand which often gives trouble during the first months or years that the process is used. It is also desirable to clean the wells and to put them in condition to yield the maximum production with the least pump trouble and expense. If the application of the process is successful, the additional profits will more than compensate these extra expend- itures. Those operators who have spent extra time and money cleaning their 91 wells have usually been repaid by less pumping troubles.

It is sometimes desirable to maintain back pressures in the pumping wells on the oil sand. There are several ways of preparing a well for the use of regulated back pressure, the simplest being to place a reducing valve on the gas- gathering line from the casing head. When pressure is maintained in the well by this means, the formations overlying the oil sand should be cased off s-0 that the gas will not waste in the same way as it would in an air well not cased off.

Although the process does not require changing the type of pumping equipment, a logical development will be a greater use of compressed air in the future as the source of pumping power on leases employing the process. The power is centralized, and the air is readily distributed without much loss in power, or trouble in operation. In many eastern fields the wells were pumped by compressed air long before the process of forcing compressed air into the sands came into use. At Bradford, Pa., the compressed air is also used to run steam engines, pumping wells "on the beam" or in "air heads". Air lifts have been tried in the eastern fields but were never satisfactory. Smith and Dmm use air displacement pumps on many of the shallow wells where the process is employed.

On a few properties some of the wells have displayed a tendency to flow; and it is possible that with the proper application of compressed air, the wells can sometimes be made to flow their production.

Proportion Of Air Wells To Producing Wells

The proportion of air wells to producing wells will depend not only on the local conditions on each property, but also on the principle on which the process is being operated. If back pressures are being used, different factors enter into the problem than if no back pressures are being maintained i:q the producing wells. Experience without the use of back pressure indicates that the best practice is to distribute many air wells as uniformly as possible among the producing wells. More recent experience with the use of regulated back pressures in the manner discussed elsewhere indicates that fewer air wells are necessary, and that the wells so used can be chosen by their capacity for taking air rather than because of their central location among a group of producing wells. The operator will decide from the system he is using and from the local conditions which practice to follow.

Where back pressures have not been used the tendency has been to increase the proportion of air wells, the average among 34 properties being 1 air well to each 2. 6 producing wells. At first consideration the operator is apt to think that as few air wells should be used as possible, thus saving more of the wells for pumping, but experience has shown otherwise.

By maintaining back ·pressures in the pumping wells, the pressure underground may be built up and eventually the air will find its way into every part of 92 the sand on the property no matter where it originally enters. On this principle, the logical way is to get the air into the sand in the easiest way possible and through the fewest number of wells. The wells where the sand takes the air with least resistance are selected and no more than are necessary to take all the air at the desired pressure, back pressure being maintained in the pumping wells. It is thought that the air will then find its way into the tighter parts of the sand with less resistance, for the air will be distributed through the open parts, and will come into contact with the tighter parts over much larger areas than where the air finds its way into the sand through the walls of "tight sand" wells.

Maintaining back pressures on the producing wells is a recent development, and experience has hardly given a settled policy in regard to the best manner of distributing and proportioning air wells. Some of the factors entering into the problem have been discussed, but in all cases trial and experience will have to determine the best practice on each property whether regulated back pressure is being used or not.

Selection Of Air Wells

Per haps a more important feature in the selection of an air well than its situation is the condition of the oil sand.

The tendency is to use 11 open-sand11 wells for taking air, and ntight-sand11 wells for pumping, because the former usually waste too much air when pumped, and the 11 tight-sand" wells require too great pressure in taking the air and cause large frictional losses. When a pumping well begins to by-pass or waste much air, it had better be changed into an air well Frequently it becomes necessary to change a well for this reason, and the entire system of air and pumping wells may be rearranged during the life of a property.

A few operators advise that all wells on a property be tested at the time tests are made for determining the size of the compressor in order to get an index of the conditions in the sand at each well. Considerable variation will be found from well to well, and these data will lead to a more intelligent determina - tion of what wells to pump, which pumping wells will need regulated back pressure, and which wells will receive air readily. This information is likely to prove of much value during the life of the property.

The condition of the well itself has much to do with the choice of an air well. The well must be in good shape to take air readily, and with no chance of its wasting into other formations, The relative productiveness is also considered, as the producer naturally dislikes to sacrifice a good pumper. However, the relative productiveness often changes after the process has been in use, and even old, abandoned wells have been rejuvenated and made producers.

Air wells are placed at a distance from property lines as much as possible, unless an agreement can be reached with the neighbor, because the air will not 93 stop at property lines and may be lost to the operator. Furthermore, the air crossing the property line will move oil with it1 at the expense of the user of the process. These considerations are more important where the neighbor is not using the process or his wells are being gas pumped. When only one property uses the process in a field of considerable size, there may be diffi - culty in building up the pressure, because the air will spread to other properties. This can be largely controlled by placing the air wells centrally on the property and gas pumping the line wells. Where a neighbor is also using the air process it is advisable to reach an agreement with him, if possible, to arrange to' force air into the strip between the line wells, which otherwise will be affected only indirectly.

The question has frequently been asked the writer where the air wells should be located with reference to the geological structure of the sand. It is a question not always readily answered, but the following points in regard to it may be considered: When the air forces the oil up a slope it is moved against gravity, whereas if forced down the slope gravity aids in the movement, but in fields like those east of the Rocky Mountains, the slopes of the beds are so slight that this fact seldom need be given consideration among the many more important factors influencing the choice of air wells. At times, however, the oil sand is continuous with an exhausted gas sand. If air is forced into the oil sand, it will tend to move toward the exhausted gas sand carrying with it oil, which will be disseminated in the barren strata with slight chance of recovery. Under such conditions it is better to force air into wells in the former gas sand, build up the pressure, and force oil away rather than toward the gas sand. When the area of the exhausted gas sand is not too great this may be readily accomplished, but there are some pools which are continuous with an exhausted gas sand whose capacity is so great that it may be impracticable to fill it even at low pressures. Properties too close to such areas of exhausted gas sands might have trouble in using the process, owing to the escape of air, but the m9vement of oil and gas in the sand is so hindered by frictional resistance that the process may per haps be satisfactorily used fairly close to the exhausted gas sands.

At times it has been found advisable to drill new wells on a property where the old wells have not been advantageously located. The new wells may be pumped or used as air wells for which they are favorably adapted, as the sand about the hole will be free from paraffin or waxy sediments.

Underground Was·te Of Air

Experience has shown that in the use of the process it is necessary to ex- clude the air from formations other than the oil sand. Numerous instances have demonstrated that if this is not done, much air may waste into unproductive strata and the efficiency of the process be reduced accordingly. For this reason it has become the general practice to pack the air wells directly above the oil sand. Experience in the gas-producing business has led to a similar practice in finish- ing gas wells.

94 On both the Dale and the Buck Run properties, which are parts of the his- toric Joy farm, Morgan County, Ohio, the writer witnessed air coming to the surface in numerous places. Many wells drilled in the early history of the pool had been abandoned and their locations lost, but when the air was forced into the sand they allowed the air to reach the surface as well as to waste into other formations. During the first year the process was used these wells had to be found and plugged. Through these old holes the air got access to formations over lying the oil sand, spread through them, and reached the surface at low places along the creek bottoms. On the Buck Run the air bubbled continuously from joint cracks in the shale along the creek bottom. After the old wells had been searched out and plugged, this escape of air diminished. At the time of the writer's visit to the Poplar Ridge property, near Malta, Ohio, air was still issuing from joint cracks and coal seams, and through laminations in the shale. The writer witnessed an instructive example of the permeability of shales and coal on this property. From a well drilled on a bank some 75 feet above and 15 0 feet distant from the creek bottom, the muddy water used in drilling passed through a thin streak of coal and also through a platy micaceous shale and showed in the face of the creek bank.

Other instances of air escaping, not witnessed by the writer, have been reported. In one, the air came to the surface in numerous places although there were no old abandoned wells and the oil sand was between 300 and 400 feet deep. The air did not appear at the surface until the process had been in use for over a year. In another case the air passed through the formations above the oil sand and blew out around the casing of a well a thousand feet distant. The oil sand is about 600 feet deep on the property and no sand is reported above it. On a property in Pennsylvania partial failure of the process is attributed by the user to waste of air into old, abandoned wells and into the overlying formations where the air wells had been packed too high.

The permeability of shales has generally been underestimated. They often contain thin seams of sand or porous material, which, in the aggregate, may have a large capacity. Even shales that contain no sandy layers may be permeable along the bedding planes and joint cracks, especially the hard, slaty varieties. There are thousands of gas wells in northern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, particularly along the shores of Lake Erie, whose production is derived from accumulations of gas in beds of this character.

In the cases cited, the migration of the air was made known at the surface, but large wastes may readily take place without surface evidence. Unless there is definite proof that the overlying formations are not permeable, it is advisable not to expose compressed air to them.

Air Pressures Used

On 41 properties using the process, which include 1, 600 wells, the highest pressure used is 320 pounds; the lowest, 40 pounds; and the average is 115 pounds. As high as 600 pounds has been used temporarily. 95 The pressures used at the present time have not been worked out from a full and systematic study of all the factors involved, and it is not to be assumed that they are in fact the best pressures that might be used. This is a problem needing more extended investigation. In the limited experimental investigations conducted by the writer, it was found that by higher pressures the oil could be expelled from the sand more quickly even when using smaller volumes of fre~ air, but that the ultimate extraction was approximately the same as with lower pressures. Pressure thus appears to be primarily a factor of time and the best pressure to be used can be gaged from the relation between the increased daily production and the increased operating costs or difficulties. In field practice each case will show a complexity of elements often conflicting that must be considered, such as by-passing, effect on the quality of the gas, wastes of air, use of regulated back pressures, etc., so that a study of the special conditions on each property will be necessary, as well as an understanding of the general , principles involved.

The pressures used have little relation to the depths of the wells, but are intimately related to the character of the oil sands. Coarse porous sands like the First Cow Run take the lowest pressures, whereas fine, tight, or slaty sands require pressure.s much higher. A large number of the properties operating the Smith-Dunn or Marietta process are producing from the First Cow Run sand in the shallow pools of southeastern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia, where the deep sands are generally of a tighter nature. Where the deep sands are coarse and porous, low pressures can be used, and where the shallow sands are tight, high pressures are required. Originally the deeper sands had the higher rock pressures, but during the lives of the wells the gas was dissipated until the pressure was no greater than in shallow sands by the time the Marietta process was started. As the deeper sands originally contained the higher pressures, less oil may have been left in the sand, and it is possible this may influence the necessary pressures somewhat.

There is always a minim um pressure below which the oil sand will take but little air, or not enough to appreciably increase production. There is also a maximum pressure which can not be exceeded without enlarging or increasing the efficiency of the compressor plant or the conditions of operation. This maxim um pressure shows that a balance has been reached between the volume of air being forced into the sand at that pressure, the volume of air issuing from the pumping wells or being wasted underground, and the frictional resistance in the oil sand. By enlarging the capacity of the plant or by reducing waste of air and gas at the pumping wells and underground or by maintaining back pressures in the pumping wells, the maximum pressure may be increased.

In practice the preliminary tests indicate approximately what pressures will be required to force certain volumes of air into the sand. After the process has been put into actual operation it is determined experimentally what pressures and volumes are most efficient. In general, more oil can be recovered by increasing the volume and pressure, although some operators report that this is likely to cause by-passing and waste of air. The best practice seems to be to

96 build up the pressure, gradually noting the effects on production, and in this way determine the maxim um efficiency from both the increase of production and the costs of operation.

HOW THE AIR MOVES THE OIL

The three physical principles upon which the compressed air moves the oil through the sand are, first, by direct pressure; second, by the air going into solution under pressure near the air wells and later expanding near the pumping wells; third, by the carrying of vapors.

Many producers believe that the air displaces the oil and pushes it ahead in a solid body in the same way that a body of oil appears to be collected and driven ahead of a "water drive" in the Bradford field. At Bradford a well in the path of an approaching flood gives no indication of the proximity of the flood until it nearly reaches the well, although it may be very close. The production of oil suddenly increases and is maintained for a variable period, after which the volume of water increases quickly and ends the life of the well. In the Smith- Dunn process the air reaches the well first and is followed by an increase of production, which takes a few months to several years to reach a maximum, and during the time the process is used air is passing through the sand continuously. Facts show that there is no "air drive" comparable to a "water drive" and in the sense meant by the producers mentioned and that the air does not work solely on the displacement principle.

The writer's theory is that the oil is probably worked into a froth by the air, and bubbles are continually forming and breaking in the pores of the sand, all the time moving with the air toward the pumping wells. This condition is indicated by experiments.

"BY-PASSING" AND "BLOWING THROUGH"

"By-passing'' and "blowing through" of air are two of the greatest difficulties to be overcome in the successful use of the Smith-Dunn or Marietta process. By-passing is where the air takes the line of least resistance, usually along the top of the oil sand through a former gas stratum or a drained part of the sand. Blowing through is where the air removes most of the oil from the most porous part of the oil sand and establishes by-passing.

Blowing through does not make itself evident when the process is first started. A well will be producing much oil and very likely be one of the best wells on the property, when a considerable increase in the quantity of air wasted will come about, showing that the most porous part of the sand, which is generally the former pay streak, has been cleared of oil and is letting the air pass 97 through with little restriction. The yield of oil generally decreases, and the well will become of little value as a producer, while it wastes so much air that it will seriously affect the production of the whole property. It may take several months or even several years before a well will blow through. It may be expected that in course of time most of the wells will be subject to this trouble to some extent, and if there were no way of overcoming this difficulty the compressor plants would have to be enlarged continuously, as first the most porous layers and then the next most porous layers were blown through in succession until it became impracticable to enlarge the capacity of the plant further. It is thought that blowing through is one of the causes of the decline in production of some of the properties using the air process longest, and Messrs. Smith and Dunn report that they have favorably influenced production on properties so af- - fected by taking means for overcoming this difficulty.

By-passing becomes evident soon after the process has started. The effect is the same as in blowing through. Energy is wasted, for the air passes through the sand without doing work, and so :r;nuch air may escape at the pumping wells subject to by-passing that it will seriously affect the success of the process. Practically all the air forced into the sand may be diverted through these by- pass channels so that the- parts of the oil sand containing the most oil may receive no benefit. Not only is the oil production affected, but the gas becomes lean and may be made unfit for use. Lean gas on any property at the present time is, because of the comparatively recent date of introducing the process, an indication that the air is not coming into contact with oil and is not doing its full quota of work.

The simplest method of overcoming this trouble is to shut the well in or to change it into an air well, and frequently it becomes necessary to make these changes after the process has been started, for it is better to sacrifice a small producer than to permit the escape of too much air, as by so doing the production of the other wells is affected. Another method which limited use indicates will be successful is to use regulated back pressures as outlined elsewhere in this paper. Sometimes it is possible to pack or case off the by-pass part from the rest of the oil sand in a new well that has not been shot.

