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THE MIKES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 383 3B2 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 Keep your conveyor 9800 MILES OF PIPE LINES - belts going with

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384 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1340 385 • K&E TRANSITS, LEVELS & ALIDADES • EXPERT REPAIRING DENVER UNIT FLOTATION CELL PERSONAL NOTES PERSONAL NOTES Here is what a millman has to say about a Denver Unit Flotation Cell: Leivis D. Anderson, '39, is now em­ Company in their Research department at ployed by the Miami Copper Company Mining Men-—get your sample of "The No. 250 unit cell is East Pittsburgh. He receives mail at 431 and is being addressed at his residence, South Avenue, Wilkinsburg, Penna. flue and makes from 3r)% 4-00-B Pinal Avenue, Miami, Arizona. to 4 5 % recovcrj'. 'I'he Glarence IV. Guth, '22, and son, Wil­ K&E ALBANENE PAT. OFF. classilier overflow remains S. J. Artese, '30, Chemical Engineer liam Allen, spent a vacation in Golden practically constant re­ for the Shell Oil Company, has a change last month with his parents, Mr. and gardless of the head. That of address to 1449 Brown Street, Martinez, Mrs. Henry Guth, He is connected with Prepared Tracing Paper is, the unit cell drops off Calif. the Westinghouse Electric and Manu­ to 2 T) % on lower grade Robert Barney, '35, who has been asso­ facturing Company and resides at Irwin, by asking us for it now. It is permanent, stable, rea­ ore. The interesting point ciated with the National Fuse & Pow­ here is, thc ratio of con­ Penn. sonable—for example a 20-yard roll of 36" medium der Company in Denver for the past sev­ IVayne A. Harrod, '16, is Assistant centration tor the plant is eral years, has entered the U. S. Army weight costs only $4.20 {add tax please), prepaid to about 150:1 and with the Superintendent, Works Progress Admin­ unit cell making a higher and is now being addressed. Lieutenant istration, and resides at 821 Green Ave­ third zone. sracie concentrate than the Robert F. Barney, 2nd Engineers Battal­ nue, Los Angeles, Calif. ion, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. I'est of the circuit, the James A. Kavenaugh, '38, received ap­ Send for Complete Engineering Supply Catalog ratio must be 500 ;1 or Frank R. Blood, Ex-'34, received degree, pointment recently as engineer in the (>00:l, showing the ability Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Chem­ United States naval aircraft factory at the of the cell even when there istry, from the University of Michigan is practically no BUlphides Philadelphia naval yard. His work will KENDRICK-BELLAMY CO. D^vtfcl''- in June and has accepted a position with be in the micrographic and spectographic to float. A H-mesh screen E. I. duPont de Nemours & Company in is used on ball niill dis­ analysis of steel, aluminum and magnesium the Haskell Laboratory of Industrial Texi- alloys used in the construction of naval charge which sends eveiy- cology. He is being addressed in care thing hut wood ehips to aircraft. Until this appointment he was SEND YOUR ASSAY WORK TO the cell and yet there is of the laboratory at Wilmington, Dela­ employed by the Carnegie Illinois Steel no trouble. Dilution in ware. company. His address is 7218-D Alder- ecll 6o% solids." Stephen fV. Bradford, '39, formerly with brook Road, Upper Darby, Penna. CHARLES O. PARKER & COMPANY the Enterprise Mine at Weaverville, R. E. Knight, '07, formerly Executive 1901 Lawrence Street MAin 1852 Denver, Colorado Caiif., has returned to his home 545 W. Ask us how a Denver Unit Fio+ation Cell can be used in your plant io increase profits. Vice-President, is now President of the Whiting St., Fullerton, Calif., where he is Alliance National Bank of Alliance, Ne­ GOLD OR SILVER, 50c EACH now being addressed. braska, an institution of over iifty years Complete Price List on Request. Prompt Service—Accurate Results DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY IV. Horatio Brown, '21, Geologist for of service. the Empire Zinc Division of The New Milton Lagergren, '33, has moved from 1400-1418 SEVENTEENTH STREET, DENVER, COLORADO Jersey Zinc Company, who has been lo­ Juneau to Fairbanks, Alaska, with ad­ cated at Gilman, Colorado, for some time, dress Box 729. NEW YORK CITV, NEW YORK: 90 Churth Street TORONTO, ONTARIO; 45 Riihmond Streei Weit For Distinctive MAin 2733 has been transferred to Hanover, New Dent Lay, '35, Sales Manager for the SALT LAKE CITY, UTAHt 735 Mclntyre Building LONDON, ENGLAND: 840 Salisbury Houie, E.Ca Mexico. MEXICO, D.F.t Bakor Glda., 16 de Septiembro S8 Acetylene Service Company, moved his MULTIGRAPHING OR MIMEOGRAPHING JOHANNESBURG. SO. AFRICA: IS Ben Attord Hie. John W. Burns, '36, Engineer for the residence recently to 1543 So. Elizabeth Consolidated Mining and Smelting Com­ Street, Denver. pany, has been transferred to Ainsworth, Dana W. Leeke, '10, has returned from JhiL

366 387 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 Wine, Wc

VOLUME XXX AUGUST, 1940 NO. 8

Contents OIL IN WESTERN CANADA 391 By Joseph S. Irwin IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN - - - 393 By F. M, Van Tuyl OF ARGENTINA ------395 EDITOR AND PUBLICATION DIRECTOR By Ben H, Parker, '24 FRANK C. BOWMAN, "01 GEOPHYSICS EQUIPMENT AND LABORATORIES AT "MINES" - - 401 By C. A. Heiland BRUCE 8. LaFOLLETTE, '22 Assistant Editor HUGOTON GAS FIELD OF OKLAHOMA AND KANSAS - - - 406 JOHN H. WINCHELL, 'I? By Glenn G. Bartle and Rufus M. Smith, '29 Advertising STEMMING NITROGLYCERINE SHOTS IN OIL WELLS - - - - 409 EVANS FERRIS, '38 By G. C. MacDonald, '28 Assis+ant Advertising ROTARY DRILLING MUD ------411 W. K.SUMMERS By John S. Suriluh, '21 Production WATER FLOODING SHALLOW SANDS ------417 DENT LEROY LAY, '35 Circulation By Ralph O'Neill, '32 USE OF ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS IN SECONDARY RECOVERY OF OIL 420 By Earl Y. Palmer, '40 CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN THE SOUTHWEST OF MATTO GROSSO, BRAZIL 421 ASSOCIATE EDITORS By Francis N. Bosco, '35 JAMES DUDGEON, '13 SOMASTIC PIPE COATING FOR PERMANENT PROTECTION OF UNDER­ Mining GROUND PIPE LINES - - - - 428 CLAUDE L. BARKER, '31 By Wallace W. Colley Coal Mining REQUIREMENTS OF A MODERN SEISMOGRAPH SERVICE - - - 429 DONALD DYRENFORTH, '12 By Joshua L, Soske, '29 Metallurgy SUBSURFACE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE GAUGES AND RUSSELL H. VOLK.'26 SAMPLERS ------435 Petroleum By John F. Purdum, '30 ARTHUR W. BUELL, '08 Petroleum INTERPRETATIONS OF SEISMOGRAMS ------439 By H, J. McCready, '37 FRED C. CARSTARPHEN, '05 Mathematics and Science NBC PRESENTS MINES MEN IN "MAN AND MINERALS" _ - - 444 J, HARLAN JOHNSON, '23 ELIMINATION OF DANGEROUS PEROXIDES IN ETHERS - - - 447 Geology By F. R. Fisher, '40 and R. A. Baxter, M.Sc, '23 W. A. WALDSCHMIDT Geology ROBERT F. BARNEY, '35 ^tiepartm en td Manufacturers ELLA J, COLBURN PERSONAL NOTES ------386 News WITH THE MANUFACTURERS - - - 449 CATALOGS AND TRADE PUBLICATIONS ------451 SECTION EDITORS ALUMNI BUSINESS ------452 A. L. MUELLER, '35 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE ------453 M. E, FRANK, '06 SPORTS MARCH - _. - - - 454 R. J. SCHILTHUIS, '30 LOCAL SECTIONS ------455 BEN W. GEDDES, 37 AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS ------461 A. M. KEENAN, '35 WEDDINGS, BIRTHS ------464 WILLIAM DUGAN, Ex-'l? D. H. PEAKER, '32 LETTERS ------466 C. W, BERRY, '36 PATENT SERVICE ------470 RALPH KEELER, '31 THE 8"x 8"angle GEOPHYSICAL NEWS AND REVIEW ------472 R.J. MALOIT, '37 H. M. STROCK, '22 IN ELEVEN THICKNESSES KUNO DOERR, Jr., '27 Jront Covef WILLIAM J. RUPNIK, '29 • Developed by CF&I in the light of the srowing Tupungato Field, Zona Mendoza, Y. P. F. well. Andes Mountains showing in HUBERT E. RISSER, '37 background. See reference page 397. needs of the petroleum industry for derrick building. JOHN T. PADDLEFORD, '33 A. F. BECK, '25 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS SEE PAGE 474 PERCY JONES, JR.. '08

GENERAL OFFICE: DENVER. COLORADO STEEL WORKS: PUEBLO. COLORADO 734 Cooper Building, Denver, Colo.

383 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 OIL IN St: WESTERN CANADA

By

JOSEPH S. IRWIN Photo by H. Foilard, Calgary, Albion Consul+ing Geologist Bad Lands in Belly River Formation (Cretaceous) near S+eveville, Alberta. Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Whether or not as reader or writer possibilities, comprises the Provinces of berta) produce from sands of Upper you approve superlatives, you will be Alberta, Saskatchewan, and portions Cretaceous age, which sands also yield forced to deal witb them when you of Manitoba and the Northwest Ter­ oil and gas in Montana, Wyoming read or write about the geology and ritories. Here we have a triangular and Colorado. The recently discov­ oil resources of Western Canada. area of oil bearing formations, 600 ered upper gas in the Steveville (Al­ In Turner Valley oil and gas field, miles wide at base, stretching from tbe berta) field is in the basal Upper Alberta, occurs the greatest known Rocky Mountains to tbe lake country Cretaceous sand approximately equiva­ height of productive oil and gas zone, of Manitoba, and 1,200 miles in length lent in age to the oil bearing Dakota 5,100 feet from crest of gas cap to extending northwestward from Mon­ sand of Wyoming, Colorado, and oil-water contact plane. tana and North Dakota to a vertex Northwestern New Mexico, and to near the Arctic Circle. thc Woodbine sand which is the oil The McMurray (Athabaska) oil reservoir in the East Texas field. sands of Alberta, partly exposed, con­ Practically lost are the dozen or stitute the largest known oil saturated so oil and gas fields in this domain Lower Cretaceous sand deposit in the world. of some 350,000' square miles. Were The oil and gas in the Lloyd- Long range in geologic age of pro­ these fields the final result of thorough minster-Vermilion-Wain wright area ducing formations from the somewhat prospecting, little optimism could be (Alberta-Saskatchewan), the minor ancient Devonian, more than 200 mil­ felt for the future, but in view of the oil production in the Home and Dal- lion years old, to the more youthful fact that surface investigation is far housie sands of Turner Valley field Cretaceous, a mere 60 million years from complete and application of (Alberta), the oil in the Red Coulee of age, more or less, is a record geophysics barely started, the combina­ field (Alberta), and the enormous possessed by few oil producing re­ tion of great area and wide distribu­ partly exposed McMurray (Alberta) gions. tion of productivity suggests good pos­ oil sand deposits are of Lower Cre­ Types of oil occurrence are excep­ sibilities. taceous age. They are approximately equivalent to the Sunburst and Cut tionally diverse, ranging from strati­ LONG GEOLOGIC AGE RANGE graphic traps of the East Texas and Bank of Montana. Cut Bank (Montana) type, through The great range of geologic age of oil and gas producing formations in Jurassic the various degrees of simple folds to Strata of Jurassic age, represented the unique combination of folding and Western Canada is perhaps the most by the Fernie sbale, are thin or absent thrust faulting exhibited in the Turner unique feature of the technology. This over most of tbe region and are not Valley field. is not only of academic interest but productive. Although among oil producing re­ has utilitarian potentialities. Thus, in Triassic, Permian, Pennsylvanian gions of the world. Western Canada age range of oil producing horizons, Strata of Triassic and Permian age has not yet attained high rank, the Western Canada is a composite of great size of the area over which the Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Il­ are absent in the area of oil possibil­ petroliferous formations and the few linois, Michigan, Ontario and parts ities. Pennsylvanian strata are absent producing localities occur, some 350,- of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New over all except the extreme western 000 square miles, together with the Mexico, Pennsylvania, New York, and foothills where tbey are thin and as yet limited extent to which it has been ex­ West Virginia. unproductive. plored and exploited, mark it as an oil The age and approximate correla­ Mississippian hunting range offering excellent sport tion of the more important producing The Madison (Rundle) limestone with good chances for success. horizons will be briefl)' listed, starting of Mississippian age is the principal with tbe youngest. source of oil in the Turner Valley field LARGE AREA Upper Cretaceous (Alberta) and contains oil in the po­ Western Canada, as here defined The Bow Island, Medicine Hat, tential Del Bonita, Spring Coulee, and from the standpoint of oil and gas Viking, and Kinsella gas fields (Al­ Twin River fields (Alberta). Lime-

390 THEMINESMAGAZINE>AUGUSTig40 THE MIHES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 391 stone of Mississippian age is the main less than one degree occur. In the More information is necessary to reach source of oil in the Kevin-Sunburst foothills broad, gentle to narrow folds, a conclusion as to the relative import­ and Pondera fields of Montana and of and homoclines with inclinations of 20 ance of the three production-control­ the Iliinois fields. degrees to vertical, both underlain and ling features. East Texas, the world's IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN Devonian overridden hy thrust faults, abound. largest oil field in both production and Formations of Devonian age have not Turner Valley (Alberfa) area, and Cut Bank, second largest in yet become prolific sources of oil in Turner Valley structure is an up­ area, both of the stratigraphic trap PETROLEUM GEOLOGY Western Canada, but give promise of ward and eastward thrust mass of type, may both be surpassed in area by favorable results when the widespread earth crust in which the producing the Lloydminster-Vermilion-Wain- nature of oil occurrence in them, and Madison (Mississippian) limestone, wright district when fully developed. By Considering the large number of drilled on technical advice (geology the lacic of extensive and thorough test­ buried at depths from 3,700 to 8,500' The shallow depth of producing F. M. VAN TUYL geologists devoting their time to the and/or geophysics) while 43 were lo­ ing is considered. Oil in paying feet, and closed by combination of sands in tbis district, 1,800 feet aver­ Professor of Geology petroleum industry, it is surprising cated for non-technical reasons and 10 quantity at Norman near the Arctic folding and faulting against escape of age, which is less than two-thirds of Colorado Schooi of Mines that research has lagged. It is be­ were drilled for reasons unknown. 13 Circle, and oil and gas in significant oil and gas, exhibits a productive the Cut Bank depth and one-half the lieved that the attitude of many oil per cent of the holes drilled on tech­ quantity at Moose Dome, Clear­ closure of 5,100 feet in height and as East 7^exas depth, operates to offset to Introduction company officials is responsible in large nical advice were producers as com­ water and recently at Steveville (Al­ yet undetermined area, greater than some extent the low gravity of the oil, The petroleum industry had its be­ part for tbe lack of important progress pared to 6 per cent of those drilled berta) occur in strata of Devonian 25,000 acres. Tbe height of produc­ 13.5 to 15 degrees. ginning when Colonel Drake brought in fundamental studies in petroleum without technical advice. age. Capacities of the few wells thus far geology. As a rule, such officials have tive structure is far greater than any In his discovery well near Titusville, The cost of drilling the 2319 dry drilled in the Lloydminster-Vermilion little patience with investigations in­ The principal oil producing forma­ other known in the world. Pennsylvania, in 1859. Since that holes in wildcat areas during 1939 is area bave not been adequately de­ volving theoretical subjects but are tions of Michigan, western Pennsyl­ Turner Valiey is Canada's only time, the energies of scientists and not estimated by Lahee, but it cer­ termined, but the better wells will interested primarily in the discovery vania, southwestern New York, and major oil field. One hundred and engineers working in this field have tainly is to be measured in tens of probably make 50 to 75 harrels per and the development of new oil fields. Ontario, and the recent deeper oil dis­ eleven oil wells in the crude oil area heen devoted almost entirely to the millions of dollars. More than 60 per day. The wells do not compare in size coveries in Illinois, are of Devonian (some 15,000 acres proven and pros­ improvement of the art of prospecting While no assurances can be given cent of these were located by geologists to those of East Texas, but may equal age. The Hunton limestone oils of pective) have potential daily produc­ and of methods of production and that more exact information regard­ or geophysicists. If the proportion of or exceed the Cut Bank wells which Oklahoma and Kansas are of Siluro- tion on one-inch choke of approximate­ beneficiation. In spite of the fact that ing the modes of origin and accumula­ successes could have been increased average 40 to 50 barrels per day for Devonian age. ly 100,000 barrels. Present (July, there arc many fundamental problems tion of petroleum would be of prac­ from 13 to 15 or more per cent, the the first month. Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian 1940) aggregate daily allowable pro­ relating to the origin and accumula­ tical value in oil field exploration the oil industry would have benefited by The Devonian rocks of Western duction is 26,000 barrels, restricted McMurray (Athabaska) Oil Sands tion of oil and gas and the structural burden of proof rests on those who many millions of dollars, yet relative­ Canada lie generally on unproductive to present market demand. Average and stratigraphic conditions under deny the possibility of the application ly smail sums, if any at ail, are budg­ The largest known oil sand deposit Cambrian or Pre-Cambrian rocks, the potential per well is 900 barrels per which they occur, only sporadic at­ of fundamental principles based upon eted for research on fundamental prob­ in the world is the McMurray or Silurian and Ordovician systems be­ day. Average allowable per well is 234 tempts have been made to attack tbese more concentrated field and experi­ lems of petroleum geology by many Athabaska sand area of east-central subjects on a systematic basis. The of the major oil companies. ing absent. It is possible, bowever, barrels daily. Average gravity of oil Alberta. If Western Canada possessed mental studies bearing on the prob­ result is that we find ourselves grop­ that a portion of tbe strata formerly is 43 degrees A. P. I. Field price of no other oil deposit, it would still rank lems of the origin and occurrence of ing in a maze of theories so conflicting The argument is often advanced interpreted as lower Devonian or up­ this gravity is $1.20 per barrel. Re­ as one of the great potential oil sources petroleum. that geology is not a precise science, in character that the teaching of petro­ per Cambrian may, in some areas, maining recoverable oil reserves are of the world. Just when and at what Now tbat we have built up the and that definite predictions regard­ leum geology on the basis of broad prove to be Ordovician, as is suggested variously estimated at 100 million to rate this great oil resource will become largest discovered reserve of oil in the ing subsurface conditions cannot be by drilling at Clearwater and Steve­ 150 million barrels. Thirty million available on a large scale is, however, underlying principles is well nigh im­ history of the industry, we should not made. This is true only in part. Wit­ ville, Alberta. barrels of crude oil, condensate, and at present unanswerable as the oil is possible. be lulled into a sense of security con­ ness the rapid advance of the quanti­ natural gasoline have heen produced heavy, viscous, under no pressure, and It is surprising that this condition cerning our future petroleum supply. tative phases of the subject during the To summarize the unique and gen­ to May 31, 1940. must be mined rather than recovered has been allowed to persist so long The amount of oil left underground is past twenty years as a result of more erally favorable situation in Western Moose Dome (Alberta) by drilled wells. Commercial avail­ when it should be realized that oil and definitely limited, though certainly not exact methods in structural geology, Canada for testing formations of ex­ Moose Dome is a broad, mountain ability is also affected by distance gas cannot be located in a truly scien­ so limited as believed a few years ago, petrography, micropaleontology, and traordinary age range:—All possible fold of the Salt Creek, Wyoming, from the larger markets, but a start tific manner until we learn more about and the time will probably come with­ other branches. It is undoubtedly true oil and gas producing horizons of tbe type, although unlike the Salt Creek bas been made in supplying oil prod­ their mode of origin and the methods in the next fifty years when the dis­ that more searching studies, involving Cretaceous, Jurassic, Mississippian structure it is overridden and under­ ucts to northern mining operations. and conditions under which they con­ covery rate in this country will fall experimental data, may not only re­ and Devonian rocks can be tested on centrate into commercial pools. To behind the rate of production in spite veal why certain structures are barren lain by thrust faults on its flanks. The The Athabaska oil sand deposit is the southern plains of Alberta at a height of the arch is several thousand illustrate this point, we may refer to of everything science can do to pro­ but point the way to accumulations of depth of not more than 6,000 feet. herein classified and listed with occur­ tbe theory which was widely accepted oil and gas not revealed hy present feet. Tbe flanks are inclined at rences of the stratigraphic trap tj'pe, mote the finding of new oil fields. In Northward the depth materially de­ a few years ago that prospecting for methods of exploration. angles up to 35 degrees. Erosion hav­ although there is no general agree­ this connection, the recent statement creases. oil and gas should be confined to areas ing laid tbe central crestal portion of ment as to its mode of origin. of a well-known petroleum chemist^ Westward toward the geosyncline, underlain by marine deposits. We now that since nature is generating oil Considering the large percentage of Moose Dome bare down to the re­ Estimates of oil content in the which lies immediately in front of the have convincing evidence tbat oil and failures involved in tbe drilling of sistant Madison limestone core, this Athabaska sands can be nothing more faster than it is being produced and foothills and mountain belt, tbe depth gas may he generated in terrestrial, wildcat wells, even though they have domed core forms mountain plateaus than suggestive. Max Ball, who has crude oil and its products are being necessary to test the Cretaceous to lacustrine, and brackish-water deposits been located upon the basis of care­ and pinnacles which reach an elevation taken a leading part in the study and more efficiently utilized "one can look Devonian section increases to 13,000 ful geological and/or geophysical sur­ of 7,800 feet. Development thus far exploitation of the Athabaska sands, as well as in marine strata. with assurance as to the future oil feet, more or less. In the foothills veys, it is surprising that more atten­ has been confined to the canons, 1,500 conservatively suggests a probable area Within the past few years, the Re­ supplies for our every need for thou­ and mountains extreme variations in tion has not been given to the more to 2,000 feet deep, where erosion has of 20,000 square miles and an acre search Committee of the American As­ sands of years" is believed by the depths naturally exist, due to the com­ basic problems involved in the origin proceeded to within a few feet of the content of 13,000 barrels, which sociation of Petroleum Geologists has writer to be too optimistic. Unfort­ mensurate structural elevation and de­ and accumulation and later history of Devonian formations. would result in a total content of 260 assumed a more aggressive attitude in unately, most of the oil being generated pression and great topographic relief. oil pools in an effort to reduce the The perfection of exposure at Moose million barrels. He warns, however, an effort to focus the attention of the in nature at the present time is either In some structures, such as Moose large losses sustained in such opera­ Dome discloses to the eye what in that probably only one million harrels membership of this far flung organiza­ in such positions beneath the sea or in Dome and Clearwater, the entire tions. most other areas must be worked out or so are accessible at present day tion on the backward state of research such other relations that it may not Devonian section can be penetrated prices. in this field. At the present time, the become available to man for millions In an eifort to bring to the attention at depths of 3,000 to 3,500 feet. by laborious and expensive geophj'sical surveys. committee under the chairmanship of of years, if ever. of oil men generally the present un­ Ball is speaking of recovery by min­ satisfactory condition of that part of TYPES OF OIL TRAPS Lloydminster-Vermilion-Wainwright A. I. Levorsen, is laying the founda­ According to Lahee,^ 2319 dry holes ing methods wherein of course the oil petroleum geology which deals with Diversity of geologic conditions, (Alberta-Saskatchewan) tion for a concentrated drive on many and 270 producers (oil or gas) were content of the mined material is prac­ these basic subjects, some suggestions both structural and stratigraphic, In the Lloj'dminster-Vermilion- fronts in an effort to assemble not only drilled as wildcats in tbe United States tically all recovered, but the crux of for research are presented below. which control or modify oil accumula­ Wainwright district oil and gas occur­ field evidence bearing directly on the in 1939. Of the producers, 217 were the problem is the amount of material These are grouped under several head­ tion in Western Canada, is note­ rence is apparently due to a combina­ many problems involved but also ex­ that can he profitably mined. Since, ^ Guslav Egloll, "FrogresB in Peiroleum," Science, ings, although there is considerable worthy. All important types except tion of broad regional structure, local bowever, the Athabaska oil sands of perimental data which may be useful Vol. 91, p. S3S. June 7, 1940. 2F. H. Lahee, "Wildcat Driliing in 1939," Bull. overlap between certain topics classi­ salt domes are known. On the plains minor structure, and variability of the McMurray district are presum- in tbe interpretation of certain phe­ Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 9S3-9S8, fied separately. In the program of low dip structures of three degrees to reservoir sands (stratigraphic traps). (Continued on page 456) nomena. fuiie, 1940.

THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 333 392 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 the Research Committee of the Amer­ haps a petrographic and bacteriological under controlled conditions involving production of ten cubic meters per day. ican Association of Petroleum Geol­ study of modern black sediments, such different grades of crude oil, variations Tbe day following the announce­ ogists several of these subjects are now as those of tbe Black Sea, would lend in amount and kind of associated gas, ment of this discovery President receiving attention. It is not con­ light on this question. The time-worn variable dips, different types of struc­ Figueroa Alcorta signed a decree tended that all of them can be solved conception tbat black shales are the tures, variable size and types of open­ which prohibited the location of min­ in the near future. In fact, certain chief source of petroleum and natural ings in tbe reservoir, variable temp­ eral claims by private parties within problems of this branch of geology gas is apparently open to question as eratures, variable hydrostatic bead, a radius of five leagues of the center probably never will be fully under­ there is considerable evidence that variable composition of the water, etc. of the town of Comodoro Rivadavia stood. limestones and even sandstones may 5. What part of the factual in­ and the first governmental reserve was serve as source beds. formation available regarding the thus established. Following tbis initial Origin of Pe+roieum and Natural Gas move toward governmental control Migration and Accumulation nature of the movement of oil and It is generally assumed by petro­ gas into producing wells may be ap­ and operation of the petroleum re­ leum geologists that the commercial A survey of the opinions regarding plied to the problems of accumula­ serves tbe same President, in Septem­ accumulations of oil and gas on our migration and accumulation of oil re­ tion in nature? ber 1910, promulgated a law which planet are of organic origin, although veals the fact that we can draw no authorized an extension of tbe govern­ 6. Is it possible that oil once ac­ there is abundant evidence that large general conclusions regarding either ment reserves of 5,000 hectares and cumulated may later be so completely quantities of tbese substances on other the time, tbe conditions, or the mode opened with the Ministerio de Agri- flushed from the reservoir by moving planets of our solar system are definite- of migration and accumulation. At cultura a credit of 500,000 pesos for underground water or other causes ly of inorganic origin. present, we are handicapped in our tbe development of the reserves. Later that little or no trace of it will re­ eiforts to solve some of the funda­ in the same j'ear the Dircccion Gen­ Accepting the view that most of our main ? important accumulations of hydro­ mental problems involving the time of eral de la Exploracion del Petroleo de carbons are organic, we still have un­ migration and accumulation hy the 7. What is the significance of tbe Comodoro Rivadavia was created by answered questions regarding the rela­ lack of definite data regarding the con­ occurrence of small amounts of oil in presidential decree of President Saenz tive importance of plants and animals stitution of petroleum in its early his­ reservoir rocks, either down-dip or Pen a. up-dip from commercial accumulations as source materials, the parts of tbese tory. Obviously, we cannot assume By organisms which contribute to oil and important movement of oil through in some areas? porous strata while and if it is in a 8. What is the explanation of the gas, and the time in the history of tbe BEN H. PARKER, '24 source beds when the conversion takes highly viscous condition. As addi­ occurrence of oil in dry sands inter- Assistant Chief Geologist place. Some geologists believe that tional information is assembled on tbis stratified with marine strata? the source material may be stored in important point, a more secure foun­ 9. What is the relation of connate Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales the sediments for a long period of time dation will be laid for research on water to the oil and to the sand grains Buenos Aires, Argentina before beat and pressure due to deep the concentration of oil and gas. in sandstone reservoirs containing burial or other causes bring about a notable amounts of water along with A few petroleum geologists contend Development of the Industry conversion, while others believe that oil? that it is not necessary to assume im­ both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons The Republic of Argentina portant movements of oil and gas in 10. How may tbe existence of oc- or a viscous proto-substance are gen­ cupies an unique position among the strata in order to obtain com­ highly porous water sands interstrati- thc erated even before sedimentation is important petroleum producing mercial pools. They maintain that fied with oil sands be explained, espe­ na- complete. Tbe study of modern ma­ tions of the world inasmuch as oil may be generated in considerable cially when the sands are all discon­ the rine deposits has not solved this prob­ quantities within the reservoir itself tinuous ? petroleum deposits of tbe country, al­ lem probably for the reason that sam­ or in strata immediately adjacent 11. What relevant data, if any, though owned and under control of the ples have not been taken at sufficient thereto from organic matter present in might be supplied from the study of government, have been developed and depth in organic-bearing deposits to larger than usual amounts. In certain selected oil seepages? exploited both by a government-owned throw adequate light on the situation. oil fields tbe oil is so concentrated in 12. What is the time of cementa­ oil company and by private operators. tion of reservoirs, including deposi­ The basic principle underlying tbe The role of bacteria in the preserva­ restricted areas that it is impossible to tion of caicite in cavities of limestone, legislation governing the exploitation tion of organic debris and in the con­ conceive that all of it was generated as compared to the time of oil ac­ of the petroleum deposits is tbat these version of certain constituents thereof in situ. Assuming that in many cases cumulation ? deposits are the property of tbe citi­ to oil and gas deserves further study. there is important movement of oil and gas through rocks, the following 13. iVIay the remains of micro­ zens of Argentina and that tbey Again the question arises as to the na­ '4" g ture of petroleum or its mother sub­ pertinent questions may be asked: organisms present in certain crude oils, should be developed in such manner as indicated by the work of Sanders, as to bring the greatest benefit to the stance in its early history. Does it 1. What is the effect of the various furnish any clue as to tbe position of citizenship as a whole. exist in the strata as a viscous material types of sediments, wet and dry, upon the source beds in the section, or were •I. of complex molecular structure and the constitution of tbe oil which moves The existence of petroleum and re­ such micro-fossils derived from asso­ -Ni high specific gravity which may under­ through them? And what is the in­ lated hydrocarbons in Argentina as ciated strata through which the oil go a natural cracking with time to fluence of certain impurities in the evidenced by oil seeps and asphalt de­ moved or even from the reservoir it­ give rise to successively higher grades strata? posits has been known since the time '4 self? of oil? If this is the correct explana­ 2. Does accumulation always pro­ of the explorations of the seventeenth tion, M'hy do we have substantial varia­ ceed simultaneously with the genera­ Many of these problems are cap­ century. It was not until the middle tions in tbe grade of crude oil in tion of oil and gas, or may they exist able of solution as a result, of con­ and latter parts of the nineteenth cen­ 1 reservoirs of the same age under differ­ in a disseminated condition for a long centrated field and laboratorj' studies tury, however, that attempts to dis­ ent structures and even in diiferent period until changes in the regional conducted under the direction of com­ cover commercially exploitable ac­ portions of the same pool? geology introduce factors favorable to petent investigators. cumulations were made. These first prospecting attempts were not success­ Tbe query also arises as to the inter­ concentration ? Paleogeography and Sedimentation ful and further search for commercial relations between tbe pyrobitumens, 3. Is the final concentration of pe­ The great importance of strati­ deposits was suspended until after the including "kerogen" of , the troleum accomplished through the H graphic traps today and their probable accidental discoverj' of oil in a well solid and semi-solid bitumens, and pe­ movement of small globules of oil, or greater importance in the future as a being drilled for water near the town troleum and natural gas. bubbles of gas enveloped with films source of oil and gas is drawing in­ of Comodoro Rivadavia in 1907. Tbis of oil, through tbe strata, or may it The high degree of carbonization creased attention to the problem of well encountered petroleum at a depth move en masse? of the organic matter in certain shales developing scientific methods of locat­ of 537 meters and made an initial often closely associated with oil and 4. What is the relative importance ing and tracing discontinuous reser­ gas horizons should be investigated of surface tension, differences in voirs of this type. This involves not ^ This article \s based in part upon the paper further. The nature and origin of the specific gravity of water, oil, and gas, "La indmtria del petroleo en la Republka Arsen- only a more careful study of near- ge-ntuui" presented by Ing. Mario L. Villa, Gcrentc carbonaceous material of black shales compaction of sediments and artesian shore sedimentation as it is going on General de la Dircccion General de Y P F. before tbe Centre Argentine de Ingcnicros. Published by in general is little understood. Per­ circulation as factors in concentration (Continued on page 400) permission ol the Dircccion General dc Y P V. Fig. I—Building derrick Y P F well iri Tranquitas field, Zona del Norfe.