USE OF REGULATED BACK PRESSURES

One method is used for overcoming the difficulties caused by the irregular character of the oil sand, by which the variations in frictional resistance in different parts of the sand are more nearly equalized by holding pressures on those wells where the resistance in the sand is slight. The excessive escape of air from wells subject to by-passing is prevented, so that the air is distributed more evenly over the property and is made to do more work. Another method upon which the use of back pressures is based is the building up of pressure in the whole area drained by the wells until the oil in all parts of the sand is charged with compressed air, so that when the pressure is released the oil will be expelled by the expanding air from the tighter parts of the sand. 98 The use of regulated back pressures is a more recent development in the Smith-Dunn or Marietta process, and although they have not yet been used extensively, the results are encouraging, so that it seems likely that they will be used extensively in the future. Wells which formerly wasted large volumes of air have been controlled and made good producers. In one instance the escape of gas has been reduced from several hundred thousand cubic feet daily to the average amount, the rest of the wells on the property being correspondingly benefited.

The simplest method of maintaining back pressure in a well is to regulate the escape of air-gas from the casing head. A reducing valve is placed on the air-gas line and is regulated until the excessive escape of air-gas is reduced to the average for the rest of the wells on the property. The back pressure necessary will vary with every change of conditions and must be determined experimentally, though by closing in the well and noting the pressure a good index of the back pressure required will be obtained, which should be nearly the same as the pressure of the well when closed in. Maintaining back pressure by this method in a pumping well is apt to decrease the yield somewhat in the same way that production is usually decreased when back pressures are held on flowing oil wells, but this is more than compensated by the beneficial effect on the other pumping wells, for the air that formerly had passed through the sand without expending much of its energy in moving oil is now forced into other parts of the oil sand and made to do more work.

TIME NECESSARY TO INCREASE PRODUCTION

The first effects from forcing air into the oil sand are shown by the gas. The volume is increased considerably, and the oil produced becomes livelier and shows more of a "bead. n These results are usually noted soon after the pumping of air into the sand is begun, but the actual increase in yield of oil occasionally may be delayed for several months. Usually the increase of oil is closely preceded by an increase of water, and sometimes a well will produce water even if it never has before. The time required for an increase in oil production is variable. In one instance the production was increased 3i times by the third day, but this is exceptional, and in other instances it has taken many months.

The producer should not be discouraged until the process has been given a thorough trial. The texture and thickness of the sand, the size of the field, and whether the oil sand is overlain by former gas sand, the capacity of the compressor plant and whether it is run continuously or not, the distance between wells and the relative depletion of the oil sand, all influence the time necessary for the wells to respond to the air. Comparatively, tight sands respond more slowly than open sands, but if the sand has a large capacity it may take some time to fill it up and build up a pressure sufficient to influence production. This is especially true where the top of the sand was formerly gas bearing, or where 99 the air escapes through the sand to other properties. If the wells are far apart, it will take longer for the air to influence production, and if the compressor plant is not large enough, much time may be needed for it to build up pressure in the sand. It is not necessary that the full quantity of gas extracted from the sand be replaced by air at the same pressure, for ordinarily it is possible to employ the air process at a lower pressure than was originally found in the field. There may be places, however, where the capacity of the former gas-bearing sand connected with the oil sand is so large that it is impracticable to use the process.

EFFECTS OF THE PROCESS ON RECOVERY

On some properties using the process no appreciable increases in production have been reported, although even the majority of these have shown some increase. On at least two properties the production has been increased ninefold, and still larger increases have been reported, but the writer did not find oppor- tunity to substantiate them. The records of 32 properties, including several where the process was only partly successful, give an average increase of three and one-half times the production at the time the process was started, this increase being sustained for periods of several months or more.

As the operating expenses usually are not increased proportionately with the oil production, profits show a relatively greater increase than production. On some of the properties where the process was installed the yields had so closely approached the economic :minimum that producing was profitable only during the periods of most favorable market conditions. Favorable results from the process have kept many wells from being abandoned, and caused the rejuven- ation of old wells which had been abandoned.

Although the average increase has been about three and one-half times, the a:ctual productions ordinarily remain very small compared with those obtained in the early lives of the wells, for previous to the use of the process productions had dropped to very low rates, being on most properties less than one-fourth barrel per well daily. While the increases are relatively important, they would have to be maintained for long periods before the percentage of increase in total recovery would be large.

In the laboratory experiments the ultimate recoveries by the continued passage of air through the sand were large, especially with the light eastern oils, but much of the oil extracted toward the end of an experiment required such large volumes of air that similar recovery in the field would obviously be im - practicable. However, if the recoveries from the fields by the usual methods have been no greater than indicated by the facts submitted previously, a wide margin still seems to lie within the practical limits of recovery, provided the efficiency in the field can be brought reasonably near that in the experiments. Judging from the experimental data, it may be possible to prolong production 100 at gradually diminishing rates for many years if economic conditions permit.

Precautions In Using The Air-Gas

The analyses of gas from producing wells on properties using the Smith- Dunn process show that it is a mixture of natural gas, gasoline vapors, and air in varying proportions. Sometimes the mixture is such that it will burn or ex- plode upon ignition without the addition of more air, and occasionally it is too lean to be inflammable. Ordinarily, the air-gas is too rich to be explosive, but Burrell* has shown that the limits of explosibility for natural gas range from about 3.5 per cent to 9.5 per cent of wet gas. The mixture of air and gas is more dangerous than pure unmixed natural gas, and this fact should be kept continually in mind in all operations on a property where the process is being used. In spite of the obvious dangers there have been surprisingly few serious accidents.

The air-gas is commonly used as a source of power in the compressor plants, is sometimes used for domestic lighting and heating on the leases, and at a few plants is used for making gasoline by compression. Burrell has shown that frequently considerable air is also mixed with the gas on properties being vacuum pumped, sometimes 40 per cent of the mixture being air, but the writer has heard of no explosions from this cause in compressors for condensing gasoline. These mixtures are, however, much richer than the average from wells using the Smith-Dunn process. An air-gas within the explosive limits will in all probability be too lean to make gasoline by compression, but the presence of air fo the gas should be taken into account and factors of safety adopted accordingly.

A number of reports have been made that the air-gas has been ignited and the flame traveled back in the pipes to the well. Mr. I. L. Dunn states that this has happened several times in his experience, sometimes purposely, but without serious consequences, the pipe and the well not being damaged. One accident was caused by attempting to start an engine with compressed air-gas, which was ignited and reached the charging tank through a leaking valve, blowing it up with great violence. Backfiring into the gas line can be prevented by inserting at the proper point a section of larger pipe filled with small iron tubes or rods that will smother flames by cooling, much as the gauze in an oil safety lamp pre- vents the mine gases from being ignited by the flame of the lamp.

Occasionally oil will flow from a well by the compressed air. This is reported to have been the cause of one accident. The oil flowed into the gas line and reached the cylinder of the gas engine. By installing a trap in the gas line through which all the gas must pass before reaching the engine this can be prevented.

*Burrell, G. A., Seibert, F. M., and Oberfell, G. G., The condensation of gasoline from natural gas: Bull. 88, Bureau of Mines, 1915, p. 97.

101 Apprehension has been expressed of the air-gas in the oil sand becoming ignited and exploding. This does not seem to be a possibility, as the oil sand itself would tend to smother the flame, so that the air-gas in the pores of the sand can not be exploded.

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PROCESS HAS BEEN USED

To date the process has been applied almost exclusively to wells that had declined to very small productions, the daily yield in many instances being less than one-fifth of a barrel and near the minim um limit of profitable operation. Some of the properties were drilled early in the history of oil producing, some of them dating from the period of 1860-70, and many of the properties had been gas pumped. The depths of the wells range from less than 100 to more than 2, 000 feet, and the sands range from fine to pebbly, thick or thin. The oil is of paraffin base, and, with the exception of some of the oil in Oklahoma, of very light gravity, being 35° to 50° B.

The greatest successes have been obtained in the First Cow Run sand of southeastern Ohio and the Big Lime sand in the district near Woodsfield, Ohio. The First Cow Run sand is usually of coarse, open texture, the wells in it are shallow, and the original pressures were low, but the initial productions were often high, some of the wells starting at several hundred barrels daily. Produc- tion has been long sustained, and some of the oldest producing wells in the country obtain their oil from this sand. The Cow Run sand generally occurs in narrow, sinuous 11 streaks," or as small lenses inclosed in beds of shale. In the Woodsfield district, the Big Lime sand is a true sand, being found in lenses em- bedded in the lime, and often of small extent, the whole pool sometimes support- ing but a few wells. In both the Cow Run sand and the Big Lime sands, the conditions are unusually favorable for quick and decisive results, the sand being of fairly coarse and open texture, while the pools are small and narrow so that the effect of the air has been confined to a small area.

FAILURES OF THE PROCESS

Universal and unqualified success is too much to be expected from any process like the Smith-Dunn, especially when new and unperfected. A number of cases have been reported where little or no increase was gained. Failures were caused in the Trenton limestone pools of Ohio and Indiana by the increase of water and the erratic and uncontrollable movements of the air under ground. On a few properties the use of air was discontinued and natural gas substituted, not because the increases in production were unsatisfactory, but because the gas from the properties was being used for domestic purposes, or the operators feared it would get too lean.

102 Undoubtedly many of the failures were preventable and were not due to in- hel'ent faults in the process. In at least one case failure was turned into success when the property changed management, and it is likely that other failures could be made successful with proper equipment and experienced application of the process. But until it has actually been demonstrated that a failure was preventable, it must be set down against the process. From inquiries through the fields it is thought that the failures will be less than 20 per cent of the total number of times the process has been used.

From what could be learned of local conditions, failures to appreciably increase production might be traced to some of the following causes: One property never had been profitably productive; on several properties the compressor plants were probably too small, for in one case enlarging the plant made the process successful; in at least one instance the waste of air through old wells, and wells improperly cased, probably caused failure; trying to force the air into too few air wells has been a probable cause, and expecting results too soon has been another; by-passing and blowing through are reported as causes on a number of properties. In some l.nstances failure can not be traced to any probable cause, and at present must be set down as unexplainable.

A popular opinion has been that the process will fail when applied to tight sands or to deep wells. There are hardly sufficient data to disprove either con - tention. Up to a depth of 2, 000 feet there has been no evidence that the process will not be successful in deep wells where other conditions are favorable. The popular opinion of failure in tight sand has been gained from the facts that a few failures are reported from the 500-foot sand at Macksburg, Ohio, which is said to be a tight sand, and that most of the conspicuous successes have been in the coarse First Cow Run sand and the Big Lime sand near Woodsfield, Ohio. The tight sand requires greater pressure and a longer time to get results, but so far the failure of the tight sands is by no means conclusive.

USThJG NATURAL GAS FOR INCREASThJG RECOVERY OF OIL

In using the Smith-Dunn process, results with 'natural gas seemingly should be as effective in forcing oil from the sand as the use of compressed air, and in addition presents some advantages as compared with using air. The principal advantages offered by the use of natural gas are: The gas recovered from the pumping wells would not be diluted with air and the fuel value decreased; dangerous mixtures of air and gas could not be formed; on properties where nat- tural gas was available in sufficient volume and under high enough pressure no compressor plant would be needed; at times the exhaust gases from gasoline compressor plants could be employed without further compression.

The physical effects of air and natural gas in the sand are much the same. More of the natural gas will go into solution under the same conditions~ but whether this fact would prove of importance in practical operations is not 103 known. Apparently the air has not affected the oil unfavorably; and, so far as the writer knows, there would be little choice between air and natural gas from this cause. Theoretically air or any other gas would carry just as much gasoline vapor as natural gas, and where it is hoped to recharge dry natural gas by passing it through the oil sand probably no better effects will be gained than with air.

The effect on producing oil wells of admitting natural gas into the oil sand, accidentally or otherwise, has been noted many times in the oil fields. I. L. Dunn states that it was observing such a case that led him to develop the process of using compressed air. An instance in the Cushing field, where the flow of a comparatively new well was greatly increased by natural gas from a deeper sand getting into the oil sand has already been mentioned. It has been reported that gas under natural pressures has been used at various times to stimulate oil flows, and it is also reported that the exhaust gas from gasoline compression plants has been returned to the oil sand, principally with the idea of recharging it with gasoline vapors.

The choice between natural gas and air will usually be decided in favor of the latter because the natural gas will not be available, or only at costs rela - tively prohibitive. The operating method will be approximately the same, and what has been said about operating with air will apply to the use of natural gas. If the natural gas is not already under pressure, it will have to be put through a compressor plant in the same way as air. By carefully gathering the return gas and putting it through the compressor again, it may be circulated in a closed circuit except for the wastage underground and on the surface, and the quantity used for fuel. By careful operation the wastage should not be large. In the early life of an oil field, while much natural gas is still being produced with the oil, it might be profitable to save the gas and put it back into the oil sand, by this means both accelerating and increasing the recovery of the oil

104 OIL AND GAS REFERENCES IN DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS Compiled by Ethel S. Dean

GENERAL - GEOLOGY Origin, theories of. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 60-100, 1888; Allegheny formation sands, Muskingum County. Rept. 1890, pp. 54-104; BOWNOCKER, J. A., STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 322, 1918. Bull. 1, pp. 307-318, 1903.

Anticlines. Pottsville formation sands, Muskingum County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 7, pp. 40-44, 1893. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 322, 1918.

Arches and folds in Ohio. Silurian and Devonian limestones, Columbiana ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum County. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp, 29-30; STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., 1887 ed. pp. 43-44; v. 6, pp. 54-59, 1888. Bull. 28, pp. 360-362, 1924.

Carboniferous system as a source of oil and gas. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 22-30, 126- OIL AND GAS - GENERAL 306, 1903. Central Ohio, oil and gas. Cincinnati anticlinal. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 254-310, 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp, 28-29; Discovery of gas. 1887 ed. pp. 41-43, 124-128; v. 6, pp. 46-54, BOWNOCKER, J. A.; Bull. 12, p. 8, 1910. 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 46-49; v. 7, pp. 40-41, 1893. Discovery of gas in southern Ohio. STOUT, WILBER·, Bull. 20, p. 658, 1916. Cincinnati arch. NEWBERRY, J. S., v. 1, pt. 1, pp. 93-101; Discovery of oil. v. 3", pp. 1-2, 1873. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 7, 9, 1910.

Clinton group in geological. series of Ohio. Drift as source of oil and gas, ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 254-310, 1888. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 20-21; 1887 ed. pp. 30-31, 119; v. 6, pp. 783-784, Gas analyses. 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886' ed. p. 36; 1887 Conemaugh formation sands. ed. p. 53; v. 6, pp. 136-137, 1888; CONDIT, D. DALE, Bull. 17, p. 248, 1912; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. .1, p. 125, 1903. In Muskingum County, STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 323, 1918. Gas in Ohio. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum Dip of strata. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 6-73; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 89-96, 1888; 1887 ed. pp. 5-179. Rept. 1890, pp. 89-92. Gas Wells Eureka-Volcano Burning Spring anticline. STAUFFER, C.R., and SCHROYER, C.R., Bloomdale gas well. Bull. 22, p. 14, 1920. ORTON, EDWARD, PreL Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. Geology of Ohio considered in its relation to pp. 46-47; 1887 ed. pp. 67--68. petroleum and natural gas. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 1-59, 1888. Carey gas wells. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Geological conditions for oil and gas. Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 318-320, p. 47; 1887 ed. pp. 68-69, 139-140. .1903. East Liverpool gas wells. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 55-56; 1887 ed. pp. 81-82; v. 6, pp. 333-336, 1888. lef> Fremont gas wells. Rock pressure in Clinton sand. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on BOWNOCKER, J~ A., Bull. 12, p. 24, 1910. Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 48-49; 1887 ed. pp. 69-71, 141-142. Rock pressure, effects of. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 96-100, 1888; Neff gas wells. Rept. 1890, pp. 92-104. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. Sandstones, oil and gas producing. p. 57; 1887 ed. pp. 82-83; v. 6, pp. 340-343, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 26-30, 1903. 1888. Sandstones as reservoirs for petroleum and Oak Harbor gas wells. natural gas. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 84-86, 1888. Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 140-141. Search for oil and gas, Columbus quadrangle. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 14, pp. 120-122, Wingett gas well. 1911. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 190-191, 1903. Southwest Ohio, oil and gas. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 254-310, 1888. Measurement of flow of gas wells. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum Transportation of natural gas. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 72-76; McMILLIN, EMERSON, v. 6, pp. 516-546, 1887 ed. pp. 107-110. 1888.

Measurement of gas wells. Use of natural gas as fuel in !:{urning lime. ROBINSON, S. W., v. 6, pp. 548-594, 1888; PEPPEL, S. V., Bull. 4, p. 272, 1906. Rept. 1890, pp. 281-305. Uses and modes of using natural gas. Modes of accumulation of petroleum and natural McMILLIN, EMERSON, v. 6, pp. ~16-546, gas. 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 83-96, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 86-89. Utilization of natural gas. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 259-280. Natural gas purification, western Ohio. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 42, p. 444, 1941. OIL AND GAS - BY COUNTIES New gas and oil fields. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 783-792, 1888. Allen County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 215-218; Northwestern Ohio, discovery of oil fields. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 78-85, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 50-54, 1903. Ashtabula County. Northwestern Ohio, oil and gas wells. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6," pp. 422-427, 1888; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 182-254, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 302-304, 1903. . Occurrence and exploitation of petroleum and natural gas. Athens County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 17-325, 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 398, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 269-274, Oil and gas in Ohio. 1903. PEATTIE, RODERICK, Bull. 27, pp. 70-75, 1923. Auglaize County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 254-258, 1888; Oil and gas in southern Ohio. Rept. 1890, pp. 156-161, 212-215; STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 658-708, 1916. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 85-89, 1903. Petroleum and natural gas. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum Belmont County. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 6-73; 1887 BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 214-221, ed. pp. 5-179. 1903.

Remaining sources of oil and gas in Ohio. Brown County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 248-258. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 301-302, 1888. 106 Butler Cowity. Gallia County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 292-295, 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 398, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 279-281, Carroll Cowity. 1903; STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, pp. 703- BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 292-295, 708, 1916. 1903. Geauga County. Champaign County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. l, pp. 304-305, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 274-277, 1888. 1903.

Clark County. Greene County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 278-280, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 289-291, 1903. Clermont County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 300-301, 1888. Guernsey Cowity. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 376-382, 1888; Clinton County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 221-223, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 296-297, 1888. 1903.

Columbiana County. Hamilton County. NEWBERRY, J. S., v. 3, p. 118, 1878; ORTON, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 298-300, 1888. EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 403-404, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 250-257, Hancock County. 1903; STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 112-133, Bull. 28, pp. 356-395, 1924. 218-220; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 65-71, 1903. Coshocton County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 368-369, 1888; Hardin County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 291-292, ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 182-186. 1903. Harrison County. Crawford County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 226-243, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 363-364, 1888. 1903.

Cuyahoga Cowity. Highland County. NEWBERRY, J. S., v. 1, pt. 1, pp. 192-194, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 297, 1888; 1873; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 351-356, ROGERS, JAMES K., Bull 38, pp. 119-120, 1888. 1936.

Darke County. Hocking County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 271-273, 1888; ORTON, EDWAR.D, v. 6, pp. 391-394, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 80, 99, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 274-275, 1903. . Delaware County. WESTGATE, L. G., Bull. 30, pp. 129-131, Holmes County. 1926. ORTON, EDWARD, v .. 6, pp. 367-368, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A.., Bull 1, pp. 286-288, Erie County. 1903; LAMBORN, R. E., Bull 47, pp. 261- NEWBERRY, J. S., v. 2, pt. 1, pp. 195-196, 284, 1949. 1874; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 346-347, 1888. Huron County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 302-303, 350- Fairfield County. 351, 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 382-388, 1888; at Lancaster, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Jackson County. Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 163-165; at ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 394-395, 1888; Sugar Grove, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 275-276, pp. 108-113, 1903. 1903; STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 675- 682, 1916. Fayette Cowity. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 291, 1888.

Franklin County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 281-283, 1888. 107 Jefferson County. Montgomery County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 404-406, 1888; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 285-289, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 243-250, 1903; LAMBORN, R. E., Bull 35, pp. 263- Morgan County. 286, 1930. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 389-390, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 126-148, Knox County. 1903. . READ, M. C., v. 3, pp. 340-347, 1878; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 366-367, 1888; Morrow County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 283-285, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 283-284, 1888. 1903. Muskingum County. Lawrence County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 37.2.-376, 1888; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 396, 1888; STOUT, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 265-269, WILBER, Bull 20, pp. 690-703, 1916. 1903; STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, pp. 286- 326, 1918. Licking County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 370-372, 1888. Noble County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 224-225, Logan County. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 266-269, 1888. Ottawa County. Lorain County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 172-173; NEWBERRY, J. S., v. 2, pt. 1, pp. 219-222, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 94-95, 1903. 1874; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 347-350, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, p. 305, Paulding County. 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 100, 1903.

Lucas County. Perry County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., f?ull 1, pp. 93-94, 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 388-389, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 246-247; BOWNOCKER, Madison County. J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 257-265, 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 280-281, 1888; Rept. 1890, p. 246. Pickaway County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 292, 1888. Mahoning County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 402-403, 1888; Pike County, in eastern half. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 299-300, STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp; 682-685, 1903. 1916.

Medina County. Preble County. WHEAT, ALFRED Vf., v. 3, pp. 372-373, 1878; ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 284-285, 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 360-361, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 305-306, Putnam County. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 192-194; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 100, 1903. Meigs County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 396-097, 1888; Richland County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 282-283, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 303-306, 364- 1903. 366, 1888.

Mercer County. Sandusky County. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 173-174, and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 142-150; 223-226; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. v. 6, pp. 258-264, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 161- 71-76, 1903. 172, 212; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 89- 92, 1903. Scioto County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 395, 1888; Miami County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 685-690, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 273-274, 1888. 1916.

Monroe County. Seneca County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 192-214, ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 186-192, 1903. 222-223; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 76-78, 1903. 108 Shelby County. Wyandot County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 264-266, 1888; ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 174-182, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, p. 99, 1903. 220-222; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 95-96, 1903. Stark County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 359-360, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 296-299, OIL AND GAS POOLS AND FIELDS 1903. Archer' s Fork Pool (Washington County). Summit County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 185, 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 356-359, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 295-296, Barnesville oil and gas field (Belmont County). 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 254-255; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 214-216, Trumbull County. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 401, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 300-302, Bladensburg pool (Knox County). 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 52, 1910.

Tuscarawas County. Bloomville gas field. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 369-370, 1888; ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 288-290, Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. 1903. pp. 136-138.

·union County, oil and gas wells. Bowerston oil pool (Harrison County). ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 269-270, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 240-241, 1903. Van Wert County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 239-240, 1888; Bowling Green gas field. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 96-99, 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. Vinton County. pp. 39-41; 1887 ed. pp. 57-60, 138-139; v. 6, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 394, 1888; pp. 156-165, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 276-279, 1903; STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, pp. 670- Bremen oil field. 675, 1916; Bull. 31, pp. 367-392, 1927. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 7-30, 1910. Warren County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 295-296, 1888. Bricker oil pool (Harrison County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 229-230, Washington County. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 398-401, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 148-193, Brilliant gas field. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 337-340, 1888.

Wayne County. Buck Run oil field (Morgan County). ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 361

109 Central Ohio natural gas fields. Hendershot oil pool ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 234-242, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 179-180, 254-257; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 1903. 101-125, 1903. Hohman oil pool (J/ashington County). Chester Hill oil field (Morgan County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 188, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, 126-139, 1903. 1903. Homer gas field. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 116-117, Clift oil pool (Monroe County). 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 208, 1903. Island Creek oil field (Jefferson County). Clinton Township field (Wayne County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 244-245, CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, p. 122, 1921. 1903.

Colerain oil field (Belmont County). Jackson Ridge oil pool. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 217-218, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 200-202, 1903. 1903.

Congress and Canaan Townships field (J/ayne Jewett oil pool (Harrison County). County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 232-233, CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, p. 122, 1,921. 1903.

Corning oil and gas field (Perry County). Junction City oil pool. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 257-265, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 13, 1910. 1903. Knoxville oil and gas field (Jefferson County). Cow Run oil field (J/ashington County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 246-247, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 150-154, 1903. 164-172, 1903. Lima oil field. Elk Run oil pool (J/ashington County). ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 185-187, Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. 1903. pp. 41-46; 1887 ed. pp. 60-67, 152-157; v. 6, pp. 165-182, 1888. Findlay oil and gas field. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum Macksburg oil field (J/ashington County). and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 31-39; ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on 1887 ed. pp. 46-57, 129-136, 157; v. 6, pp. Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. 109-156, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 112-123; pp. 57-58; 1887 ed. pp. 83-85; MINSHALL, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 32-47, 1903. E. W., v. 6, pp. 442-475, 1888; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 149-150, Flint' s Mills oil pool. 154-164, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 189-190, 1903. Maxwell oil pool (Harrison County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 232, 1903. Freeport oil field. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 312-314. McConnelsville gas field (Morgan County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 144-148, Germantown oil pool 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 192, 1903. Mecca oil field. Goose Run oil pool ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 328-332, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 178-179, 1903. Mitchell oil pool (J/ashington County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 179, 1903. Gould oil field. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 244, 1903. Moore's Junction oil field (Washington County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 172-176, Graysville oil pool. 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 202-2Cli, 1903. Moose Ridge oil pool (Monroe County), BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 2Cli-207, 1903. 110 New Straitsville oil pool Sugar Grove gas field. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 13-15, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 108-113, 1910. 1903.

Newark gas field. Sycamore oil pool (Monroe County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 106-107, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, p. 208, 1903. 1903. Temperanceville oil field (Belmont County). Newburg gas field (Stadler sand). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 216-217, STOUT, WILBER, LAMBORN, R. E., and 1903. SCHAAF, DOWNS, Bull 37, p. 26, 1932. Thurston gas field. Newell' s Run oil pool. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 240-242; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 180-185, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 107-108, 1903. 1903.

North Baltimore oil field. Toronto gas field (Jefferson County). ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 245-246, and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 157-158; 1903. Rept. 1890, pp. 308-312. Van Buren gas fie~d. Oak Harbor gas field. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum ORTON, EDWARD, Prel Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. p. 136. and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 140-141. Wellsburg gas field. Philadelphia Road pool. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel Rept. on Petroleum BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, p. 240, 1903. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 58-62; 1887 ed. pp. 85-86; v. 6, pp. 337-340, 1888. Pleasantville oil pool. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 12, 1910. Whitacre oil pool (Monroe County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, p. 207, 1903. Plumb Run oil pool (Harrison County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bulh 1, p. 240, 1903. Wilson Run oil pool (Washington County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 188-189, Port Homer oil field (Jefferson County). 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 246, 1903. Wood County oil field. Rushville oil pool ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 300-315. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, p. 12, 1910. Wooster field (Wayne County). SL Marys gas field. CONREY, G. W., Bull 24, p. 121, 1921. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 47-50, 1903.

Sand Hill oil pool (Washington County). OIL AND GAS HORIZONS BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 180-181, 1903. Bedford - Ohio shale, Holmes County. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 47, p. 278, 1949. Scio oil pool (Harrison County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 233-240, Bedford sand, Pike County. 1903. STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, p. 684, 1916.

Sheets Run oil pool (Washington County). Berea Grit. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, p. 191, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 22-23, 1903. Shreve field (Wayne County). CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, p. 121, 1921. Berea Grit, Trumbull County. READ, M. C., v. 1, pt. 1, pp. 504-508, 1873. Sistersville oil pool (Monroe County). BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 194-199, Berea Grit as a source of oil and gas in Ohio. 1903. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed., pp. 54-62; Snyder oil pool (Harrison County). 1887 ed. pp. 76-78, 79-90; v. 6, pp. 35-36, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 230-232, 311-409, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 35-36, 1903. 249-258, v. 7, pp. 28-30, 1893. 111 Berea sand in Bremen field. Big Lime, Highland County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bul1 12, p. 28, 1910. ROGERS, JAMES K., Bull. 38, p. 119, 1936.

Berea sand, Delaware Coill1ty. Big Lime, Holmes Coill1ty. WESTGATE, L. G., Bul1 30, p. 129, 1926. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 47, p. 276, 1949.

Berea sand in Gallia CoW1ty. Big Lime, Jefferson CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 7\JD-707, 1916. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 35, p. 268, 1930.

Berea sand, Holmes CoW1ty. Big Lime, Muskingum County. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 47, p. 279, 1949. STOUT, WILBER, Bul1 21, pp. 288-289, 1918. Berea sand, Jackson CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bul1 20, pp. 678-680, 1916. Big Lime, .Wayne County. CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, p. 126, 1921. Berea sand, Jefferson CoW1ty. LAMBORN, R. E., Bul1 35, pp. 266, 268, 270, Clinton formation as source of oil and gas. 286, 1930. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 20-21, 101-125, 1903. Berea sand, Lawrence CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 694-698, 1916. Clinton group, gas producing rocks of. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 20-21, Berea sand, Muskingum Coill1ty. 1903. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, pp. 304-320, 1918. Clinton group in geological series. Berea sand, Pike Coill1ty. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 684-685, 1916. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 20-21; 1887 ed. pp. 30-31, 119. Berea. sand, Scioto CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 688-690, 1916. Clinton limestone as source of oil and gas. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 227-247. Berea sand, Vinton Coill1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 672-673, 1916; Clinton limestone, gas. Bull. 31, p. 383, 1927. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 783-784, 1888.

Berea sand, Wayne CoW1ty. Clinton limestone in Ohio. CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, p. 127, 1921. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 11-13, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 17-18. Berea sandstone, Columbiana Coill1ty. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Clinton shale. Bull. 28, pp. 363, 376, 1924. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 66-68; Berea sandstone, Perry Coill1ty. 1887 ed. pp. 96-99. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 1, pp. 147, 262, 1903. Clinton oil. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 16, 17, Big Injun sand, Columbiana CoW1ty. 1910. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 28, pp. 368, 394, 1924. Clinton sand. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 7, 20, 22, Big lnjun sand, Jackson Coill1ty. 24, 65, 1910. STOUT, WILBER, Bul1 20, p. 682, 1916. Clinton sand. Big lnjW1 sand, Jefferson Coill1ty. PEATTIE, RODERICK, Bull. 27, pp. 70-75, LAMBORN, R. E., Bul1 35, p. 267, 1930. 1923.