395 394 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 of all of the Gobernaciones or terri­ normal southerly plunge is inter­ tories, with the exception of areas of rupted. Surface formations are large­ leases granted prior to the enactment ly shales and sandstones of Cretaceous of the present laws, are national re­ and Tertiary age (Fig. 1). The most serves subject to prospecting and de­ important production has been found velopment hy Y P F only. Tbese ter­ in sandstones of disputed but probable ritories, listed in the following table, Lower Tertiary and Gondwana age together represent an area of 1,209,- but a recent discovery in rocks of 927 square kilometers or 43.23% of Devonian age opens additional hori­ the total area of the country: zons for prospecting. square kilometers In Mendoza the largest production Capital Federal 192 has been found in closed anticlines Isla Martin Garcia 2 developed in areas of outcrops of Ter­ Islas del Sur 13,133 tiary rocks (See front Cover). The Formosa 74,500 present production here comes from Chaco 99,600 reservoir beds of Rhaetic (Upper Tri­ Misiones 29,800 assic) age. These reservoirs are reach­ Los Andes 62,600 ed at a depth of approximately 1,800 La Pampa 143,400 meters in the Tupungato field, which Neuquen 94,100 is the most important field in this re­ Rio Negro 203,000 gion at present, and are of particular Chubut 224,700 interest because of their thickness of Santa Cruz 244,000 some 350 meters and composition of Tierra del Fuego 20,900 "toba" or volcanic ash deposited in water. Tbe deepest well in Argentina, V Fig. A—Wells in the sea. Zona Comodoro In addition, by agreement with the Rivadavia, 2,476 meters in depth, is situated in the provinces of Santa Fe, Cordoba, Salta, Lunlunta field in this district. In the San Juan, San Luis, and Mendoza same province production of less com­ are on the northern flank of the San ducing regions was in accordance with Y P F has secured exclusive prospect­ mercial importance has been found Jorge basin where accumulations of the following tabulation: ing and development rights amounting in Rhaetic beds at shallow depths a commercial importance occur in com­ to 16.09% of the total area of the short distance from their outcrop on plexly faulted anticlines which possess Zona Comodoro Rivadavia country. the Cacheuta plunging anticline and in a general easterly-westerly trend (Fig. nnbic meters Provincial reserves totaling an area 6). Yacimientos Petroliferos dolomitic limestones of Lower Creta­ Fiscales 1,316,931 equivalent to 7.73% of the area oJf ceous age under closed anticlines situ­ Production Diaderaa Argentina (Royal the nation are held by the provinces ated within a separate basin of sedi­ Dutch) 668,689 of Entre Rios and Santa Fe while free mentation in southern Mendoza. In 1938 Argentina occupied the Compania Ferrocarrilera zones open for prospecting and de­ eleventh place among tbe nations of de Petroleo 152,655 velopment by private operators and the world as regards total production Astra S. A. 133,673 In the territory of Neuquen the Solano _ 45,013 Y P F under equal terms and amount­ most important production has been of petroleum for the year. In this Compania Industrial y ing to 32.95% of the area of Ar­ found in sandstones of Upper Juras­ year Argentina produced a total of Comercial de Petroleo 34,305 gentina exist in the provinces of Jujuy, sic age. Here the structural history 2,714,823 cuhic meters out of a total 2,351,266 Salta, Tucuman, Catamarca, La of tbe region bas been highly complex world production of 311,679,244 cu­ Rioja, Santiago del Estero, Corrientes, and accumulation is controlled both bic meters. In 1939 tbe national pro­ Zona del Norte Cordoba, and Buenos Aires. duction attained a total of 2,959,168 cubic meters by anticlinal traps and by the overlap Standard Oi! Company Outline of Argentine Petroleum of marine shales over the truncated cubic meters of which amount 1 ,- Yacimientos Petroliferos 193,934 Geology reservoir rocks. In this area three in­ 625,204 cubic meters or 54.92% were Fiscales 78,013 • Fig. 3—Producing wells, Y P F Camp No. In this brief report it is possible to dividual oil fields of considerable im­ produced by Y P F while 1,333,964 3, Zona Neuquen. give only a most generalized state­ portance and one gas field have been cubic meters or 45.08% were produced 271,947 ment concerning the geology of the discovered (Fig. 3), Additional areas by private operators. (See Fig. 7). Zona Neuqueti cubit meters Bj' I9i6 the governmental produc­ President Alvear in 1924 signed a various Argentine petroleum deposits. thought to have favorable conditions The production at the present time Yacimientos Petroliferos tion of petroleum from the Comodoro decree ordering an increase in tbe The country with its area of nearly of structure and stratigraphy are now comes from four widely separated geo­ Fiscales 101,862 Rivadavia reserves had reached an an­ official investigation of the petroleum 3,000,000 square kilometers naturally being tested. graphic zones. These four zones are La Republica, Ltd. 65,877 nual rate of 130,000 cuhic meters deposits and authorizing the revision has a wide diversity of geologic fea­ popularly designated as follows: (1) Company 37,524 The present productive areas in Astra S. A. 1,263 while in the same year the production of the regulations under which pros­ tures. Rocks ranging in age from southern Argentina center around the Zona del Norte, in the extreme north­ of private operators amounted to 7,000 pecting leases were granted. Archeozoic to Recent occur under town of Comodoro Rivadavia where ern part of the country in tbe pro­ 206,526 cubic meters. This small production In 1922 during tbe presidency of structural conditions varying from the country's first commercial produc­ vinces of Salta and Jujuy; (2) Zona Mendoza, in the Province of Men­ Zona Mendoza by private operators had resulted from H. Irigoyen the Dircccion General de tbe undisturbed attitude of their depo­ tion was discovered. This region is cubic meter! explorations commenaed some years los Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales sition to structural features of great situated within the geologic province doza in the west-central region at the Yacimientos Petroliferos before which were based upon the was authorized and as a result the foothills of the Andes Mountains; (3) Fiscales 128,398 complexity. Under such widely vary­ termed the San Jorge basin which 1,031 success of the government operations. present organization of the govern­ ing geological conditions it is not was an important basin of sedimenta­ Zona Neuquen in the west-central part Rio Atuel of the country in the territory of the Notwithstanding this relatively small ment-owned oil company which is surprising that commercial deposits tion beginning in early Cretaceous 129,429 same name, and (4) Zona Comodoro success of private exploration the en­ popularly known as Y P F was found­ of petroleum have been discovered at time. Production is found in sand­ tire zones adjacent to the Guif of San Rivadavia, in tbe southern part of ed. Since that time, although private widely separated localities and in rocks stone beds and lenses of Upper Creta­ Drilling and Recovery Jorge and to Plaza Huincul, where the republic in the Territory of enterprises have accounted for an im­ ranging in age from Devonian to ceous age reached at depths ranging Throughout the producing areas government operations had made a portant part of the oil produced in from about 550 meters in Campa- Chubut. Based upon 1939 production second commercial discovery in 1916, Tertiary. these zones possessed the following of Argentina both the private opera­ Argentina, the tendency has been to­ In extreme northern Argentina pro­ mento Sud to about 1,900 meters in tors and Y P F have continually at- were covered by applications for ward more widespread control of re­ some of the fields more distant from relative importance: prospecting leases. As a direct result duction bas been found in closely- temped to take full advantage of the serves, production, refining and mark­ folded anticlines which trend in a the coast. A considerable number of cubic meters rapid technical progress made in drill­ of the applications by private operators eting by Y P F and the history of general northerly-southerly direction wells have been drilled in the tidal Zona Comodoro Rivadavia 2,351,266 ing and production methods by opera­ for prospecting leases embracing such the Argentine petroleum industry has Zona del Norte 271,9+7 and which are genetically related to zone of the coast and in recent years tors and technologists in other coun­ large parts of the known petroliferous become to a large degree the history directional wells have bene directed Zona Neuquen 206,526 areas and tbe lassitude of these opera­ of the government-owned company. the Andean structure. Productive Zona Mendoza 129,429 tries. In order to achieve this tbe areas are usually limited to the closed under the sea (Figs. 4 and 5), Tbe new drilling and production equip­ tors in actual exploration drilling pools now developed in tbis province The 1939 production obtained by At tlie present time the entire area portions of these anticlines where their the various operators in the four pro­ ment developed in other regions has

336 THE MINES MAGAZINE 4 AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 397 the choice depending upon local con­ Production technique bas been the ditions. Practically all drilling and subject of considerable study but be­ production equipment, with the ex­ cause of the relative large size of the ception of special equipment fabricated in the company shops, is imported holdings of the various operators and either from Europe or the United the absence of divided royalty interests the problems of production and re­ covery are distinctly different from those encountered in the United States. * • » Repressuring by gas input is ac­ •id: 1 BEFININGOFPETBOIEUM complished in a few fields where con­ (iH oiBtc rneters) nMTc aaiptnti ditions justify this. No artificial water flooding has been attempted although studies of this and other methods of 4^ J forced recovery have been made. Tbe following tabulation shows the r I production methods utilized in tbe 1,854 wells of Y P F which were rated as producing wells at tbe end of 1939: Fig, 5—Y P F Camp Comodoro Rivadavia. Fig. (,—Y P F wells in Zona Comodoro Rivadavia, been adopted as rapidly as justified and supply of drilling mud for rotary drill­ w •::\- Zona Comodoro Zona Zona demanded by local conditions. Foreign 1- L- tons belong to private operators wbile ing bas been a considerable problem Rivadavia Zona Niuqiun Norte Alendo%a Total operating companies have, quite nat­ as in most of the country tbe forma­ Mechanical lift 1,539 96 13 23 1,671 11 units aggregating 78,000 net tons urally, depended to a large extent up­ tions encountered in drilling are not Natural flow 23 14 IS 12 64 are owned by Y P F. on technical and engineering person­ 7 48 50 105 mud-forming and local supplies of Swab + 2 1 7 Refining nel trained and experienced in foreign good mud-forming shales are not avail­ Testing 6 1 7 There are 18 refineries in operation fields. Y P F, on the other band, has able in many areas. Satisfactory sup­ Total 1,579 160 78 37 1,854 used to a much greater degree native in Argentina and one new plant under plies of bentonite and barite occur In addition to the above listed oil wells, Y P F had 119 productive gas wells at Argentine engineering and technical •r Fig. 8—Chart showing the annual runs of construction at the present time. in some parts of the country, however, the end of 1939. personnel. In order that tbis person­ crude petroieum in government-owned and These plants have a combined annual and tbese are widely used in the prep­ private refineries in Argentina. The average daily production of the government-owned wells in each of the nel could obtain a knowledge of oper­ capacity of approximately 4,657,000 aration of drilling mud. four productive areas in the year 1939 is shown in the following table: ating methods in other countries the cubic meters. Y P F owns and oper­ ates five of these refineries with a total policy of sending experienced engineers Electric, diesel, and steam power are Average daily prodiietion per wM capacity approximately equal to tbat to foreign countries (largely to the used for drilling in the various zones Zone Nu:liber oj 'Jjells cubic meters of tbe combined capacity of tbe 13 2.911 United States) for observation of cur­ Comodoro Rivadavia 1,579 privately owned plants (Fig. 8), The rent drilling and production technique Neuquen 160 2.129 Norte 78 3.567 privately owned refineries operate both has been common. No direct compari­ Mendoza 37 48.592 son of the drilling and production efficiency of tbe various Argentine S+orage and Transportation only existing pipe lines are gathering operating companies is available but The total storage capacity for crude lines in tbe various fields and com­ the progress in drilling made by Y P F petroleum and refined products in paratively short lines connecting the is indicated by the average daily drill­ Argentina amounts to approximately fields witb terminals for later ship­ ing advance per equipment. In Zona 1,800,000 cubic meters exclusive of ment by sea or rail. Comodoro Rivadavia this drilling ad­ some 1,000,000 cubic meters of stor­ At tbe present time the greater part vance per day has increased from 2.016 age capacity allied to the electric of the production from the fields in meters in 1923 to 17.095 meters in generating plants of the country. Of Neuquen, Mendoza and Zona del 1938 or an increase of 748% in five this storage capacity Y P F owns Norte is transported hy rail to tide years. about 770,000 cubic meters distributed water altbougb some of the produc­ Until the end of 1938 4,511 wells among its four productive zones, five tion from Zona del Norte moves thru had been drilled in the four produc­ refineries and 19 bulk storage plants. pipelines connecting the fields with ing zones and of these wells 2,995 At the present rate of national con­ rail shipping points from which the were still producing oil or gas at the sumption of petroleum products tbe oil is transported by tank cars to the end of tbat year. Of the 2,995 pro­ nation's storage capacity for crude and Rio Paraguay where it is shipped by ducing wells 1,993 or 66.54% were refined products is equivalent to be­ river barges to refining centers. owned by Y P F and 1,002 or 33.46% tween one-third and one-half of the were owned by private operators. annual requirements. The production from the Comodoro Cable tools, rotary equipment, and Owing to the widespread distribu­ Rivadavia area is transported by combination rigs have been used at tion of the developed petroleum de­ gathering lines and short connecting lines to the coast where it is shipped various times during the quarter cen­ posits and their distance from tbe by tankers to the refining centers in tury of Argentine petroleum produc- major centers of population and prin­ cipal industrial areas the transporta­ the vicinity of Buenos Aires. The iton. At the present time, however, major Argentine tankers are 24 in rotary equipment is used practically tion of both the crude and refined products is an important problem of number with a combined net tonnage exclusively with only a small amount of 183,000 tons. Thirteen of tbese V Fig. *?—Chart showing the annual runs of the national industry. Trunk pipe nationally produced and imported crude of cable drilling equipment retained •v Fig. 7—Chart showing the annual produc­ units with a net tonnage of 105,000 for special drilling problems. The tion of crude petroleum in Argentina. lines have not been constructed and the petroleum in Argentina.

398 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 399 Just as the world reserves of petro­ leum are difficult of estimate so are the known reserves of Argentina. Con­ servative calculations of the Argentine reserves made in the years 1934, 1936 and 1939 have each indicated reserves equivalent to 12 years production at the current rates at the time of tbe surveys. Inasmuch as the annual pro­ duction rate has increased from some 2,200,000 cubic meters in 1934 to 2,- 900,000 cubic meters in 1939 it is evident that considerable progress in • Fig. !. the expansion of reserves has been made. These estimated national re­ View of serves compare quite favorably with Geophysics Wing. the world estimate of an equivalent of Ha HH 16 years consumption recently made ^,1 II ti by a committee of the American Petro­ leum Institute. In connection with these calculated reserves it is interest­ ing to note that although the major part of these reserves are in the area of Comodoro Rivadavia the new and yet but partially developed recent dis­ •w Flg. iO—Y P F refinery La Plata. coveries of greatest importance have been in other areas. This would seem to indicate that prospective areas still on crude of national production and capita consumption of petroleum prod­ undeveloped may in future years aug­ imported crude while the Y P F re­ ucts Argentina is surpassed only by the ment greatly the developed reserves fineries run Argentine produced crude EQUIPMENT AND LABORATORIES United States and Canada. of the nation. exclusively {Fig. 9). The total consumption for the year The refining capacity is in large 1938 as indicated by tbe national pro­ Department of Geophysics at "Mines" part of modern design employing late duction and imports is shown in the developments in cracking processes following table: By most laboratories on the ground floor. {Fig. 10). The plants are designed to oratory, supports D. C, and A. C. National production of crude oil 2,714,824 cubic meters 53.9% A pillar to bedrock was provided in generators of various frequencies, em­ produce all of the products which the Imports national market requires. The refining C. A. HEILAND tbe recording room between the seismic ployed in model tank experiments. For Fuel oil 1,119,UU and electrical laboratories. Two other industry employed a total of 3,861 em­ Crude oil 789,837 Professor of Geophysics torsion balance and magnetometer ployees in 1938 and represented a re­ Diesel oil 387,995 foundations were placed on a six-inch work, no special foundations were Gas oil 21,474 layer of cork for vibration damping. ported capital investment of 112,455,- About a year ago, I bad the op­ 779 pesos in the 18 plants. Gasoline 2,759 One of these is located in a screen room Miscellaneous oils 94 2,321,270 cubic meters 46.1% portunity of giving tbe readers of the attached to the seismic laboratory and Totai of national production plus imports 5,036,094 cubic meters 100.0% Mines Magazine a preliminary de­ Marketing serves as a test block for seismic de­ scription of the geophysical labora­ tectors. The other, situated near the The marketing of petroleum prod­ Tbe effect of lateral variations in tories under construction at that time. model tank in the Electrical lab­ ucts in Argentina is unique because edearch tn sediments upon differential compac­ Since then, the geophysics addition to of the dominating position held by tion and upon the quantity and char­ the Geology Building has been com­ Y P F. That organization as well as jf^etfoieum. ^eofoy^eotog.^-i acter of source organisms should re­ pleted, and a substantial amount of the private operating companies main­ ceive further attention. new equipment has heen acquired, l^he tain extensive wholesale and retail out­ (Continued from page 394) Another item worthy of serious con­ Department moved into its new quar­ lets for their products. The large re­ today but also the more exact deter­ sideration is the question of the time ters in December, 1939. This article fining and distributing facilities of mination of the position and trend of and conditions of cementation of sands, will present a description of its new Y P F enable it to control effectively deposits of the shore zone containing both marine and continental. Is the equipment and laboratories largely the price of products to tbe consumer porous sands as well as of truncated cement of a local source or is it in­ through the mediiim of illustrations. and since the inception of retail mark­ porous strata capable of serving as troduced by circulating waters? Is it These will, perhaps, give a better con­ eting by the government-owned com­ reservoirs of oil and gas in tbe older of more than one generation? Is it ception of our facilities for instruction pany in 1923 the trend has been for a strata. There will he not only a care­ deposited in some cases while the strata and research than a lengthy discus­ continual lowering of the price of the ful re-study of cuttings and are still beneath the sea or after tbey sion. products to the consumer. One notable cores but also considerable exploratory have become a part of tbe land ? Why An exterior of the geophysics addi­ feature effected by this control has drilling in future years in an eifort to do certain types of cement vary great­ tion appears in Fig. 1. The two floor been tbe establishment of a uniform map the areas holding the greatest ly in amount both in the plane of the plans are given in Figs. 2 and 3. The price for gasoline throughout tbe promise for stratigraphic accumula­ strata and at right angles thereto? first fioor contains the majority of the country and gasoline may be purchased tions. All of this involves the develop­ Problems of Structure laboratories, a garage, a supply room, for the same price in the most remote ment of more refined criteria for the The lack of appreciation of the and the heating plant. On the second region as in the vicinity of the refining recognition of shallow water deposits importance of careful analytical study floor are an Electronics and a Well- centers. and of unconformities than are avail­ of oil field structures is reflected in Testing Laboratory, a Lecture Room, able at tbe present time. The influence the classifications of productive struc­ a Graduate Room, a Library, several Consumption and Reserves of the topography of the surface on tures which have appeared in the offices, and a Photostat Room. The Although for some years Argentina which sediments are deposited and literature. No distinction is made be­ overall outside length of the Geo­ SECOND FLOOR has held the eleventh place among the of incipient dips related to geosynclinal tween simple folds formed during one physics Wing is 115 feet, and its width FIRST FLOOR petroleum producing nations of the development upon the localization and period of deformation and those de­ is 62 feet. world it bas occupied the seventh place character of ensuing structures also veloped through successive rejuvena- The necessity of solid instrument among the consuming nations. In per offers a fertile field for investigation. (Continued on page 456) foundation accounts for the location of Fig. 2, First Floor Plan, Fig. 3. Second Floor Plan.

400 THE MINES MAGAZINE 4 AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 401 provided since the concrete slab on the The Gravity Laboratory (Fig. 5) first floor lies directly on solid ground. is intended for work on torsion bal­ ances and gravimeters. a shows stu­ One large laboratory was set aside dents preparing a torsion wire; is a for the purpose of testing pbysical setup for the treatment and calibra­ properties of rock specimens and drill tion of wires, and c a Z-beam torsion cores. A knowledge of these properties balance. Associated with tbis labora­ is important not only in the interpreta­ tory is a dark room, and a constant tion of geophysical data but also in de­ temperature room (see Fig, 2) for termining the applicability of geo­ determining temperature coefficients physical methods to given geologic of gravimeters and other instruments. conditions. In the Rock Testing Lab­ For field work with the gravimeter a • m oratory a number of apparatuses are compartment is provided in the rear set up permanently or semi-permanent- of the seismic recording truck (Fig. ly to make possible a rapid measure­ 14). ment of rock properties. In Fig. 4, a "IJ is a beam balance and b a Jolly bal­ In the magnetic laboratory (Fig. 6) ance for the determination of densi­ the fundamentals of magnetic deflec­ ties; c is a unifilar magnetometer, and tion and oscillation measurements may d is an inductance bridge for measur­ be demonstrated with the instruments ing magnetic susceptibilities. An a and b. Two vertical (c) and one astatic magnetometer is now available horizontal magnetometer are avail­ for the same purpose though not il­ able, as is an earth-inductor d with lustrated. Resistivities of drill cores loop-galvanometer e, a variation re­ are determined with tbe setup e; the corder f, and equipment for determin­ bridges / and g are intended for meas­ ing scale values and temperature co­ urements at high frequencies and efficients of magnetometers, is a radio-frequencies. Radioactivity is ob­ model demonstrating the action of the served with the electroscope h, the earth's magnetic field on a freely mov­ Ambronn emanometer or the Geiger ing magnetic needle. counter (j). Elastic properties of rock specimens are measured with the ar­ The Electrical laboratory, illus­ rangement k, consisting of a beat fre­ trated in Fig. 7, contains equipment quency oscillator, a clamp holding the for work with the self-potential meth­ specimen, and a sound level indicator od {a), resistivity apparatus (i = to record the vibration amplitude. potentiometer, c = commutator, f/ = Equipment for hydrocarbon analysis milHammeter), the potential drop is located on the other side of this ratio equipment {e and /) and the room and is not shown in the figure. electromagnetic equipment {g and h). Under the blackboard, in the rear of Portable generators are available for the Rock Testing Laboratory, may be 25 cycles, 60 cycles (/), 500 cs'cles seen a number of storage cabinets in and 900 cycles {k). / is a Metalla- which typical rock specimens of rep­ scope for tbe detection of metallic resentative properties are kept for objects at shallow depth; jn and n are further use in instruction and research. oscillographs. Three tanks are avail­ A diamond saw is available to cut rock able for model experiments. The specimens to predetermined dimen- smallest of these {p) is used mostly for resistivity interpretation; the next size ((?) is shown as arranged for potential-drop-ratio measurements. In Fig. 4, ^ is a setup for magnetic The largest tank, indicated in the model experiments which was placed lower right hand corner of Fig. 2, is in the Rock Testing Laboratory for made of cement, is 19 feet long, 8 feet lack of space elsewhere. This setup wide, and 7 feet deep. It is intended consists of a pair of Helmholtz coils for model work witb potential and to produce any desired values of the inductive-electromagnetic methods. A earth magnetic horizontal and vertical traveling crane (made entirely of components, thus simulating magnetic wood to avoid stray fields) may be latitude. The magnetic model is placed moved into any desired position with T" E7 in a tray. The earth's surface is rep­ respect to the model bodies below. It carries a rotatable beam on which may resented by a platform on which is be placed tbe contact electrodes for placed a miniature inductor m con­ potential work, or a search coil for ex­ nected to an amplifier n and a galvan­ periments with inductive methods. ometer. The earth inductor can be Equipotential-line and potential-pro­ arranged in any desired position with file ccperiments are made with a weak­ reference to the model (magnetized, ly electrolytic solution in the tank. by A. C). Both vertical and hori­ When working with inductive meth­ zontal anomalies may be measured by ods, the tank is used in empty condi- adjusting the plane of the inductor in horizontal or vertical planes.

• Top—Fig. 7. Electrical Prospecting • Top—Fig. 4. Rock Testing Laboratory., Laboratory. • Center—Fig. 5. Gravity Laboratory. • Center—Fig. 8. Seismic Laboratory. • Bottom—Fig, 6. Magnetic Laboratory. • Bottom—Fig, 9. Electronics Laboratory.

THE MIKES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1 9 4 0> THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 tion and the models are energized by sal bridges (A) with standard con­ a rectangular loop permanently in­ densers, inductances, resistances; cath­ stalled around the tanic and supplied ode ray oscillographs (i*), oscillators with current of a frequency in keep­ (C) , radio transceivers, vacuum tube ing with dimensional model relations. voltmeters, etc. In the rear of the The Seismic Laboratory shown in room is a short-wave radio transmitter Fig. 8 is intended primarily for the (d) and an all-wave receiver (e). testing of seismic equipment. The 6- The transmitter is connected to an cbannel reflection seismograph a setup antenna extending from the top of on the wall of the laboratory is ordi­ Berthoud Hall to Guggenheim Hall narily installed in tbe seismic record­ (see Fig. 1). The Well Testing ing truck shown in Fig. 14. A part of Laboratory is used at present as an this equipment are the blaster b and overflow room for Electronics equip­ the detectors c. A standard 100 cycle ment and instruction but will serve fork d is used for checking timers. Ac­ later for demonstration and research cessory testing apparatus are: an im­ in connection with tbe measurement pedance bridge a microvolter f, con­ of temperatures, resistivities, spontan­ stant impedance divider g, and various eous potentials, and radioactivities in other bridges, meters, and recording wells. instruments not shown. Two pairs of acoustic geopbones and two mechanical Fig, 10 shows the lecture room for 2-component seismographs are avail­ geophysics. It accommodates 50-60 able for demonstrations. students, is acoustically conditioned and is equipped with a projector for Associated with the seismic labora­ lantern slides and opaque objects. tory is a dark room, a recording room Next to it is a room for graduate and a screen room. The recording students, each of them having an in­ field equipment now available. This described above make the Geophysics room has a seismograph pillar extend­ dividual desk and book space. A draft­ equipment is intended mainly for re­ Department of the Colorado School ing to bedrock. The screen room is in­ ing table witb universal drafting set, flection seismograph and gravimeter of Mines the largest and best equipped tended primarily for seismic test block a shadowless tracing table, and cal­ surveys. For other geophysical meth­ of any educational institution in the experiments. The shaking table is culating machine are provided for the ods, such as magnetic and electric, world. Tbe perfection of the present driven from a beat-frequency oscillator student's convenience. little field equipment is required be­ organization has required tireless work through a power amplifier and the ta­ yond the instruments previously men­ on the part of all members of the De­ ble amplitude is recorded with a stan­ Fig. 11 shows the departmental partment. However, it would have tioned in connection with the respec­ dard pickup connected to an oscillo­ library and reading room. The book­ been impossible to attain this objective tive laboratories. A truck-mounted graph-galvanometer. To make possi­ case on tbe right contains periodicals, without the encouragement, under­ ble the use of high-gain seismic ampli­ magazines, catalogs, reprints, and rotary shot hole drill, originally con­ standing, and cooperation of the fiers, both the recording room and the other printed material related to geo­ structed by Longyear and remodeled President and Board of Trustees. In screen room are surrounded by dou­ physics, oil, mining, engineering, geol­ by the department, is used in the seis­ concluding this article, it is indeed a ble Faraday copper screen cages which ogy, and physics, Tbe cabinet in the mic field work. The main improve­ pleasure to make grateful acknowl­ shield them from electrostatic and rear of the library room contains ments on tbis drill have been the in­ edgement of their assistance. electromagnetic fields. The screen geological and geophysical survey stallation of an auxiliary power engine rooms are purposely located between maps, circuit diagrams, interpretation and of dual rear wheels. The body of the seismic and electrical laboratories graphs, seismic records, and lantern tbe seismic recording truck has been for the convenience of testing electrical slides. On the north side of the sec­ completely rebuilt for tbe new six- prospecting instruments requiring free­ ond floor are four offices for instruc­ channel reflection equipment and pro­ dom from extraneous interference, tors and a stenographer's office. One vision has been made to add amplifiers room contains files of lecture and lab­ and galvanometers for six more chan­ A garage has been provided on the oratory notes, calculation forms and nels. In tbe rear of the seismic truck south side of the ground floor for the other mimeographed material, with is a gravimeter compartment with seismic and gravimeter truck and tbe an available space of 60 file drawers. an arrangement to lower the instru­ torsion balance hut and trailer. The ment to the ground through tbe floor. Reproduction of geophysical sur­ seismic shot hole drill is stored else­ The Department usually rents a water veys and geologic data, and the dupli­ where. A small amount of shop equip­ truck for the seismic work; there is cation of diagrams and maps of all ment, such as a bench lathe, a drill no separate shooting truck. Fig. 13 kinds are procedures unavoidably as­ press, a power saw and a grinder is shows the drill truck and the water sociated with geophysical exploration. likewise located in this garage. truck on location. Fig. 14 is a view The acquisition of the equipment The supply room contains a stock of the seismic recording truck. The shown in Fig. 12 is expected to result of meters, transformers, condensers, field work in the spring includes, be­ in an appreciable reduction of tbe resistors, tubes, light bulbs, chemicals, sides the seismic survey, a complete department's expenses for work of this and other accessories required for in­ topographic, magnetic and gravity sur­ kind. The equipment includes (from struction and research. vey of an area about 100 miles east of left to right in Fig. 12) : a blueprint­ Denver. Geophj'sical work on mining Two other laboratories are located ing machine, a wash-rack for blue­ problems involves tbe application of on the second floor. One is the Elec­ prints, a reproduction camera for mak­ tronics Laboratory (Fig. 9) intended magnetic, self-potential, resistivity, ing lantern slides, and a photostat for instruction in the elements of com­ equipotential-line and magnetic meth­ machine (Rectigraph) with associated munication engineering and geophys­ ods on a pyrrhotite ore body a few Cooper-Hewitt lighting equipment. ical applications of electronic devices. miles from Golden. This work is These reproduction facilities arc also Available equipment includes univer- generally done on weekends during available to other departments in the the first semester. school. • Top—Fig. 10. Lecture Room. A description of the department fa­ • Center—Fig, II. Library, The new laboratory and equip­ • Bottom—Fig, 12. Blueprint and cilities would not be complete with­ • Fig. 14. Seismic Recording Truck. Photostat Room. out mentioning briefly some of the ment facilities which bave been briefly