Big Injun sand, Muskingum County. Clinton sand, Ashland County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 321, 1918. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 61, 62, 1910. Big InjW1 sand, Vinton County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 31, p. 390, 1927. Clinton sand, Athens County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 41, 1910. Big Lime. ' BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 19-22, 25- 28, 41, 1910. 112 Clinton sand, Columbiana County. Cow Run sand, Muskingum County. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, pp. 323-326, 1918 28, pp. 360,369, 1924. Cow Run sand, southern Ohio. Clinton limestone, Coshocton County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 670, 1916. ORTON, EDWARD. Rept. 1890, pp. 245-246. Second Cow Run sand, Muskingum CoW1ty. Clinton sand, Cuyahoga County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 322, 1918. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 11, 65, 1910. Second Cow RW1 (800-foot) sand, southern Ohio. Clinton sand, Delaware County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, p. 669, 1916. WESTGATE, L. G., Bull. 30, pp. 129-130, 1926. Dunkard (300-foot) sand, southern Ohio. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 670, 1916. Clinton sand, Fairfield County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 243-244; Hamden sand, Columbiana CoW1ty. v. 6, pp. 783-784, 1888. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 28, p. 367, 1924. Clinton sand, Gallia County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 44, 1910; Hamden sand, Jackson County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, pp. 703-704, 1916. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 680-682, 1916. Clinton sand, Highland County. ROGERS, JAMES K., Bull. 38, pp. 119-120, Hamden sand, Vinton CoW1ty. 1936. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 673-675, 1916; Bull. 31, p. 389, 1927. Clinton sand, Hocking County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p, 38, 1910. Hudson River shale. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum Clinton sand, Holmes County. and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 66-68; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p, 58, 191 O; 1887 ed. pp. 96-99. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull 47, p. 274, 1949. Ironton gas sand, Gallia County. Clinton sand, Jackson County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 704-705, STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 675 -677, 1916. 1916.

Clinton sand, Knox County. Ironton sand, Lawrence County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, pp. 244-245; STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 692-694, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 52, 1910. 1916.

Clinton sand, Lawrence County. Keener sand, Columbiana County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 691-692, 1916. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Bull 28, p. 368, 1924. Clinton sand, Muskingum County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, p. 246; STOUT, Keener sand, Jefferson County. WILBER, Bull. 21, pp. 286-288, 290-303, 1918. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 35, ·p. 267, 1930.

Clinton sand, Pike CoW1ty. Keener sand, southern Ohio. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 682-684, 1916. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 668, 1916.

Clinton sand, Richland County. Little Lime, Holmes County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, p. 245. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull 47, p. 275, 1949.

Clinton sand, Scioto County. Macksburg sand, Muskingum CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 685-688, 1916. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, pp. 322-323, 1918. Clinton sand, Vinton CoW1ty. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 670-672, 1916; Macksburg (500-foot) sand, southern Ohio. Bull. 31, p. 372, 1927. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 669, 1916.

Clinton sand, Wayne CoW1ty. Maxton sand, Gallia County. CONREY, G. W., Bull. 24, pp. 119-128, 1921. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 707-708, 1916.

113 Maxton sand, Lawrence County. Middle Salt or Nagle sand, ·Lawr_ence County. STOUT, WILBER, BulL 20, pp. 698-702, STOUT, WILBER, BulL 20, p. 702, 1916. 1916. Upper Salt sand, Lawrence County. Maxton sand, Muskingum County. STOUT, WILBER, BulL 20. pp. 702-703, STOUT, WILBER, BulL 21, p. 322, 1918. 1916.

Maxton sand, Vinton County. Upper Salt sand, southern Ohio. STOUT, WILBER,. BulL 31, p. 391, 1927. STOUT,.WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 669, 1916.

Medina beds, Columbiana County. Shale gas, Cuyahoga County. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 428-436, 1888. BulL 28, p. 358, 1924. Shale gas, Erie County. Medina red rock, Wayne County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 439-440, 1888. CONREY, G. W., BulL 24, p. 126, 1921. Shale gas, Huron County. Medina shale. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 440-441, 1888. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 66-68; Shale gas, Lake County. 1887 ed. pp. 96-99. ORTON, EDWARD,~· 6, pp. 427-428, 1888.

Medina shale, Holmes County. Shale gas, Lorain County. LAMBORN, R. E., BulL 47, p. 272, 1949. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 436-439, 1888.

Ohio shale as source of gas and oiL Squaw sand, Columbiana County. ORTON, EDWARD, PreL Rept. on Petroleum STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp, 62-66; Bull. 28, pp. :368,394, 1924. 1887 ed. pp. 76-78, 90-96; v. 6, pp, 23-24, 410-442, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 27-28, 248- Squaw sand, Jefferson County. 249; BOWNOCKER, J. A., BulL 12, pp. 19, LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 35, p. 266, 1930. 20, 22, 27, 28, 1910. Squaw sand, southern Ohio. Ohio shale, Delaware County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, p. 668, 1916. WESTGATE, L. G., BulL 30, pp, 131-132, 1926. Stadler sand, Newburg Gas Field. STOUT, WILBER, LAMBORN, R. E., and Ohio shale, Holmes County. SCHAAF, DOWNS, Bull. 37, p. 26, 1932. LAMBORN, R. E., BulL 47, p. 278, 1949. St. Peter sand, southern Ohio. Ohio and Bedford shale, Muskingum County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 20, pp. 666-667, STOUT, WILBER, BulL 21, p. 289, 1918. 1916.

Ohio shale, Wayne County. St. Peter sandstone,. Vinton County. CONREY, G. W., BulL 24, p. 127, 1921. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 31, p ..370, 1927.

Olentangy, Ohio and Bedford shales, Columbiana Stray sand, Jefferson County. County. LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 35, p. 266, 1930. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., BulL 28, p. 362, 1924. Trenton limestone. PEATTIE, RODERICK, Bull. 27, pp. 70-75, Salt sand, Columbiana County. 1923. STOUT, WILBER, and LAMBORN, R. E., Bull. 28, p. 369, 1924. Trenton limestone, availability as gas and oil rock in eastern Ohio. Salt sand, Jefferson County. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel. Rept. on Petroleum LAMBORN, R. E., BulL 35, p. 268, 1930. and Inflammable Gas, 1887 ed. pp. 166-169.

Salt sand, Muskingum County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 21, p. 322, 1918.

Middle salt sand, Gallia County. STOUT, WILBER, BulL 20, pp. 707-708, 1916. 114 Trenton limestone as source of oil and gas. Muskingum County. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel Rept. on Petroleum BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 35-37, and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 30-54; 1910. 1887 ed. pp. 45:..79, 158-159; v. 6, pp. 101-310, 784-792, 1888; Rept. 1890, pp. 105-226, 305- Perry County. 315; BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 1, pp. 18-19, ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 388-389, 1888; 31-101, 1903. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 20, 21, 31, 33, 34, 1910. Trenton limestone as source of petroleum and high pressure gas. Pike County. ORTON, EDWARD., Prel Rept. on Petroleum BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 46-49, and Inflammable Gas, 1886 ed. pp. 30-54; 1910. 1887 ed. pp. 45-79. Richland County. Trenton limestone, Delaware County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp .. 54, 56, WESTGATE, L. G., Bull 30, p. 130, 1926. 57, 1910.

Trenton limestone, Lawrence County. Stark County. STOUT, WILBER, Bull 20, p. 690, 1916. ORTON, EDWARD, Y. 6, pp. 359-360, 1888.

Utica shale as source of gas. Summit County. ORTON, EDWARD, Prel Rept. on Petroleum ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 356-359, 1888. and Inflammable Ga~ 1886 ed. pp. 66-68, 1887 ed. pp. 96-99. Trumbull County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, p. 401, 1888.

DEEP WELLS Tuscarawas County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 369-370, 1888. Fairfield County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 21, 22, Vinton County. 1910. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 42-44, 1910; STOUT, WILBER, Bull. 31, pp. 375- Hocking County. 383, 1927. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 39-41, 1910. Washington County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 398-401, 1888. Holmes County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, p. 59, 1910. Wayne County. ORTON, EDWARD, v. 6, pp. 361-363, 1888; Jackson County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 60-62, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, p. 44, 1910. 1910.

Lawrence County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 49-50, DRILLING 1910. Drilling and care of oil wells. Licking County. NEWELL, FRED H., v. 6, pp.. 476-515, 1888. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, p. 51, 1910. Drilling method in Bremen field. Lorain County. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, p. 29, 1910. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, pp. 63 -64, 1910. OIL AND GAS MAPS Madison County. ORTON, EDWARD, Rept. 1890, p. 246. Map of Oil and Gas Fields of Ohio. ALKIRE, ROBERT L., and FLINT, Medina County. HAROLD J., 1948. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull. 12, p. 62, 1910. Map of Oil and Gas Pipe Lines in Ohio. Morgan County. ALKIRE, ROBERT L., and FLINT, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Bull 12, pp. 37-38, HAROLD J., 1949. 1910.

115 Geologic map of Perry County (shows structural contours). FUNT, NORMAN K., 1948.

Geologic map of Coshocton County (shows structural contours). LAMBORN, R. E., 1948.

Preliminary structure map of Ohio. LAMBORN, R. E., 1946.

Structure contour maps shown on certain topo- graphic maps of Ohio.

116 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS IN OHIO

Compiled by R. L. Alkire and Gene Garrison

SUBJECT INDEX

NATURAL GAS Laboratory Aid in Improving Use of Natural Gas. CONNER, R. M., Oil Weekly, v. 49, no. 8, pp. General 33-34, 'J7, May 11, 1928.

The Central Ohio Natwal Gas Fields. (See also) Oil and Gas Jour., v. 26, no. 51, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Am. Geol., v. 31, pp. pp. 41, 199-200, May 10, 1928; Nat. Gas, v. 9, 218-231, 1903; 0. S. U. Bull., ser. 7, no. 13 no. 8, pp. 40,42, 44, 61, Aug. 1928; Am. Gas (Geol. ser. no. 5), 1903. Assoc. Monthly, v. 10, no. 4, pp. 215-216, 250, Apr. 1928. Cincinnati Maintains Service Despite Ohio Valley Floods. Mayfield Pool, Cuyahoga County, Ohio MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age -Rec., v. 77, no. ROTHROCK, H. E., Am. Assoc. Petroleum 15, p~ 371-37~ Apr. 11, 193& Geologists Bull., v. 33, no. 10, pp. 17, 31-46, Oct. 1949. Cincinnati Natwal Gas Investigation. ORTON, EDWARD, Progressive Age, New Natural Gas. York, June 15, 1899. McMILLIN, EMERSON, Ohio Min. Jour., v. 3, no. 3, pp, 8-27, 1885. Cleveland Center of Natwal Gas Industry. BRAIDECH, M. M., Chem. and Engr. News, Natural Gas, v. 22, no. 5, pp. 326-329, May 10, 1944. ORTON, EDWARD, Ohio Min. Jour., whole no. 18, pp. 28-30. The Cleveland Gas Field, Cuyahoga Co., Ohio. with a study of rock presswe. Natural Gas - Its Recent Development in RODGER, G. S., U. S. Geol. Swvey, Bull. Appalachian Area. 661-A, pp. 1-68, maps, 1917. PRICE, P. H., Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly, v. 22, no. 9, pp. 332-334, 367, Oct. 1940. The Clinton Gas Field of Ohio. DENMAN, R. H., Compass, v. 22, no. 3, Natural Gas in Appalachian District. pp. 164-170, March 1942. ROTH, E. E., and others, Gas Age, v. 98, no. 7, pp. 96-100, 141-142, 144, Oct. 3, 1946. Depletion of Natwal Gas in the Appalachian Field. Natural Gas in Central and Eastern Ohio. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Gas Age, v. 44, no. 2, STOUT, WILBER, LAMBORN, R. E., RING, pp. 57-60, July 15, 1919. D. T., GILLESPIE, J. S., and LOCKETT, J. R., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists sym - Forty Years' Progress of Natwal Gas in East posium, pp. 897-914, 1935. Ohio. HENDERSON, C. T., Am. Gas Jow., v. 147, The Naturai Gas Situation in Cleveland During no. 3, pp. 57-58, 60, Sept. 1937. the Winter of 1916-1917. McKIBBEN, GEORGE L., Cleve. Eng. Soc. The Futwe of Natural Gas. Jour., Sept. 1917. · CLAYPOLE, E.W., Am. Geol. v. 1, pp. 31- 36, 1888. Natural Gas at Cleveland. VAN HORN, F. R., Geol. Soc. America, Helium -bearing Natural Gas. Bull. 26, pp. 102-103, 1915. ROGERS, G. S., U. S. Geol Survey Prof. Paper 121, p. 113, 1921. Natural Gas in East. ECKERT, F. E., Gas Age - Rec., v .. 6\:), no. How Ohio Valley Companies Cleaned Up After 18, pp. 541-544, 546, Apr. 30, 1932. Flood. ADAMS, W. H., Gas Age-Rec., v. 77, no. 26, Natural Gas in Eastern Kentucky. Geology of pp. 719-720, June 27, 1936. Natural Gas .. HUNTER, C. D., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, p. 928, 1935.

117 Natural Gas :in Ohio. The Relation of Natural Gas to Industry :in Ohio. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Cleve. Eng. Soc., pp. THOMAS, LAWRENCE D., Thesis (B. Ph.) 313 -332, 1916. o. s. u., 1900.

Natural Gas :in Ohio. Where the Gas Industry Stands :in Research. COTTINGHAM, K., Ohio State Univ. Eng. BECKJARD, W. C., Am. Gas Assoc. - Proc., Exper. Station News, v. 19, no. 2, pp. 21-28, pp. 122-131, 1929. April 1947. (See also) Gas Jour., v. 189, no. 3477, pp. Natural Gas :in Ohio. 93-95, Jan. 8, 1930. ORTON, EDWARD, Amer. Manufacturer, Nat. gas supplement, p. 15, April 30, 1886; Safety :in the Natural Gas Industry. U. S. Geol. Survey M:ineral Resources, pp. SISSON, J. M., Nat. Gas, v. 10, no. 3, pp. 14, 479-484, 1888. 48, March 192 9.

What Natural Gas Adds to the Wealth of a State. Whole Organization Attention to Sales. HOOVER, H. J., Natural Gas, v. 10, no. 5, THARP, E. M., Nat. Gas, v. 16, no. 6, pp. pp. 36-37, May 1929. 30-31, June 1935.

Natural Gas Supply. The Transition from Natural Gas to Manufac- ORTON, EDWARD, Progressive Age, New tured Gas. York, June 15, 1899. DEMOREST, D. J., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exper. Station Circular No. 13, 1925. Ohio Fuel Gas Installs Propane-Air Plants. No author, Gas Age, v. 98, no. 4, pp. 25, 54, 56, Aug. 22, 1946. Distribution

Ohio's Natural Gas. The Am. Gas Assoc. (Pipe J o:int Research) WHITE, I. C., Nat. Gas and Gasol:ine Jour., Program. v. 13, pp. 367-369, Oct. 1919. CONNER, R. M., Gas Age - Rec., v. 66, no. 4, pp. 129-131, 138, July 26, 1930. Orig:in of the Rock Pressure of Natural Gas :in the Trenton Limestone of Ohio and Indiana. (See also) Gas Jour., v •. 191, no. 3507, p. 310, ORTON, EDWARD, Geol. Soc. America, Aug. 6, 1930. Bull., v. 1, pp. 87-94, 96, 1890; Smithsonian Inst., Ann. Rept. 1893, pp. 155-162; Am. C:inc:innati Lays Tunnel Under Heavy Traffic. Jour. Sci, 3d ser., v. 39, pp. 225-229, 1890; MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 74, no. Ohio M:in. Jour., whole no. 19_, pp. 32-41, 6, pp. 117-118, 126, Aug. 11, 1934. 1890. Copper Services Materials. and Methods Used Oriskany Depletion and Result:ing Practices. in Cincinnati. THOMPSON, J. A., W. Va. Dept. M:ines - ALEXANDER, R. W., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc., Quarterly Re pt., p. 1-6, Jan. -Sept. 1943. pp. 592-595, 1949.