405 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 In this area three hundred and tor. The depressions end on the plain Chase Group twenty-two gas wells have been drilled and do not continue into a major Wreford.—All three beds of the without a known failure. Wells at stream system. Even as large a stream Wreford are present and a total thick­ the edges of tbe field, both east and as Bear Creek, which flows for forty ness of from eighty to one hundred west, are mucb smaller in volume, miles across Stanton and Grant Coun­ feet may be found, Tbe Lower Wre­ bowever. ties, does not find its way into the Ar­ ford, the Three Mile, is composed of ahout twenty feet of limestone, con­ The gas producing area as deter­ kansas but is lost in the belt of sand taining a small amount of chert. mined by drilling is approximately dunes on the south side of that river. ninety miles long, north and south, The middle shale portion, apparent­ STRATIGRAPHY ly corresponding to the Havensville, is and from twenty to forty miles wide, Details of the subsurface stratigra­ east and west, and includes about fifteen to twenty feet thick and com­ phy of tbis region are only available posed of a reddish brown soft shale. 2,700 square miles, or 1,800,000 acres, for those members which commonly This gas producing area includes The upper sixty to sixtj'-five feet, produce gas, in the Chase and a part here identified witb tbe Schroyer, is a the following fields given by coun­ of the Sumner formations of the Big ties with the dates of their di_. limestone, the top and bottom of Blue Series of the Permian System. which is buff and light gray to gray KANSAS Only a few wells bave been drilled and fine-grained, the basal portion dif­ Liberal, Seward County ._ 1922 below this level. The formations fering from the uppermost mainly in Hugoton, Stevens County 1927 above the Herington limestone are tbe increased porosity. In tbe center Santa Fe, Haskell County 1931 also of less economic importance and portion the lime is mottled, light to Holcomb, Finney County 1932 will not be discussed fully in this dark gray, with considerable light to paper, dark gray chert. OKLAHOMA PENNSYLVANIAN SYSTEM Texhoma, Texas County .._ 1923 A few wells, mostly on the edge of Mat field.—The Wymore shale, Guymon, Texas County .._ 1925 the field, have penetrated into the Lower Matfieid, and the Blue Springs It is now customary to group all of shale, Upper Matfieid, are represent­ By Pennsylvanian. The Vickers No, 1 Stratigraphic cross sections are given. these separate discoveries under the ed by thin breaks of highly colored A structural contour map of the en­ Hitch in Seward County is shown on GLENN G. BARTLE one name, Hugoton field. the east-west cross section. According shale, often reddish brown. Both hori­ tire district shows the location of over • Top—Outcrop of red beds of end forma­ zons are remarkably persistent. Local­ The Universi+y of Kansas City TOPOGRAPHY tion in Cimarron series. East of Kingman, to Ver Wiebe"'' the Pennsylvanian three hundred gas weils and the eleva­ ly the Wj'more may be twenty feet or Kansas City, Missouri Kansas. rocks were first encountered at 3172 tion of the top of the Herington lime­ The plateau level of the High more in thickness but usually both • Left—Well being blown for open flow feet and the top of the Topeka is at a and stone in each. Plains in this area varies from ahout determination. Through opening 4" In diam­ Wymore and Blue Springs are each depth of 3855 feet in this well. Other RUFUS M. SMITH. '29 Production statistics include the three thousand to thirty-seven hun­ eter open flow was found to be 12.5 million about ten feet thick. cubic feet per 24 hours. deep wells on the west edge of the Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. present open flow and rock pressure dred feet above sea level. In common Between these two shales may be and the total withdrawals to date. with most of the High Plains there • Right—Fluid being blown out of well bore same cross section, in Morton County, Kansas City, Missouri after acid treatment. found the Kinney limestone, corre­ is a gentle topographic slope from and at the south edge of the north- INTRODUCTION south cross section, in Texas County, sponding to Middle Matfieid. It is tbe west toward the east so that the between ten and forty feet thick. Al­ during most of tbe year they are, of Oklahoma, are plotted without an at­ ABSTRACT This paper treats the area of the highest elevations are in the western though some porcelaineous chert may course, as dry as the surrounding ter­ tempt at correlation of the lower beds. nine counties in the southwestern cor­ portion of the area. be found near the base, the limestone The stratigraphy of this region in One well was drilled in the Hugoton ner of Kansas and the middle county This level plateau is monotonously ritory. is fairly pure. It is buff to gray in field proper to a depth of 5521 feet, the southwestern corner of Kansas in tbe Oklahoma Panhandle. The flat in most places but its surface is Three important rivers cross this color, usually fine-grained and some­ but the log of the lower section is not and the Panhandle of Olclahoma is greatest detail is known for the cen­ occasionally broken by wide shallow region; in the northern part the Ar­ times fossiliferous. discussed briefly with especial emphasis tral part of this district, including depressions called "blow-outs," caused kansas flows east near the mid-line at present available for publication. on the members of the Big Blue Series southern Kearney, Grant, and Stevens by wind erosion. After a rain these of Hamilton, Kearney, and Finney PERMIAN SYSTEM Barneston.—Jietwetn one hundred of the Permian System, Wreford to Counties, Kansas, and Central Texas depressions hold water for a few days Counties, Kansas; in tbe central area Big Blue Series and one hundred and fifty feet of Herington inclusive, which bear gas. County, Oklahoma. or weeks, making shallow lakes, but the Cimarron turns in a great bend Council Grove Group limestone must be assigned to the from southwestern Morton County Garrison.—A few wells in the Barneston formation. Come chert is almost entirely circumscribing Stevens heart of the Hugoton field have pene­ scattered throughout the entire for­ County toward the north and back trated tbe base of the Wreford into mation and it does not seem prac­ southeastward across Seward County, the formations formerly grouped un­ ticable to divide the Florence from Kansas; in the southern portion the der the name of the Garrison sbale. the Ft. Riley on the basis of the chert North Canadian and its tributaries Some wells, as shown on the cross sec­ beds, although the lower part of the flow east across Texas County, Okla­ tion, show ten feet of a soft red shale Florence is undoubtedly more siliceous. homa. and fifteen feet of buff to light gray Since there is a red shale from five These rivers have flat-bottomed val­ fine-grained crystalline limestone, to ten feet thick about forty feet be­ leys from one to five miles wide, with somewhat sandy, and porous in the low tbe top of tbe formation, we are eroded slopes approaching the stream lower part. This may correspond to assigning this bed to the Oketo, mak­ from one to two hundred feet above tbe Speiser shale formation and the ing the upper forty feet Ft. Riley and the valley level. The main valleys Funston limestone member of the the lower one hundred feet Florence. are subject to overflow practically Bigelow limestone formation of Another shale occurs locally within the every spring but tbe low terraces are Moore. Florence. seldom flooded. (In this paper we are using tbe Tbe Florence is therefore the thick­ Sand dunes are common in the re­ names of formations and members est and most persistent and important gion, reaching a height somewhat adopted by the Kansas Geological Sur­ limestone in the Hugoton field as a greater than the average level of tbe vey as shown by the chart "Pennsjd­ stratigraphic marker. It is usually a adjacent plain surface. "Blow-outs" vanian and Permian Rocks of Kan­ light to dark gray crystalline limestone are, of course, to be found all through sas" by R, C. Moore and others, 1934. with associated fossiliferous white to tbe sand dune area. For convenience the older names used gray chert. It is sometimes coarse­ Tbe main topographic characteristic by the United States Geological Sur­ grained and porous and often bears of this area is the lack of a continuous vey in South Central Kansas are given gas at more than one horizon in tbe and dominant drainage pattern by mi­ as paragraph headings,) formation. It varies in color from dark gray to buff. Locally the upper part nor streams. The rainfall is not heavy 'Walter A. Ver Wipbe. "Oil and Gas Resources enough throughout the year to make of WesLcrii Kans.15," Stale Geological Survey of of the Florence shows definite sandy Kansas Mineral Resources Circular lU, (1938) Vol. point. tbe streams the chief topographic fac­ 39, No. 7. characteristics. The chert is variable.

406 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 407 being frequently dull or cream to buff The total thickness of the entire by the loose gravel deposits which are in color. Fragments of fossils are group—the Odell, Krider, and Pad­ known under the group name Ogal­ found, including spines, fusulines, and dock—is from ten to twenty-five feet. lala. Grant and Stevens Counties, pieces of coral. In numerous places there are small Kansas, do not contain a single out­ STEMMING NITROGLYCERINE Tbe Oketo sbale may easily be over­ quantities of gas in the Krider lime­ crop of older formations at the sur­ looked, but a few feet of it is usually stone. face, the entire area being covered to be found in a careful examination In samples the Odell member is a with Tertiary Ogallala gravels and SHOTS IN OIL WELLS of tbe samples. It is usually red or red and gray shale, from a small with Quaternary dune sands. The gray in color. break to about fifteen feet in thick­ other counties have the few scattered The Ft. Riley is a granular buff ness. The Krider is a gray limestone, Mesozoic outcrops previously men­ limestone, pisolitic in many samples. usually medium-grained and porous, tioned, but even here the younger By cement behind the casing, relative size stemming itself is quite important and It may be argillaceous or locally somewhat coarse-grained in the lower deposits make up probably ninety-eight of casing and hole below, etc. Experi­ will be influenced to some extent by G. C. MacDONALD, '28 arenaceous. This is an important gas portion. The Paddock is a gray and per cent of the surface exposure. ence with fluid stemmed shots will tbe reason for its employment. If bearing horizon and an increase in the brown sbale with some anhydrite. Producfion Engineer eventually develop information which the object of the stemming is to in­ size of the well is often found at this The appearance of the Ogallala is Gulf Oil Corporation will permit the determination of the crease shot effectiveness, very little HcringtO}t.~\n the Hugoton field well known. It varies, in texture from level. While chert is not common, Tulsa, Oklahoma minimum distance between tbe top of material may be needed because of the Herington limestone is ahout fine friable sand to coarse grit and the time factor involved in the ex­ some siliceous material may be found twenty feet thick. It is buff, sucrose, the shot and the casing shoe, that may locally even high in the formation. conglomerate; in color from dark be used without damage to the shoe, plosive detonation. Everyone is fa­ coarse-grained and porous, sometimes brown through tan and gray to white; miliar with the consequence of firing fossiliferous. Locally it contains chert, The design of the stemming above but it is unfortunately true that the Doyle.—The Holmesville, Lower in composition from pure silica to al­ a nitroglycerine shot In an oil well Is development of tbat experience is ex­ a shotgun witb the slightest bit of Doj'le, is a persistent red bed with white or milky, with Inclusions of most pure calcium carbonate, in iso­ snow, stalk of straw or other ob­ spines. a problem that has been considered for pensive because tbe lower limit may mottled green and red or brown shale, lated outcrops even including partial­ some time. The economics of shooting only be identified by a damaged shoe struction in tbe barrel. In a similar The Herington Is the youngest for­ sometimes slightly calcareous. The ly weathered feldspatbic rocks. are quite considerably affected by the under given conditions. manner, a small obstruction in the well mation which commonly bears gas in bore above the shot will increase the Towanda limestone. Middle Doyle, is Tbese beds of gravel and sand are decision to use either solid stemming this field. Usually the producing string 2. Physical properties of the cas­ effectiveness of tbe explosive on the practically always present. It is be­ usually entirely unconsolidated and or fluid stemming. A fluid stemmed of casing is set on the top of this ing. Regardless of quantity of ex­ confining rock of tbe open hole. Liquid tween ten and fifty feet thick, a light shot may clean the bole of shot debris limestone formation. make up the general plains level with­ plosive, distance below the casing shoe, nitroglycerine will burn at the rate of to dark gray mottled coarsely granu­ following shot detonation with the re­ ^ellington.—The Wellington is out any ridge or escarpment. Locally, explosive concentration, or any other 23,600 feet per second and hence the lar formation, inclined to be porous. however, some of the layers have been sult that the well might immediately It bears gas in many wells. composed of gray shales and anhydrites consideration, a fluid stemmed shot length of time necessary for a 40 or 50 with some beds of salt. About three cemented by percolating ground water be put on production. Solid stemming below lap-weld casing is always at­ foot column of explosive to completely Tbe uppermost Doyle, or Gage, Is and tbe addition of calcium carbonate usually confines the shot to the extent quite variable in thickness, ranging hundred feet have been assigned to this tended hy considerable hazard. Fluid detonate is exceedingly short. The formation hy Ver Wiehe.* The lime­ into white "mortar beds." While tbat a more or less protracted period stemmed shots under lap-weld pipe force necessary to accelerate whatever from five to thirty-five feet. It is these mortar beds may appear to be of clean-out is necessary to remove usually a gray calcareous shale, some­ stones present at this level in Cen­ may open the welds in one joint at stemming is in the hole to a high tral Kansas are not recognizable in very distinct in a road cut or hilltop from the hole not only the solid stem­ any point in the string or may open velocity in such a short period of time times somewhat flaky in appearance. exposure, there Is no regularity in their ming itself, but also the shot debris. Locally it is reddish brown and iron- this region. the welds in several hundred feet of is a measure of the impact delivered to stratigraphic position since this con­ Tbe clean-out period may stretch days the formation and It may be seen that stained. Cimarron Series pipe in any portion of the string. The The Cimarron Is subdivided in Kan­ solidation and Induration may occur at Into weeks or months and in addition use of solid stemming over all nitro­ even a few feet of loose sand or pea Winfield.—In this area the Win­ any level within the formation. to the cost of the tools, the deferred glycerine shots placed in tbe open hole gravel in tbe hole above tbe shot field cannot be satisfactorily separated sas into the Enid, lower, the Blaine, The thickness of the Ogallala is production migbt amount to a con­ below lap-weld pipe is the only policy would, by virtue of both the mass and into members. It probably includes the middle, and the Upper Cimarron. In difficult to estimate since it commonly siderable Item. The cost of the solid that will give any assurance of success. friction of the material with the wail Luta and the Cresswell limestones and Western Oklahoma, the same names are used for the two lower groups and follows the pre-Tertiary topography stemming itself is not excessive, but 3. Effectiveness of explosive. It is of the hole or the casing, cause the may also include the Grant shale and deliverance of a tremendous blow to the term Woodward is usually used for which is not essentially different from the expense of removing it in terms of fairly obvious that a given quantity of Stovall limestone horizons, although the formation. a part of the Upper Cimarron. Above tbe present topography. The same hoth money and lost production might explosive will develop more disruptive no persistent shale has been observed be high. at this level. The Winfield is from the Woodward in Oklahoma may be amount of continental deposition may force to he expended against the for­ thirty-five to seventy feet in thickness. found the Cloud Chief gypsum and or may not be present on a slope or It is apparent that If Identical re­ mation if the products of explosion are Each unit volume of nitroglycerine It is a granular and porous gray lime­ the Quartermaster formations. The in a valley. Darton^ recognized thick­ sults could be obtained in a given well adequately confined. Whether it will produce 749 times its own volume stone, mottled in many places, and above formations are Included in about nesses from 180 feet to 286 feet in the from a nitroglycerine shot with either would require twice or twenty times of permanent gases in addition to 1500 feet of red beds, gypsum, an­ occasionally bearing chert, especially north part of this area. Bass'* found fluid or solid stemming those results as much explosive as used in a confined vaporizing for a brief period the water hydrite, and varicolored shales and in the upper part. It contains caicite a maximum depth of 150 feet in could be achieved at a lower cost by shot to develop the same effectiveness of combustion, and when both the sands overlying the Wellington. and is often crystalline in nature. Hamilton County, Kansas. using fluid stemming above tbe shot. in a fluid stemmed shot is a matter of permanent and temporary gases are TRiASSIC AND CRETACEOUS SYSTEMS Fragmentary fossils are not uncom­ Wells in this field are usually drilled However, there are certain mechanical conjecture. W^hatever the relationship raised momentarily to a temperature mon, especially in its middle and upper There are scattered outcrops of to a depth of five to six hundred feet limits to tbe use of fluid stemming; between the two, some reduction in of above 3000 degrees C the momen­ portion. It may be noticed on the east- Triassic rocks in this area in the south­ before the surface pipe is set and the broadly speaking, four conditions in­ explosive costs can be effected by the tary gas pressure may be high. It is west cross section that the Winfield western part of Morton County, Kan­ size of tbe hole reduced. The only dicate the use of solid stemming, re­ use of solid stemming. However, the usually these gases which unload the thickens toward the east. sas, near Wilburton; and In Central consideration of importance to the op­ gardless of the increased costs. If the added cost of cleaning out the solid bole in a fluid stemmed shot with such Texas County, Oklahoma, near Red erator is to get to a depth safely within beneficial results of the shot cannot stemming is usually much greater than spectacular flows of fluid, but It may The Winfield is undoubtedly the Point. the "Red Beds" so that the surface most important gas hearing forma­ he expected to pay out the increase in the cost of two or three times the be seen that by the time this phenome­ In the northwestern part of this water is completely shut off. It is very cost of the solid stemming, the shot amount of explosive that would be non manifests itself the desired effects tion in the Hugoton field. In some difficult to tell how mucb of this up­ wells a natural flow of five to six region a few isolated outcrops of should be abandoned. The four me­ used if the shot were placed under of the explosive are, relatively, long Cretaceous age may be found, especial­ per five hundred feet is made up of the chanical conditions which indicate the fluid stemming. over. Increasing the effectiveness of a million cubic feet per day is found Ogallala and how much might be of in its uppermost portion. In other ly of Dakota sandstone and Greenhorn use of solid stemming are: 4. Development of maxiinuiii ef­ shot, therefore, requires a relatively limestone and Graneros shale on the the Cretaceous or Triassic beds, simi­ small amount of solid stemming and wells as many as three gas pays are 1. Proximity of shot to casing shoe. fectiveness of explosive. When shoot­ Syracuse anticline. lar to the patches described at the out­ may not of itself require the complete found throughout the formation. If it becomes necessary to place the top ing opposite a tough dolomite in an It is possible that some of these crop. It would appear, bowever, that confinement of the explosive. Sumner Group of the shot within a few feet of the otherwise dry bole, it might become Mesozoic formations are present un­ most of this "surface" material is Enterprise.—The Individual mem­ advisable to direct the maximum The protection of casing usually re­ der the Tertiary Ogallala in this Ogallala. shoe, solid stemming is necessary to bers of the Enterprise can be dif­ energy against the formation regard­ quires a much higher degree of shot area, as we indicate later In this paper. protect the shoe from damage. With ferentiated in many wells but in some Obviously the Ogallala represents less of costs: any other impact would confinement. Strings of casing have TERTIARY SYSTEM solid stemming, wells bave been shot regions the Odell shale is not rec­ deposits of aggrading streams from to within three or four feet of the be futile. Under those conditions the been damaged in tbe shoe even when ognizable and the Krider limestone is Ogallala Group the Rocky Mountains. While it bas use of solid stemming would be Indi­ The surface of this portion of the shoe without damage. The minimum solid stemmed with tbe expressed in­ merged with the underlying Winfield. (Continued on page 457) cated so that the shot energy would High Plain is almost entirely covered distance between the top of the shot tention of preventing damage to that Usually the overlying Paddock shale IT. Darton. Syracuse-I.aktn Folio, No, 212, and the casing shoe for a fluid stemmed not be dissipated up the hole. shoe. On tbe other hand, shots have * Walter A. Ver Wiebe, "Oil and Gas Rcsoarccs United Slates Geological Sjirafj. (1920). is separated from the Herington lime­ of Western Kansas," State Geological Survey of shot will depend upon the amount and If for any reason solid stemming has been placed and fired without damage Kansas Mineral Resources Circular lo (19381 Vol "N, W. Bass, '"Geoloeic Investigations In West­ stone. ern Kansas," State Geological Survey of Western been decided upon, the design of tbe which in tbe light of present informa- 39, No. 7. V ; . Kansas, (1926) Bull. 11. concentration of explosive, amount of

408 409 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 tion would seem almost predestined accepted and solid stemming used be­ the drilled hole had been reduced to to casing damage. Unfortunately, com­ cause there is no other method of 4^". Quantity and concentration of prehensive and exact records on the shooting the well without inviting cer­ explosive undoubtedly should affect details of shot placement and the re­ tain disaster to the well equipment. any solid stemming design, but the actions of thc stemming in the casing This is particularly true in the case of quantitative affectation is obscure. at the time of detonation are very few, a non-producer which must either be The single factor in solid stemming hence it has not always been possible made to produce or must be plugged design which is most generally over­ to evaluate all of the factors which and abandoned. If there are only a looked and which tbe author con­ might have contributed to the damag­ few feet of pay open below the casing siders of paramount importance is the ing of the casing. Records now in shoe, a very nice problem in solid character of the rock being shot. For use for each individual shot should in stemming design is presented. a given quartage and concentration of time establish a background of infor­ explosive, placed in a similar manner mation which will permit the design Due to the facts that: solid stem­ with respect to distance below the shoe of solid stemming for all shots which ming is relatively new; records of and at a comparable well depth, lOO will assure the proper degree of con­ shots have not been too enlightening feet of pea gravel may completely con­ finement for each nitroglj'cerine shot in the past; and the opportunity is not fine a shot in a given sand while 500 placed. At present it is nearly always given to any one man to be familiar or even 600 feet of pea gravel above necessary to use considerable more with more than a fraction of the num­ the same shot in a tough dolomite may stemming than actually needed be­ ber of shots solid stemmed, general permit the fluid in the casing above the cause of the need to protect the quite and categorical statements might re­ solid material to spray In a solid stream considerable investment in an oil well flect upon hoth the narrowness of a over the crown blocks for many min­ and because the lower limits of stem­ given individual's field and the fal­ utes. Reasoning from effect back to ming requirements are only deter­ lacy of his deductions from observed cause, It would appear logical that if mined by failure. A more exact un­ phenomena. With full realization, the shot is to be confined, the stem­ derstanding of requirements should re­ therefore, of the criticism that may ming must display a greater resistance By sult in a reduction in quantity of ma­ result, with the qualifications above (Fig. 3), and then through a ditch to Impact than the formation; if tbe terials used with resultant economies set out, the author states that in his (Fig. 1, A) to its origin, the suction experience no shot which was com­ formation is tougher than the stem­ JOHN S. SURFLUH. '21 tank. in both materials and clean-out time. Engineer, Standard Oil Company pletely confined has ever damaged a ming, the energy of the shot will be Some of the most important reasons of California string of casing and no shot which ever dissipated up the hole with somewhat for using drilling mud are as follows: The use of solid stemming over did damage a string of casing was less disruptive action on the formation Taft, California nitroglycerine sbots in oil wells is a completely confined. The logical de­ than would occur if the shot were 1. To convey drill cuttings to the surface and to hold the cuttings in sus­ relatively recent innovation, advanced duction from this is that complete and completely confined. In other words, Introduction in the main by the explosive manu­ tbe energy developed by the shot will pension during periods when circula­ adequate protection to a string of cas­ Improvement in methods of drilling facturers themselves even though it be dissipated along the lines of least tion has been suspended thus prevent­ ing can be assured by complete con­ and equipment during the last decade meant a reduction in the amount of resistance, and if this be the stemming, ing settling around the drill collars finement of the shot. has encouraged deeper drilling for oil. explosive needed to accomplish a de­ then the shot will not be confined, but and possibly sticking tbe drill pipe, With the deeper drilling of wells, sired result in a given well. It has if the stemming has a greater resistance Under pressure from various oper­ more attention has been directed to­ 2. To hold back oil, gas, and water to Impact than the formation, then however, made possible the shooting ators and technicians, men engaged ward the factors which materially and possibly plastic formations by the shot will be confined. It is ob­ of other wells which would not have in the shooting industry have at­ affected the costs. Among tbese fac­ maintaining a sufficiently great fluid vious that the relative resistance to been susceptible to shooting with fluid tempted to develop empirical formu­ tors was that of drilling mud which bead to prevent their flow into tbe Irnpact of the formation and the stem­ stemming. The experience gained by lae for the determination of the proper represented a considerable portion of well. ming is not a function of the quantity the explosive companies in mine and amount of solid stemming for all the cost of drilling. As a result of scien­ 3. To plaster the walls of the hole, nor concentration of the explosive. quarry blasting provided a sound basis nitroglycerine shots under ali condi­ tific investigation the cost for drilling consolidate loose formations, and thus Hence, any empirical method of de­ for advocating solid stemming, but tions. If it were possible to develop mud has been greatly reduced. The prevent caving. termining the amount of solid stem­ whereas in that type of work a reduc­ such a control, damage to casing would improvement in drilling mud has also ming as a function of explosive quant­ 4. To aid drilling by keeping the tion of a few pounds of explosive per be sharply reduced in routine shoot­ resulted in Increasing tbe drilling ity or concentration may well be ques­ bit clean and cool and also by its hy- shot by the use of adequate stemming, ing. It is obvious tbat complete con­ speed. tioned. draulicing effect vA\tn passing through or tamping, would, in time, result in finement is not necessary to protect Owing to the fact that most of the the holes of the bit. a very definite saving to the mine or every string of pipe; a 200 quart shot quarry operator, in oil well shooting theoretical conceptions of drilling mud 5. To act as a lubricant between 100 or 125 feet below seamless steel It should be restated that complete are controversial, only the practical the decision to use one hundred or the drill pipe and the walls of the pipe may be fluid stemmed with com­ shot confinement Is not always de­ side will be discussed, based principal­ three hundred quarts of nitroglycerine bole. plete assurance while on the other sirable, but should it be, it can be ly on California practice. is usually predicated on bole diameter hand, the same shot placed in the same achieved by predicating the amount of Materials Used in Malting Mud through and extent of tbe pay section manner below lap weld pipe might stemming on the character of the rock Purpose of Drilling Mud Natural occurring claj's possessing to be shot. In addition, as above cause serious damage. It is also ob­ to be shot. Mathematical or labora­ There may be some readers who are suitable properties are used to make pointed out, an economy in explosive vious that a 200 quart shot 5 feet tory approaches to the problem do not unfamiliar witb the manner in which drilling mud by mixing the clay with by the use of solid stemming might below any shoe would undoubtedly have much promise; even though the drilling mud is used in rotary drilling. water to the desired viscosity. The not result in an overall economy be­ damage that shoe. Experience has Impact resistance of each and every Therefore, tbe following brief ex­ clay is ground to facilitate mixing. cause of tbe expense and hazard of shown that casing is much more sus­ producing rock could be determined, planation of its use is presented. The mud becomes mixed with forma­ cleaning out the solid stemming. The ceptible to damage if it is swung and the impact resistance of solid stem­ Tbe mud is pumped from a suc­ tion made mud after heing put Into small diameter oil strings of casing cemented in a large diameter hole open ming is of necessity indeterminate, tion pit or suction tank (Fig. 1, B) service, i.e. when clays are drilled prevalent today necessitate the use of to total depth than it would be if tbe and the evaluation of one without the into the rotary hose and kelly through they mix with the mud to a small tools through that casing, and casing were landed on a shoulder with other is futile. A very typical solid down the drill pipe and out through variable degree, resulting in a more if cable tools and a sand pump are used a hole drilled through that casing of stemming construction might consist the holes in the bit. The holes are so viscous fluid which must be diluted to remove the solid stemming, as is the approximate internal diameter of of an umbrella bridge or cave catcher located that the mud stream is directed with water in order to maintain a the customary procedure, the time the casing. In other words, if a to start the bridge above the bomb against the cutting edges of the bit. suitable viscosity. Thus drilling mud necessary to clean out may be long and hole were open to total depth and shell, from one to twenty feet of Tbe mud flows up through the an­ becomes a mixture of the original mud in addition there is always present 5>^" O.D. casing were swung and broken brick or sewer tile to wedge nular space between the drill pipe and and any formation drilled through the hazard of some of the material cemented 100 feet oif bottom, con­ and support the overlying material, walls of tbe hole to the surface. It is which disintegrates sufficiently to re­ lodging between the casing and the siderable more care would have to be then from one to ten yards of pea then conveyed by means of an over­ main in the mud. tools and sticking them. There are in­ exercised than if the 5^" O.D. casing gravel. The pea gravel may be re­ flow pipe (Fig. 2) from the casing When a clay or a mixture of clay stances, however, when these increased were swung and cemented but a few placed with sand or cement under cer- to the settling ditch, flows through and hole made mud does not make a costs and recognized hazards must be feet at most above the point where (Continued on page 458) the ditch to tbe vibrating screens mud of sufficient density, heavy ma-