Outwitt:ing Floods With Propane. Detection of Leaks in Gas Distribution Systems. TITUS, E., Gas, v. 23, no. 10, pp. 56-57, TURNER, C. F., Gas Age - Rec., v. 67, no. Oct. 1947. 16, pp. 595-596, 598, April 18, 1931.

Production of Natural Gas :in Eastern Fields. Distribution Design in Cincinnati, Ohio. MEALS, S. w., Nat. Gas, v. 12, no. 9, pp. MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec.; v. 67, no. 6-8, 77, Sept. 1931. 17, pp. 617-619, 646, April 25, 1931.

Rate Fixing For Natural Gas Companies of Ohio. Double-Deck Viaduct Creates Interesting Gas WOLCOTT, R. H., Thesis (B.E.M.) O. S. U., Ma:in Problem. 1939. MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 74, no. 15, pp. 297-300, Oct.· 13, 1934. Regional Variations in Composition of Natural Gas :in Appalachian Prov:ince. Ethyl Mercaptan For Locat:ing Gas Leaks. HEADLEE, A. J. W., and PRICE, P. H., MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 64, no. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 15, pp. 499-500, 550, Oct. 12, 1929. 22, no. 9, pp. 1153-1183, Sept. 1938. (See also) Am. Gas Jour., v. 131, no. 4, pp. 53-54, Oct. 1929.

118 Method of Laying Gas Mains Through Embank- High Spots From Detroit Line Project. ments. ESPY, C., Gas, v. 12, no. 7, pp. 10-11, July No. author, Am. Gas Jour., v. 134, no. 2, pp. 1936. 45 -46, Feb. 1931. How Gas Was Put Through Big Inch Lines. Natural Gas Line Testing in Congested Areas. LOVE, F. H., Petroleum Eng., v. 18, no. 4, LEGG, B. B., Gas Age - Rec., v. 72, no. 23, pp. 53-55, Jan. 1947. pp. 523-526, Dec. 2, 1933. Latest Equipment Expedites Construction of (See also) Western Gas, v. 9, no. 12, pp. Loop on Panhandle Eastern Line. 12-13, 46, Dec. 1933; Natural Gas, v. 14, no. REED, P., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 44, no. 32, 12, pp. 3-6, Dec. 1933. pp. 124-125, Dec. 15, 1945.

Radio Amplification in Locating G:as Mains. Natural Gas Crosses The Maumee River. MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 74, no. SIEGRIST, R. S., Explosives Engineer, v. 10, pp. 197-199, Sept. 8, 1934. 21, no. 3, pp. 174-175, Sept.-Oct. 1943.

Steel Wool Filters Are Found Effective at Natural Gas Trunk Lir).es in the United States - Cincinnati. Map of Oil Trunk Lines in the United States. MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 74, no. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 29, no. 3, 17, pp. 369-371, Oct. 27, 1934. June 5, 1930.

Use of Ethyl Mercaptan to Detect Leaks in Pipe Line Highways Form National Network. Natural-Gas Distribution Systems. No author, Domestic Eng. (Chicago), v. 136, FIELDNER, A. C., LEITCH, R. D., PEARCE, no. 3, pp. 73-76, Aug. 8, 1931. S. J., SAYERS, R.R., and YANT, W. P., U. S. Bur. Mines Report of Investigations, Pipe Line Laid Through Rough Terrain of West no. 30CJ1, 13 pp., June 1930. Virginia. LOVE, F. H., Petroleum Eng., v. 13, no. 12, (See also) Oil and Gas Jour., v. 28, no. 47, pp. 75-77, Aug. 1942. pp. 49, 212, 215, 216, April 10, 1930; Fuel, v. 9, no. 11, pp. 509-516, Nov. 1930. Pipe Line Project. No Author, Gas, v. 12, no. 9, pp. 12-15, 27- 28, Sept. 1936. Transmission Series - Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Gas Big Loop Line Expansion Program Completed Boosters. by Panhandle Eastern. WESTENDARP, H. 0. Jr., Gas Age - Rec., HALL, J. W., Pipe Line News, v. 16, no. 5, v. 67, no. 18, pp. 673-674, May 2, 1931. pp. 10-13, May 1944. "Snaking In" Cast=-Iron Pipe with Mechanical East Ohio Builds .a New Pipe Line. Joints. MOOMAW, H.B., Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly, MUNYAN, E. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 68, no. v. 25, no. 9, pp. 352-354, Sept. 1943. 19, pp. 673-674, 679, Nov. 7, 1931.

East Ohio Completes 120-Mile Line. Transmitting Natural Gas 1155 Miles. SILVERMAN, A., Gas Age, v. 92, no. 9, pp. No author, Compressed Air Mag., v. 47, 52-53, 102, Oct. 21, 1943. no. 1, pp. 5527-5534, Jan. 1942.

East Ohio Gas Line - Rain and Mud Made This What of Inch Lines Today? One of Toughest Jobs of Year. LOVE, F. H., Petroleum Eng., v. 21, no. 3, No author, Pipe Line News, v. ,15, no. 11, pp. D63, D65, D67-70, March 1949. pp. 23-28, Nov. 1943.

Gas Dispatching and Operation of Transmission Line System. CHADWELL, S. A., Gas Age - Rec., v. 77, no. 25, pp. 685-690, June 20, 1936.

High-Pressure Line - Design and Experience. CIARK, J. A., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 37, no. 48, p. 48, April 13, 1939.

119 Storage Liquefying and Storing Natural Gas for Peak Loads. Cleveland Suffers Worst Fire Catastrophe In TURNER, C. F., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc., History. pp. 32-39, May 11-13, 1944. No author, Fire Eng., v. 97, no. 11, pp. 795- 799, 836, Nov. 1944. (See Also) Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly, v. 26, no. 6, pp. 243-246, June, 1944. (See also) Am. Gas Jour., v. 161, no. 5, pp. 19-21, Nov. 1944; Gas, v. 20, no. 4, pp. 32, Liquefaction, Storage, and Regasification of 36-37, Nov. 1944; Gas Age, v. 94, no. 9, pp. Natural Gas. 31-32, Nov. 2, 1944; Am. Gas Assoc. Month- CLARK, J. A., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc. Nat. ly, v. 26, no. 11, p. 447, Nov. 1944. Gas Assoc., pp. 141-143, May 5-7, 1941.

Columbia System's Underground Gas Storage (See Also) Gas Agev. 87, no. 11, pp. 36-37, Operations. May 22, 1941; Chem. Met. Eng., v. 48, no. 8, OVERBECK, J.E., and YOUNG, G. S., Am. pp. 90-92, Aug. 1941; Am. Gas Jour., v. 154, Gas Assoc. Proc. for May 11-13, 1944, pp. no. 6, pp. 36-37, June 1941; Am. Gas Assoc. 62-70. Monthly, v. 23, no. 6, pp. 215-217, June 1941; Gas, v. 17, no. 6, pp. 20-22, June 1941; Oil First Commercial Liquefaction Plant in Full - and Gas Jour., v. 39, no. 52, pp. 57 ,64, May Scale Operation. 8, 1941. BURGESS, W. T., CONDIT, P.A., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 39, No. 45, pp. 46-48, March Refrigeration of Liquefied Natural Gas. 20, 1941. SCHAPHORST, W. F., Refrig. Eng., v. 41, no. 4, pp. 249-250, April, 1941. Gas Storage at Low Temperature Increases Effective Capacity of Spherical Tanks. Report Blames Tank Failure For Cleveland DA VIS, A. F., Petroleum Eng., v. 12, no. 11, Fire. (El}tract from report of Coroner of Cleve- pp. 100, 102, July 1941. land, Ohio.) No author, Gas, v. 21, no. 8, p. 44, Aug. 1945. (See also) Welding Jour., v. 20, no. 9, pp. 611-612, Sept. 1941. Report on Investigation of Fire at Liquefaction, Storage, and Regasification Plant of East Ohio Gas Supply Insured By Cleveland Liquefaction Gas Company, Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 20, 1944. Plant. ARTZ, R. T., BERGER, L. B., BROWN, F. No author, Gas Age, v. 87, no. 8, pp. 25-27, W., ELqOTT, M. A., SEIBEL, C. W., U. S. 50, April 10, 1941. Bur. Mines, Rept. Inv. no. 3867, 44 pp., Feb. 1946. Liquefaction, Storage, and Regasification of Natural Gas. Review of Storage and Production in Appalachian CLARK, J. A., and MILLER, R. W., Oil and Area. Gas Jour., v. 39, no. 23, pp. 48, 51-52, Oct. ISHERWOOD, J. H., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc. 17, 1940. (Natural Gas Dept.), pp. 96-103, 1946.

(See also), Gas Age, v. 86, no. 9, pp. 46-48, Scientists Complete Study of Failure of East 50, Oct. 24, 1940; Gas, v. 16, no. 11, pp. 28- Ohio Gas Company' s Liquid Storage Plant. 31, Nov. 1940; Am. Gas Jour., v. 153, no. 5, McCARTHY, E. R., Nat. Petroleum News, pp. 52-55, Nov. 1940; Am. Gas Assoc. Proc. v. 37, no. 36, pp. 679-682, Sept. 5, 1945. 1940, pp. 192-198; Chem. Met. Eng., v. 48, no. 1, pp. 74-76, Jan. 1941. Storage of Natural Gas Underground in Vinton County. Liquefaction, Storage, and Regasification of GERBER, WAYNE, Thesis (B.E.M.) Ohio Natural Gas for Peak Loads. State Univ., 1933. STEENWEDELL, W. E., Western Soc. Eng. Jour., v. 47, no. 6, pp. 274-278, Dec. 1942; Survey of Underground Natural Gas Storage Am. Gas Jour., v. 158, no. 1, pp. 9-11, Jan. Projects in United States. 1943. No author, Gas Age, v. 92, no. 14, pp. 21-24, 42, 44, Dec. 30, 1943. Liquefied-Gas-Storage Containers. JACKSON, J. 0., Gas Age, v. 91, no. 8, pp. (See Also) Am. Gas Jour., v. 160, no. 2, 37-42, April 22, 1943. pp. 28-33, Feb. 1944.

120 Underground Storage of Natural Gas. Estimation of Natural Gas Supply in United DAHLGREN, E. G., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc. States. May 11-13, 1944, pp. 124-126. DA VIS, R. E., Gas, v. 14, no. 5, pp. 29-30, 86. May 1938. (See Also) Gas, v. 20, no. 7, 8, pp. 29-32, July 1944; Aug., pp. 43-44, 47-48. Official Natural Gas Data. SIEVERS, E. G., Gas Age, v. 45, no. 12, pp. Underground Storage - Outline of Ohio Fuel 534-539, June 25, 1920. Gas Company Method. COTTINGHAM, K. C., Am. Gas Assoc. Monthly, v. 23, no. 5, pp. 169-171, May 1941. Wells

Underground Storage of Natural Gas In Wayne, Care and Operation of Small Gas Wells East of Summit, and Stark Counties, Ohio. Mississippi River. SCHAEFER, J. E., SCHMIDT, J. J., 0. S. U. NEWLON, J. H., Oil Weekly, v. 73, no. 11, Engr. Exp. Station News, v. 19, no. 2, pp. pp. 23-28, May 28, 1934. 29-32, April 1947. (See Also) Oil and Gas Jour., v. 33, no. 3, Welded Liquefied Natural Gas Storage Tanks. pp. 84, 88, June 7, 1934. JACKSON, J. 0., Welding Jour., v. 20, no. 12, pp. 833-836, Dec. 1941. The Gas Wells of Ohio. NEWBERRY, J. S., Am. Chem., v. 1, p. 201, Western Gas Company Erects Unique New 1882. Storage Plant. No author, Eng. and Contract, Rec. v. 54, no. The Gas Wells of Ohio. 31, pp. 8-10, July 30, 1941. ORTON, EDWARD, Ohio Min. Jour., v. 2, pp. 185-193, 1884.

Statistics On the Gas Wells Of Ohio and Pennsylvania. NEWBERRY, J. S., Trans. New York Natural Gas in the United States. Lyceum Nat. History, v. 1, pp. 266-270, HENDEE, R. W., Am. Gas Assoc. Conven- 1871. tion Paper, 13 pp., 1930. On Ohio and Other Gas Wells. (See Also) Natural Gas, v. 11, no. 10, pp. 3- NEWBERRY, J. S., Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., 10, 37, Oct. 1930; Oil and Gas Jour., v. 29, v. 5, pp. 225-228, 1873. no. 22, pp. 3, 157-161, Oct. 16, 1930; Gas Age Rec., v. 66, no. 20, pp." 783-788, Nov. The Natural Gas Wells of Northwestern Ohio. 15, 1930. ORTON, EDWARD, Science, v. 5, p. 474, 1885. Natural Gas in United States. CROSBY, B., Gas, v. 18, no. 5, pp. 44-45, Shooting and Acidization of Gas Wells in Ohio. May 1942. SCHMIDT, J. J., Am. Gas Assoc. Proc. (Natural Gas Assoc.), pp. 164-185, May Natural Gas Reserves. 5-7, 1941. . DeGOLYER, E., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 44, no. 52, pp. 80-82, May 4, 1946. PETROLEUM (See Also) Oil Weekly, v. 122, no. 9, pp. 62- 65, July 29, 1946; Gas, v. 22, no. 9, pp. 29- General 32, Sept. 1946. Appalachian Oil Field. Natural Gas Reserves As Of Dec. 31, 1945. FULLER, M. L., Geol. Soc. America Bull., McGOWEN, N. C., Gas Age, v. 98, no. 8, v. 27, pp. 617-654, 1917. pp. 25, 54, Oct. 17, 1946, Est. proved re- coverable reserves in U. S. as of 12/31/45 A Microscopic Study of Three Prominent Ohio by states. Petroliferous Formations. FISHER, DAVID, Thesis (B. E. M ), Ohio Natural Gas Reserves of the Appalachian Region. State Univ., 1946. STRAKER, JOHN W., Thesis (B.E.M.) Ohio State Univ., 1943. Chemistry of the Berea Grit Petroleum. DUNN, ORTON C., and MABERY, CHARLES F., Am. Chem. Jour., March 1896.

121 Classification and Evaluation of Ohio Crude Oil Fields in the United States Oils. VER WIEBE, W. A., pp. 65-81, 93-103, 1930. SMITH, EDWIN, E., Thesis (Ph.D.), Ohio State Univ., 1949. Oil Interests (Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania). MINSHALL, F. W., The Register (Marietta), Composition of Oil-Field Waters of the (Industrial Edition), pp. 13, 14, March 1897. Appalachian Region. TORREY, PAUL D., Problems of Petroleum Origin and Accumulation of Oi~ Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists CLARK, FRANK R., Problems of Petroleum symposium, p, 841, 1934. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, p. 326, 1934. Distinction Between Corning and Pennsylvania Petroleum. On the Oil-Bearing Rocks of Ohio and West RIFE, HOWARD M., Thesis (B. Ch. E.), Virginia. Ohio State Univ., 1931. WARNER, A. J., Am. Jour. Sci. 3d ser., V; 2, p. 215, 1871. Early Discoveries of Petroleum in United States. GOODRICH, H. B., Econ. Geology, v. 27, no. Oriskany Crude Oils. 2, pp. 160-168, March-April 1932. HAMILTON, S. H., World Petroleum, v. 9, no. 6, p. 50, June 1938. Exploiting Stray Sands in Stripper Fields. COZZENS, F. R., Petroleum Eng., v. 10, Petroleum in its Geological Relations. no. 7, p. 78, April 1939. ANDREWS, E. B., Am. Jour. Sci, 2d ser., v. XLII, pp. 33-43, 1866. Gravity of Oils in the Appalachian Province. REGER, DAVID B., Problems of Petroleum Petroleum in Ohio and Indiana. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum. Geologists BOWNOCKER, J. A., Geol Soc. America symposium, pp. 103, 106, 1934. Bull, v. 28, pp. 667-676, 1917.

Historical Document of Interest to Petroleum Petroleum in Ohio and Indiana. Geologists. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Oil News, v. 9, no. 18, STOUT, WILBER, Am. Assoc. Petroleum pp. 36-42, Sept. 20, 1921. Geologists Bull, v. 22, no. 12, pp. 1687- 1691, Dec. 1938. Petroleum in Southeastern Ohio. MILLER, E.W., Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 43, The History of Oil Development in Ohio. pp. 133-134, May 1943. WHITNEY, G. A., Derrick Publishing Com- pany, Oil City, Pennsylvania, 1924. The Petroleum Industry. SAMANS, W., Mech. Eng., v. 52, no. 4, pp. La Variation des Caraoteres des Huiles Brutes 421-428, Aprii'l930. de Pennsylvanie et de 11 Ohio. • Cong. intern petrole, I, Paris 1900, Notes (See Also) Petroleum Mech. Eng. (A.S.ME.), pp. 53-56, Paris, 1902. Advance Papers, for mtg., pp. 7-10, Oct. 6-8, 1930. New Laboratory is Contribution to Research in Petroleum Field. Pittsfield. Oil Field. No author, Nat. Petroleum News, v. 34, no. BURROUGHS, W. G., Mines' Mag., v. 9, 5, pp. R-40-42, Feb. ·4, 1942. no. 5, pp. 354-361, 1913.

Notes From the Oil Fields. Possible Future Oil Provinces in Eastern BRADY, FRANK W., Mines and Minerals, United States. Oct. 1909. APPALACillAN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Possible Future Oil Provinces of the United Ohio Coal and Oil Studies; Survey of Produc.- States and Canada, Am. Assoc. Petroleum tion of the Corning, Ohio Oil Pool Geologists symposium, pp. 131-1~2, 1941. KERR, T. H., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta., Bull 138, pp. 15-31, 1949. Relationship of Accumulation of Oil To Structure and Porosity in The Lima -Indiana Field. Oil Fields in Eastern United States. CARMAN, J. ERNEST, and STOUT, WILBER, MAJORELLE, JEAN, Revue de l' Industrie Problems of Petroleum Geology, Am. Assoc. Minerale, no. 55, pp. 177-196, April 1, 1923. Petroleum Geologists symposium, pp. 521- 529, 1934.

122 Researches on Ohio Crude Oils. New Features in J?ipeline Station. SMITH, E. E., and OTHERS, Ohio State SMITH, L. E., International Petroleum Univ., Eng. Exp. Sta., Bull. 139, v. 18, no. 5, Technology (formerly Oil Eng. and lately, pp. 1-41, Sept. 1949. Oil), v. 8, no. 3, pp. 14-17, Feb. 1931.

Rock Oil, Its Geological Relations and Distri- Old and New Equipment Used on Sohio Line. bution. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 40, no. 19, ANDREWS, E. B., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser. , pp. 110, 114, Sept. 18, 1941. v. 32, pp. 85-93, 1861. Operation and Maintenance of Crude Oil Pipe The Rock Oils of Ohio. Line Without Spare Units. NEWBERRY, J. S., Ohio Agriculture Report, NORTON, J. G., Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., pp. 605-618, 1860. Advance Paper no. 44, O.G.P. 6, 7 pp., for meeting May 8-10, 1944. Standard of Ohio' s History Shows How Compe- tition is Main Factor in Integration of Oil (See Also) Oil Engine, v. 12, no. 137, p. 124, Companies. Sept. 1944; Diesel Power, v. 22, no. 8, pp. Nat. Petroleum, no. 42, pp, 27-28, April 12, 809-810, 848, Aug. 1944; Oil and Gas Jour., 1950. v. 43, no. 1, pp. 127-128, 132, May 11, 1944.

Present-Day Maintenance of Pipe Line System Transportation Calls for Efficiency. STIRLING, J. C., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 34, "Big Inch" Construction Features. no. 23, pp, 91, 93-95, Oct. 24, 1935. No author, Petroleum Eng., v. 14, no. 6, pp. 125-126, 128-129, 131, March 1943. Precision Methods in Pipe-Line Operation. 0' GARA, H., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 39, no. 11 Big Inch" Completed. 19, pp. 134-135, 147, Sept. 19, 1940. No author, Gas, v. 19, no. 8, pp. 33-34, August 1943. Synchronous Motors and Centrliugal Pumps In Line Service. "Big Inch" Pioneers New Pipelining Methods. MURPHY, L J., Oil Weekly, v. 49, no.· 10, STERRETT, E., Oil Weekly, v. 110, no. 11, pp, 57-58, May 25, 1928. 31 pp. between pp. 18 and 78, Aug. 16, 1943.

Design of Modern Oil Pipe Line System. Statistics HUNTER, J. N., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 30, nos. 2 to 4, pp. T 141, T 145-146, T 149, The Derrick's Annual Review of Oil Fields - June 4, 1931 (supp.). 1920. The Derrick Publishing Company, Oil City, Gulf Completes 203 Mile Oil Loop Line Con- Pennsylvania. struction Program. ROWLEY, A. M., Pipe Line News, v. 14, no. Present Production of Petroleum and Natural 1, pp. 4-6, Jan. 1942. Gas in Ohio. ORTON, EDWARD, Am. Manufacturer, High Water No Deterrent To Sohio Barge Ship- Aug. 6, p. 13; Aug. 20, p. 13, 1886. ping. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 38, no. 48, Production of Petroleum. p. 91, April 11, 1940. No author, Eng. and Min. Jour., Jan. 5, 1907.

Keeping Track of Barges on River. Proven Reserves. SIMONS, H. F., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 38, no. HOWARD, W. V., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 41, 44, p. 51, March 14, 1940. no. 38, pp. 64-71, Jan. 28, 1943.

Laying of Year's Longest Oil Line Accomplished Rise and Decline in Production of Petroleum in in Fast Time. Ohio and Indiana. LOVE, F. H., Petroleum Eng., v. 10, no, 13, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Am. Inst. Min. Met. pp. 41-44, Sept. 1939. Eng., v. 65, p. 108, Chem. Abstracts, v. 16, p. 2828, 1922. Map of Oil Trunk Pipe Lines in the United States. (See Also) Mines and Metallurgy, no. 158, No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 27, no. 15, sec. 22, 12 pp., Feb. 1920. August 3 0, 1928.

123 Wells Removing Paraffin From Pipe and Sand Face With Carbide. A New Method of Pumping Oil Wells Now Used COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 98, no. 11, In Southeast Ohio. p. 25, Aug. 19, 1940. LEWIS, J. 0., Nat. PetroleuµiNews, v. 16, no. 8, pp. 53-54, Feb. 20, 1924. Sand Tapping Improving Stripper Well Operations. COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 102, no. 2, A Study and Experimentation of Paraffin Pre- p. 20, June 16, 1941. vention and Removal in Wells in Southeastern Ohio. Selective Directional Shooting Pays Profit. WRIGHT, JOHN C., Thesis (MS.), Ohio State COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 95, no. 4, Univ., 1950. pp. 19-20, Oct. 2, 1939.

Abandoned Wells Can Be Reclaimed. Shock-Absorbers For Oil Well Shooting. COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 105, no. 5, COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 97, no. 1, p. 34, April 6, 1942. p. 35, March 11, 1940.

Care and Operation of Small Oil Wells East of Two Veteran Oil Wells. Mississippi. ADAMS, E., Petroleum Eng., v. 17, no. 2, LITTLE, H. J., Oil Weekly, v. 73, no. 11, pp. 100, 102, 104, Nov. 1945. pp. 29-31, May 28, 1934.

(See Also) Petroleum World (London), v. 31, WELLS no. 408, pp. 232-234, Sept. 1934. General Drilling Wells Horizontally. RANNEY, L., Oil Weekly, v. 100, no. 7, pp. Account of a Well Drilled For Oil and Gas At 12-14, Jan. 20, 1941. Oxford, Ohio, 1887. JAMES, J. F., Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. (See Also) Oil and Gas Jour., v. 39, no. 37, History, v. 10, pp. 70-77, 1887; Proc. Am. p. 48, Jan. 23, 1941; Petroleum World, v. 38, Assoc. Sci., v. 36, p. 211, 1888. no. 1, pp. 36, 38, Jan. 1941; Petroleum Eng., v. 12, no.· 12, pp. 127-128, 130, Aug. 1941. (See Also) Science, v. 9, p. 623, 1887.

Finances of Small Pumping Wells. Control of Heaving Shales By Blasting. BRUNDRED, W. J., Petroleum World (London), COZZENS, F. R., Petroleum Eng., v. 10, v. 31, no. 407, pp. 213-215, Aug. 1934. no. 3, p. 46, Dec. 193 8.

First Horizontal Oil Well. Deep Drilling. RANNEY, L., Petroleum Eng., v. 10, no. 9, COOPER, H. C., Am. Petroleum Inst., pp. 25-30, June 1939. Bull v. 5, no. 7, pp. 61-65, Dec. 31, 1924.

On The Action of Oil Wells. Deep Borings For Oil and Gas. EVANS, E.W., Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., v. LANE, A. C., Rept. State Board Geol. Surv. XXXVIII, pp. 159-166, 1864. Michigan for 1903, p. 342 - see p. 287.

Oil-well Reconditioning in Southwestern Penn- Deep Wells of Findlay, Ohio sylvania, West Virginia, and Southeastern Ohio. CONDIT, D. D., Am. Jour. Sci. ., Aug. 1913. GRANT, B. F., U. S. Bur. Mines, Rept. Inv. 4193, p. 82, Feb. 1948. Discovery Well, Durant Pool, Morgan County, Ohio. Paint Coatings Reduce Air :Oeterioration of No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 43, no. 9, Casing. p, 153, July 8, 1944. COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 97, no. 9, p. 36, May 6, 1940. Gas and Oil Wells Near Oberlin, Ohio. HUBBARD, GEORGE D., Econ. Geology, Paraffin Troubles in Eastern Fields. Oct. 1913. BREWSTER, F. M., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 26, no. 22, pp. 119, 127, 129, Oct. 20, 1927. Large Oil Volume Found Per Drilling Dollar and Foot. Possibilities in Horizontal Drilling. STRANG, W. H., Oil Weekly, v. 94, no. l::i, RANNEY, L., Petroleum World (Los pp. 16-18, Sept. 4, 1939. Angeles), v. 36, no. 7, pp. 24-27, July 1939. 124 Miniature Oil Well Rig For Drilling Test Holes. Significance of Secondary Recovery in United No author, Constr. Methods, v. 11, no. 1, States. p. 63, Jan. 1929. TORREY, P. D., Oil Weekly, v. 110, no. 3, pp. 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, June 21, 1943. Note On The Temperature in The Deep Borings At Findlay, Ohio. Study of Some Old Ohio Oil Pools and Their JOHNSTON, JOHN, Am. Jour. Sci., Aug. 1913. Potentialities of Secondary Recovery. SCHWARTZ, FRANCIS A., Thesis (B. :vL E. ), Preventing Pressure Leakage From Abandoned Ohio State Univ., L:l3 9. Wells. COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. III, no. 4, Water Control With Air Pressure Revives Wells. p. 34, Sept. 27, 1943. COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. 34, no. 5, p. 18, Jan. 11, 1237. The Record of the Deep Well of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, Cleveland, Ohio. ORTON, EDWARD, Abstract: Am. Assoc. Repressuring Adv. Sci. Proc., v. 14, pp. 220-222, 1885; Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., v. XXX, p. 316, 1885. Application of Compressed Air and Core Studies. FETTKE, C.R., Oil Field Eng., v. 3, no. 5, Summarized Records of Deep Wells. pp. 51-56, Iviay 192 8. TUCKER, R. C., West Virginia Geol. Survey, v. 16, 938 pp., 1944. (See Also) Oil Weekly, v. 48, no. 12, pp. 27- 31, March 9, 1928.

OIL AND GAS FIELDS Gas and Air Repressuring. TOLLEFSON, E. H., Oil Weekly, v. 39, no. '7, General pp. 64, 66, 68, April 25, 193 8.