410 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 terial such as finelj^ ground barytes, pouring 1500 cc. into the funnel and 2. Hydrometer (Figure 12), con­ which time the water is turned on full hematite, or limestone is added to in­ measuring the time of efflux of 500 cc. sisting of a cup which is filled with force. The velocity of the water is crease its density. or 1000 cc. The second method the mud to be weighed and is then such that the minus 200 mesh sand is Clays produce muds weighing from (1500 cc. in, 500 cc, out) is the most attached to the graduated stem and washed out. The velocity of the water In the elutriation tube should be 64 to 90 pounds per cubic foot, de­ suitable for all conditions because if the the assembly is then placed in a con­ 4.9 millimeters per second. pending on the quantity of colloidal mud has a high viscosity not all of tainer of water. The depth to which tbe hydrometer sinks is observed on the Tbe sand content can be determined particles present in the ciay and on the it will run out when using the 500 cc. graduated stem. by other methods such as screening, physico-chemical condition. The smal­ in and out method and this is some­ 3. Mud Balance (Figure 13), centrifuging, and settling, but these ler tbe quantity of colloids and the times true with the last method (1500 which has a cup with a lid on one end methods are not so commonly used in more they are dispersed, tbe heavier cc. in and 1000 cc, out). However, of the beam. The cup is filled with the field. the mud can be made. Generally those the first method is most commonly mud, the lid is replaced, the excess The sand content may be 3-10% clays should be used which will pro­ used in California with the third duce mud several pounds in excess of mud being forced out through a hole when drilling in sandy formations and method next in popularity. Tbe in the lid. The mud on the outside J4-1% in shale formations. tbe weight required because muds tend mathematics of flow under a variable to become thicker with use, requiring of the instrument should be washed head is of course complicated. The Shear Measurement dilution with resulting loss of weight. off before balancing the beam. Marsh Funnel viscosity is an arbitrary All of these instruments should be The shearometer is used to measure IVIany claj's contain salts which are number which is peculiar to this in­ carefully checked before using by set­ shear and gel strength of rotary drill­ harmful in drilling fluids because of strument and it cannot he converted ting them to correctly weigh a fluid of ing muds in the field. It also could be their effect on colloidal dispersions. into other units of viscosity. An in­ used to measure viscosities, but in dif­ The water used to mix with the clay known weight, such as water. The strument for determining viscosity density of the mud is recorded in ferent units than tbe Marsh Funnel. should also be as free of salt as possi­ should preferably be of simplest geo­ The shearometer consists of a thin 7 ble. pounds per cubic foot, or pounds per metric design so that the measurement gallon, and sometimes as pounds per aluminum cylinder 3>^" long, 1^" Drilling mud is usually mixed at the can be simplified. Drilling mud is not square inch which would be exerted by In diameter and weighing 2^ or 5 well by means of a jet mixer. A pump a Newtonian liquid and the mathe­ a mud column 100 feet in height. grams. Tbe cylinder is placed in a is used to circulate water and mud matics of its flow are not thoroughly Mud densities usually fall within vertical position in the mud and the from a mixing pit (Fig. 4, A) or a understood, except that its viscosity- the limits of 70-95 pounds per cubic depth to which it sinks determines tbe mixing tank (Fig. 5, A), through the shear relationship is not a constant as shear. Shear is measured In pounds jet located at B in Figure 4 or through foot. Muds weighing 75-85 pounds it is for true liquids. per cubic foot are adequate to hold per square foot. the jet in bin (B) in Figure 5, and There are several other instruments Shear (Ibs./sq. ft.) back to the pit or tank. Clay is added back formation fluids in tbe deep San used to determine viscosity but they Joaquin Valley Fields, Muds weigh­ / J4^_ Wd \ slowly into the jet until a fluid of are usually used in the laboratory. desired viscosity is secured. Figure 6 ing 85-100 pounds per cubic foot are \ bR bLD) Among these are tbe Stormer Viscosi­ sometimes required to hold back for­ shows hopper (A) located over a jet meter, MacMichael Viscosimeter, and whence and table (B) with paper bag cutter. mation salt water at Wasco and Ket- various modifications of these instru­ JV weight in grams of the shear­ This is used when clay or weighting tleman Hills. ments. ometer. material is packed in paper bags. Marsh Funnel viscosities used in the Sand Content Measurements d = density of mud in grams/ml. Figures 7 and 8 show drilling clay field based on the most commonly used Sand increases the density of mud. b = circumference of cylinder In cm. grinding and storage plants. Figure method of 500 cc. in and out, vary. It causes pump wear and has a tend­ R == distance cylinder sinks in cm. 9 is a clay deposit which is being In top hole drilling viscosities of 22 ency to increase the water loss and cake L = length of cylinder in cm. worked. to 40 seconds are used with an effort thickness. It is controlled by lowering J) = density of cylinder In grams/ Mud is stored at the well in tanks being made to maintain tbe viscosity the viscosity and initial shear value so ml. such as are shown in Fig. 10, less than 30 seconds. The viscosity the sand can settle out in the ditch. A value of 0.05 Ibs./sq. ft. is con­ Mud made from clay costs from 15 varies from 30 to 200 seconds when Vibrating screens remove coarse sand. sidered small and a value of 0.6 lbs./ to 65 cents per barrel, depending on drilling in hard shales and sands. Some Sand content is usually determined sq. ft. is large and is tbe highest value the fluid yield and price. Weighted operators attempt to maintain a viscos­ in tbe field by elutriation. Figure 11 which the 5 gram cylinder will de­ muds cost as much as $5.00 per barrel, ity of 30-40 seconds in hard digging, shows an elutriation apparatus in the termine with any degree of accuracy. depending on the constituents used and while others permit the viscosity to go cabinet. The water reservoir, tbe bot­ Two or more shear measurements the weight required. much higher. tom of which can be seen in the upper are made to determine gel strength. The first, or initial measurement is Testing Apparatus Tbe importance of viscosity is often part of the picture just to the left of over emphasized. The influence of the Marsh Funnel (B), is equipped made on mud which has just been Routine testing and control of mud viscosity on drilling speed in hard for­ with an overflow and is kept full of thoroughly agitated, as when it Is com­ can best be accomplished at the well be­ mations is controversial. It affects water while making a test. A brass ing out of the overflow pipe. Subse­ cause conditions change very rapidly circulating velocity and sand content tube conveys the water downward quent measurements are made at in­ at times. Automobiles equipped witb and if tbe quality of tbe mud is known, through a jet which is placed in the tervals of 5, 10, 15, 30, or 60 minutes, various mud testing apparatus can be it serves as an indication of the ease elutriation tube to within of the depending on the rate at which the used to advantage to cover several of running light weight equipment bottom. The elutriation tube is placed mud gels. If there is no increase in wells which may be widely separated. such as survey instruments, starting in clips near the bottom of tbe cabinet. shear value with time, gelation is Of course, a certain amount of testing circulation, and securing successful ce­ A similar apparatus is shown in Figure not taking place and the measurement apparatus should be kept at each well menting jobs. 14. The principle of the elutriation is not a gel determination; shear meas­ so that routine tests such as sand, Viscosity is controlled by adding apparatus is to wash out the minus 200 urements become gel measurements viscosity, weight, and temperature can water and chemicals. mesh sand and clay. Tbe remaining only when the mud gels. be made every hour by the crew. plus 200 mesh sand is measured volu- The rate or speed of gelation is Viscosity Measurements Density Measurements metrically in the graduated elutriation determined according to tbe time in­ The viscosity of drilling mud is de­ The weight of is de­ tube, .This is accomplished bj' placing terval between the initial and the sec­ termined in the field by means of the termined in the field by the following 100 cc. of mud in the 250 cc. elutria­ ond shearometer test which will pro­ Marsh Funnel (Fig. 11, B). The instruments: tion tube, the tube is filled with water duce a large increase in shear; i.e. if time of efflux of a given quantity of 1, Mud bucket with scale (Figure and the contents shaken. Tbe elutria­ the initial shear value were 0.05 lbs./ mud is measured and reported in sec­ 11, A) which consists of a 1/10 cubic tion tube is then placed in tbe clips sq. ft. and the shear increased to 0.6 onds. Several different methods are foot bucket into which the mud is with the jet projecting in the tube as Ibs./sq. ft. in 5 minutes, the rate of used. In one, 500 cc. of mud are poured placed for weighing. A gallon bucket previously explained. The water is gelation would he excessive. If this into the funnel and tbe time of efflux is sometimes used instead of tbe 1/10 only partially turned on until the increase required 8 hours, the rate determined. Other methods consist of cubic foot bucket. fluid in the tube is nearly clear, at would be considered moderate. Some

413 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 chemically treated muds with low depositing the solids suspended in it Marsh Funnel viscosities (30 sec­ on the walls of the hole in the form onds) may not develop more than of a filter cake. The actual effective 0.05 lbs. per sq. ft. in one hour. pressure which forces the water into The term, thixotropy, is applied to the formation is the differential pres­ designate muds which develop addi­ sure between the formation pressure tional shear (i.e. gel) in the subse­ and the fluid pressure exerted by the quent (second) test and which will mud column. This may be only a few lose that gel strength when agitated. pounds or may be several hundred This cycle must he capable of occur­ pounds. ring over and over again. The quality of the filter cake is im­ Some muds such as those which are portant in some kinds of formations. flocculated or are low in colloids (for When drilling through low pressure example Kaolin) produce a high shear sandy formations, the use of a mud in the initial test and may not show with poor wall building properties any increase in the subsequent tests. which makes a permeable filter cake will permit large quantities of water Tbese muds are not considered to be vicinity of lakes or other bodies of to go into tbe sand. This will result ble. Laboratory tests are frequently tbixotropic. The possibility should he water the mud can be cooled very in a thick filter cake being formed made at elevated temperatures. pointed out tbat muds of this type easily by passing is through pipes sub­ which causes a reduction in hole diam­ A few of the most important facts may gel so quickly that it bas taken merged in the water. place before it is possible to make a eter. This condition causes a tight concerning wall building properties test. place in the hole making it difficult are: pH Measurement or impossible to move the hit past this 1. Cake thickness and water loss Another quality of gels in drilling barrier. Salt Content Measurement The pH value of a mud is an in­ mud is the degree and amount of are high when a mud is flocculated, dication of its past history. It is espe­ agitation required to reduce the gel when tbe colloidal content is low, or Water soluble salts which are en­ cially significant when the mud has A great deal of trouble is experi­ in the absence of proper clay particle countered while drilling, flocculate strength from the value obtained in enced when drilling through certain become cement cut. Much has been the subsequent test to that of the initial distribution. drilling mud. Flocculation causes a said about tbe importance of pH shales which possess tbe property of thickening of the mud. This increase test. This might be called the dura­ swelling and breaking down when 2. Water loss and cake thickness control, but very little benefit has been bility of the gel, for the same mud, other things being in viscosity has to be overcome by the accomplished by changing pH values. water comes in contact with them. addition of water or chemicals. An A tbixotropic mud is desired but it Other shales are so badly fractured equal, are proportional to tbe square The optimum pH depends solely on additional effort of flocculation is to the past history of the mud, especially is also desirable that the gel be not tbat they are unstable and slough into root of time. This applies only for impair the wall building properties of when chemicals are used and it is in­ highly durable, i.e. it should flow the hole when lubricated by water the first hour or two. The water loss the mud, and as was pointed out fluenced by the kind of chemicals used. readily as soon as it is agitated. from the drilling mud. Under either then becomes practically constant and of tbese shale conditions the use of a may even increase, but it is of low previously this is undesirable. Figure 17 shows a Beckman pH meter Other instruments such as the often used for this determination. Stormer Viscosimeter can be used to mud which permits only a small magnitude. The salt which accumulates in the mud while drilling comes from drilled determine shear, hut they are not amount of water loss, obviates a great 3. Water loss is usually propor­ up formation or from salt water ex­ Chemical Treatment used in the field and are not as satis­ deal of difficulty. tional to an exponential (less than isting in the formation. The former 0.5) power of the pressure, but some Chemicals are now used extensively factory as the shearometer when test­ Several styles of filter presses have cannot be prevented from accumulat­ muds are not appreciably affected by to control the viscosity and wall-build­ ing muds which gel very rapidly be­ been used to test the water loss of ing but the latter can be controlled cause more time is required to make changes in pressure and the exponent ing properties of mud. Flocculated muds. Figure 15 shows a two unit with a mud density sufficient to hold shales and salts encountered by the the determination with the former in­ tester extensively used in the field. A is then zero. Pressure in excess of back tbe water. struments. 500 pounds per square inch does not drill contaminate tbe drilling mud, pressure of 100 pounds per square inch causing an increase in viscosity and The gel strength of mud is import­ usually affect the water loss greatly. The filtrate secured from the wall is used. This apparatus consists of a impairing the wall-building properties ant in that it serves to support cut­ Clay particles are plate-like in shape building test is titrated for chlorides. cylinder of 3" I.D. by 6" long with which can be at least partially over­ tings in the mud after circulation has and pressure tends to make the filter Sulphates should also be determined, removable base and top caps and come by chemical treatment. Chem­ heen suspended. Excessive gel strength cake impermeable hy compacting them. although it is not usually done. gaskets. These caps fit snugly against icals used consist principally of the and excessive gel durability make it the ends of the cylinder. The as­ 4. High temperatures produce Temperature Measurement complex alkali metal phosphates, tan- difficult to start circulation (called greater water loss and cake thickness. sembly is held together by means of a High temperatures may increase gel nates, caustic soda, and sodium silicate. breaking circulation) and may prevent screw in a metal frame. The base The following arbitrary classifica­ strength and viscosity, although in Cement causes an increase in viscos­ light weight equipment such as survey cap has a bole drilled through it for a tion of cake thickness and water loss some cases the viscosity is reduced. ity and impairs the wall-building tools from reaching bottom and may water outlet. A removable screen at 100 pounds per square inch pres­ High temperature has considerable ef­ properties of mud. Chemical treat­ cause ineffective cement jobs. which supports a filter paper fits into sure and at atmospheric temperature fect on wall building properties, as ment overcomes a considerable amount Chemical treatment reduces the tbe base cap. The top cap has a con­ may be of interest: was mentioned previously. of the effect of cement. Chemicals shear value of a mud and retards gel­ nection for gas or air pressure. Cake thickness Water loa ling, but continued chemical treatment Classification inches Gal./sg. ft./hr.* Reduction of mud temperature is used consist chiefly of sodium bicar­ When ready to operate, the top Excellent less than 0.10 less than 0.06 often results in muds which develop 0.06 to 0.10 often accomplished by the use of cool­ bonate, tannates, complex alkali metal cap is removed and the cylinder is Good 0.10 to 0,20 high shear values because the solid Fair 0,20 to 0.30 0.10 to 0.15 ing towers. These towers usually phosphates and complex acid phos­ filled with mud to within about Poor greater than 0.30 greater than O.IS content of tbe mud increases owing serve to degas the mud also. The cool­ phates. Sodium carbonate can also he of the top. The cap is replaced, the *ror a 3" filter— to the dispersing action of the chem­ ing towers are so constructed that the used but it is not considered to he as screw tightened and the air or gas o.oossS X itl. water =1 gal./sq. ft./hr. icals used. mud cascades down over baffles and effective as the bicarbonate because it pressure applied. The water loss is It should be emphasized that a mud heat exchange is accomplished through does not reduce the pH. Wall Buildmg Properties determined for different periods of should not always be condemned be­ the medium of the air. Figure 16 cause its wall building properties are Chemical treatment is used for over­ Drilling mud as such does not pene­ time; usually 5 minutes and 15 min­ shows such a tower. The mud is dis­ coming heaving and fractured shales classified as "poor." Such a mud may trate ordinary formations more than utes, and sometimes for 30 minutes tributed at the top of the structure as was previously mentioned. There be completely satisfactory in certain a fraction of an inch. The water and one hour. The assembly is dis­ through a slotted pipe and then falls are several methods of treatment used. phase of the mud will often pene­ mantled at the end of the test and tbe formations which will not slough and down on the baffle boards. Some The most common consists of reduc­ trate to greater distances, especially in filter cake thickness is measured. which are almost impermeable. New operators have stopped using them be­ ing tbe water loss to as great a degree sandy formations. Tests of tbis nature give compara­ clays will not meet the classification of cause of the belief tbat the mud ac­ as possible by means of chemicals such Plastering the walls of the hole is tive results. It would be desirable to "excellent," Muds are considerably cumulates oxygen when passing as tetrasodium pyrophosphate and through the tower and that this aids accomplished by tbe weight of the conduct tests under actual hole condi­ improved by cliemical treatment and Quebracho. The water loss should be drill pipe corrosion. drilling mud forcing the water into tions of pressure, temperature, and blending with bentonitic clays which reduced before the troublesome shales the pores of the formation, the water filtering medium, but this is impossi- may he added or picked up while drill­ are penetrated. Chemical pre-treat- ing. When drilling in the immediate

THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 415 ment of certain clays which respond icals. Addition of chemicals for this during the first round trip of the flooding as sampling and assaying are to chemical treatment reduces the purpose often impairs the wall build­ mud, and at any other time when con­ to mining. water loss lower than if the mud is ing properties of the mud, especially ditions warrant. The mud should be treated while in use. If the clay used when lime, cement, or other flocculat­ agitated (by whatever means is avail­ When the oil content of the sand to make drilling mud does not have ing agents are added. able) as soon as circulation is started. per acre and the extent of the sand a low water loss, and it is not respons­ Sometimes bentonite, cement, and The mud in the suction pit or suction are known, an estimate of the develop­ ive to chemical treatment, which Is water are mixed so that the bentonite tank can be agitated or the mud can ment and the operating costs can be usually the case, the mud can often be is present in just sufficient quantities be pumped over a tower. Agitation prepared with reasonable accuracy to improved when drilling through to form a gel with tbe water used. should be continued for at least one provide a conservative estimate of the bentonitic shales. Tbese shales may be About two pounds of bentonite are round trip of the mud. Continuous paj'-out data and the expected return located above the troublesome shales. required per sack of cement. The agitation is often desirable. Figure on the Investment. This information Chemicals such as the complex alkali bentonite is mixed with tbe water, and 19 shows two jets in the bottom of a is an aid to determining the value of metal phosphates are used to further the cement is then mixed into the re­ suction tank used to agitate mud. leases, royalties, etc. It should be improve this mixture while drilling sulting gel. The purpose of this mix­ recognized that with the exception of through the bentonite. ture is to produce a fluid which, al­ Frequently a considerable quantity tbe economic factors which govern the price of crude oil, all the factors perti­ Heaving shales in the Gulf Coast though easy to pump, will not pene­ of thin, low weight mud results from nent to the valuation of a water flood fields are sometimes drilled through trate the formation very far because the undesirable practice of washing program are within the grasp of the with drilling fluid consisting of sodium of its ability to stand at a high angle drill pipe while pulling it. This "spot" operator. silicate and various saturated salt solu­ of repose. This Is especially valuable of mud should either be taken out of tions. The object of this fluid Is to in caverns or large fissues. When tbe system to be returned after Its prevent the shales from absorbing strength may he sacrificed, as In filling weight and viscosity has been in­ Mechanics of Water Flooding water. large caverns, as much as I/3 bentonite creased, or it can be reconditioned may be used to replace cement. The mechanics of water flooding to Caustic soda and Quebracho are without taking it out of the system Bentonite is about 18 times as effective estimate the percentage of recoverable used to pre-treat certain clays which by adding thick, heavy mud into the as set cement is alone. In Increasing oil and the amount of water which do not respond to phosphates. ditch and agitating the mud in the tbe volume of set bentonite-cement. usual manner. If all "spots" of mud Chemicals are added to the mud by Tbe slurry should be permitted to set By dissolving them in water In small with excessively variable weights or for 12 to 24 hours before resuming viscosities are evened out as soon as RALPH O'NEILL, '32 W£LL SPAcm mrmms tanks (Figure 18) and running tbe work. solution into the mud stream in the they appear, tbe mud can easily be Pressure Maintenance and Secondary kept In good condition. Tbe use of Recovery Engineer ditch. Agitation of the mud In the In general, the greatest success can drill pipe wipers obviates washing the Phillips Petroleum Co. suction tank is of benefit in distribut­ be expected by using a mud with good drill pipe with water. Bartiesville, Oklahoma ing the chemical in the mud. wall building properties and high gel 00000 No attempt will be made to explain strength and to this add fibrous ma­ The addition of chemicals for the action of chemicals in the muds terial such as bagasse (sugar cane viscosity control, when required, The interest of the petroleum in­ dustry in secondary recovery methods because the facts are not yet thorough­ refuse), cotton seed hulls, redwood should be started when it is definitely for the production of oil has Increased ly established. bark, etc. About 1000 pounds of known that agitation of the mud will rapidly during the past few years. The 00000 Lost Circulation this material Is added to 100 barrels not reduce the viscosity sufficiently. profitable productive life of many oil of mud and Is "spotted" In the hole, The mud should be agitated while Lost circulation of drilling fluid oc­ pools has been extended with a con­ curs when drilling through formations left to stand for a few hours, and the adding chemicals whenever possible. siderable increase in the recoverable • • • • which contain caverns, fractures, fis­ process repeated several times if neces­ Agitation of the mud can be discon­ oil by the application of secondary re­ / Direct Lme Drfr« fiirfurn ^. •Sta^perp^ Line Dr/yp /^rfern sures, or pores of such size that the sary. If a heavier mud will be re­ tinued about 30 minutes previous to covery methods such as injection of gas filter cake cannot bridge the opening, quired later, while this zone is still pulling drill pipe and started up again and air, and water flooding. The scope thus permitting the mud to flow out exposed, the drill pipe should be packed just before breaking the kelly connec­ of this article is limited to the appli­ into the formation. off when circulation is restored and tion. This aids in drying the drill cation of water flooding shallow sands sufficient pressure applied to the mud pipe. It Is desirable to have a slightly Circulation can be regained when in the Mid-Continent Area where the cavern or other large openings are in the hole to equal the effect of the heavier column of mud In the drill flooding has heen practiced for the filled with mud or by bridging and heavier mud. pipe than on the outside of the drill past ten years. However, it was not pipe when pulling pipe, so tbat the until 1935 that the first flood of im­ plugging the openings. In the vicinity Mud Reclamation mud level in the drill pipe will al­ portance was started In the Nowata of the hole, without filling them com­ Previous to chemical treatment of pletely with mud. If the zone which ways be below the floor level. There­ Field in Northeastern Oklahoma. mud in the ditch, mud was frequently Is causing the loss of circulation is a fore, the mud will not spill over the discarded. Various attempts were The recovery of oil by water flood­ continuous one, it is desirable to at­ floor when the joint is broken. Some made to reclaim used mud, but unless operators pump in a few barrels of ing oil sands is essentially a mining tempt the latter method, otherwise operation, and In many respects, is tbe mud was properly reconditioned slightly heavier mud just before pull­ an indefinite time might be required more susceptible to analysis and fore­ with chemicals, it would, of course, ing the drill pipe. Stirring the mud 3. F/ye -Spcf f^/f»m 4. Senvn-^Sfiat/hHarft to completely fill tbis zone with mud. casting than mining. The preliminary not be desirable for general use, al­ ditch also results in securing a heavier If the zone causing the trouble con­ selection of properties can be guided by though it could be used satisfactorily mud. Drill pipe can be dried by in­ sists of small openings, thick "slugs" in some locations. Thus, mechanical older developments which afford possi­ of mud or bentonite are "spotted" serting a patented mud displacing ble records of: (1) initial production, reclamation, unless augmented by device into the drill pipe when ready Hot r»firtswt »^mi o Ol/ We/l opposite the formation with tbe hope chemical treatment, is unsatisfactory (2) accumulated production, (3) well that they will penetrate it and gel to pull pipe. Pulling wet drill pipe logs, (4) depth to sand, (5) sand for present day requirements. C3 /Ir^fa nefJ^Mii sufficiently to prevent further loss of results in wasting mud, and is a thickness, and (6) secondary recovery The practice of chemically treating circulation. Additional gel strength hazardous and disagreeable job. operations to date, If any. Should the mud in the ditch has resulted In may sometimes be secured by adding A great deal of mud is wasted at these data prove favorable for a water chemicals to the mud. Both flocculat­ very little mud being discarded which flooding program, the next step is to can be economically reclaimed later. some wells by using mud screens with ing and deflocculating chemicals are insufficient capacity, particularly after procure and to analyze a sufficient used. Sometimes mixtures of chem­ Field Control of Drilling Muds getting back into the hole. Tbis re­ number of cores so as to determine the icals are added which will form gels The derrick man or whoever is dele­ sults from the viscosity of the mud permeabilitjr, porosity, and oil content 3' Xrf*»//X9tt Ofag^am Shoyvmy tfi% themselves. Gel strength tests should gated to control the condition of the being excessive at this time because of the sand, and to eliminate thin sec­ tions and poorly saturated areas. The £/ffc/€tKy of Sfoyytr*^ ijnr jOn^a be made, adding different chemicals mud at the well, should spend most of of high gel strength. Additional taking of cores and the subsequent filafttrn. to tbe mud being used. In this way it his time at the ditch when not running screen capacity should be provided or will be definitely known how much analysis of them Is just as important in drill pipe. The viscosity and weight a portion of the mud can be by­ benefit can be expected from the chem­ passed. evaluating an oil property for water should be determined every half hour • Chart No. I.

416 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 417 must be injected are based on tbe of well spacing patterns for water or greater) as is obtained with close may well be responsible for its success fundamental empirical radical flow flooding. spacing on shallow sands where the or failure. Tbis is particularly true formula, developed by Wyckolf, et al. The property may contain old wells characteristics of the sand bodies are today of water flood operations. The which can be reconditioned and used identical. present price of crude, demands ef­ U loffe re/ra to reduce development costs, but oc­ However, a careful tabulation of ficient operation for tbe operator to Pu . . Po casionally the selection of such wells operating, costs against development realize a reasonable profit with taxes Q = quantity in barrels per day. may hamper a uniform spacing pro­ costs will reveal a marked economy in and other costs mounting. It is K = permeability in millidarcys. gram. The shape and the area of the using both the maximum pressure and therefore imperative that each opera­ C = constant to correct permeability lease frequently cause complications. the maximum spacing. tor produce a maximum amount of as determined in laboratory on Divided royalty interests further com­ For comparison, the following proj­ crude per acre at a minimum cost plicate the picture. Operations on core samples from whicb all ects with comparable sand conditions per barrel to be successful. neighboring leases may offer a barrier fluid has been extracted into are approximately equal from an eco­ to the proper well spacing program. The majority of engineers have natural conditions of sand. A nomic viewpoint which takes into con­ questioned the lower limit of the re­ constant is necessary to trans­ Economic factors generally deter­ sideration the development costs, oil covery per acre for a successful flood. pose CGS units of standard mine the proper well spacing for a recovered, and time required for re- The curve Fig. No. 2 shows: (1) The permeability unit to the foot given property. Among the factors covery. estimated net profit which will result pound system, to be considered arc the cost to drill (The same permeability in each from tbe development of shallow flood h = sand thickness. the wells and other development costs, case.) properties with various amounts of Pe = pressure at external boundary. pressure that can be applied, rate of oil oil in place, and (2) the lower limits P,f = pressure at center well. production and the depletion of the Oil in Place, on the amount of oil in place under a U = viscosity of oil incentipoises. property, the amount of oil to be re­ Depth Spacing Bbls. per Acre property below which water flooding re ^ distance from water well to oil covered, operating costs, the possible 500' 330' 10,000 may not be considered a profitable in­ well in feet. variation in oil recovery due to non­ 700' 377' 10,700 vestment in tbe Mid-Continent Area, ru = radius of well bore in feet. uniform sand conditions, and the 1000' 440' 11,400 based on oil selling for $1.00 per salvage value of the equipment. 1300' 528' 13,300 barrel. From this curve it is indicated The formula can be applied equally includes shooting with small quantities The depth and the strength of the Permeability of Sand space in tbe sand, tbe permeability that the economics of flooding sands well to the determination of the flow of solidified nitroglycerine (1-2 quarts with less than 2000 barrels of re­ formation determine the maximum The sand permeability next to oil ratio for each acre of sand, and the of oil into a well or to the water input per foot) and cleaning out. If a core coverable oil per acre in place at start pressure that may he satisfactorily ap­ recovery indicates the probable success amount of connate water* present in into a water well. The only two were taken of the well and high per­ of the flood is questionable. plied to a given formation. The effec­ of a flood, therefore tbe selection of the sand. The harrels of water input quantities to be reversed are Pe and meability streaks are present, these Conclusions tive permeability of the sand, the the minimum permeability that can be required per barrel of oil produced F„j which vary according to the point streaks should not be shot in order to viscosity characteristics of the crude flooded out with economic water-oil will vary with sand permeability. of greater pressure. There are several minimize hy-passlng of water. A \}4 Water flooding in the Mid-Conti­ oil, and the pressure that can be con­ ratios while recjxling water through Water inputs prior to maximum oil patterns of oil and water wells used inch tubing string with packer is set nent Area is limited only to tbe pres­ veniently applied determine the rate washed out zones of higher permeabil­ production have been in the order of in water flooding as shown by Chart at the top of the sand and cement ent day engineering and operating of production and the rate of deple­ ity is important. The total millidarcy 15,000 to 30,000 barrels per acre on No. 1. M. Muskat and R. D. tion that can be obtained for a given dumped above the packer. This meth­ practices. feet capacity* of tbe sand above any many projects. Wyckoff of the Gulf Research Labora­ well spacing. The oil recovery de­ od eliminates at least part of the It bas been proven that water flood­ selected minimum permeability divided Water treating is practiced by many tory have conducted numerous experi­ pends upon the amount of recoverable customary casing program. Usually ing can be done with a profit wherever by the millidarcy feet below that per­ operators. The water generally is ments to determine tbe relative merits oil present in the formation and the the well is drilled into the shale below enough oil can be recovered to pay meability will provide a rough cal­ filtered and when necessary it is treat­ of the several patterns. A discussion volume of sand that will be effectively the sand section to catch cavings, etc., the development and production costs culation of the lowest water-oil ratio ed. Water must be entirely free from of these experiments is not included flooded in a given time. The volume in wells where the complete sand sec­ and yield a reasonable return on the when the sand has been flooded to the foreign material which might plug the in this paper. The five-spot pattern of sand effectively flooded depends tion carries oil. sand because a majority of the input investment. The fundamental factors is used extensively in the Mid-Conti­ selected permeability. When the min­ upon the effective permeability of the The oil wells are completed in a wells are completed in such a manner which determine recovery are porosity nent water flooding programs. Al­ sand, the viscosity of tbe oil, the uni­ imum floodable permeability has been manner similar to normal shallow that mechanical cleaning out is prac­ and saturation, which together indi­ though lower in efficiency than the formity of the formation between well selected, the oil in place figures can be pumping wells. In general the well is tically impossible. The water system cate the oil in place, and the perme­ seven-spot and the staggered line drive, locations, the pressure difference ap­ revised to include only that oil con­ shot, cased, and equipped with 2" is generally designed for high work­ ability. Except for the time required it is more easily adapted to property plied, and the well spacing to be used. tained in sections above that perme­ tubing. Flowing the wells thru tub­ ing pressures and pressure water met­ to complete a flood permeability bas lines and tbe low efficiency is com­ The relative value of high production ability. On sands with relatively low ing with the tubing string cemented in­ ers are usually installed at the key little effect. The type of pattern gen­ pensated for by higher conductivity rates with a large investment in wells, permeability the water input rate is to the sand, the same as a key well, wells. erally used has been the five-spot with which reduces the flood out time. a short operating period, and the possi­ low and the economic success of the reduces both the development and the tbe well spacing 330 feet. This spac­ ble salvage value of equipment must project may be jeopardized due to the Operating Expense ing bas proved advantageous in in­ Efficiency may be defined as tbe be balanced against lower rates of pro­ operating costs to a point where sands slow rate of recovery. The main items of operating costs creasing tbe recovery coupled with a ratio of the area covered by the flood­ duction, a smaller investment in wells, with saturation too low to justify ing water to the total area. The ge­ Development pumping can be'economically produced. are labor, fuel, well servicing, and reduced pay out time on the invest­ a longer operating period, and possible ment, Tbe development costs have ometry of the pattern controls this salvage value of equipment after The development of a water flood­ If the wells are pumped instead of general maintenance. Labor and gen­ decreased to where a typical prop­ ratio. The area to be affected by tbe longer periods of service. For a given ing project involves principally the "flowed," they are equipped with eral maintenance will vary more or erty in the shallow producing horizons flood is that area which is covered be­ property there is usually an optimum drilling and equipping of wells and working barrels and rods whicb are less in proportion to the number of fore the water-oil interface reaches the can be developed for $1,300.00 per well spacing that will provide the the construction of pressure plants. actuated by electric motor driven in­ wells on a given acreage. The fuel oil wells. Since the pressure gradient acre. most satisfactory economic return on The development cost is very sensi­ dividual pumping units or by a cen­ item becomes increasingly important is greatest in a straight line between The treatment of water has re­ the investment. tive to the well density, and the depth. tral power. in older floods as the quantitj' of avail­ the water well and the oil well, tbe ceived a great deal of attention. The For higher permeabilities or longer able gas diminishes and as it becomes maximum rate of flow can be antici­ The water system is not particular­ necessary to handle more and more trend is toward the use of less chem­ From the fundamental radial flow term flooding operations the spacing ly difficult to set up providing an pated along this line and as soon as water. When large quantities of water icals and reduction of cost. The treat­ formula a given oil sand of a definite can be wider. The cost of drilling will abundant water supply is available. the interface reaches the oil well, this are handled the operating costs are ment of salt water bas been discon­ thickness, permeability, and oil viscos­ be in the order of 60 cents to 1 dollar Streams are excellent sources of water line will present the path of least re­ tinued where it is not corrosive when ity will take water in proportion to per foot for depth to about 1500 feet. supply, and shallow water wells are increased materially. For example, sistance to further passage of water. carried in pipe lines in the ab­ the pressure applied to the sand face. The drilling costs per well can be often used, also salt water produced based on a 500 acre project, having In other words, the flood has approach­ sence of air. Hydrated lime and alum Tbis relationship has been proven in kept to a minimum due to tbe large from the deeper horizons can be treat­ 3000 barrels of oil per acre in place ed the limit of efficiency and possibly are commonly used as treating agents practice. The limiting value of the amount of drilling in even an 80 acre ed and used. with a six year economic life, the its economic limit. and are used in connection with water pressure which may be applied to the project, as the present practice is of lifting cost per barrel will vary be­ Tbe size of the water plant will filters and settling tanks. sand depends on the depth of the the order of 1 well to 2.5 or 3 acres. tween 15c per barrel for flowing and We!! Spacing well, or rather, the weight of the over­ depend on tbe acres to be flooded, tbe 30c to 60c per barrel of oil for pump­ The future of water flooding oil The completion of water input wells time to complete the flood, the void There are a number of factors to burden ; therefore, the same flood out ing shallow wells. properties is dependent on factors not * Millidarcy is a unit of permeability or rate of inherent in the process itself. The time may be obtained witb relatively fluid flow tlirough the sand. MilJidarcy feet capac­ * Connate water is that water which is found in be considered in any development pro­ the interstices of tlie sand and should not be con­ Economic Prospectus wide spacing on deep sands, (1000' ity is obtained by multiplying average permeability demand for oil and its products, the gram that materially affect the choice by the thickness of the sand in feet. fused with that which is commonly called "bottom hole water." Efficiency in any industrial pursuit (Continued on page 460)