The Corning Oil 'and Gas Field of Ohio. Preliminary Gas Repressuring Survey c: The BOWNOCKER, J. A., Ohio Naturalist, v. 1, Clinton Sand, Clayton and Madison Townd1ips, pp. 49-59, 1901. Perry County, Ohio. CARAN, S. H., CHANDLER, C. H., The Findlay Field. WIDEMYER, R. H., WRIGHT, JOHN C ORTON, EDWARD, Am. 1'.1anufacturer, p. 13, Thesis (B. III. E. ), Ohio State Univ., 1949. May 27, 1887. Reactions of Clinton Sand To Gas Repressuring. Geological Structure of the Iola Gas Field. CA SHE LL, J., Oil Weekly, v. Ill, no. 2, ORTON, EDWARD, Geol. Soc. America pp. 34,36, Sept. 13, 1943. Bull., v. 10, pp. 99-106, 1899. Repressuring "/' ired-Out" Sands. Geology of Oil and Gas Fields In Steubenville, COZZENS, F. R., Oil Weekly, v. III, no. d, Burgettstown, and Claysville Quadrangles, Ohio, pp. 15 -16, Nov. 1, L:l43. West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. GRISWOill, Wm. T., and MUNN, lvL J., U. S. GeoL Survey, Bull. no. 318, 1907. Water - Flooding

Application of Water-Flooding To An Ohio Oil SECONDARY OIL RECOVERY Field. GUSTAFSON, JOHN D., Thesis, (B. E. IL), General Ohio State Univ., 1936,

New Moves In Secondary Recovery. Ohio's First Water-Flood Project Promises WILCOX, 0. W., World Petroleum, v. 16, Moderate Success. no. 3, pp. 50-53, March 1945. 0 1 DONNELL, J. P., Oil and Gas Jour., v. ::!8, no. 49, pp. 42-43, April 18, 1940. Predetermining Results Of Secondary Recovery Methods. Possible Application of Water -Flood Fundamen - HORNER, W. L., Oil Weekly, v. 106, no. 9, tals to the Hemlock Grove Pool, Meigs County, pp. 22, 26, 28, Aug. 3, 1942. Ohio. IJIORROW, RICHARD Ifi., and BETHEL, Recent Secondary Recovery of Oil In Ohio. FRANKLIN T., Thesis, (B. E. IJI. ), Ohio O' ROURKE, E. V., Am. Assoc. Petroleum State Univ., 1948. Geologists, Bull. v. 24, no. 3, pp. 495-505, March 1940. 125 Progress and Trends in Water-Flood Districts REFINING of Appalachian Area. PHILLlPPI, P. M., Petroleum Eng., v. 11, General no. 10, \Special no. Midyear), pp. 76-80, 1940. Alloy Steel Utilized In High Pressure, High Temperature Cracking Plant. Resume of Water-Flood Operations. TRUESDELL, P., Nat. Petroleum News, VINCENT, R.R., and HUFFMAN, K. P., v. 21, no. 35, pp. 70, 72, 73-74, Aug. 28, Petroleum Eng., v. 22,p. B 54, July 1, 1950; 1929. Oil and Gas Jour., v. 49, pp. 57-59,July, 1950. (See Also) Petroleum Times, v. 22, no. 558, Some Theoretical Aspects of Use of Connate p. 562, Sept. 21, 1929. Water in Flooding. HECK, E. T·., Penn. State College Mineral An Investigation of the Gasoline Fractions Industries Exp. Station, Bull. 33, v. 35, no. Obtained From A Corning Grade Crude Oil. 55, pp. 1-5, Sept. 14, 1941. CONKLIN, C. W., and WILSON, T. H., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta., BulL no. Water Flooding in the Chatham PooL 139, v. 18, no. 5, pp. 41-57, Sept. 1949. KOHLI, EDWARD, Thesis, (B.E.M), Ohio State Univ., 1945. Cleaning Time On Cross Units Reduced To Eleven Hours. Water-Flood Operations in Illinois, Indiana, REID, G.. H., Refiner, v. 8, no. 12, pp. 79- Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, and West Virginia. 81, Dec. 1929. VINCENT, R.R., and HUFFMAN, K. P., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 49, pp. 57-59, June 1, Combination Unit Varies As To Charging Stocks. 1950. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 35, no. 45, p. 89, Mar.ch 25, 1937. OIL AND GAS FROM SHALES AND COAL Complete Houdry Case Inspection During General Regular Catalyst Change. UHL, W. C., Petroleum Proccessing The Gas Coals of Ohio. (formerly Nat. Petroleum News Sec. 2), McMILLIN, EMERSON, Ohio Min. Jour., v. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-66, Sept.. 1946. v. 3, no. 1, pp. 16-24, 1884. Completes $10, 000, 000 Expansion Program. Geology of Oil Shales of Eastern United States. LOVE, F. H., Petroleum Eng., v. 17, no. 6, JILLSON, W.R., Pan-Am. Geologist, v. 48, pp. 136, 138, 140, 142, March 1946. no. 4, pp. 262-272, Nov. 1927. Conditioning Water For Use In Oil Refining. Ohio Oil From Coal and Shale. AUGUSTUS, J. M., and FRANK, D. S., Oil KERR, T. H., Ohio State Univ. E.ng. Exp. and Gas Jour., v. 38, no. 25, pp. 44, 46, Sta. News, v. 20, no. 2, pp. 15-19, April 1948. Nov. 2, 1939.

Oil Resources of Black Shales of the Eastern Characterizations Of Fractions From Corning United States. Grade Crude Oil, 1948. ASHLEY, GEORGE H., U.S. GeoL Survey, McINTIRE, LOUIS V., Thesis, (MS.), Ohio Bull. 641-L, pp. 311-324, Feb. 8, 1917. State Univ., 1948.

Some Studies of Ohio Coals, Shales, and Oils. Cracking Costs Are Handed A Knockout By KERR, T. H., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Continuous 60-Day Runs. Sta., BulL no. 133, 63 pp. Sept. 1948. TRUESDELL, P., Nat. Petroleum News, v. 21, no. 14, pp. 73-76, 78, April 3, 1929. A Test of the Ohio Shale for Yield of Oil. MILLER, PETER, Thesis, (B. E. M ), Ohio First Unit Of Lima Expansion Now Completed. State Univ., 1944. No author, Petroleum Refiner, v. 28, p. 149, Dec. 1949.

Flexibility, Efficiency Feature Sohio' s Modernized Lima Refinery. WEBER, G., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 48, pp. 50-53, Jan. 12, 1950.

126 Houdry Fixed-Bed Catalytic Cracking Unit. Uniform Gasoline From Widely Differing Crudes. PETTIBONE, E. E., Petroleum Eng., v. 16, No author, Refiner, v. 10, no. 6, pp. 86-90, no. 9, pp. 149, 151, 154, 156, 158, June 1945. June 1931.

Long Periods On Stream Accomplished By Unusual Features In New Refinery. Special Equipment and Operation. OSTERSTROM, R. C., Oil and Gas Jour., REID, G., Refiner, v. 9, no. 1, pp. 58-61, v. 29, no. 45, pp. 61-62, March 26, 1931. Jan. 1930. (See Also) Nat. Petroleum News, v. 23, no. Modernization Of Ohio Refinery Made Around 12, pp. 31-33, March 25, 1931. Catalytic Cracker and Coke Unit. ALBRIGHT, J. C., Petroleum Eng., v. 22, Utilization Of Corning Grade Crude Oil Residue. pp. C 17-19, June 1950. QUATTLEBAUM, J.M., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Station, Bull 142, pp. 1-37, 1950. New Coking Unit Adds Versatility, Increases Yields At Pure' s Refinery. Utilization Of Refinery Gas Of Increasing FOSTER, A. L., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 45, Importance. no. 18, pp. 74-76, 79, Sept. 7, 1946. NORMAN, H. S., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 36, no. 46, pp. 78-79, 94, March 31, 1938. New Houdry Cat Cracker Produces Continuous Stream Of 100-0ctane Base Stock. Water Treating Needs Filled By Lime Alone At BLAND, W. F., Nat. Petroleum News, v. 36, Pure' s Toledo Refinery. no. 31, pp. R 491-494, (Sec. 2) Aug. 2, 1944. VAN VOORHIS, M. G., Nat. Petroleum News, v. 30, no. 34, pp. R 386-388, Aug. 24, 1938. Petroleum Refineries In The United States January 1, 1930. COCHRANE, E.W., and HOPKINS, G. R., PETROLEUM GEOLOGY U. S. Bur. Mines, Information Cir. no. 6292, 18 pp., April 1930. General

Physical Refining Of Ohio Crude Oil Fractions. The Absence Of Water In Certain Sandstones Of HILL, ROBERT H., Thesis (MS.), Ohio The Appalachian Oil Fields. State Univ., 1947. REEVES, FRANK, Econ. Geology, 25 pp., June 1917. Practical Developments In Cracking. BEDDOW, J., and SCHULZ, M. E., Oil and Accumulation Of Oil and Gas In Limestone. Gas Jour., v. 28, no. 20, pp. 218, 274, Oct. HOWARD, W. V., Problems of Petroleum 3, 1929. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, p. 373, 1934. Pure Oil Company Making Further Installations Of Gyro Cracking Process_. Appalachian Area. REID, G., Refiner, v. 8, no. 1, pp. 68-70, TRASK, PARKER D., and PATNODE, H. W., 1929. Source Beds of Petroleum, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists publication, pp. 349- Refineries Operating iri United States. 379, 410, 1942. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 41, no. 40, pp. 231, 234, 236, 239, March 25, 1943. Bibliography Of Geologic Structure Maps and Cross Sections Of Areas In Oil and Gas States Skim and Rerun In One Operation. East Of Mississippi River, and Some Producing WILLSON, C. 0., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 29, States In Mid-Continent Region. nos. 13 and 14, pp. 40, 112, 114, Aug. 14, POSTLEY, 0. C., Am. Assoc. Petroleum 1930, pp. 46, 106, Aug. 21, 1930. Geologists Bull., v. 22, no, 4, pp. 431-482, April 1938. Sohio Polymerization Unit First Using New Catalyst. The Conditions Of Oil and Gas Production In VAN VOORHIS, M. G., Nat. Petroleum News, Northern Ohio and Indiana. v. 32, no. 26, pp. R 230-231, R 233, June ORTON, EDWARD, Ohio Min. Jour., v. 6, 1940. no. 3, pp. 29-33, 1888.

Survey of Operating Refineries In United States. Dr. Orton's Ohio Gas and Oil Report. No author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 28, no. 42, LESLEY, J. P., Science, v. 8, pp. 233-235, pp. 138-139, 142-143, 146-147, 150-151, 1886. 154-155, 158-159, 162-163, March 6, 1930.

127 Future Oil and Gas Supply In Eastern United Historical Development Of The Structural States. Theory Of Accumulation Of Oil and Gas. TUCKER, R. C., West Virginia Dept. Mines- HOWELL, J. V., Problems of Petroleum Quarterly Rept., 40 pp., Jan.-March 1943. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, 25 pp., 1934. Gay-Spencer-Richardson Oil and Gas Trend, Jackson, Roane, and Calhoun Counties, West History Of Development and Geologic Relation- Virginia. ships Of Appalachian Fields. HECK, E. T., Stratigraphic Type Oil Fields, ASHLEY, G. H.; Am. Assoc. Petroleum Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, Geologists Bull, v. 22, no. 4, pp. 416-430, p. 821, 1941. April 1938; World Petroleum, v. 9 no. 6, June 1938. Generation Of Oil In Rocks By Shearing Pressures. The Horizons Of Petroleum and Inflammable HAWLEY, J. E., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Gas In Ohio. Geologists Bull, v. 13, no. 4, pp. 329-365, ORTON, EDWARD, Abstract: Proc. Am. April 1929. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 23, pp. 397-398, 1885; Science, v. 4, pp. 325-326, 1884. The Geography Of Petroleum, Geology of Petroleum. Lima-Indiana District, Indiana and Ohio. WRIGLEY, H. E., Second Geol. Survey LEY, HENRY A., Geology of Natural Gas, Pennsylvania, Rept. J. Special Report on Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium,, Petroleum of Pennsylvania, pp. 15-40, 41- pp. 843-852, 1935. 46, Harrisburg, 1871. Natural Gas and Oil Possibilities In Canada. Geologic Distribution of Natural Gas In The COSTE, E., Natural Gas, v. 5, no. 1, pp. United States. 24-25, 42, Jan. 1924. ASHBlJRNER, C. A., Eng. and Min. Jour., v. XLIII, pp. 38-39, 58-60, 76-77, 1887; Am. Northeastern Ohio Attracts Major Interest. Inst. Min. Met. Eng. Trans., v. XV, pp. 505- TAIT, S. W., Oil World, v. 98, no. 9, p. 32, 542, 1887. Aug. 5, 1940.

Geological Probabilities As To Petroleum. The Occurrence and Exploitation Of Petroleum ORTON, EDWARD, Annual Address by the and Natural Gas In Ohio. President, Geol Soc. America, Bull v. 9, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Eng. and Min. Jour., pp. 85-100, 1898. v. LXXVIII, p. 268, 1904; Am. Geologist, v. XXXIV, pp. 261-262, 1904; Geol. Surv. Geology As Applied To The Formations In Ohio, Bull. 1, 320 pp., 1903. Which Natural Gas Is Found In The Appalachian Regions. Occurrence Of Oil and Gas In West Virginia, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Am. Gas Light Jour., Eastern Ohio, and Eastern Kentucky. June 28, 1909 BILLINGSLEY, J. E., Problems of Petroleum Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists The Geology Of Natural Gas. symposium, pp. 485-514, 1934. WHITE, I. C., The Virginias, v. 6, pp. 100- 101, 1885; Science, v. 5, pp. 521-522, 1885; Oil and Gas Bearing Horizons Of The Ordovician Science, v. 6, p. 43, 1885; The Petroleum Age, System rn· Ohio. v. 5, no. 2, pp. 1263-1267, March 1886; Am. PANYITY, L. S., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Jour. ScL, 3d ser., v. 3~, pp. 393-394, 1886. Geologists, v. 5, no. 5, pp. 609-619, Sept. - Oct. 1921. The Geology Of Ohio, Considered In Its Rela- tions To Petroleum and Natural Gas. Oil-Gas Geology Of Southwestern Ohio. ORTON, EDWARD, Abstracts: Am. Geologist, HARPER, J. L., Oil and Gas Jour.; v. 38, v. 2, pp. 58-61, 1888; Science, v. 12, p. 175, no. 8, pp. 19-20, July 6, 1939. 1888; Geol Mag., v. 6, pp. 84-86, Dec. 3, 1888. Oil and Gas In The Northern Part Of The Cadiz Quadrangle, Ohio. Geology Of Oil Regions Of The United States. CONDIT, D. D., U. S. Geol Survey, Bull. NEWBERRY, J. S., Am. Naturalist, v. 10, 541, pt. II, pp. 7-17, 1912. pp. 316--317, 1876. The Oil and Gas Producing Rocks In Ohio. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Jour. Geology, v. 10, pp. 822-838, 1902; Ohio State Univ. Bull., ser. 7, no. 3 (Geol. ser. no. 4), 1902. 128 On The Distribution and Probable Origin Of The Present Status Of The Carbon -Ratio Theory. Petroleum Or Rock Oil Of Western Pennsylvania, THOM, Jr., W. T., Problems of Petroleum New York, and Ohio. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists ROGERS, H. D., Philosophical Soc. of symposium, pp. 73-74, 1934. Glasgow, Proc., v. 4, pp. 355-359, 1860. Prospectus Of Neff Petroleum Company, Knox Origin, Migration, and Accumulation Of County, Ohio. Petroleum and Natural Gas In Pennsylvania. NEWBERRY, J. S., Gambier, pp. 16-23, 40- TORREY, PA UL D., Problems of Petroleum 43, 1866. Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symuosium, p. 465, 1934. The Recently Dis~overed Sources Of Natural Gas and Petroleum In Northwestern Ohio. Outline Of The General Geology Of Ohio As ORTON, EDWARD, Abstract: Proc. Am. Disclosed By Deep Drill Tests. Assoc. Adv. Sci., v. 34, pp. 202-204, 1885; COTTINGHAM, KENNETH, Nat. Petroleum Science, v. 6, p. 220, 1885. News, v. 18, no. 32, pp. 45, 48, Aug. 11, 1926. Report On A Geological Survey Of The Lands Paleozoic and Pre-Cambrian Rocks Of Vance Of The Columbus National Petroleum Company, Well, Delaware County, Ohio. In Hocking and Vinton Counties. LAMEY, CARL A., and STOUT, WILBER, LESQUEREUX, LEO, Private paper, Orton Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, v. 24, Memorial Library, 1865. no. 4, p. 672, April 1940. Reservoir Gas and Oil In The Vicinity Of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Cleveland, Ohio. WIDTE, L C., West Virginia GeoL Survey, VAN HORN, F. R., Am. Inst. Min. VIet. Eng., v."1 (A), pt. 1, pp. 1-557, seep. 230, 1904. Bull. 121, pp. 75-86, 1917; Trans. 56, pp. 831-842, 1917. Petroleum and Natural Gas As Found In Ohio. ORTON, EDWARD, Science, v. 7, pp. 560- Results Of The Microscopic Examination Of 564, 1886. Some Rocks From The Oil Fields Of South- eastern Ohio. Petroleum and Natural Gas Resources Of Ohio. GOLDMAN, M. I., Washington Acad. Sci. 0' ROURKE, E. V., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Jour., v. 7, pp. 310-311, May 1917. Exp. Sta. News, v. 20, no. 2, pp. 27-29, April 1948. Role Of Geologic Structure In The Accumulation Of Petroleum. Petroleum Districts Of The United States. Of CLAPP, F. G., Structure Of Typical American America and Their Tectonic Structure. Oil Fields No. 2, Am. Assoc. Petroleum ERDMANN-KLINGNER,F.,Petroleum, v. 26, Geologists symposium, pp. 703, '708;1929. no. 1, pp. 1-6, Jan. 1930. Second Geological Survey, Pennsylvania. The Petroleum Geology of Muskingum County. Seventh Rept. on the oil and gas fields of CUMMINS, J. W., Thesis (MA.), Ohio State western Pennsylvania, VIII, 356 pp., see Univ., 1931. Chpt. XX, Harrisburg, 1890.