418 THE MINES MAGAZINE •AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 419 took a geological reconnaissance In Matto Grosso, As a matter of fact meagre geological data exist concern­ ing this area, apart from some works USE OF ALCOHOLIC SOLUTIONS IN by Evans (The Geology of Matto Grosso, Quarterly Journal of tbe Geological Society of London), SECONDARY RECOVERY OF OIL Arrajado LIsboa, and others, all mentioned by Gerth in the bibliogra­ phy attached to "Geologic Suda- By Experiments have been carried on From tbe experimental data it can merikas." The present reconnaissance in the labora­ be seen tbat: the use of one per cent is gathering data for the Federal EARL Y. PALMER. '40 tories of the Colorado School of IVEines ethyl alcohol with ordinary water gives Government for use In checking the Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co. by the author which show that the use 98 per cent better recovery than an private Investigations being carried of a water soluble alcohol in the flood­ Oklahoma City, Okla. ordinary water flood; the use of one out. This reconnaissance started from ing of oil sands will greatly increase per cent etb3d alcohol with salt water the extreme south west, on tbe the recovery of oil. It has been found frontier of tbe Republic of Paraguay, For more than twenty years the that a one per cent solution of ethyl gives 98.4 per cent better recovery petroleum industry has realized that than a salt water flood; tbe use of one in geographical contiguity with the alcohol with water will reduce the Chaco Boreal. Evans obtained geo­ the oil sands of abandoned or rapidly surface tension of tbe oil economically per cent ethyl alcohol with salt water declining fields contain large amounts as an initial flood gives three per cent logical data for comparisons by study­ and will in turn tend to form no ing, not only the Brazilian side of of oil. This oil is being held as a film emulsion of the crude oil forced into better recovery than with a salt water by the adsorptive properties of the sand flood plus an alcoholic flood; the use the basin of the River Paraguay, but the recovery wells. also the Bolivian, in tbe region form­ grains and the surface tension of the of one per cent iso-propyl alcohol with The equipment and procedure used erly visited by Alcides d'Orblgny oil. Tbe amount varies with the dif­ salt water as an initial flood gives 1.7 in the experiments were as follows: per cent better recovery than an ethyl Translated by near Corumba (Porto Esperanca), (Voyage dans I'Amerlque Merldlon- ferent sands and the character of tbe ale). Count Bonarelli, and Heald and Two one-inch glass tubes about 36 alcoholic flood; a total of 60 to 63 (Plate III), having given up a large oil, porosity of tbe sand, and the size Mather, geologists of Messrs. Rich­ inches long filled with Dakota sand per cent of the original oil present FRANCIS N. BOSCO, '35 area of land which it considers to have and continuity of capillary openings. mond Levering Co. Immediately fol­ of finer than 50 mesh each saturated may be recovered; the use of a dilute Petroleum Engineer little possibility of oil production. The recovery by pumping and later by with 500 cc. of 27.5 API Wellington lowing is a presentation of the pre­ solution of water soluble alcohol and Denver, Colorado a water drive, under the most favor­ crude oil. Each tube was fitted with The "Dept. Nacional de Producao liminary results of bis observations water will almost double the amount able conditions, yields only from 50 to one hole stoppers with glass tubes Mineral" (Brazilian Geological Sur­ and opinions on the extreme south 75 per cent of the total oil. Tbe aver­ about three inches long. of oil recovered by flooding with INTRODUCTION vey) at almost the same time under­ age will be 60 to 70 per cent, leaving water. The sand containing tubes were For reasons which will become ap­ much of the oil unrecovered.-'^ inclined at an angle of ahout 30 de­ Although a solution of iso-propyl parent probably a better name for Research work has proven that un­ grees and allowed to drain naturally. alcohol gives slightly better recovery this article would be "Contributions der certain conditions and proper han­ Then a water flood was applied to than a solution of ethyl alcohol, it to the Geology of the South West of dling, this oil film can be broken. The the lower end of the tube and as much has been found that a solution of ethyl Matto Grosso" without mentioning film may then, by its cohesion, form oil recovered as possible at the upper alcohol is more economical. the word "petroleum." Since 1932, owing to the "Chaco War" between itself into a droplet of oil.^ The prin­ end of the tube. After this, the vari­ From observing that very little ous alcoholic solutions were applied Bolivia and Paraguay, which broke ciples underlying the use of an alco­ emulsion is formed in the oil pro­ holic solution to release the oil film and a record of the amount of addi­ out on account of the existence of petroleum deposits in Bolivian terri­ may be explained by the fact that tional oil produced was kept. duced with an alcoholic flood another tory, the "Chaco" bas become very alcohol is soluble in both water and (Continued ott page 460) Results obtained were as follows: well known and always associated the lighter hydrocarbons present in with petroleum. This association also the crude oil. Since the alcohol will Recovery Vol. of Oil Natural Recovery With Total suggests itself to the Brazilian people combine with the lighter hydrocarbons Tube lo Saturate Recovery Per Cent With Water 1% Ethyl Total Per Cent No. cc. cc. Recovery ec. Per Ceut Alcohol ce. Recovered when referring to the west of the of the crude oil, the surface tension cc. State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, due to will be reduced and thus the oil is 1 500 175 35.0 47 44.5 45 267 S3.4 the geographic proximity of tbis terri­ more easily released and collects in 2 500 180 36.0 43 44.6 42 265 53.1 tory to the "Chaco Boreal" {Bolivian small droplets; thence, it is forced 3 500 160 32.0 S3 42.6 49 262 52.8 Chaco), since the two together form ahead of the encroaching aqueous alco­ + 500 150 30.0 61 52.3 59 270 54.0 5 SOO 182 36.+ 41 44.6 40 263 52.8 the "Central Depression of South holic flood. 6 500 178 35.6 48 45.2 45 271 54.3 America." This well defined de­ It is strongly suggested that in plan­ Av, per cent recovery by water—9,7. pression is formed not only by Bolivian ning a campaign for the flooding of a Av. per cent recovery by 1% ethy! alcohol—9,5 additional. but also by Brazilian territory and Per cent additional recovery by alcoholic solution—98. extends for hundreds of square miles depleted oil sand that all the neces­ Reco very sary information regarding tbe con­ With at an altitude of from 300 to 900 Vol. ol Oil Natural Recovery by 1% FAkvt Total feet, (Plate I and II) ditions to be encountered be correlated Tvl)e to Saturate Recovery Per Cent Salt Water Alcohol y Total Per Cent in such a way tbat the conditions for No. Recovery Per Cent Recovered Salt Water In 1936, a company encouraged by flooding might be made as favorable 1 500 181 36.2 60 48.2 59 300 60.0 so-called geological and physiographi- as possible and the alcoholic solution Per cent recovered by salt water--12.0. cal appearances, started work in Matto Icohoi with salt water—11.8 additional be given a chance to come in contact Per cent recovered by 1% ethyl a Grosso in search of petroleum. The with the sand grains and the oil film 7ol. oj Oil Natural Recovery With Total Tube to Saturate Recovery Per Cent 1% Ethyl Alcohol Total Per Cent shares of tbis company were eagerly holding the oil to the grains of sand. No. cc. cc. Recovery & Salt Water cc. Recovered subscribed for by the public, as a re­ cc. A study of the field concerned sult of intelligent and well planned 2 SOO 177 35.4 134 311 62.2 propaganda. At present it is making should he undertaken showing the Per cent additional recovery with 1% ethyl alcohol and salt water as initial flood water sands, direction of drainage, cap —26.8. geological investigations in a district rock, possible bottom waters, faults, Vol. of Oii Natural Recovery With Total * Departmento Nacional da Producao Mineral, arches and depressions, thickness of Tube to Saturate Recovery Per Cent 1% Iso-propyl Total Per Cent Bulletin 37, Rio de Janeiro, 1939. By Glycon de No. cc. cc. Recovery Alcoliol ce. Recovered Paiva and Victor Leinz. (Orieinal published in sands, and the probable amount of oil y Salt Water Portuguese), The translator recently completed a left in tbe sands. The geological struc­ study of Brazilian oil possibilities which included ture should govern the location of the 3 500 17S 3S.0 142 317 63.5 tiie area discussed in this Bulletin. Grateful acknowl­ Per cent additional recovery with 1% iso-propyl alcohol and salt water as initial edgment is made to Doctor Glycon de Paiva, of the •r Plate 1—Sub-Andine oil belt of Bolivia according to data from the Director General of Mines intake wells and the location of the Departmento Nacional da Producao Mineral, Brazil, and Petroieum of La Paz, Bolivia. Map organized by geologists of the Braiilian-Bolivian Com­ flood—28. S. for permission to publish the translated report.. recovery wells. (Copyright reserved by tbe translator.) mission, 1937. Legend: Solid dots represent seeps. Open circles represent oil fields. Iso-propyl alcohol solution gives 1.7% better recovery than ethyl alcohol solution.

THE MINES MAGAZINE -t^ AUGUST 1940 421 420 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 Chapter V deals with an extensive terrestrial origin, is a negative crustal dolomitic limestone formation, an area area. untested for oil possibilities. (b) The East province, or Pantanal, in Chapter VI includes descriptions of the Bolivia and Brazil, is crystalline, locally typical rocks of the "Baixada do covered with Bodoquena limestone (which Paraguay." has no Bolivian equivalent) and de­ Chapter VII compares geologically the posits along the edges of the principal flanks of the Paraguay basin. rivers. This is a positive crustal area, Chapter VIII is an economic summary and probable origin of the sediments in of the "South West" and its conditions the west province. of life. The Chaco (Vorland) of the Sub- This translation has been con­ andine shelf has neither oil seeps nor densed into three parts as follows: Part I Physical Aspects of the Paraguay oil wells. This area continues to the River Basin in Matto Grosso. west flank of the Systema Cblquitano Part II Geology: Consolidates the in Bolivia. Thus the Chaco and the material appearing in the first seven Pantanal are two distinct areas, geo­ chapters cited above and also includes logical opposites. If oil were found materia! from Gerth. U7t Part III The inhabitants and their in south west and central Matto mode of life. Taken from Chapter VIII Grosso it would be peculiar to the and includes some personal observations locality, without any relation to that by the translator. of Bolivia. PART I The distance from the Bolivian oil Physical Aspect of fhe Paraguay fields to the land in which Cia. Matto- River Basin In Matto Grosso grossense (the private oil company) is exploring Is 650 kilometers. Their plate ill—General location of the Sub-Andine oil belt. Map by Glycon de Paiva. Legend: To study this area properly one map should show the Sub-andine shelf Single shaded portions represent potential oil producing areas. Double shaded portions are lands contracted in Braiil [Matto Grosso) for exploration. must first realize that there are two as potentially petroliferous, not as oil distinct regions. One region, the fields being developed. Actually there west and north of the State, Is a are only 2 wells in Sanandita and 2 Morro do Azeite {hill of oil). These The flanks of tbe Andes emerge plateau (Fig. 4) the Matto Grosso in Canierl to the north, in the Sub- were all "iron stain" or black soil, from the area where the first oil wells portion of the Brazilian plateau, andine belt, (Plate I). It is probable, and not one seep was found in all tbe are situated more than 650 kilometers which the "Noroeste" (railroad) in preparing their map, that the area. The gas exudations were re­ west of Matto Grosso, From the foot crosses for a distance of 450 kilometers Spanish word "exploracion" (to ex­ vealed as simple air bubbles. The of the Andes to the Chiquitano sys­ from tbe Parana river to Jaragua, plore) was taken for the Portuguese well of Retiro Sao Joaqulm in tem tbe land is unexplored and only with an elevation of from 300 to 600 "exploracao" {to exploit), which was Amoguija, the celebrated well of very recently has been flown over by meters above sea level. The other a serious error. In addition to indi­ BalzarettI, after being cleaned, had war planes. The commercial flight region, or tbe east, is the Paraguay cating several areas as well locations no odor or show of oil, was merely is from Corumba to Villa Montes over basin, which is crossed by tbe same which are outside the geological possi­ clean water. An examination of the Santa Cruz, (Plate III). Therefore, railroad, from Cachoeirao, a distance bility, they suggested the possible ex­ rocks adjacent reveal them to be pre- the plain has no name. The area was of 250 kilometers to Porto Esperanca, tension of the Sub-andine shelf to the silurian pbyllites, definitely non- traversed by a French geologist, lost witb elevations of 100 to 225 meters extreme north of Santa Cruz. The petroliferous. The bituminous schists in the American forest in the romantic above sea level. The "Pantanal" is a Argentine government explored this are ordovician and cambrian micaceous 1830's. Alcide d'Orbigny called this small fraction of the Paraguay basin, possibility with a well which was shales. No oil stain could be ex­ the "Vorland Andino." below 110 meters in elevation, where stopped in the tertiary at a depth of tracted from them. The origin of the The Gran Chaco, between the many rivers merge to form the Para­ 1800 meters, a considerable distance name "Morro do Azeite" lies in an Andes and the Chiquitano system, has guay. A great salt marsh, with 2 to 3 above the probable oil zones. old fish oil extraction plant which Bolivia's oil possibilities. This area was here. Evidently the wish for oil has been receiving deposition almost meters depth of water, has formed As a last word, there should be has led most of the Brazilians to think continuously since Cambrian times, here. This swampy area north of mentioned the "oil seeps" which the of the chaco (Bolivia) as the same i.e.; it has been a negative crustal area. Corumba is called the "Xaraes" (shah- "Caboclos" (hlll-biUies) of south type of formation as the Brazilian The Chaco Boreal is a structural shelf west of Matto Grosso {about 30,000 The chapters of the study by Gly­ rah-ees). In recent years this hydrau­ eastern Matto Grosso have repeatedly pantanal, though they are actually un­ of the Andes. It is a mass of sedi­ square miles), considered from tbe con de Paiva and Viktor Leinz are: lic compensation has been changed due described to visitors. These are of related. ments gently folded into large struc­ point of view of petroleum resources. to prolonged droughts, so that autos Amoguija, Emandica, and tbe famous I "Physiographic and Geological Com­ can travel where launches formerly tures, with more abrupt folds at con­ The senior author did not give his parison of the Flanks of the Rio tact with the "Vorland." The east­ Paraguay basin." had water courses six feet deep. opinion on the rest of the northern ern edge of the Chaco Is more than area as he did not visit the region. II Review of the "Gondwana" of the The only mention In literature of "South West of Matto Grosso." the south-western Pantanal is in an 200 kilometers west of Brazil. On The typical rocks of the principal III Petrography of the "Serra de Mara- unpublished report by Lisboa. Mil- the other side, west of the Sistema formations of the Brazilian side of caju rocks. Chiquitano, the Cordillera de Sunsas IV The "Baixada do Paraguay" series. ward also made a trip through this the River Paraguay were described V Bodoquena Limestone. region in 1922 but published no re­ Is composed of granite and gneiss, hy his colleague Prof. Viktor Leinz. VI Petrography of the "Baixada do port. The geology of the area has easily studied. The geological separa­ The Bolivian works are better known Paraguay." heen briefly outlined by Castelnan a tion, then, is 200 kilometers Into as there are over 60 dealing witb the VII Geological Comparisons of Parana Bolivia. basin with the Sub-andine belt of Arrojada LIsboa, who Identified it "Sub-andine Belt," {Plate I). Evans Bolivia. with tbe Gondwana of Southern PART II concludes tbat about 18,000 square VIII Conditions of Life in the South West Brazil, The Pantanal does not ex­ Geology miles of tbe south west represents of Matto Grosso, tend more than 50 kilometers to each rocks of the Brazilian Crystalline The region studied is considered as Chapter I explains the reason for the side of the Paraguay river. Summar­ a crystalline shield occupying the cen­ Basement outcropping in Matto interest in this area. ized : The depression between the Chapter II deals with the sandstone of tral section of South America, to Grosso, and about 12,000 square Andes and the Brazilian Plateau is miles, a somewhat metamorphic dolo­ the "Serra de Maracaju" and the out­ whicb is given the name "Paraguaya." pouring of basaltic lavas covering them composed of two distinct geological This shield separates two sedimentary mitic limestone formation, called and the permo-carbonife. ous territory of provinces, which meet in Bolivia. "Bodoquena," which is still almost Central Parana. basins, the East and the West, com­ These are: unstudied. Furtber geological and Chapter IIT is a microscopic study of •wS»-.' prising sediments from, the Devonian petrographic investigations are the mentioned rocks, (a) The West province, or Chaco, en­ to the upper Tertiary, with many Chapter IV considers the "Baixada do tirely in Bolivia, consisting of thick un- gaps. In the East, i.e. the Parana awaited before any opinion can be Paraguay," the penepiained crystalline metamorphosed sediments, from Devonian given as to their possibilities. shield. to sub-andine Tertiary, of marine and If Pig. 4—Typical vegetation on the sandy soil of the Botucatu formation. Basin, the sedimentation took place in

423 422 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 In the west, in Bolivia there are America—Guiana, Brasilia, and Pata­ (essentially aluminum silicates) is two important divisions: The Andine gonia, (Plate 4). He related the generally admitted, hence, where there (mountainous) and The Paraguayan- "Serra Pampeanas" (Pampa Ranges) is erosion, there is emersion of the Amazonian (lower drainage basins of of Argentina to the Brasilian shield. eroded tract, whicb is progressively these rivers in Bolivia). The former In the language of Suess-Wegener, lightened, thus, to erode 1,000 meters is ahout 2,000 to 7,000 meters in ele­ "Are these three nuclei independent of surface requires the emersion of vation, the latter from 100 to 500 masses of Sial, floating on a common a continental mass on which glypto- meters in elevation. This explains Sima, each capable of small epeiro- genesis had removed 900 meters. The tbe political-diplomatic difiiculties of genic movements, or proper 'tilting,' measurable difference of elevation Bolivia. or do they compose a single block of would be scarcely 100 meters or 10% Sial, including all of western South of the actual erosion. The 900 meters The "Faixa (shelf) Sub-Andina" America?" In either case, they are of space created by the progressive of 50 to 100 kilometers in width from of sufficient extension to merit three displacement which took place is gradually filled by the compensatory the Argentine border north to Santa names. Gerth includes the Upper mass of Sima, (viscous basalt essential­ Cruz, thence north westerly to Peru, basin of the Paraguay, Taquari, and is also the petroleum shelf of Bolivia; ly magnesian silicates) in accordance Sao Lourenco, in the Algonquian up­ with the laws of isostasy. We under­ it has dozens of seeps, some of which, lift, thus signifying that the shield is as at Espejos, not far from Santa stand isostasy not as a force but as composed principally of rocks of this a necessary consequence of gravity and Cruz, are commercially productive age. In reality, that is what occurs (Plate I and III). A part of the rotation; a tendency always present in Matto Grosso. This concept, for the reestablishment of equilibrium, Andine Shelf is the lower shelf, which must be considered in tbe rela­ operating under, though sometimes marked hy a series of small mountains Fig. 5—Shales In the Santo Amaro River near the contact of Botucatu sandstones tions of the crystalline nucleus of on, the surface of a magma, the latter at Faienda (farm) Santo Amaro. up to 1,500 to 2,000 meters in eleva­ Matto Grosso and the Paraguayan occurring if there are crevices with tion, separated by low plains like shield, must be clearly held in mind, large vertical projection in the Sial, inter-mountain bays. If the oil indi­ • Plate IV—Geological structure of South a shallow basin, resulting in sediments for the two last mentioned, if not one Urucum, and contain iron and cations of the Bolivian Andes have America. Translations of legend: "Funda- of less than 5,000 feet thickness. In mento Sob Sedimentos continues"—Depres­ continuous mass, must then receive During tbe emersion of a block of manganese ores. little importance, neither do these in the West, however, i.e. the Chaco sion with continuous sediments. "Bordo da separate designations, and the latter Sial such as the "Paraguaia," there Paraguay an-Am azonic Bolivia, as just Cordilhelra"—border of cordjllera. "PS proper (Chaco latu sensu) and the In tbe crystalline peneplain of must be called "Paraguaya." An must be either increase of the mass defined. Oil is found only in the Reglao das serras pampeanas"—Region of Sub-andine shelf (Faja Sub-andina), Matto Grosso (the Pantanal), the the Pampa Range. alternative, according to Gerth, is to of the block by accumulation of Sub-andine shelf running parallel to the same geological deposits have four overflows of the rivers, during the consider the Pampa Ranges as part basalt, or increase in volume without the Matto Grosso frontier at 650 to five times this thickness, or up to floods, are always very extensive and of the Brazilian Shield. (Translated alteration of tbe mass. The increase kilometers distance to tbe west. The It is the opposite of a flooded terri­ 25,000 feet. The correlation of local the river beds join one another, form­ from German) "According to recent of basalt, although principally in the Amazon basin in Bolivia (called tory. stratigraphic standards is given in ing one yast expanse of water about studies the southern parts of the old lower part of tbe block of Sial, may "Beni") is a level jungle-covered table I. six feet deep. This forms a hy­ No+es on the Gondwana of south­ Brazilian nuclei have sunk, thus cre­ have taken place in any part of a draulic system of compensation which plain, with no notable mountains. west Matto Grosso ating the space for the deposition of continental block, particularly on tbe The "Paraguaya" shield always is always present in the Matto Grosso Actually, we repeat, the "Chaco In order to locate the east limit of extremely thick sediments of the surface, if this had communication has been a source of the deposits which rivers. As a result of this special fea­ Boreal" as defined has no known oil. the formations of the Paraguayan low­ Argentine Pampa whence tbe ancient with the reservoir of Sima. This is today fill both basins. On the Bra­ ture in this region, it is called "Pan­ We do not know of any geological lands, which are presumed to be po­ rocks protrude as monadnocks, com­ the origin which must he suggested zilian side, however, in Rhaetian tanal" (swamp), although in reality study of this region, it is merely a tentially oil-producing, a study of the posing the Pampa ranges." Never­ for the immense basaltic trap of times, there was a great outpouring the ground is firm and not swampy. broad dry plain, with no structural Gondwana Plateau of Southern theless, the high scarps attained in Southern Brazil, in the hypothesis of basalt which overflowed, in the On the other hand, in the "Chaco," indications, marked only by Bolivian Brazil (which extends to Matto tbe last geological times by Brazilia, which admits of an independent block opinion of the writers, as a result of the run-off is very low because the forts. The only geological work Grosso and terminates in an erosion in the Coast Range, in Sao Paulo, for Paraguaia. Conversely, a chain isostatic balancing. The great out­ porosity of the sand is very high, and studied relative to the "Chaco Boreal" scarp similar to the Botucatu scarp) faults of 1,500 meters vertical dis­ of archean mountains, formerly oc­ pouring of Brazilian lava is compar­ most of the drainage of rain water is was that of Dr. A. Topia, of the was made. The Botucatu (Maracaju) placement, are not found counter­ cupying the region just studied, would well explain the reason for able with those of Oregon (U. S. A.) as underground water (although this Argentine Geological Service, on the sandstone (Fig. 5) and lava flows, balanced in Matto Grosso, where the homologous sediments in the Parana or of Dekkan (India). The surface is relatively small, because the Argentine margin of the Pilcomaio nearly 400 meters thick, mask the crj'^stalline is represented by a low basin and the Chaco since tbe of tbis basalt constitutes an immense evaporation rate is high in the river. It did not mention oil. The Ponta Grossa and Iraty formations. peneplain of 100 to 200 meters alti­ eodevonian; permitting, on each side trap of at least 600 feet thickness, region). Bolivian post-war literature has These must be studied before the area tude, which may indicate the relative of Matto Grosso, the identical sedi­ covering a large part of the Central numerous and stirring descriptions of can be proven. Some important independence of Brazilia and Curiously enough, the word mentary series, although those in Plateau of Brazil. Because of this, the dryness of the region. More died differences in decomposition products Paraguaia. This would simplify the "Chaco" is written in Portuguese Bolivia were four or five times as from Rhaetian times, the erosion in of thirst than from bullets in the War of basalt were observed, i.e. an un­ explanation of tbe relationships here, almost in the same way as a s3'nonym thick as those in Brazil. Apparently Matto Grosso has had a tendency to of the Chaco. The Gran Chaco is a productive "terra roxa" which means as we shall see, A geologic- of '''Pantanal," the word indicating the sedimentation in Bolivia was continue on the crystalline shield, municipality of the State of Torija this subject warrants considerable physiographic fact most marked in wearing it away to the present alti­ the above-mentioned natural feature. principally in a geosyncline wbile in and is well populated. It lies along study, since "terra roxa" is tbe rich the region is the diiference of two or Brazil it was in an area scarcely tude of 300 to 900 feet, while the We refer to the Portuguese word the Sub-andine Shelf, to the extreme soil which yields Brazil's coffee and three hundreds of meters between tbe equicontinental. One may also sup­ basaltic topography remains at an alti­ "charco" (swamp), (pronounced south of the oil shelf. It was not the cotton. surface of the crystalline nucleus and pose that a block of Sial, exposed in tude of 1,800 feet, at the top of the shah-ko). Perhaps this resemblance theater of war, even though the Geologic Relations of Parana Basin the sub-basaltic surface of tbe sand­ Matto Grosso, is the source of the "Serra de Maracajii," which is the of words helped in making people Paraguayans came almost within and Sub-andine Region stones of Maracaju. The cr}^stalline sediments of the Parana Basin and western border of the above men­ think of Pantanal (charco) as a con­ artillery range of the nearest oil well. "It is necessary clearly to dis­ surface is the source of sediments for the Sub-andine region. Judging by tioned trap. This fact helped the tinuation of "Chaco." As previously In the last treaty, the Gran Chaco tinguish and separate statements of the lower surface, which reverses the actual thicknesses of geologic columns, tributaries of the Paraguay River to mentioned, the Brazilian Govern­ oil became permanently Bolivian. The facts from sound inference and legiti­ conditions in Sao Paulo State. The only one-fifth was deposited to the wear not only the granitic core rocks, ment's Group went to Bolivia, where territorial sacrifices by the Bolivians mate speculation."—Nevin, "Princi­ Maracaju surface, since Rhaetian east and the balance was deposited to easily decomposed by weathering, but they studied the territory and also the were in the Chaco Boreal or "Vor­ ples of Structural Geology." The (upper triassic) times, has heen pro­ the west. Since the material was also the soft sands of tbe "Chaco," as library composed of the confiscated land," where oil has not been found. chapter containing this material bas tected from erosion by the 200 meters derived by natural erosion of the the erosion process, in this case, reports of the Standard Oil of Bolivia. The Gran Chaco is a mountainous fascinating and very logical inference thickness of basalt; glj'ptogenesis Matto Grosso shield along then exist­ essentially depends upon the base level A result of this study was the not yet shelf of the Andes, structurally it is ing drainage patterns, tbe area must and speculation, based on the mass of (rock erosion) meanwhile proceeded which is the same for both, i.e., tbe published, "Rasgos Generales y Pos- a "Vorgebirge." It is the opinion of have had a generally westerly slope. data presented in preceding chapters. freely in the crystalline surface, which mouth of the Paraguay River (River sibilidades Petroliferas de la Faja some that the contact of the Vorland The effusion of basalt which must In his discussion of the Gondwana, was unprotected except for some thin Plate) in the Atlantic Ocean. Some Sub-andina de Bolivia," por Glycon with the Vorgebirge may be an oil have occurred as a counter-balance Gerth, page 2, volume 1, "Die flows. The difference of elevation rocks, being very hard, remain as de Paiva, Guillermo Mariaca e Jorge trap. The Spanish term "Chaco" is for isostatic increase of mass, would geologischen. Strukturelementa Suda- existed from Rhaetian to the present. buttes as in the case of the above- Munoz Reyes (General Rules and the equivalent of the Portuguese have had a tendency to accentuate this merikas," considers tbat there are The principle of isostatic equilibrium mentioned formation (Bodoquena) oil possibilities of tbe Sub-andine Shelf "roca," which means cut jungle, three shields in western South between independent nuclei of Sial and the district of Macisso do in Bolivia). burned to clear the land, then planted.

THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1 940 425 424 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 inclination towards the west. The the general public's safety. It is an lack of basalt in the sub-andine region historical fact that the early inhabit­ would be an argument in favor of ants were Aruak Indians and were this. We do not deny that tbese called "chacos," and they lived in tbe opinions may he expressed in terms actual "Chaco Boreal." beyond the comprehension of the lay­ Missionaries have been working man, and that the consideration of here. In tbis country of poor people forces seen in tbe relatively small with only elementary ideas of com­ masses with which we usually work, fort, food deficient in quality and weakens our arguments for such large variety, and a low scale of life, we find scale speculation—but a well known the Latin Catholic priests, Padres Re- tendency of tbe human spirit is to try demptores (Order of S, Geraldo to support a theory, imperfect though Majela). The exact contrary of this it may be, from which, by deduction poor scale of living is seen with tbe and new inferences we may, perhaps, priests; in fact, no one lives better comprehend the unknown. in Matto Grosso than tbe "Padres." Table 1 shows the parallelism of These "patrons of living," largely de­ formations on each side of the positive riving recognition and reward from nucleus of Matto Grosso. Consider­ the number of converts which they ing the table, we notice in the sub- make among tbe inhabitants, bave the andine column a lack of pyrobi- highest education, among people who tuminous Iraty-sbales, whicb indicates decidedly do not know how to live! • Fig. 2—Branding calves—Matto Grosso. an important difference in exposures The benefits they bring to these peo­ from one side to the other of Matto ple are countless! American Mission­ Grosso, during the epoch of deposi­ character of the Botucatu above other in Bolivia, is present in Missoes, Paraguay, and north of the Rio Carandazal to Porto Esperanca, trav­ aries have begun to build in this tion of this shale. Thus the masses of permo-triassic formations. Argentina. The topography of this Pilcomaio. It was little inhabited by elers close all doors and windows region beautiful "Casas dos Padres" Paraguaia was an island in the On the Matto Grosso edge there are region, particularly the lack of easy Bolivians, but was settled by Para­ (even on the dining car, in spite of (mansions of the priests) where all devonian sea of South America, and only two exposures of devonian forma­ passage between the Paraguay river guayans who had easy access to it the heat from the kitchen), Tbey also modern comforts are installed. These probably one of the multiple centers tion known, these are Santa Ana da and the scarp of Maracaju, hindered across the Paraguay river (Fig. 3). cover their heads with towels. houses bave lines of singular beauty of permocarboniferous glaciation in Chapada, in Brazil, and Orroyos, in the Spanish incursion along the edges This was the scene of tbe "War of (Dr. Camilio Boni, an Italian archi­ South America. Other differences in Paraguay. Probably a trip along the of tbe central Parana. the Chaco" in 1932, started by Pora, In the Pantanal of Matto Grosso tect who lived here j'ears before, de­ the two geologic columns are: Nearly Parana river would enable one to attacking the Bolivian forts of there is a general distrust of all trav­ signed them). Here are taught tbe PART III elers. In all this 80,000 square kilo­ all the glacial conglomerates which studj' successively all the lithologic Nanama and Boquerin, 250 kilo­ Portuguese and sometimes tbe The Inhabitants and Their Mode meters live barely 20,000 people, with­ Guarani languages. Tbe priests also are seen in Bolivia are drift con­ members which compose the strati­ meters from Assuncion, a few kilome­ of Life out police, law, schools, or doctors. travel by auto, performing marriages, glomerates, not true tillites as those graphic column of White (1908). It ters east of the first oil well of the There are two classes, the agregados baptisms, and dispensing generally in Brazil. In other words, Brazilian is interesting to note in the table of The ox is an essential beast of Gran Chaco on the Sub-andine shelf. glaciation was more terrestrial than (agriculturists) and the peonada spiritual and material favors, asking Bonarelli, a reference to what may be burden in this "pantanal," (Fig. 1). Thus all the right bank of the Para­ that of Bolivia. Also noticeable in Cattle were introduced by Mission­ guay is under Paraguayan influence. (cowboys), the latter usually Para­ nothing of their public. All this was Bauru; while in the other tables the done in true American style—decided­ Matto Grosso is the transgressive aries (Jesuits) from Guaira and by Auto roads have deep ruts, but the area guayan or Argentinian, Usually the upper basaltic series, which is lacking ly, generously, by tireless priests. Con­ Sr. Mojas from Goias in 1730. In can be safely crossed by model "A" employers learn the language of their cerning these aggressive missionaries 1900 the Zebu (Brahma) of Uberaba Fords. Corumba and Porto Murtinho employees to the detriment of Portu­ TABLE 1 was introduced, which is replacing guese. The languages, in order of all sorts of gossip was made: they are subject to annual floods. The fa- were American emissaries to get oil, Stratigraphic Standards on East and West Sides of Paraguayan Shield the Caracu (long-born), and the zendas (ranches) are enormous, from use, are, Guarani, (Indian), Span­ Bulletin 37 (1) Zebus now probably number one ish, and Portuguese. The army main­ they were spies, etc., in fact, all that 30,000 to 500,000 hectares in area. the fertile, sick, untrained mind of Affes Brazilian Bolivian Argentine million, or % of the cattle in all tains troops in Aquiduana, Bela Vista, Matto Grosso (Fig. 2). The main On these properties, a closed econ­ and Porto Murtinho. These are neces­ the Brazilian cowboy could imagine. Standard Standard Standard But the evidence forces us to admit White, 1908 YPFB, 1937 Schlagintweit, 1937 obstacle in the way of development omy exists. The people buy salt, am­ sary to insure a traveler safe con­ that the padres are as great an aid is the lack of efficient river transporta­ munition, kerosene, clothing, little duct on any trip. The entrance of Cretaceous Bauru Dolomitic I.s. Level Dolomitic Ls. Level (Continued on page 460) (Xs-Xi) tion from Corumba to Buenos Aires. else. Mate (Yerva Mate, a nutritive, troops into this territory improved Rhaetian S. Bento Series Lower Massive ss Lower ss. (y) The government, by ensuring this, can vitamin-rich tea) and beef are the Triassic Passa Dois Series make development of the area im­ principal foods. There is practically Permo-Carbon. Itarare Series ss and Tillite or Paleozoic Beds mediately possible. Cattle, fish, min­ no money in circulation, so an es­ Gondwana beds erals, ornamental building stones, sentially feudal sj^stem prevails. There Devonian Parana Series Micaceous shales fruits, woods, all are available. The is no real society. After a few days "Lloyd Brasileiro" and "Milanovich" visit, to the outsider, living on the TABLE 2 are the present unsatisfactory river fazendas is intolerable because of the Stratigraphic Standards of East and West Sides of the transports. Tbe Paraguayan basin in monotony of the diet, since no green Crystalline Shield of Matto Grosso Bolivia is covered with sparse bush, vegetables or variation from "roast resembling at times the northwestern beef and mate" are known. Brazil—East Bolivia—West Argentina West & South bush; it is also lacking in exposures, White—1908 Y.P.F.B. 1937 Schlagintweit—1937 and no exception is the "Chiquitano A typical fazenda bas a "casa" Sub-andine Tertiary (T) Caraada Jujenhas system," stretching half-way between (residence) for the^ landlord and a Tertiary of interior of (Tc and Ti) Tertiary Sub- "galpao" (bunk house). The visitor andino Santa Cruz-Corumba, between the S. Paulo and Matto Grosso towns of S. Jose de Chiquitos and S. to tbe, fazenda must stay in a Massive upper sandstones (U) Upper ss. of Jujuy (V, Mc, and Wi) Multi­ Ana Emquanto, below 150 meters al­ "galpao," where the "peonada" or colored marble titude. The Paraguayan basin in Bo­ cowboys live with all their equipment. Bauru sandstone Calcareous-dolomitic (Xs and Xi) Calcareous- livia comprises several states (Tarija, The nights are always uncomfortable horizon Dolomitic. Cretaceous Chuquisaca, and Santa Cruz). The here, with conversation of the peons, Horizon "Chaco Boreal" is a territory {like who sleep in hammocks slung one Sao Bento series Massive lower sandstone (y) Lower sandstones Acre in Brazil), and is considered a above another, baying of hounds, and Passa Dois Series part of Tarija. The Bolivians des­ countless myriads of hungry mosqui­ Itarare-Tuberao Sandstone with ignate this as "The Triangle," lying toes. The number of mosquitoes in the Gondwana Tillite Paleozoic south of parallel 21, west of the Rio Pantanal can be gauged by the fact that in the . long train ride from Devonian of Parana Micaceous shales

428 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 427 SOMASTIC PIPE COATING

For Permanent Protection of Underground Pipe Lines

By Immediately after shotblasting, pipe seamless coating. The hot mastic in a WALLACE W. COLLEY, is beated to a point varying from 110 semi-plastic state is pumped into the General Manager to 160 degrees, depending upon oper­ nozzle encircling the pipe. This Industrial Engineering Co. ating temperatures and humidity, and nozzle is uniformly heated, and con­ Bartiesville, Okla. hot primer is applied to the pipe. Six- structed to form an annular aperture tenths to nine-tenths of a gallon of of fixed radial size with a taper on the Researcii studies and field investiga­ primer is used to one hundred square outgoing end of tbe nozzle. Pipe tions concerned with steel-pipe corro­ feet of pipe surface. is driven through the nozzle, or as an sion and its mitigation show the ex­ Selection of Materials alternate process the nozzle is driven istence of several coating materials All materials are carefully selected along tbe pipe, and a compact coating having the necessary physical prop­ of mastic is extruded onto the pipe erties to supply protection consistent to conform rigidly to the following general specifications: with a resulting thickness of coating with economic requirements. In the of one half inch on 8" pipe. Tbis past, however, difficulties have arisen Air blown asphalt from selected crudes; 21 to 25 penetration for thickness can be varied to comply in the appHcation of these materials with the desired thickness required for to the pipe, with the result that the regular cold line service, and 15 to By cause without properly designed and the particular size of pipe being coated. pipe line operator has not always heen 17 penetration for hot line service. constructed equipment no party can Thickness & Weight of Asphalt JOSHUA L SOSKE, '29 assured proper protection of his line. Non-micaceous washed sands; deliver complete and trustworthy In­ carefully graded, all passing Tyler Mastic Coating Geologist and Geophysicist The remarkable efficacy of thick formation. Particular attention must Standard No. 6 Screen, and graded Nominal Estimated Geophysical Engineenng Corporation asphalt-mastic coating in particular Standard Coat ill/; IVt./Ft. be given to the required fidelity with • Deep Shot Hole Drilling. to conform to specific maximum 199 South Fair Oaks Avenue, has been noted hy investigators. Re­ Pipe Thickness Lbs. which the ground motion is recorded. density curve. 1" 5/16" 1.49 Pasadena, California Every recording system inherently In­ cent developments in the application 2" 5/16" 2.50 of tbis dense material to the pipe in­ Commercial limestone dust; free troduces some distortion. First, cer­ frequency "ground roll" present In from dirt or foreign matter, 100% 3" 3/8" 4.28 The success of the reflection seismo­ tain frequencies are transmitted or seismic work. Electromagnetically dicate tbat equipment currently in 4" 3/8" 5.38 use is adequate for this work. As now passing 50 mesh and 75% passing graph in mapping oil bearing struc­ amplified more than others. Second, damped seismometers witb low natural 200 mesh. 6" 7/16" 9.10 tures and its ability to obtain accurate tbe phase of vibrations Is shifted, re­ frequencies have been used at various applied, the SOMASTIC COAT­ 8" 1/2" 13.45 ING withstands handling during pipe Long willowed asbestos fiber; and pertinent subsurface information sulting In a time lag, different for times, but with the disadvantage of 10" 1/2" 16.56 line construction, and in place fur­ free from dirt, grit and moisture. not obtained by other geophysical different frequencies, between the mo­ requiring the use of additional filters 1/2" 19.51 nishes the ultimate desired protection All materials are checked daily and 12" methods has been well demonstrated. tion of the ground and the motion of to remove low frequency components. to the operating line. The improved weekly samples run to insure tbe use 14" OD 1/2" 21.35 Current success and past discoveries the light spot or shadow on the photo­ Since It Is mucb more difficult to ob­ technique of application is reviewed of proper materials at all times. 16" OD 9/16" 27.50 credited to geophysical exploration are graphic paper. Third, the transient tain electromagnetic damping witb higher mechanical natural frequencies, in tbe following summary of current 18" OD 5/8" 34.25 responsible for the extensive use of response, tbat is, the response to a sud­ Manufacture of Mastic most seismometers of tbe not distant methods employed with asphalt-mastic 20" OD 5/8" 37.96 seismic parties at the present time. It den ground displacement. Is more com­ Based upon the analysis of local is estimated, that two hundred or past used oil damping. The funda­ coatings. Note : To offset the buoyancy of nat­ available sands, the correct propor­ plicated than the actual ground mo­ ural gas lines laid in marsh and more parties are in operation in North mental difficulties and disadvantages tion for the mix is established hy de­ tion. It is desirable to have this re­ of oil damping arise from the wide Preparation of Pipe water, the thickness of coating and South America. termining the proper proportion of sponse as simple as possible in all variations of oil viscosity with chang­ can be increased. For example, The methods used by all seismo­ In order to secure the maximum lime-dust fines to be added to the ag­ parts of the recording system. Quite ing temperatures. During the cool 12 3/4 OD gas line could be graph parties are basically similar, bond of coating to pipe, the proper gregate. The general proportions of obviously the accuracy of results ob­ morning hours the oil may be thick and coated witb 5/8" thickness giv­ namely the photographic recording of preparation of the pipe is necessary. material in the mastic mix are as fol­ tained may be seriously impaired If viscous, resulting in sluggish Instru­ ing a weight per foot of coating ground motion generated by a subsur­ All pipe is thoroughly cleaned by shot- lows ; these factors are not carefully con­ ment response, wbile at higb temp­ blasting with steel grit if the opera­ of 24 lbs. face explosion. However, parties vary Asphalt 12% by weight sidered in design and construction. eratures later in the day tbe oil may tion occurs at a central plant or rail­ Types of Plants in the quality of their equipment, in Asbestos 1 % by weight become thin and tbe Instrument reso­ head plant, or by sandblasting if the their ability to obtain data, their ability Seismometers Sand 63% by weight Several types of plants are available nant at its natural frequency. The coating operation is to take place to make the proper application to new to effectively treat tbe data, and their The receptors or seismometers used frequency characteristics of tbe record­ Limedust 24% by weight efficiency of operation. Any client "over-the-trench." Shotblasting is ac­ and operating pipe lines under various by various companies are of many ing system will consequently be con­ The materials are blended and operator who contemplates using tbe complished by means of a rotoblast conditions. types. However, every seismometer tinually changing. Frequent substi­ mixed in a specially built asphalt- services of a reflection seismograph machine wherein steel grit or shot are The central plant is designed to system should have constant or nearly tution of oils of different viscosities fed into the center of a wheel rotating mastic heating plant designed to main­ party will wish to investigate these constant characteristics independent will partly, but not completely remedy tain absolute control on proportions handle the coating requirements in points carefully. at high speed and thrown from tbe an area warranting the mainte­ of time or the ordinary temperature this very unsatisf actor condition. circumference of the wheel against and temperatures of the mix. Two nance of permanent coating fa­ In this regard it is well to remember variation experienced in the field. Al­ With electromagnetic damping on tbe the outer surface of the pipe. This pug mills are used so that a continuous so considerable care and research cilities. that the easily mapped seismograph other band, the damping and frequency action not only cleans tbe pipe, but flow of mastic can be delivered from should be devoted to secure desirable The railhead plant consists of prospects In favorable parts of the response cbaracterlst-ics remain es­ also roughens the surface so a more tbe machine, sufficient mixing time country have been Investigated and frequency characteristics, minimum sentially constant. This constancy is intimate bond of primer to pipe can being allotted to each batch in order semi-portable equipment that can phase shifts, and simple over all tran­ be moved to the site of the line to are no longer available. Therefore, essential if records are to be accurately be secured. The operation is economi­ to secure a density of 135 lbs. per future reflection work to be success­ sient response. One of tbese prob­ compared and correlated. In addition cal, in that blasting material is trapped cu. ft. After mixing, the mastic is de­ be coated. lems has been solved by using electro­ The small-diameter plant is de­ ful will require the best equipment to being electromagnetically damped, and rerun through the machine sev­ livered by heated screw conveyors to available combined with a highly de­ magnetic damping in the seismometers seismometers should preferably have signed to handle the requirements eral times. Although the preliminary the coating nozzle. veloped technique. In general, future and oscillograph. Electromagnetic large outputs so as to require only a design has been prepared for equip­ of gas distribution systems using damping of a variable reluctance type Application of Somastic success of seismograph work will be moderate amount of electrical amplifi­ ment to rotoblast lines in place in tbe small diameter pipe. proportional to the degree of refine­ seismometer bas been attained without cation. Seismometers which require The dense mastic is extruded field, this equipment has not been per­ Over-the-trench equipment is ment of equipment and technique. lowering tbe natural frequency of the large gain amplifiers introduce a dif­ simultaneously over the circumference fected to date, and operating lines are used for the purpose of recondition­ Recording Unit instruments. It is accordingly possible ficulty whicb makes them in general of the pipe in a continuous process hy cleaned by the orthodox sandblasting ing and applying asphalt-mastic to to use the low frequency cut-ofi char­ unsatisfactory for field use. method. means of a new asphalt-mastic nozzle existing lines that cannot be taken In these considerations the record­ acteristics to eliminate undesirable low which assures the application of a (Continued on page 460) ing unit is of prime Importance, be­

THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 429 428 THE MiNES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 Number of Recording Channels holes before all data are taken, and The use of twelve or more record­ reduces the amount of time and ex­ ing channels rather than a smaller plosives required per shot hole sta­ number is in agreenient with modern tion. It is often possible to record construction practices. Recently ex­ simultaneously two reflection compo­ tremely portable equipment has heen nents at right angles when a large constructed using twelve independent number of traces are available. channels. Each package unit of this Recording Systems new equipment weighs not more than When a charge of dynamite is deto­ fifty pounds, and consists of only six nated, the motion of the ground arises packages. Other factors being equal, not only from energy arriving hy di­ the amount of data obtained per dyna­ rect and reflected paths, but in con­ mite explosion is proportional to the siderable part from complicated trains number of recording channels em­ of secondary waves. Tbese waves are ployed. In particular a twenty chan­ generated because of tbe heterogeneous nel seismograph outfit can, witb one structure of the ground, in accordance set-up and one detonation, record an with the intricate mechanics of elastic amount of data requiring two instru­ wave propagation. If the amplitude of ment set-ups and two explosions with a reflected wave is comparable to, or a ten channel outfit. The data ob­ smaller than, the arnplitude of tbe tained are more desirable because they complicated "background" motion, it are all on the same record with a com­ is difficult or impossible to recognize mon set of timing lines, allowing a the motion as a reflection. Any scheme • Complete Recording Camera, Illustrating 24 Trace Observation Screen on Center Door. rapid and accurate examination. The whicb tends to make the reflection •Ten Element Set of Galvanometers Used In Portable Equipment, identification and computing of reflec­ phases stand out more clearly from Illustrating Galvanometer Design. tions is fundamentally a process of Amplifiers matic or semi-automatic amplifier gain the "background" of the record is a correlating the motion of ,the ground valuable aid in computing and in­ The difficulties associated with the expander systems, which result in a at a number of points, and accurately tbe recording of tbe ground motion 3. Strong recording of a few traces use of high amplification, for example, usable record for the entire length of terpreting data. Several methods have comparing for each point the time been devised including the use of by various responses to tbe original in a group will generally distort microphonic tube and input trans­ the seismogram. Early reflections from elapsed since the instant of explosion. ground motion. When the desired tbe apparent reflected wave former noises, "motorboating," "feed a depth of a few hundred feet can be "multiple seismometer systems," that Even under most favorable and ap­ is, tbe use of several seismometers in number of photographic variations in front of tbe other weak traces of back," "cross talk," and other unde­ recorded as easily as late reflections parently identical shot hole conditions, various combinations in each record­ recording are obtained the magnetic the group. sirable features are avoided when low from deptbs ranging from 1 to 25 ground motion may not duplicate itself tape is cleared of its record and thus ing channel. A number of circuit net­ 4. By excessive mixing of channels gain amplifiers are used. Amplifiers thousand feet. At the instant of the exactly for successive dynamite ex­ made ready for the next recording. used for seismograph work should works bave been developed for record­ the time difference between explosion, when the amplitude of the plosions. Since time comparisons must ing which result in a. distinctly more The practice of making the play­ have a uniform response and minimum ground motion is large, the gain of be accurate to within 0.001 of a sec­ phases of the traces may be con­ favorable ratio of tbe amplitude of re­ back recording witb a much higher trolled by disturbances on one phase shifts over the range of im­ the amplifiers is made correspondingly ond, the advantage of obtaining infor­ fidelity to tbe ground motion than portant frequencies. flections to that of the "background." or more of the traces in the case low, so that normal amplitudes are mation for a maximum number of In routine field procedure one or more that of the ordinary photographic rec­ points per shot is clearly evident. In of reflections of low amplitude. Amplitude Control recorded on the seismogram. As the records are taken with the several ord seems to justify the re-recording amplitude of ground motion decreases, addition, the use of a large number of from the tape by several different The photographic recording of amp­ different circuit networks. In using these types of circuits for the gain of tbe amplifiers is automatic­ traces greatly facilitates shooting prac­ circuits. It is thought that this sys­ lifier outputs in seismograph prospect­ recording it is advisable to record a ally expanded at such a rate tbat tbe tices, lessens the danger of losing shot tem makes possible a better analj'sis ing presents a problem because of the A system whicb has received some suite of seismograms in order to clearly seismogram amplitudes remain within of the ground motion without increas­ wide range of amplitudes generated in attention recently in areas where re­ demonstrate by steps the effect of the desirable limits. Furthermore, the ing tbe amount of explosives used or the ground by the detonation of ex­ flections are difficult to obtain is a reduction of the so-called background control is smooth and continuous, in­ expense of drilling extra holes. Un­ plosives. If the amplifier gain is kept combination of multiple seismometers amplitude in comparison with the troducing no abrupt changes of ampli­ fortunately the principle of making amplitude of the reflections. In all constant during a recording, the seis- and a twofold recording arrangement. tude. Automatic gain control systems The twofold recording arrangement seismograph recordings which can be cases it is desirable to bave one good mogram is unusable in its earlier por­ reduce considerably the number of consists of tbe normal recording ap­ played back or reproduced in second record representing independent chan­ tions because of the large amplitudes. shots required per shot hole, greatly paratus plus a magnetic tape recording recording is covered by broad patents. nels at each station. This is one of the It is possible to shoot a number of facilitates tbe computing of results, device or some other recording method The patent obstacle in making of re- advantages of the twofold recording charges of dynamite, each successively and makes possible the most econom­ that will make a record that can be producable records has been overcome system as this type of record is the larger, and then by piecing together ical use of time, explosives, and shot immediately played back. By the use to some extent by using several sets first seismogram made. A criticism of data from the usable parts of each holes. of this equipment two records are of galvanometers making several rec­ coupling the recording channels to im­ record, obtain more or less complete made simultaneously employing auto­ ords simultaneously in tbe conven­ prove the record appearance is that if information. Such a procedure is Galvanometers matic amplitude control. The conven­ tional manner of making photographic too much coupling is allowed synthetic obviously inefficient, wasteful of time tional seismogram is recorded by seismograms. This arrangement has reflections may appear on tbe records. and explosives, and involves a consid­ The same fundamental difficulties the disadvantage tbat several optical which apply to the use of oil damping means of the galvanometer system and erable risk of losing the shot hole be­ and recording systems are necessary in seismometers are present in tbe case a second record is for example made Too many of the so-called improve­ fore all records are taken. An im­ on a magnetic tape. Tbe magnetic which increases the amount of com­ ments in equipment, under tbe stress of galvanometers. It is desirable tbat plicated and expensive equipment. provement adopted by many operators the galvanometers should be designed tape used is wide enough to accom­ of competition, are various methods is tbe use of a relay or manually oper­ modate all of the traces in such a man­ of cross feeding between channels. with electromagnetic damping and a The so-called overlap of traces and ated gain control which suddenly in­ natural frequency high enough to in­ ner that each channel can be played When less than average quality re­ various methods of coupling of ad­ creases the amplifier gain when ampli­ sure uniform response up to approxi­ back through the recording head in flections are being recorded such a sys­ jacent traces should be used with ex­ tudes fall below a chosen value. This mately one hundred cj'cles per sec­ exactly the same relation as when re­ tem as overlapping or limited cross method, however does not give com­ ond. Above this frequency the re­ corded. Tbe first record is removed treme care because of the following: feeding of the channels does tend to pletely satisfactory control of record sponse may fall off gradually, re­ from the conventional recording camera make the reflections stand out more and developed. The record on the tape 1. The excessive mixing or overlap amplitudes, and usually introduces a sulting in a filtering out of undesir­ of traces will produce records clearlj'' on the seismogram but such large extraneous transient at the time able high frequency "wind noises" and is then played back through various systems should be used only when the circuit networks to tbe regular record­ which exhibit some reflections of change in gain, rendering the record other disturbances. Such instruments which may not exist. operators and interpreters of the data unusable for the sbort time interval. must be ruggedly constructed, with ing galvanometers and conventional have complete knowledge of the result­ records are made. Several circuit net­ 2. Various amounts of overlap or Automatic Gain Expander high sensitivity and frequency char­ ing effects. acteristics independent of time or works are usually available for this mixing of the recording chan­ Many operators have accordingly temperature. playback recording making possible nels vary the effective length of Filtering and grouping networks are incorporated in their equipment auto­ • Deep Shot Hole Blow. the instrument spread. common in modern seismograph work.

430 THE MiNES MAGAZiNE • AUGUST 1040 THE MiNES MAGAZiNE ^ AUGUST 1940 431 tbe seismogram. This system may have possibilities but there is the disadvan­ velocity-depth function and the laws tage that tbe added cost of drilling of wave propagation. This means and loading extra shot holes may off­ that since the computed results are set some of the advantages which may rigorous and consistent within the be obtained by a less expensive method. framework of the assumptions, the only error of interpretation will arise In conclusion regarding recording from the use of a velocity-depth func­ systems, because of its importance, it tion that differs from the true one. should be reiterated tbat operators This is not true of those computing and interpreters of the data should be methods in which tbe rays are assumed thoroughly familiar with the system to travel in linear paths for the pur­ or systems used or serious misuse of pose of simplifying the computing. the data may occur. Nevertheless, it Such methods must he used with cau­ has been clearly demonstarted that be­ tion for the errors can become quite cause of these so-called improvements large. The assumption of linear ray in recording technique it is often possi­ paths and the use of velocity varying ble to map the attitude and position of with depth is inconsistent from the subsurface interfaces in areas where beginning, because a varying velocity earlier shooting methods failed or with depth of necessity introduces a gave data which were not conclusive curvature into the ray paths. This enough to be of any value. inconsistency of assumptions inevitably Computing Methods appears in the results and it is often found that when these assumptions Tbe simplest methods of computing are used, dips of correlated reflections reflection data usually assume the ve­ do not plot in a consistent manner Complete Recording Camera for Twenty-four Seismograph Traces locity of seismic waves to be constant with the deptbs, or the horizontal Weight Approximately 40 Pounds, By these methods undesired fre­ ground of the record. This theoretical at all depths, or assume a different distance from the shot point to the quencies and other effects can be result was obtained by working with average velocity for each depth. While section of the interface giving rise to partially eliminated. probability. However, to theoretically these assumptions give fair approxi­ the reflection is not consistent with Experience has shown that drills must of work is limited by the terrain and increase this ratio by a factor of ten The principle of multiple seismom­ mations in many cases, very consider­ the dip and depth, depending on the he light enough to be very portable, number of shot holes made available. would require 100 instruments per eter systems or the use of more than able errors in computed dips may re­ type of approximation made. fast in tbe field, and at the same time Cost of Seismograph Exploration one seismometer per recording chan­ group which obviously is not a prac­ sult. This error is introduced because rugged enough to drill holes ranging tical thing to do in field work. Gen­ To the average engineer the cost of nel can not he easily stated but cer­ of the failure to consider the appreci­ As evidence of the importance of from 100 to 1000 feet deep. With reflection work will seem relatively tain desirable effects of such a system eral practice seems to indicate that one able curvature of seismic ray paths the velocity-depth function in increas­ these points in mind anyone con­ to six instruments per trace is the high but when compared with the can be readily indicated. When sev­ caused by the increase of velocities ing the accuracy of seismograph sur­ templating using a contract crew will drilling of dry holes the cost of the eral seismometers are connected to­ normal variation used by operators in with depth. Field experience has dem­ veys it is only necessary to mention want to investigate the drilling possi­ routine field work. latter will be found much higher. gether into a single recording channel onstrated that the improved accuracy that a well velocity surveying group bilities thoroughly. It is often desir­ From an information point of view a tbe net resultant is in general an aver­ The argument that multiple seis­ resulting from complete consideration has been formed in California. This able to have a second drill available dry hole gives little geologic structural age of the outputs of the seismometers mometers recording will eliminate the of velocity increase with depth amply group has measured velocities in prac­ for emergencies in case of a break information as compared with the in­ of the group. Therefore if the pickups so-called "ground roll" and other justifies any additional effort required tically all important wells drilled down or of difficult drilling condi­ formation which can he secured by a are placed over a small ground area background noises by destructive in­ to obtain accurate velocity data or in during the past one and one-half years tions. reflection seismograph program of the nearly true motion of the ground preparing computing charts and meth­ in California. In this manner the seis­ terference is not well demonstrated Survey Progress equal cost. affects the group as a whole. This either theoretically or practicallj^. In ods of attack. mograph operators participate in the For tbe cost of a single deep dry effect is often desirable because of the general these undesired background expense of the well surveys and there­ The number of profile set-ups which test in tbe floor of the San Joaquin possible mechanical variation of the noises appear on the record in a ran­ The rapid depletion of simple and by secure the velocity data for their can be made by any field party de­ Valley of California a single seismo­ coupling of tbe ground connection dom manner and therefore there is a easily found structures is placing in­ computing work. pends upon several factors, the most graph crew can he operated for ap­ with the individual instruments when possibility tbat some of this undesired creasingly severe demands on the ac­ important are the amount of trouble proximately 20 months, in which time a varying surface soil condition ex­ background may be eliminated by de­ curacy of reflection seismograph meth­ Research and Development encountered in the field and the team 600 to 1000 miles of continuous profile ists. Very often the mechanical structive out of phase interference. ods. The mapping of faults, possible During the past five j^ears reflec­ work of the crew. The personnel of could be surveyed or 2000 to 4000 coupling of the instruments with the The very opposite seems also possi­ unconformities, or steep dips in sedi­ tion seismograph equipment and tech­ a seismograph crew should be carefully square miles of area covered in a re­ ground is not uniform because of the ble, that some in phase reinforcements mentary rocks requires much more re­ nique have been continuously modified selected. With ordinary conditions in connaisance manner. variations of the top soil. The general may increase the amplitude of the finement in computing technique than and improved. There is no reason to continuous profile or individual sta­ response of the group seems to elimi­ background. If there is an analogy was needed to locate many of the more believe that the improvements and de­ tion shooting, parties average between The greater part of the cost of seis­ nate to a certain degree any poor between the random background of a obvious and well developed buried velopments during the coming five twelve and twenty profile set-ups per mograph work is the expense of opera­ coupling of the seismometers to the seismogram and the ordinary noise anticlinal structures discovered in the years will not be as great, or greater day. tion, i.e., salaries, field expenses, re­ past by the reflection seismograph. For than, in the previous period. Such ground. most of us would agree that two If reconnaisance work is being done pair, gasoline and oil, depreciation, ex­ this reason any approximations used advancement calls for an active and similar noises are louder than a single the average reflection crew can cover plosives, casing and patent costs. The Another advantage of grouping seis­ in computing should be scrutinized eflScient research department. Many noise but perhaps we all would not approximately 100 to 200 square miles normal contract seismograph crew mometers into a single electrical out­ carefully. The magnitude of the er­ operating companies fully realize the agree that two similar noises are twice per month depending on the weather consists of from 12 to 20 men as per­ put is that the resultant recording is rors introduced by approximations may importance of maintaining a definite as loud as one of the noises. and transportation conditions. In con­ sonnel of whom 4 or 6 men are chosen more sensitive to the ground motion easily be as large as the details sought research program, with a qualified staif tinuous profile work approximately 30 because of their technical ability and originating from the emerging re­ and therefore vitiate all the eifort ex­ and adequate facilities. It should be The number of seismometers used to 50 miles of profile can be covered the others are to some extent men of flected waves. It has been sbown by pended. the policy of every acceptable contrac­ per channel in the final analysis is per month. Detail reflection work certain trades. The truck equipment various independent workers in seismo­ tor to incorporate the latest and most usually determined by the solution of such as required to delineate geologic required for field transportation varies graph research that in a general way Any computing method to be ac­ modern developments in bis equipment the economic problem plus the desired structures of low relief requires much from 3 to 7 units. the ratio of the reflection amplitude ceptable should fulfill the following and technique. results. Multiple seismometers in more time and painstaking than in to tbe amplitude of the probable back­ general requirements: A breakdown of the average ex­ large numbers may affect tbe efliciency areas where the structural relief is ground of the seismogram is propor­ Drilling Equipment penses of a modern seismograph crew of a crew. This is especially true if 1. The computing method should greater. Approximately 15 to 60 tional to the square root of the number The drilling equipment of any seis­ using 18 men, seven truck units and conditions require extremely portable be simple, direct, and rapid so as to square miles of area can be covered of instruments in the group. As an mograph crew is a very important and one automobile would in general be equipment. eliminate possibilities of errors and in detail per month. as follows per month: example, four seismometers per chan­ to allow a full understanding to all integral part of its organization, he- It is claimed hy some operators that Salaries of 4 geophysical nel should approximately double tbe by simultaneous use of several shot who are to use the final data. cause the cost of drilling operations Under conditions which require ex­ amplitude of the reflection phases as tremely portable equipment 3 to 9 in­ engineers - $1000.00 holes spaced according to a certain pat­ 2. The computed results should amounts to one fourth to one half of Wages of 14 field workers 2100.00 compared with tbe recorded back­ strument set-ups can be occupied per tern desirable effects can be secured on follow rigorously from the assumed the entire party operation cost, de­ General repair and upkeep .. 600.00 pending upon the type of rock drilled. day. Usually the progress of this type Depreciation of equipment .... 1000.00

432 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 433 Gasoiine and oil _ 450.00 ization as a whole seems easily estab­ therefore a variety of assumptions, Supplies, etc _.. 275.00 Explosives — __ 550.00 lished. Nevertheless, it seems that technique, and types of equipment are Patent rights - _. 500.00 recent close scrutiny of clients or per­ possible. However, most all prospec­ Research contribution 250.00 haps some other factor has caused the tive clients base their judgment on a SUBSURFACE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE Overhead _ __ • ISO.OO inactivity of a few apparently well service by considering certain stand­ Field expenses __ 300.00 established geophysical services. ards. Some of these factors are given GAUGES AND SAMPLERS TOTAL AVERAGE It should he appreciated that a good in Table I. COST PER MONTH ..._$7275.00 seismograph service organization can The profound secrecy of tbe seis­ Crews which use less truclc equipment, not come into being by simply purchas­ mograph contractor toward clients and fewer traces, and less men have total ing a set of equipment, securing an others interested is likely to be used By Subsurface Pressure Gauges— as a maximum pressure recording type operating expenses varjdng from experienced personnel and then begin to cover simplicity and lack of refine­ Humble Type without turning device, which is used turning out surveys. In the first place ment rather than to safeguard the $4000.00 to $7000.00 per month. In JOHN F. PURDUM. '30 Tbe Humble subsurface pressure for calibrating purposes and for an little equipment of this type has ap­ contractors interests in new and re­ occasional single approximate subsur­ addition to these costs often the oper­ Engineering Laboratories, Inc. gauge is very simple and satisfactory peared on the market which has been fined methods of approach in the face well pressure. A maximum read­ ator must pay for land permits, sur- Tulsa, Oklahoma in its operation. The well pressure is modern in all details and in the second work. ing thermometer can be secured for vej'or, damages, etc. which usually admitted into the inside of the gauge runs the total cost to the operator from place it is not often that a rapidly use with this gauge. built up personnel will operate with Personnel of fhe Seismograph Party As the drilling for and producing at the top where it acts on a piston 6 to sometimes as high as 18 thousand The second and most used gauge mutual understanding and mutual tact The prospective client for this type oii become more of a technical prob­ against the tension of a helical spring. dollars per month. is of the recording pressure type throughout. The difficulties, trials, of scientific service will benefit from an lem, it is more necessary to secure suf­ The lower end of the piston extends Severe price competition in seismo­ equipped with a clock operated turn­ and trivial happenings in field opera­ examination of the experience record ficient and reliable information so that through a stuffing box into the lower graph services is a very short-sighted ing device which is used to obtain a tions require the utmost in tact, under­ of tbe personnel of a geophysical con­ properties can be operated in an ef­ section of the gauge which is kept at policy. When such competition con­ series of subsurface pressures on a standing, and the giving of credit tractor. Contractors sense the desire ficient and economical manner. In or­ atmospheric pressure. Tbe stylus trols the fees for services money is chart for definite time intervals. When where credit is due and vice versa. of tbe client to secure the services di­ der to secure the information desired mounted on the lower end of the first taken from research and develop­ this series of pressures is taken both This requires that personal friction rected by men of broad geophysical many kinds of measuring devices bave piston records on a chart tbe amount ment programs which in the final going in and coming out of the hole must be completely avoided. experience and often offer advance­ been developed. Among the important of extension of the spring. This ex­ analysis are the research and develop­ the chart obtained will be a pressure ment to geophysicists of other com­ developments have been instruments tension is a measure of the well pres­ traverse and will give the maximum ment of the client. If competition re­ Tbe recognized first class seismo­ panies. A result of the policy of col­ for measuring temperatures and pres­ sure. The gauges can be secured information and accuracy. Either a quires still further reduction the per­ graph services with few exceptions lecting specialized personnel to the sures in oil wells. These instruments equipped with a suitable spring for maximum recording thermometer or sonnel is the next to suiier and finally have been developed by years of experi­ embarrassment of other established are run in the flow string by the use measuring tbe desired pressure with a recording type thermometer with for the lack of funds for the proper up­ ence and hard work of the men head­ geophysical companies is that often a of a lubricator, stuffing box, steel line, a great degree of accuracy. It is ad­ clock-operated turning device can be keep the condition of the equipment ing the organization. Since an ade­ dissatisfaction develops with the ac­ depth measuring device and reel. To visable to use a spring that will give quate supply of equipment has not secured for and operated with the is impaired and the net result a de­ quired individual and he holds hack supplement the information tbat can the maximum extension for the max­ been placed on tbe market the first recording type of gauge. generation of the quality of the serv­ some of his information gained by ex­ be secured with these instruments sev­ imum pressure that will be encoun­ ices. problem of a new organization is to perience for the fear tbat someone eral types of samplers have been de­ design and test the type of equipment tered in order to read the chart record In addition to tbe information se­ General Differences Between else would profit should he not with­ veloped with which a sample of well as closely as possible. If the same cured by the subsurface pressure gauge Seismograph Services to be used. In some cases it has been hold his knowledge. Then too often fluid can be taken at any desired place possible to make certain short cuts in gauge is to be run in wells having a and subsurface thermometer, it is During the several years prior to the company which acquires personnel in the flow string and brought to the large range of maximum pressures, it necessary to take certain surface meas­ design by acquiring information on in this manner becomes dissatisfied 1940 the supply of seismograph serv­ surface without changing the pressure is necessary to have several spring sec­ urements in order to bave complete existing equipment. Then the tech­ with their prize, and thus a number ices was less than the demand and on the sample. The subsurface data tions or to change the spring and data. The surface readings required nique of operating and the final in­ of conflicts may exist which are not first obtained only for use by the re­ discrimination among the various con­ calibrate thc gauge. Springs are avail­ are as follows: Depth of instrument terpretation problems have to be work­ always self evident. search department have now many tractors was not considered to any able for 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4500, in well, secured by a meavSuring device; ed out. After the building of the practical field and laboratory applica­ large degree. With the supply rapidly 6000, and 7000 pounds maximum tubing and casing pressures from pres­ exceeding the demand clients will be­ necessary equipment and the develop­ Since tbe nature of geophysical work tions. pressures. The gauge can be assembled sure gauges; production of oil and gin to mark the differences between ment of technique a smoothly operat­ requires the undivided attention and ing personnel is finally acquired. effort of every member of the person­ seismograph contractors. Some of The practice of taking subsurface these so-called differences may be rec­ nel from the placing of the explosives Not all clients are alike in their pressures, temperatures, and samples ognized according to the following in the ground to the presentation and demands of a seismograph service, (Continued on page 462) in oil wells has been followed by some criterion. First, there is the funda­ companies as a regular procedure for mental purpose of the organizers at Table I. several years. The information se­ the head of a service. Are the men cured has proved to be of immense making up the nucleus of the organiza­ PERTINENT BACKGROUND FACTORS OF SEISMOGRAPH value. Now with more numerous tion in seismograph work mainly be­ SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS plans and methods of producing oil cause it offered a good business op­ Claims on border line of possible accom­ Actual accomplishments in back of con­ and operating properties and the new portunity to make money or is their plishments purpose in organizing a service to de­ servative claims problems caused by deeper production, velop further the science and profes­ Low price of service Quality and efficiency at slightly higher the value, to the small as well as tbe sion already established and to unite price large operator, of all obtainable sub­ the efforts of professional men. The Extensive advertising Modest advertising—funds diverted to re­ surface information cannot be over answer to this question in general search problems emphasized. establishes the policies of the service. Copied achievements from "other geophysi­ Original achievements in art developed This article is to familiarize the Second, the integrity of the organiza­ cai operators thru acquired personnel and put into practice operators and engineers that have not tion is of paramount importance to the Personnel collected from other existing Personnel trained, organized and de­ taken full advantage of subsurface in­ user. Once an individual has for sel­ organizations giving rise to highly com­ veloped from basically well trained scien­ formation with some of the instru­ fish reasons disregarded the ethics of petitive personnel organization tists working their way up through the ments available, tbe equipment re­ Mf4 ranks of the organization tbe geophysical profession, is no guar­ quired to make the surveys, the method antee that he will not repeat such an Highly specialized personnel, observer has Broad training of personnel accomplished used in running the instruments, and little knowledge of computing; computer offense should the opportunity arise. by working up thru ranks, field work, as­ the possible application of the informa­ little knowledge of field operations, etc. sistant observer, observer, computer to Tbird, the capability of tbe service is party chief tion after it is secured. The discus­ considered. This is usually judged by sion of the subsurface instruments Accomplishments in large expansion, Accomplishments in pioneering recognized the experience and scope of operations world-wide service by established routine, improvements in art, varied experience themselves will be limited to those de­ of the contractor. In considering a great secrecy regarding fundamental in attacking problems by research, cook­ veloped by tbe Humble Oil and Re­ contractor of several years of com­ equipment, technique and general opera­ book methods of routine avoided, large fining Company as the length of this mercial work the ability of the organ­ tions expansion program second place to thor­ paper will not permit including all oughness and flexibility in adjustment to instruments that have been developed. new problems • Laboratory View.

434 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 435 pressure at the well head, the fluid oil by casing volume tables and then Probable area of best production level and the water level. The slope of decreased by the shrinkage factor to Development program the gradients will give the density of get barrels of oil at tbe surface. When Effective permeability of formation the respective columns. To get the this correction is made to the amount Shrinkage value of fluid pressure at datum tbe fluid gradient of fluid produced as measured in the Future pressure drop for various is extended to the middle of the known tank tbe actual amount of production rates of flow producing formation, then a line is is obtained. The information secured Reason for changes in well perform­ drawn through this point witb a slope is plotted on coordinate paper with a ance equal to the density of the reservoir triple scale of pressure in pounds per Compressor requirements for re- fluid to where it intersects the datum square inch, barrels of fluid and per­ pressuring or flowing line. By projecting this point the pres­ cent of water as one ordinate and time Basis for unitization as the other ordinate. The fluid pro­ sure at datum is read. Undoubtedly in the future other im­ duced by the formation is plotted by Procedure for Making Flowing Test: calculating tbe shrinkage factor and portant uses for these data will de­ velop as well as the more general use To make a flowing test, the well is correcting tbe fluid as measured in the by the small as well as the large com­ shut in and the static test run as de­ tank accordingly. The percent of panies. scribed. The clock is checked to see water as found by shake out or other tbat it is running. The gauge is then test, the fluid produced as measured in Subsurface Recording Thermometer'—• run to bottom and the tubing and cas­ tank and corrected, the fluid produced Humble Type ing pressures recorded. The well is by formation, tubing head pressure, The Humble type of subsurface re­ opened, the time, tubing pressure and casing bead pressure, and bottom hole cording thermometer is designed for casing pressure recorded. The time pressures are all plotted as separate use with the same recording clock as the oil reaches tbe tree is recorded and curves. The productivity factor can used with the subsurface pressure a bob tail gradient is run near bottom be calculated and is the rate of total gauge. The instrument consists of a at intervals of 5, 10, 20, 40, etc. min­ fluid produced by the formation di­ mercury filled cylinder equipped with utes after the well is opened to obtain vided by the difference between the a piston operating through a stuffing a draw down curve. Time, tubing shut in and the flowing bottom hole box against the tension of a helical pressure, and casing pressure are re­ pressures and is designated in barrels spring. A stylus is mounted on the corded each time the gauge is returned per day per pounds per square inch lower end of the piston and records pressure referred preferably to the to bottom. During this process the SECTION A-A SECTION H-f SECTION C-C on a chart the amount of extension of gauge is pulled up approximately 500 mean pressure at the sand face. The the spring. This extension of the • Subsurface Sampler, feet from bottom and lowered back to specific productivity factor is the pro­ spring is a measure of the expansion of bottom several times, stopping momen­ ductivity factor divided by the feet the mercury which in turn is a meas­ tarily two or three times in each direc­ • Subsurface Pressure 6auge, Clock Re­ of producing formation and is desig­ ure of the increase in temperature. tion but having the gauge at the low­ corder Type. nated in barrels per day per foot per est point for each reading time. This pounds per square inch pressure. Procedure for Running Temperature portion of the chart will give the pres­ Traverse: sures at intervals of time which in The procedure just described is for The procedure of running a temp­ conjunction with the amount of fluid a test from which the maximum in­ erature traverse in a well is similar • Gauge, Sampler and Recording produced will give the bottom hole formation is desired. Other procedures in general to the method of running Thermometer. pressure for a definite rate of flow. By can he followed or only part of this the subsurface recording pressure taking this portion of the curve for procedure used if only a part of the gauge. The same stuffing box, lubri­ water bj^ measurements or meters; different rates of flow, the well po­ information is desired. By periodic cator, wire, measuring device, and and production of gas by meters. tential and the rate of flow for any running of the complete test as de­ reel can be used or it can be run in Process of Running Static Gradient: bottom hole pressure can be deter­ scribed basic information is secured special containers on pumps, formation When it is required to run a static mined. After the tubing and casing whicb will assist in determining testers, or witb other instruments. The gradient, shut in pressure test, the well pressures have become constant the instrument is calibrated and run in the is shut in for a sufficient length of flowing gradient is run, starting from Gas oil ratios well. Stops are made periodically both time to allow the pressures in the pro­ the top and making a round trip Percent water produced going down and coming out and a ducing formation and the well to be­ stopping at intervals, the frequency of Fluid produced in tank record kept of the time the instrument come equalized. The recording type which depends upon the amount of Fluid produced by formation leaves each stop. By regulating the of subsurface pressure gauge is run information desired. Usually at least Static fluid level length of time the thermometer is with the recording type of thermom­ four stops going down in the last 1000 Static oil level stationary at each position so that the eter to tbe desired depth stopping at feet of hole and three coming up are Density of fluid column clock used will turn the chart a suffi­ intervals to record the depth and to required. During the test the produc­ Subsurface pressure referred to any cient amount, a good record will be provide time for the stylus to record tion should be recorded at thirty min­ datum obtained. By making the same stops the stop on the chart. On the way out ute or other intervals of time after the Productivity factor referred to any on the way out differences due to with the instrument the same stops first oil arrives at the separator. The datum thermal lag and temperature drag are are made at the same depths and the oil density and gas density are also Specific productivity factor cancelled. The least length of time depths recorded. The chart is removed recorded at these same intervals. It Well potential from draw down required for the instrument to reach from the gauge and from the ther­ is necessary to consider the change in curves thermal equilibrium depends upon the mometer and the information is plotted the amount of oil in and behind the Minimum flowing pressures well conditions at the time of the on coordinate paper with the help of flow string when the amount of pro­ When will be required test and must be determined experi­ a chart scanner, the spring calibration duction is plotted. To do this a tabu­ Amount of fluid to be lifted mentally. In most instances one min­ curve, the thermometer calibration lation is made of the test data so the Size of pumping equipment required ute will be sufficient. curve, and the temperature correction harrels of oil in the tubing and behind Presence of water in the bottom of curve by using pressure per square the tubing can he calculated from the tbe hole The extensions on the chart are read inch as one ordinate and depth in feet tubing head pressure, casing bead using a chart scanner and are con­ as the other. By extending each of the pressure, and the bottom of pay pres­ Excessive withdrawals Advisability of reconditioning wells verted to temperatures hy using the lines through the plotted points until sure by the difference in pressure bead calibration curve. For the increasing the lines intersect, and if there is gas, divided by the slope of the shut in Existence and movement of gas cap Estimate of oil reserves temperatures the increasing tempera­ oil, and water in the hole, a gas gra­ oil gradient. This value is feet of oil ture calibration curve is used and for dient, oil gradient, and water gradient which can be converted to barrels of Best well spacing Direction and speed of migration decreasing temperatures the decreasing will develop. This curve will show the • Subsurface Pressure Gauge Assembly, calibration curves is used. The mean of • Stuffing Box & Lubricator. Maximum Recorder Type. and behavior of fluid in reservoirs

437 436 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 the going in and coming ont tempera­ reeling and measuring equipment as tures are used to draw the final gradi­ used to run the subsurface pressure ent after a correction of three-fourths gauge is used for this work. After the degree Fahrenheit for each 1000 jiggler type sampler has been stopped pounds per square inch pressure has at the desired depth it is bounced INTERPRETATION OF been subtracted. slightly to allow tbe fluid to enter the In addition to the use of tempera­ sampler and allowed to remain sta­ SEISMOGRAMS ture readings in measuring subsurface tionary for a few minutes until the pressures, temperature traverses are sampler is full and the valve closed. used The examination of the sample Is made with the assistance of a mercury pump To locate height of cement behind and a valve lifter to vary the pressure By waves as they reach the surface of the of elevation. This correction is entire­ casing and volume inside the sampler by ground in the region of several de­ ly for time or Its equivalent in terms To determine presence of water in H. J. McCREADY. '37 tectors connected in series with the of depth,^' *• ^' ^- Certain other cor­ measured amounts and to remove Mo+f-Smith Corporation producing formation amounts of fluid from the sampler so recorder. The oscillations of the for­ rections may be introduced depending Aguas Claras, Santander, To locate source of water coming that other tests can be run on the mation in Immediate contact with the upon the method of shooting, method Colombia, S. A. through casing or from formation fluid, A water bath is used to con­ detectors are recorded as sinusoidal of computing, and geological condi­ To detect water flow and water trol the temperatures and in case only wave forms on photographic paper. tions. A few of these are: INTRODUCTION The character of the recorded wave movement behind casing a part of the sample Is to be removed The entire system of interpretation a. Aeration in the shot hole, result­ For geological correlation from the sampler for analysis an agi­ form is directly proportional to the ing in a variation of the Initial of data obtained by seismic prospecting character of the ground motion at For reservoir content studies of tating means is required so that the propagation velocity between is designed to reduce these seismic the detectors, and modified by a pro­ space volume relationship sample removed will be representa­ data into geological pictures. This shots. For studying mud performance tive. A large amount of information portionality factor which is a complex should be the fundamental criterion resultant of tbe physical constants of b. Lateral variation In average ve­ For cementing operations can be secured from a bottom hole for one who wishes to Interpret such locities because of the changing For chemical treatment of wells or sample such as: viscosity under various tbe entire recording channel. A data. qualitative interpretation of seismo­ thickness of the weathering and plugging water sand conditions of temperature and pres­ The plan of this paper is to discuss gram character must give full weight difference in deptbs to the same For thermodynamic studies sure; pressure volume temperature re­ some of the factors Involved In the to these modifying constants and vari­ reflecting horizon from shot hole Other uses for temperature infor­ lations; saturation or bubble point interpretation of seismograms. In­ ables. That is, the apparent character to shot hole. mation will develop. pressures; total amount of gas dis­ solved In or associated with the oil; terpretation is accomplished both must be reduced as mucb as possible c. Angularity correction whicb cor­ High Pressure Subsurface Sampler— the quantity of gas liberated under quantitatively and qualitatively. The to a true representation of the ground rects for tbe difference in the Humble Type various conditions of temperature and final reduction of the interpreted data motion. angles of incidence to each re­ Subsurface Recording Thermomeier. The Humble type of subsurface pressure; the shrinkage of oil resulting to contour maps and reports will not ceptor.^ sampler is designed to secure samples from the release of its dissolved gas. he included in this discussion. CPuantitative Interpretations d. Reduction of data by the method of the well fluid from any desired Assuming the interpreter to have a Quantitative interpretation is of least squares.**' depth and retain the sample under the This is just another important link background in the theory of seismic classed under the head of computing. same pressure. The instrument con­ in the chain of technical data required wave paths and wave propagation, Computation of dip and depth data is CALCULATIONS sists of a cylindrical chamber equipped for developing and perfecting produc­ there remain certain prerequisites for the mathematical evaluation of the Velocity with a means for allowing the fluid ing procedures in order to operate in every survey. space positions and directions (angu­ After all the time and depth cor­ to enter at any desired time and a the most economical manner. 1. A study of the geologic section, larity) of tbe reflecting horizons. This rections have heen made the com­ regional structural geology, and puter calculates the depths to the means for keeping the sample In the Conclusions is accomplished by a geometrical con­ cylinder under the same pressure until stratigraphy of the area complete­ sideration of the wave paths and ar­ various strata represented by the re­ The wealth of Information that can it Is withdrawn from the hole and ly encompassing the survey, and rival times of the reflections. flections. The methods of calculation be secured by the periodic subsurface taken to the laboratory. The sampler supplemented by well data where are all based upon the fundamental temperature and pressure surveys in possible. Reduction to Datum seismic path representation. The Is made with two arrangements for conjunction with the information se­ admitting the sample to the evacuated 2. The physics of the survey. Before the calculations can be made, simplest methods employ a straight cured from bottom hole samples will, a. Average and differential ve­ certain time corrections must be made. line wave propagation, and the prob­ cylinder. The most used Is the jiggler if properly used, assist materially in locities through the geologic In any given area all calculations are lems are solved by the Pythagorean type which can be run to the desired the economical operation and will con­ depth and opened by bouncing the In­ section, and their lateral vari­ made to a datum plane so that correc­ Theorem. Other methods Involve a tribute in no small manner to Increas­ ations.^ strument slightly. This bouncing ing operating profits by tions are made in two distinct steps. curved-ray interpretation of the path causes a weight suspended by a spring b. Method of shooting, location 1. Reduction to an instrumental or a combination straight line and 1, Increasing the ultimate recovery. to strike a sharp pointed tool which of shotpoint and geopbones, datum. curved-ray Interpretation. The second 2. Increasing the flowing life of in turn punctures a metal disc and and geophone Intervals and factor in computing depths Is the ve­ wells. 2. Reduction to a geological datum. allows the well fluid to enter. When hookup as determined by ex­ locity consideration. From well-shoot­ 3, Preventing premature and un­ It may become necessary to change the pressure becomes equalized Inside perimentation. ing data or refraction profiles, the veloc­ even water encroachment, some of the instruments during a sur­ and outside the cylinder a spring forces c. Filter action, energy trans­ ity variations with depth can be deter­ 4. Reducing expenditures for vey, thus resulting In a phase shift. a valve to close and the sample is con­ mission, densities, and elastic mined. Then, retaining simplicity and equipment and deferring pur­ For example, a new type amplifier fined until It is removed from the constants of tbe geologic may be Introduced. Then a shot must accuracy, the type of velocity variation chase of equipment until it is members, if possible. to be used can be chosen from tbe fol­ sampler. The disc type of sampler has actually required. he taken with the new and the old a disc which will rupture after it is d. Surface aeration (weather­ amplifiers in parallel. Tbe difference lowing classification The cost of the equipment neces­ subjected to the well temperatures and ing), and shot hole aeration, in the arrival times of reflections 1. Average velocities. sary for conducting these tests and 3. Past experience in areas of similar pressure for a predetermined length of through the two amplifiers is the 2. Differential velocities. the cost of maintaining an organiza­ seismology and geology. amount of correction to be added or time. When this disc breaks the sam­ tion for taking and Interpretating the 3. Velocities expressed by an equa­ ple Is admitted and the same valve ar­ Although this last item is not al­ subtracted for calculations involving data is relatively smail for a company ways possible yet it is often the most the new amplifiers. Other time cor­ tion (curved-ray), rangement as previously described con­ with any appreciable amount of pro­ a. Linear increase of velocity, fines the sample under well pressure. important aid. This is especially true rections which may be made are for duction or interests when tbe possible when interpretation transcends theory parallax^ and for phase differences be­ b. Exponential Increase of ve­ Procedure for Talcing a Subsurface returns are considered. For the com­ and becomes a matter of judgment tween each recording channel. locity. Sample: panies not large enough to maintain alone. c. Hyperbolic, elliptical, or para­ The subsurface sampler is run in such an organization, a service Is avail­ The next step Is to reduce the bolic wave paths. the well to the depth from which the able by competent engineers wbo have DATA CORRECTIONS seismogram to a geological datum. The Dip sample Is to be taken after the well the necessary equipment and experi­ Qualitative Interpretations most common practice is to correct for weathering and use sea level as tbe Dip calculations may be made from V M-B Clock for Pressure Gai:ge or has been prepared so that a representa­ ence to do this type of engineering A seismogram Is the graphical rep­ Thermomeier. tive sample will be secured. The same on a contract or consulting basis. resentation of the motion of tbe elastic datum thereby eliminating the effect either dip charts or direct algebraic

439 438 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 tude changes. Most geopbones are computations. Dip may be considered Actual character is the theoretical REDUCTION TO A tbe base of weathering. These are all relation. We may define correlation critically or near critically damped so in two dimensions {along profile of wave form of the true ground mo­ GEOLOGICAL DATUM a result of the variations in the absorp­ as: the contouring of geologic strata, in any given area, by the equivalent that the duration of a reflection is shooting) or in three dimensions.^^- tion. It is deduced by correcting and There remains, now, the most diffi­ tion coefficients. 23, 26 reducing apparent character for the reflections of these strata. This defini­ limited to one or two cycles. If the cult portion of character reduction, In parts of northern Louisiana the tion is also tbe basic theory of correla­ ground, bowever, is in resonance witb Xhe most varied calculations are modifying constants of the recording and that is: reduction to a geological surface stratum is a clay and overlies tion, meaning the direct comparison of the shot point frequency or the re­ those used for weathering. Each com­ channels, but in practice is very rarely datum. The datum plane to he used is a sand. By actual experience it was reflections (and their identification) flected energy then a beat frequency pany has its own method many of done.^S' 29 the base of the weathered layer. This found that good records could be ob­ from one seismogram to another whicb is recorded and the reflections may last which are secret. The calculations de­ constitutes eliminating the effects of tained by shooting in the clay which seismograms are usually obtained by four cycles or more. A reflection will pend, of course, upon the method of INSTRUMENT SEHINGS weathering and elevation changes on is above the base of weathering. Shoot­ spaced shooting. The classical analogy indicate the composite damping of tbe shooting, but a general outline might When first experiments are com­ the seismic wave path, both at the shot ing in the sand below tbe base of to tbe correlation of seismograms is geopbones and reflected energy in tbe be made:^. ^' ^'^ pleted on a new survey, the tj'pe of point and the receptors. This is espe­ weathering resulted in records which the correlation of well logs. amplitudes recorded as well as in the 1. Refraction profile. instrument settings to be used is fairly cially true for shooting in swamps or showed no definitive character. duration of the reflection recorded. well established. That is, acquired on the hay along the Gulf Coast. Although this discussion will he a a. Vertical ray. In eastern Texas a series of creek study of the component parts of cor­ That is, a small increase in amplitude b. Inclined ray (high speed data show at what frequency to peak Tbese effects are not usually con­ usually follows tbe phase change and the amplifiers and what frequencies bottoms were encountered in a seismo­ relation, it must be kept in mind tbat weathering). sidered in areas of fairly uniform sur­ graph survey. Whenever tbe geo­ interpretations can be made only after this in turn is followed by a peak or c. Shallow reflected wave should be filtered out. The geopbones face conditions, but a knowledge of trough of a much greater amplitude, have their best response at a certain pbones were placed in a creek bottom as many aids, tricks, and methods as (straight or curved rays) tbese weathering effects will aid in de­ tbe seismograms were so broken up possible have been used, after which the reflection is almost d. Curved refracted ray. natural frequency and damping co­ termining the method and depth of completely damped out. efficient. The galvanometers or harp in character as to be impossible to A seismogram contains several lines 2. Shot hole geophone. shooting. This knowledge can be ob­ correlate. Evidently tbe character was or traces (five or more) which have After detecting the reflections it is strings are also set at a certain natural tained only through actual field ex­ 3. Direct ray geophone (short dis­ frequency. These constants,^^' altered by the weathering rather than irregular sinusoidal wave forms. The necessary to pick their arrival times. tance geophone). perimentation. Certain theoretical by subsurface features, such as faults, method for finding those portions of Apparentlj'^ it is best to pick the point however, may vary appreciably within background is necessary, however, so Each of these methods can also be as shown by the consistent association the wave form indicating reflected of the first arrival of the energy which a short time and the result is an as to better understand the "why" of varied by changing the shot hole and appreciable character transformation. with the creek bottoms. energy impulses is to detect inflection is the point of inflection of tbe phase these effects.!''. 21, 29, 31 points or slurs in the wave form fol­ change. Throughout any given area geophone placement. If the response of any one or more In the Bahrein Island difficulty is component parts of the recording Character transformations in pass­ lowed by increased amplitude. Neither the wave form of the reflection varies CHARACTER OF WAVES encountered not only in getting energy of these two features is infallible and sometimes obscuring the phase change channel changes, then the wave pat­ ing through the weathering layer may propagation but also definitive records. Before discussing character reduc­ care must be taken to distinguish re­ and often shifting the phase change. tern of any given type of imposed be enumerated as follows Correlation is difficult and it is likely tion we should define and evaluate energy will change, and this trans­ flections from stray energy, refracted To overcome this a later phase posi­ 1. Resonance, that a great deal of character trans­ "character." For our purpose we shall formation tends to make correlation energy and ground roll. Tbe follow­ tion is chosen, usually the first peak or 2. Phase shift. formation takes place in the surface distinguish between "apparent" and more difficult. The solution is to keep ing five factors have distinguishing trough after the phase change. It is "actual" character. Apparent char­ tbese physical characteristics adjusted 3. Double energy propagation. sands. The author suggests that since characteristics in reflections: also important to pick a consistent acter is the graphical "appearance" of to their constant values as much as 4. Absorption, dispersion, and scat­ the sands are so loose, wave propaga­ phase position as close to the phase 1. Frequency of the wave form. the wave form as recorded on a seis­ possible. tering of energy. tion may be accompanied by a gliding change as possible because the reflec­ mogram.^*' This definitive ap­ of the sand particles along each other 2. Consistency of tbe wave form tion frequency is nearly constant only 5. Accentuation, attenuation, and thereby loosing much energy and modi­ from one seismogram to another. for the first cj^cle, pearance is the result of the recording Changes in wave patterns because filtering of certain frequencies. of a series of reflected energy impulses. of the method of shooting and by fying the wave forms. 3. Variations in amplitude, This wave pattern consists of: changing instrument settings are now 6. Recurrent energy (reflections A shot of the order of fifty feet 4. • Duration. SUPPLEMENTARY CHECKS from base of weathering). 5. Step-out between traces. The reflections to use for correla­ 1. Individual reflection wave forms being made use of and it is only in this below the base of weathering, in parts (including phase change), way—to now—that a fairly accurate Tbese effects will be described by of north Texas, will result in reflec­ tion must arise from consistent geo­ WAVE REFLECTIONS logical strata, should have enough 2. Banding. picture of true ground motion can be citing special cases: tions whose character will change from amplitude to be readable, and have The wave form of an individual re­ conceived. The idea is either to de­ In parts of southern Louisiana shot point to shot point. The char­ The general physical elastic con­ flection is outlined by: lineate complex seismograms by reduc­ where the surface formations are only acter change is indicated hy a shifting stants of the earth's crust are such that fairly consistent wave forms. Having 1. Onset conditions, which include ing the wave patterns to varying phase slightly indurated and marshy, the of the phase change and/or resonance. when a complex wave passes through chosen tbe reflections to be used for the first arrival of the reflected relationships or to remove as much weathering layer is jelly-like in con­ The type of the phase change also tbe subsurface strata most of the fre­ correlation and the phase positions to energy and its imposition upon stray energy as possible from the wave sistency and records indicate thatit acts varies considerably. This all results quencies are filtered. The reflections be used it is then necessary to relate the wave form of preceding oscil­ forms,^fi- "' 24 and, lastly, to make as a high frequency filter, thus low fre­ from some of the energy of the shot obtained from shooting a charge of the reflections to their corresponding lations. the geophone as much a part of the quencies are accentuated. The absorp­ passing upward and then being re­ dynamite range in frequency between geological strata. The best method is ground as possible (e. g. decreasing tion coefficients are high and where the flected downward from the base of forty and sixty cj'cles per second (re­ to shoot a velocity-depth determina­ 2. Development of the wave form the weight of the mass). including tbe amplitude relations weathering is thick, large charges of weathering. This recurrent energy gardless of area), whereas stray ener­ tion for a well in or near the survey between peaks and troughs, fre­ dynamite are necessary. The emerging has a slight phase shift and time lag gies such as wind, blastopbone, and or, if possible, for several scattered The variation in the wave pattern, rain have much higher frequencies. If quency of each cycle, damping because of changing the instruments, wave does not approach a vertical as with the initial reflected energy which wells. An alternative or supplemen­ (duration of the reflection), and it does in eastern Colorado and similar passed downward from the shot hole. the same type of a reflection is present tary method comprises shooting a can be analyzed only by a direct com­ on the records from several shot points intensity of energy received in parison of two shots at the same bole areas, so tbat weathering computations The last feature involves tbe com­ travel-time refraction profile. Suppos­ should consider this even to the extent and has approximately the same wave proportion to the amount of dyna­ and depth using first the old instru­ bined effect of weathering and eleva­ ing the well data to be available, tbe of a curved ray interpretation. The forms and arrival times then tbe re­ mite used. ments then the new. This direct com­ tion. In southern Arkansas and also reflection records at the well are com­ initial energy is a compression, then flection is consistent. Nearby falling pared to the velocity-time curve, well A phase change is the result of the parison wil! show certain features of Santander, Colombia, in South Amer­ objects or burrowing animals will tbe wave pattern. a secondary lagging impulse is gen­ log, and the curves and imposition of the first energy impulse erated as a result of the expansion of ica, the best geophone placement lies cause wave forms that are "apparent upon the wave form of the reflection along the topographic contours in the from a study of changes in porosity, 1. Effect of instruments on reflec­ the gases. This is especially true for reflections" but tbese reflections are in­ preceding it or stray energy if the re­ valleys. The tops of ridges and knolls resistivity, and formation contacts, the tion frequency and filtered fre­ shooting in swamps or on the bay consistent. Reflected energy arrives at main reflection horizons may be flection has been completely damped. have a greater thickness of weather­ almost the same time at all the geo­ quency range. along tbe Gulf Coast. The records chosen. That is, for example, where Since the reflection will rarely be in ing so tbat if the geopbones are placed pbones even though the geophone spac­ often show a running together of tbe a large change in resistivity (and often phase witb the preceding oscillations, 2. Effect on tbe separation of re­ reflections with little or no separation in a straight line, elevation disre­ ing is comparatively large, but re­ the phase change will show up as an flected energy impulses from stray garded, or along tbe contours of the fracted energy will show an ap­ in porosity) occurs or a definite geo­ of the initial impulses. Such a feature logical contact (e. g. shale-sand or inflection point or slur in tbe total energy and ground-roll. is one of the forms of resonance and ridges the records obtained are very preciably large amount of step-out or wave form. shale-limestone) is encountered a 3. Effect on the duration of reflec­ causes much difficulty in correlation. poor. difference in arrival times between Banding is the appearance obtained geopbone traces. If the geopbones are strong reflection may be expected. tions and type of damping. These reflection-geological compari­ when several reflections arrive at very In some places along the Gulf Coast CORRELATION OF STRATA set near a sixty cycle electric line the 4. Effect on the sharpness of inflec­ sons may be checked by a mathematical short time intervals, thus forming an experimentation shows that a greater To this point we have dealt witb a records may show induced energy ap­ tion points as peaks, troughs, and comparison of the reflection depths energy group. Several such groups are energy output may be obtained by quantitative analysis of seismograms, proximating a resonant record. This phase changes, usually present on a seismogram and shooting in the weathering, others at whereas, the qualitative analysis of a wave form will show no damping, chosen, their recorded arrival times are separated hy intervals of relatively 5. Effect on amplitudes or the in­ the base of weathering, and still others seismogram consists of its correlation slurring of phase changes nor ampli­ (corrected to base of weathering), and small motion. tensity of energy received. require shooting considerably below with others as well as its geologic cor­ the velocity-depth curve. It is not