Petroleum In Southeastern Ohio. Source Material For Petroleum and Natural MILLER, E. W., Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 43, no. Gas. 3, pp. 121-134, May 28, 1943. STOTJT, WILBER, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 20, no. 6, pp. 797-804, Petroleum In The United States and Possessions. June 1936; Abstract: World Petroleum,v. 7, ARNOLD, RALPH, and KEMNITZER, W. J., no. 9, p. 442, Sept. 1936. pp. 132-153, 227-263, 816-823, 1931. Structure and Accumulation In The Michigan Petroliferous Formations In Southeastern Ohio. Basin and Its Relation To The Cincinnati Arch. DUNN, Jr., 0. C., Oil and Gas Jour., v. 47, NEWCOMBE, R. B., Problems of Petroleum· no. 43, pp. 131-132, 134, 136, 138, Feb. 24, Geology, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 1949. symposium, p. 545, 1934.

Present Interpretations Of The Structural Theory For Oil and Gas Migration and Accumu- lation. McCOY, ALEX W., and KEYTE, W. ROSS, Problems of Petroleum Geology, Am. Assoc. PetroleumGeologists symposium, p. 254,1934.

129 Structural Conditions In Portions Of Eastern The Berea Grit Oil Sand In The Cadiz Quad- Ohio. rangle, Ohio. COTTINGHAM, KENNETH, Structure of GRISWOW, W. T., U. S. Geol. Survey Bull., Typical American Oil Fields No. 1, Am. no. 198, 43 pp., 1902. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, pp. 124-137, 1929; Am. Assoc. Petroleum The Clinton Sand As A Source Of Oil In Ohio. Geologists, Bull. 11, no. 9, pp. 945-958, BOWNOCKER, J. A., Econ. Geology, Jan. - Sept. 1927. Feb. 1911.

Structural Work During 1901 and 1902 In The Clinton Sand Drilling and Production In Central Eastern Ohio Oil Fields. Ohio. GRISWOW, W. T., U. S. Geol Surv., Bull. ROSS, H. H., Am. Gas Assoc., Proc., (Nat. no. 213, pp. 336-344, 1903. Gas Sec.) pp. 132-135, for meeting May 4-7, 1942. Subsurface Trenton and Sub-Trenton Rocks In Ohio, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. (See Also) Oil and Gas Jour., v. 40, no. 52, SWARTZ, F. M., Appalachian Basin pp. 55-56, May 7, 1942. Ordovician Symposium, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists, Bull, v. 32, no. 8, The Clinton Sand In Ohio. pp. 1395-1657, Aug. 1948. BOWN OCKER, J. A., 'Econ. Geology, v. 6, pp. 37-50, 1911. Sub-Trenton Formations In Ohio. WASSON, L B., Jout. Geology, v. 40, no. 8, The 11 Clinton, 11 The Greatest Gas Sand In Eastern pp. 673-687, Nov. -Dec. 1932. United States. GUSTAFSON, J. D., Compass, v. 16, no. ,3, Tectonic Classification Of Oil Fields In The pp. 123-124, March 1936. United States. VER WEIBE, W. A., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Deep Sand Possibilities In Cincinnati Arch. Geologists B_ull., v. 13, no. 5, pp. 409-439, LEONARD, Wm.,CLEMENT, Oil and Gas and (discussion) 439-440, May 1929. Jour., p. 12, May 24, 1934.

. Well Logs and Field Data Of Active Oil and Gas Devonian Shale and Oriskany Sand Drilling In Areas, West Virginia. The States Of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, No. author, Oil and Gas Jour., v. 40, no. 5, West Virginia, and Eastern Kentucky: Oriskany pp. 54-55, June 12, 1941. Sand symposium. BENNETT, J., Appalachian Geol. Soc., pp. 31-5 8, Sept. 1937. Sand Studies General Structure Of The Producing Sands In Anticlines In The Clinton Sand Near Wooster, Eastern Ohio. Wayne County, Ohio. LOCKETT, J. R., Structure of Typical Am. BONINE, C. A., U. S. Geological Survey, Oil Fields No. ·1, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Bull. 621-H, Oct. 8, 1915. Geologists symposium; pp. 138-147, 1929.

A Study Of Drilling and Completion Methods In Geology and Occurrence Of Oil In Medina Sand The Clinton Sand Of Perry County, Ohio. Of Blue Rock-Salt Creek Po.ol, Ohio. SUDER, HARTZEL C., Thesis, (MS.), Ohio SWAIN, J. F., Am. Assoc. Petroleum State Univ., 1949. Geologists, Bull 34, pp. 1874-1886, Sept. 1950. A Study Of The Cambridge Gas Sand. McCLAIN, Al.ANH., Thesis, (B.E.M.), Ohio Introduction To The Petroleum Geology Of The State Univ., 1928. Clinton Sand In Ohio. LOCKETT, J. R., Appalachian Geol. Society, A Study Of The Possible Relationship Between Bull., v. 1. Structure and Oil Accumulation In The Berea Sandstone In Meigs County, Ohio. Lensing Sands of Ohio. SAVAGE, SIDNEY F., Thesis, (B. E. M. ), 0' ROURKE, E. V., Stratigraphic Type Oil Ohio State Univ., 1946. Fields, Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists symposium, pp. 382-385, 1941. The Berea Formation Of Ohio and Pennsylvania. VER WEIBE, W. A., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., Lithology Of The Berea Sand In Southeastern v. 42, pp.. 43-58, July 1916. Ohio, and Its Effect On Production. PANYITY, L S., Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Bull., 4 pp., Aug. 1918. 130 Notes On The Clinton Sandstone In Ohio. Preliminary Map No. 79, The First and Second LOCKETT, J. R., National Petroleum News, Berea Sands Of Southeastern Ohio and Western v. 16, no. 44, p. 78, Oct. 29, 1924. West Virginia. Revised by DE WITT, Jr., WALLACE, and Oil and Gas Accumulation, Clinton Sand, Ohio. DEMAREST, D. F., U. S. Geological Survey, RUSSEL, W. L., Econ. Geology, v. 21, no. 6, 1947. pp. 538-559, Sept. -Oct. 1926. Preliminary Map No. 89, Berea and Murrysville Oriskany As A Source Of Gas and Oil In Sands Of Southeastern Ohio, Northern West Pennsylvania and Adjacent Areas. Virginia, and Southwestern Pennsylvania. FETTKE, CHARLES R. Am. Assoc. Petroleum PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. Geological Geologists Bull., v. 22, no. 3, pp. 261-262, Survey, 1948. March 1939. Preliminary Map No. 99, Berea Sand Of The Oriskany Sand In Ohio. Northern Ohio. LOCKETT, J. R., Oriskany Sand Symposium, Revised by DE WITT, Jr., WALLACE, U. S. Appalachian Geol. Soc., pp. 61-64, Sept. 1937. Geological Survey, 1949.

The Physiography Of The Clinton Sand In Parts Report Upon The Subsurface ·structure Of The Of Muskingum, Licking, and Coshocton Counties. Trenton Formation In A Portion Of Lucas 0' ROURKE, E. V., Thesis, (B.E.M ), Ohio County, Ohio. State Univ., 1919. KUMLER, HUBBARD Ii, and SCHNAUFER, ALBERT Ii, Thesis (B.E.M), Ohio State Preliminary Map No. 5, Map Of The Second Univ., 1934. Berea Sand In Gallia, Meigs, Athens, Morgan, and Muskingum Counties, Ohio, 1944. The Southern Extremity Of The 11 Clinton" Gas Geology by PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. Pools In Ohio. Geological Survey, June 21, 1944. PANYITY, L. S., Am. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., Bull., June 1917. Preliminary Map No. 9, Map Of The First Berea Sand In Southwestern Ohio and Western West The Structure and Thickness Of The Clinton Virginia, Shows Thickness Of Sand and Oil and and Berea Formations In The Vincinty Of Gas Pools In The Sand, 1944. Wooster, Ohio. Geology by PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. VER STEEG, KARL, Ohio Jour. Sci., v. 40, Geological Survey, Aug. 8, 1944. no. 1, pp. 25-30, Jan. 1940.

Preliminary Map No. 29, Map Of The Berea Sand Structure Of The Berea Oil Sand In The Flush- Of Southeastern Ohio, Northern West Virginia, ing Quadrangle, Harrison, Belmont, and· and Southwestern Pennsylvania. Guernsey Counties, Ohio. Geology by PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. GRISWOLD, Wm. T., U.S. Geological Survey, Geological Survey, May 28, 1945. Bull. 346, 1908.

Preliminary Map No. 39, Map Of The Berea Sand Structure Of The Berea Oil Sand In The Of Northern Ohio. Summerfield Quadrangle, Guernsey, Noble, and Geology by PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. Monroe Counties, Ohio. Geological Survey, Oct. 17, 1945. CONDIT, D. D., U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 621-N, pp. 217-231, 1916; Preliminary Map 49, Berea and Murrysville Sands Of Northeastern Ohio, Western Pennsyl- Subsurface Structure Of The Berea Oil Sand, vania, and Northernmost West Virginia. The Two Portions Of The Chatham Pool. DEMAREST, DAVID F., U. S. Geological BUCHWATTER, DUDLEY E., and Survey, 1946. HUNSINGER, R., Thesis, (B.E.M), Ohio State Univ., 1940. Preliminary Map No. 58, Distribution Of Several Types Of Berea Sand In West Virginia, Eastern The Trenton Limestone As An Oil Formation. Ohio, and Western Pennsylvania. ORTON, EDWARD, Am. Geologist, v. 1, RITTENHOUSE, GORDON, U. S. Geological p. 133, 1888. Survey, 1946. The Trenton Limestone As A Source Of Preliminary Map No. 69, Berea Sand Of Southern Petroleum and Inflammable Gas In Ohio and Ohio, Eastern Kentucky, and Southwestern West Indiana. Virginia. ORTON, EDWARD, Abstracts: Am. Nat., v. PEPPER, J. F., and others, U. S. Geological 24, pp. 661-663, 1890; Am. Geologist, v. V, Survey, 1946. pp. 388-391, 1890. 131 Trenton Limestones From The Natural Gas Belt. The Geology Of Ohio' s Fuel Resources. CATLETT, CHARLES, U. S. Geological MELVIN, J. H., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Survey, BulL 168, 308 pp., seep. 261, 1900; Sta. News, v. 20, no. 2, pp. 13-14, April Bull. 148, p. 262. 1948.

The Trenton Rock and Gas Supply. Geology Of The Cleveland Region. ORTON, EDWARD, Ohio Min. Jour., v. 5, WILLIAMS, A. B., Cleveland Mus. Nat. pp. 85-89, 1887. History Geol. Ser. 1, Pocket Nat. History no. 9, 59 pp., Cleveland, Ohio, Nov. 1940.

GEOLOGY New Interpretation of Monongahela -Dunkard Contact, Washington County, Ohio. General FRYE, JOHN C.., Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 22, no. 1, pp. 103-104, A Geologist' s Sketch Of Meigs County, Ohio. Jan. 1938. STOUT, WILBER, Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta. News, v. 12, no. 5, pp. 3-7, Dec. 1940; Observations On The Saliferous Rock Formation In The Valley Of Ohio. Cincinnati Arch and Features Of Its Developmenl HILDRETH, S. P., Am. Jour. Sci., v. 24, p. McFARLAN, A. C., Am. Assoc. Petroleum 46, 1933. Geologists, v. 23, no. 12, p. 1847, Dec. 1939. Ohio's Position In Mineral Industry. Clay and Shale Resources In The Vincinity Of WHITE, G. W., Ohio State Univ. Eng. Exp. Cleveland. Sta. News, v. 16, no. 2, pp. 37_.43, April VAN HORN, F. R., Am. Ceramic Soc., v. 18, 1944•. p. 450, 1916. Petrology and Paleogeography Of Greenbrier Coal, Iron, and Oil, Or The· Practical American Formation. Miner. RITTENHOUSE, G., Am. Assoc. Petroleum BANNAN, B., and DADDOW, S. H., Pottsville, Geologists Bull., v. 33, no. 10, pp. 1704- 808 pp., 1866. 1730, Oct. 1949.

Diastrophic Importance Of The Unconformity At Salt Deposits and The Salt Industry In Ohio. The Base Of The Berea Grit In Ohio. BOWNOCKER, J. A., Ohio GeoL Surv., CUSHING, H. P., Geol. Soc. America Bull., BulL 8, 42 pp., 1906. v. 26, p. 96, 1915. Salt Deposits Of Northeastern Ohio. Economic Geology Of The Berea Sandstone BOWNOCKER, J. A., Am. Geologist, v. 35, Formation Of Northern Ohio. p. 370, 1905. BURROUGHS, W. G., Econ. Geology, v. 8, pp. 469-481, 1913. The Unconformity Between The Berea and Bedford Formations In Northern Ohio. The Economic Mineral Products Of Ohio. BURROUGHS, WILBUR G., Jour. Geology, CARNEY, FRANK, Denison Univ., Sci. Lab. v. 19, pp. 655-659, 1911. Bull. 16, pp. 137-181, 1910.

The Geological Section At The Limestone Mine, Barberton, Ohio. STAUFFER, C.R., Am. Jour. Sci., v. 242, no. 5, pp. 251-271, May 1944.

Geology and Mineral Resources Of Cleveland District. CUSHING, H. P., LEVERETT, F., and VAN HORN, F. R., U. S. Geological Survey, Bull. 818, 133 pp.

Geology Of Newport Township, Washington County, Ohio. SMITH, W. H., Ohio Jour. Sci, v. 48, no. 6, pp. 233-240, Nov. 1948; Rept. Investigation 5, Ohio Geological Survey.

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