441 440 THE MINES MAGAZiNE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 necessary to have the velocity-depth of the stratigraphy and a comparison and error method. After as much and may give rise to areas in which CONCLUSIONS number 43, 1937, pp. 52-55. data when approximate velocities are f—Frank Rieber, "Applications of of the wave forms are also necessary. direct correlation as possible is made correlation is impossible. In conjunc­ It can onlj'^ be repeated that the known since by trial and error the Geo-Sonograph to Petroleum Explora­ depths are estimated for the "unread­ tion with this, the shot hole character­ solution of any problem in correla­ tion," Petroleum Engineer, voi. 8, reflect ion-geological comparisons can INTERPRETATION OF RECORDS able" records by logical guesswork istics vary with each subsequent shot, tion entails a background of practical number 5, 1937, pp. 140-142, be made, then checked by the approxi­ There are several wa5's to correlate based on geological trends and asso­ often affecting character to a great experience and knowledge and a log­ 17. M. Mott-Smith, "Adverse Effects As­ mate velocities and, finally, tbe true records but the most prominent one ciations and past experience. Then extent. Some of the features of seismo­ ical application of theory. sociated with Variably Compounded velocities are calculated from tbe seis­ the records are recorrelated with an gram character whicb are introduced Seismograph Records," Geophysics, is the direct comparison of two rec­ It is impossible to completely dis­ vol. II, number 3, 1937. mogram data and reflection depths ords laid side by side. This method attempt to find reflections correspond­ or affected hy shot bole variations are: chosen. cuss the art and theory of correlation 18. E. McDermott, "Use of Multiple may be modified by visual aids, for ing to the estimated depths. In this 1. Resonance. Seismometers," Petroieum Engineer, manner it might be that only one re­ in one paper because of the large scope The art of correlation lies in the example each reflection phase is mark­ 2. Phase change shift, vol. 8, number 5, 1937, pp. 135-137. flection may be found hut it may be of such a field and the secrecy at­ next step. A general description of the ed with pencil and these impulse lines 3. Reflection frequency variations. 19. C. A. Heiland, "Seismic Prospecting" the key for further correlation or a tached to much of tbe work. Witb (mimeographed notes), Course in reflections chosen is made based on sev­ are correlated from one record to 4. Ground roll. this incompleteness in mind a bibliog­ another. Tbis marking of the im­ substantiation of assumptions. An im­ Seismic Prospecting, Colorado School eral identifying characteristics: 5. Dissipation or absorption of raphy has been appended referring to of Mines. pulses minimizes tbe confusion of com­ portant guide to correlation is found energy (amplitude relationships 1. General (type) wave form of articles which give more detail on cer­ 20. L, D. Leet, Reference numher 4, chap­ paring sinusoidal waves. In another in dip-shooting. From dips alone the varied), each reflection. tain features only mentioned herein. ters on Seismic Prospecting, method, described by Dr. C. A. Hei­ trends of the formations (reflections) 6. Blastopbone, may be determined and faults detected For example, reference 34 was in­ 21. Maceiwane, "Theoretical Seismology," a. Type of phase change. land,tbe actual depth to each energy Several other factors which affect the Part II, pp. 147-179, by abrupt changes in dip (both angu­ cluded as a source of information on h. Duration and damping. impulse is plotted and a profile graph character of seismogram character but 22. E. E. Rosaire, J, L. Adler, "Applica­ larity and direction). seismogram theory, examples of seis­ c. Amplitude variations. is made. Tbe general trend can then which are more difficult to detect mograms, and the practical applica­ tions and Limitations of Dip Shoot­ be noted and tbe strongest reflections ing," Bull. A. A. P, G., vol, 18, 1934, Since seismology is a geological tool tions of seismic prospecting, d. Phase position of main energy correlated graphically. The reflections pp. 119-132. input. on a record may be accentuated in ap­ then the weapons of the geologist can 1. Explosion impulses do not seem to 23. a—H. H. Pentz, "Formula of Calcula­ 2. Time intervals between reflec­ all be used and usually profitably so. retain their sudden beginning BIBLIOGRAPHY tion of Slope of Reflecting Horizon in pearance if tbe record is viewed along Seismic Reflection Prospecting," A, I, tions and banding appearance. a plane almost in line with the face of Thus in any given area it is well to property or sharp beginnings as 1. C. H. Green, "Velocity Determinations have aerial photos and topographic M. E. Tech. Pub. 766. 3. Relations between main and the record. Some interpreters, when they have when leaving the shot. by Means o£ Reflection Profiles," Geo­ b—S. J. Pirson, "Practical Graphical maps. With these many faults and physics, vol. Ill, number 4-, p. 29S. minor reflections. correlating difficult records, make a 2. Disturbance from microseisms. and Approximation Methods for Dip structural highs or lows may be de­ 2. W. E. Pugh, "Certain Field Problems Shooting Calculations," Oil Weekly, tracing of one record and lay it on top 3. Curved geologic interfaces and Any or all of these features change tected as surface traces. in ," A, I. M. E, vol. 85, number 7, 1937, pp. 22-34. of the other records by which means lenses give rise to distorted wave Trans. 110, 1934-, p. 456. c—C, A, Heiland, "Note on Reflections throughout a survey but are used in­ corresponding wave forms may often One of the best tests for the ac­ from Steeply Dipping Beds," Geo­ herently in identifying the same re­ forms,"*. 3. V, G, Gabriel, R. M. Wilson, "Shot be identified. curacy of tbe survey and for finding Point and Short Distance Geopbones," physics vol, I, number 2, 1936, pp. 257- 4. Instrumental 270. flection on different seismograms. errors in correlation is to keep a basic Oil Weekly, Feb. 7, 1938, pp. 14-16. Much of the character of a reflection a. Amplitude distortions as a re­ d—S. J. Pirson, "The Correlation Many companies obtain two or control system. The lines of shooting 4. L. D. Leet, "Practical Seismology and Method of Seismographing for Oii," depends upon the phase position of three records at the same shot hole, sult of filtering out low fre­ Seismic Prospecting," pp. 391-395, are closed in the same way that transit quency rounding of the wave Oil Weekly, vol. 87, No. 2, 1937, pp. the main energy input. This phase having different amplitudes and varied traverses are, forming complete loops 5. O. C. Lester, Jr., "Seismic Weathered 24-44. position is indicated by the peak or instrument (filter etc.) settings. In forms and using filters in a or Aerated Layer," Bull. A, A. P. G., 24. F. P. deLuca Moro, "Possibilities of of shot points.-'^-'^' In many areas number 16, 1932, pp, 1230-1235. trough with the greatest amplitude, tbese cases correlation may often be wide enough frequency bana the Seismic Method in the Study of there are also a sufficient number of 6. W. E. Pugh, Reference number 2, pp. and it may he noted that a reflection accomplished in part by one record of to eliminate resonance. Elastic Reflected Waves," Bol. inf. old wells to use for checking the cor­ b. Phase distortion which is the 4S8-460. Petroleras, vol. 12, number 140, 1936, with the greatest energy breaking up­ low amplitude and the remainder pp, 25-28. relations. result of waves of different 7. M. H. Jameson, "Wave Fronts En­ ward (large peak) is 180" out of of higb amplitude. The character countered in Weathering Determina­ frequencies. The velocities 25. A, L, Smith, J, H. Wilson, "Abnormal phase with a reflection breaking down­ of a seismogram may be changed CAUSES OF BAD RECORDS tions," Mines Magazine, Sept. 1937. Velocities in Sedimentary Beds in ward (large trough). From theory by varying tbe instrument settings are different for different fre­ 8. S. J. Pirson, "Continuous Profiling Eastern Utah," Geophysics, vol. II, and a knowledge of the geological con­ and the depth and amount of charge The geological causes for bad rec­ quencies so that a family of Method of Seismographing for Oil number 1, 1937, pp. 56-62. tacts one can determine whether the ords are numerous, many of which waves from the same reflect­ Structures," A. I. M, E. Tech. Pub. 26. a—B, Gutenberg, "On Some Prob­ used. With respect to the type of ex­ 833, 1937, p. 8, lems Concerning the Seismic Fieid type reflection should be a compression plosives used the author has found only cannot be detected. Faults are one of ing bed may give rise to sev­ the biggest causes of bad records, in eral initial impulses, out of 9. L. D. Leet, Reference number 4, pp, Methods," Beitr. angew. Geophysik, or expansion.Many interpreters one important variant and that is 379-391, vol. 16, number 2, 1936, pp. 125-140, fact to such an extent that in certain phase but within a very small choose some of tbe best records "time delay" in determining the mo­ 10, L Roman, "Analysis of Seismic Pro­ b—S, M. Rock, "Three Dimensional throughout a survey as guides for cor­ areas records showing broken char­ time interval, instead of one. Reflection Control," Geophysics, vol. ment of the shot,^^ but the rate ex­ files," A. L M. E. Trans, 110, 1934. Ill, number 4. relation since they show the most acter accompanied by low frequency c. Distortion of compounding 11, I, Roman, "Least Squares in Prac­ plosive propagation may possibly have 26. c—R. Lawlor, "Nomogram for Dip definitive character as outlined above. an effect upon the initial impulses of reflections and reflections that show records is present when shoot­ tical Geophysics," A, I. M. E. Trans. 97, 1932, pp. 460-506. Computations," Geophysics, vol. III, the reflections. In some areas it up on only part of the traces, are used ing along the dip of the beds number 4. CORRELATION OF DATA may also be necessary to vary the as an indication of a fault. This rea­ as a result of the different ar­ 12, M. Ewing, L. D. Leet, "Seismic Propa­ 27, S. A. Scherbatskoy, J, Neufeld, soning may be checked by shooting gation Paths," A, I, M. E. Trans, 97, distance from the shot point to the rival angles of the waves.^'^ 1932, pp. 245-262. "Fundamental Relations in Seis- The correlation proper is now a parallel profiles perpendicular to tbe mometry," Geophysics, vol. II, num­ geopbones, thus shooting two or three The character of the seismogram 13, W. E. Pugh, Reference number 2, pp. direct comparison of seismogram to conjectured strike of the fault. Here ber 3, 1937, pp. 118-212. seismogram throughout the survey. different spreads at the same shot may be expressed mathematically as 460-462. again geology helps in determining the 27. a—S. A. Scherbatskoy, J. Neufeld, The easiest correlation can he obtained point. It may be seen, then, that the a Fourier Series by Harmonic Analy­ 14, L. G. Cowles, "The Adjustment of possible location and dip and strike Misclosures," Geophysics, vol. Ill, "Equivalent Electrical Networks of by laying the seismograms side by side ease of correlation is dependent upon sis. In this the constants of tbe equa­ number 4, pp. 332-339. Some Seismograms," Geophysics, vol. in the linear order of their respective certain factors tbat can be modified of a fault. tions express implicitly the constants II, number 3, 1937, pp. 213-242. 15, C. A, Heiiand, "Certain Instrument b—-J. H. Jones, "A Method of Test­ shot boles, remembering that two rec­ and one tbat cannot. Another cause for bad records is of the recording channels. In ex­ Problems in Reflection Seismology," A. I. M. E. Trans. 110, 1934. ing Reflection Seismographs," Inst. ords separated hy a great distance may 1. Geophone spacing and depth of found in stratigraphic variations. As­ perimentation with shaking tables and Petroleum Technologists Jour., vol, 16, a—C. H. Johnson, "Locating and De­ 23, number 159, 1936, pp. 26-31, be more similar in appearance tban two burial. sume the velocity of tbe formation the use of electrically applied damped tailing Fault Formations by Means of from adjacent shot holes. Since geol­ above a reflection contact as v± and of c—H, W, Washburn, "Experimental 2. Distance between shot point and wave trains a study of the wave forms the Geo-Sonograph," Geophysics, vol, Determination of the Transient Char­ ogy is fairly uniform then the cor­ III, number 3. geopbones. the formation below as v^, now if of the recording channels is made. If acteristics of Seismograph Appara­ responding reflections of two different >• f J a reflection may be expected the disturbing wave factors which are b—W, A. Sawdon, "New Geophysical tus," Geophysics, vol, II, number 3, Method Provides Reliable Data for records should have approximately the 3. Distance between shot points and but if Vi or changes so tbat Vi ~ fg introduced in the weathering layer can 1937, pp. 243-252. their direction of shooting. Structure Mapping," Petroleum Engi­ same corrected arrival times. For ex­ then the reflection dies out. If be eliminated then a closer approxima­ neer, Oct. 1936. d—C, A. Heiland, "Reflection Seismic ample, if reflection A on one record 4. Depth and amount of the shot 'I'l > ^2 tbe reflection is 180° out of tion can be expressed mathematically c—Frank Rieber, "A New Reflection Instruments and Their Efficiency," arrives several hundredths of a second Petroleum Engineer, vol. 8, number 6, and type of explosive. phase with the v^ > Vx reflection. If between the seismogram character and System with Controiled Directional 1937, pp. 91-98. later tban on another record then a Sensitivity," Geophysics, vol, I, num­ 5. Instrument settings and char­ the reflection follows porosity then the actual ground motion,^** It may ber 1. 29. J. D. Marr, "Characteristics of Seis­ second reflection B should do the same acteristics. the reflection may die out or change be that sometime in the future these mic Reflections," Colo. School of unless a fault is present or A and B d—Frank Rieber, "Complex Reflection character because of stratigraphic vari­ studies may be refined to a point where Patterns and Their Geologic Sources," Mines Quarterly, vol. 32, number 1, are separated by an unconformity or 6. Geological structure, stratigraphy Jan. 1937. ations in porosity. it will be possible to use tbe seismo­ Geophysics, vol. II, number 2. the geologic section is varying in thick­ and weathering. e—L. C. Urren, "New Method of 30. D. H. Gardner, "Measurement of ness. In these exceptions a knowledge The last factor may sometimes be As sbown before, weathering has a graph as an instrument for investigat­ Seismic Survey Affords More Infor­ Relative Ground Motion in Reflection overcome in difficult surveys by a trial great effect on seismogram character ing stratigraphic traps. mation," Oil and Gas Jour., vol, 35, (Continued on page 462)

442 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 443 the ships for measuring the depth Heiland: An earthquake-recording Mason: Are they drilling now? to the ocean bottom. instrument such as the one at Regis Heiland: Yes. Let's drive up. Adams: They called that device a College. You've seen that word (Sound of car coming to a stop) "sonic depth-finder." I suppose in the papers, its spelled "s-e-i-s- (Sound of machine runnittg) m-o-g-r-a-p-h." tbat since it worked on the principle Adatns: This drill looks like a first- of an echo, you could call it an Adams: Is that why they call this class outfit. "echo sounder." geophysical method the "seismic" Mason: Look at them going down! Heiland: That's right. Do you re­ reflection method? —Like going through butter. member how it was constructed? Heiland: Yes. (Sound of machine stopping) Mason: What's the idea of quizzing Mason: Well, then, how do tbey Adams: What are they stopping for him? We are asking the ques­ register the sound waves, or earth­ now? quake waves ? tions ! Heiland: They're ready to come out Adams: Well, they had various Heiland: Your geopbone, or micro­ of the hole. kinds of systems, and in one of phone, if you want to call it tbat, is connected through an amplifier to Adams: That's sure fast work! Look! them, as I recall it, a cartridge was They're folding the mast. They exploded under water on one side an electrical recording meter. must be getting ready to move off. of the ship and the echo from the Adajus: Then that system records the sea bottom was picked up on the vibrations on a film, just like tbe Mason: Where are they going now? other side by a microphone. sound track is recorded on a movie Heiland: They're moving to another film, isn't it. Doc? location. Mason: Didn't tbey bave some sort Heiland: Something like that. of a meter with it, telling tbe depth Adams: When are they going to Mason: And when a vibration hits shoot the bole they have just directly? tbe geophone, you get sort of a drilled ? A dams: Yes, they did. A dial wiggle, or kick on the film ? Heiland: Looks like they're getting Over the Air - KOA - March 31, 1940 started spinning when the shot was Heiland: Yes, that's right. ready for tbat now. fired and was stopped when the Adams: I can see how they record Adams: There's the shooter, putting GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION Heiland: All right, coach—what Maso7i: Well, Doc, didn't you say a echo hit the microphone. their echoes, but I don't see yet a charge at the end of a loading PART II about that dollar hill locator you while ago tbat the same beds may Hciland: In other words, the device how they get the depth of a reflect­ pole. Characters said you were going to invent ? contain salt water at one place and worked on the basis of the time it ing bed from that. Mason: Let's stay and see the fire­ Dr. C. A. Heiland Mason: Now listen. Doc—give me oil at another? took the sound to go down to Mason: It seems to me they'd have works. Dr. A. S. Adams a little more time—I'm not as fast Heiland: Yes, I did. And tbat ocean bottom and come back up. to record, also, the instant the shot Heiland: You won't see much. Coach John Mason as you geophysical fellows—but say, separation is tbe result of the fold­ Ada?ns: Yes, Indeed, that's the way is fired. They're shooting only about a Operator of Recording Truck how do they go about locating these ing and tilting. it worked. Heiland: That's what we do, and pound of dynamite and are fifty Voice {on phone) pools underground ? Adams: Sure—I see why: the oil is Mason: Now / am about to invent from the time that elapses between feet down the hole. Sound Effects Heiland: Now, hold on there a min­ lighter than tbe water and would something. W^ly can't 5'^ou just the firing of the shot and the Mason: A pound of dynamite, is that Door opening ute. Oil just doesn't occur like a tend to go to the highest portions fire a charge near the ground arrival of the echo, we can then all— figure the depth. Door closing big pool or lake, or something like of the sands. surface and register the time it Heiland: Well, it will be a while Car running on smooth road (hack- Mason: Oh, I see. until they are ready to blow this that. Mason: Is that what they call an takes for the echo to bounce back? ground noise) Heiland: Say, I've got an idea! I up. What do you say we drive Adams: Well, it sort of fills the pores oil dome? Adams: Just like it is done in the Car running on rough road (back­ thing I'm going to take you fellows down the road and see the rest between the mineral grains of sands echo-sounder? ground noise) Heiland: Yes, in a way, because the for a little ride. of this party? or sandstones, doesn't it? Car starting up oil would he likely to be found near Heiland: You really got something Mason: That's nothing new to me— (Sound of car starting up) Car coming to stop Mason: Just like water in a wet the top of a dome. there— I get taken for a ride on practically (Sound of car running during con­ Dull thud of explosion sand? Adams: Oh, yes. With your geo­ Adams: Then, what would you do, every one of these programs. versation) (Music: "Mining Engineer" Fade Heiland: Yes. And it may happen physical instruments you'd try to just fire a cartridge into the Heiland: All right! What I mean Mason: What's tbat other truck over Behind) that the same sand carries water at find out where the oil formations ground ? is—let's take a ride and visit one there for? Announcer: Tbe Colorado School of one place and oil or gas at another. come up, closer to the surface? Heiland: No, we explode a dynamite of the seismic reflection parties look­ Adams: Is that where they keep their Mines presents "Man and Min­ Adams: That water, though, is Heiland: That's what you would try charge some distance below tbe ing for oil structure just a few recording outfit? erals." usually salt water and not fresh to do in the ideal case—but often surface— miles out of Denver. Heiland: Yes. {Music: Swells and Fades Into:) water. Isn't that right? we have to be satisfied with indica­ Adams: To get more ground move­ Mason: That's a good idea. Maybe Mason: Look! There's a man in tbe AnnouJtcer: Our program takes us to Mason: How did it get there? tions from other formations that ment out of it, I suppose? I'll learn something ahout this road flagging us down to stop. one of the offices in the new Geol­ Heiland: Well, millions of years are, in some known way, associated Heiland: That's right. These charges shootin' business yet. Adams: What for? ogy-Geophysics Building of the ago— with the oil formation. are exploded anj'where between FADE Mason: O-K, O-K, we're stopping. Colorado School of Mines in Mason: Here we go, folks, the Adams: You mean that there may twenty-five to one-hundred-fifty (Background sound of car traveling (Sound of car coming to a stop) Golden, Colorado, where we find geologists are with us again! be another bed above or below the feet deep. while occupants are talkifig) Heiland: See those wires coming out Dr. A. S. Adams, Dr. C. A. Hei­ Heiland: Anyway, millions of years oil formation that you can pick up Mason: Well, how do you get the Adams: I'm sure glad to get away of the recording truck? They're land, and Coach John Mason con­ ago these sands were deposited in better—say, some bed that might charge down there? from the office for a while. hooked to their geopbones— tinuing the discussion of Geophysi­ oceans, usually near the shores-—- be especially heavy, or— Heiland: By drilling a hole, with a Mason: Gosh, this road is getting Adams: Are those the things that cal Exploration which was started Adams: And in these sands animal Heiland: Now hold on there a drilling rig, one that's usually rough! look like tin cans and barely stick last week. Here they are: and plant remains were buried minute—let me explain first how, mounted on a truck. Heiland: Well, they rarely put the out of the ground? Aclofns: Say, John, how are you com­ with the salt water? by a comparatively simple pro­ Adams: Do you use microphones for geophysicists to work where the Heiland: Yes, and they are picking ing witb that new invention of Heiland: And out of the organic cedure, we can map underground detecting the sound, just as they do going is smooth. up the ground vibrations produced yours? matter came substances from which beds. in tbe echo-sounders on board ship? Mason: Well, I don't see a thing by our car. Mason: Was I goin' to invent some- oil was formed when more and Mason: Without being magnetic, or Heiland: Yes, our detecting devices but jack rabbits and prairie dogs. Adams: Is that why they wanted us thin'? more sediments were piled up— heavj', or something like that? are quite similar. We call them Are you sure we're on tbe right to stop ? Adams: Don't tell me you've forgot­ Adams: Then you mean these beds Heiland: Yes. As a matter of fact, "geopbones" instead of micro­ road? Mason: Yes, but it's hard to believe ten already. were submerged to greater depths by the use of sound waves. phones. Heiland: Sure, I am. that they can detect us at tbis dis­ Mason: Oh, I remember now—we where the pressures and tempera­ Mason: Well, that's interesting. Adams: Well, then, the dynamite Adafns: Say, do you see that thing tance. did have a letter last week from tures are higher than they are at How does that work? going off represents a miniature over there? Adains: This must be a very sensitive someone wondering about a gadget the ground surface? Heiland: Dr. Adams will probably earthquake, and the geopbones a Mason: Ob yes, what is that? outfit! for finding gold, dollar bills and Heiland: Right, and often these remember from his days in the number of miniature seismographs? Heiland: It's a rotary drill, moimted Heiland: Yes, it magnifies the ground oil. beds were folded and tilted up. Navy—that they had a device on Mason: What's a seismograph? on a truck. motion several million times.

444 THE MiNES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 445 Mason: Look, they're motioning us Adams, Maso?i: Ad lib. Heiland: Yes, it can—and it has been to come on. (Sound of car starting) used. (Sound of car starting) (Sound of car running during con­ Mason: How's that? Adams: Let's drive over to the re­ versation) Heiland: Let's use a simple example. ELIMINATION OF DANGEROUS cording truck. Mason: Tbis looks to me like shoot­ Take these mountains— (Sound of car running) ing fish in a rain barrel, Mason: The ones we can see right Mason: Well, they've got more equip­ Adatns: With a lot of complicated out of our window? PEROXIDES IN ETHERS ment here than Carter has pills. fishing equipment, though. Heiland: Yes. And let's assume Aclatns: Ad lib. Mason: I can see where it would that in tbe course of millions of (Sound of car stopping) cost quite a few thousand dollars years, tbese mountains are covered By and King gives these formulae: gen peroxide, carbon dioxide, methane, per month to keep one of these by the sea again. H OH and acetaldehyde. Nearly all authors Heiland: Here we are. I guess the F. R. FISHER. '40 and operator is inside his truck. Let's parties going. Mason: You mean the mountains give acetaldehyde and hydrogen per­ R. A. BAXTER. M.Sc, '23 H-C-C-O-OH wait until he comes out, Adams: Tell me, how accurately can would just lower themselves and oxide as tbe main by-products. Associafe Professor. Chemistry (Sound of door opening) they map these formations below allow the sea to cover them? H H Colorado School of Mines Effect of Peroxides in Ethers Operator: Hello, there, fellows! the surface? Adams: Then the beds laid down in and Heiland: Oh, with an accuracy of the sea would fill up the depressions Mason, Adams: Ad lib. Introduction H H Since ethers, especially ethyl ether, about five feet for every thousand between the mountain peaks and bave been used both for medical and Heiland: Hello, Tom! I would As a result of an explosion which feet of depth. eventually, bury them? H-C-O-O-C-OH. chemical uses, the effects of peroxide have sworn I saw you on tbe street FADE occurred in the Organic Chemistry \ I Heiland: Yes, they would, and tbe H H contaminants in them are widely dif­ in Denver tbe other day. Didn't Adams: Well, that sure was an inter­ Laboratories of the Colorado School buried mountains would then pro­ of Mines, while isopropyl ether was ferent. The universal use of ether know you were working with this esting trip, The three main theories for the for­ vide a trap for the oil that might being distilled on a steam cone late in as an anesthetic makes tbe production seismic crew out here. Mctson: I should say so. You know, mation of peroxides are tbe Engler- develop in those beds from animal the fall of 1938, a study of ethers and and preservation of pure ethyl ether Operator: Yep, shootin' this country I've been thinking about something Bach theory, the dehydrogenation remains I their explosive peroxides was under­ a problem. Many articles have been full of holes, (pause)—Guess I —you know what I mean—that theory, and the electronic theory. published about the effects of contam­ Adams: I see, and if the sea receded taken. This study was started in No­ have to get back inside. They're gadget I couldn't pronounce last inants in ether on the human system. you would find these mountains vember 1938 in tbe hope that a way Engler and Wild,* Bach,'"* and about ready to shoot. week— The two main objectionable impurities buried under thousands of feet of migbt be found to prevent the forma­ Baeyer and Villiger'' set forth the Mason: What's he doing now? Adams: You mean the "gravimeter," sediment, wouldn't you ? simplest explanation for tbe peroxida­ in ether from the medical standpoint John ? tion of peroxides, or that a method of are aldehydes and peroxides. Since Heiland: He's turning on his ampli­ Mason: W^ell, I don't see yet where tion of ethers. Their theory is that Masoji: Yes, that was it. treating pcroxidic ethers might he de­ both of these are products of autoxida­ fiers. a magnetic method would help you tbe oxygen atom in the ether attracts Adams: Didn't you say that was veloped which would he fast and easy. tion of ether, they are of interest here. to locate buried mountains. molecular oxygen and tbat this mole­ Operator: (Inside truck)—About used a good deal in geophysical oil The purification of ethers is a problem Mendenhall and Connolly** state that Heiland: Well, the answer is fairly cular oxygen adds to tbe ether oxygen ready ? exploration now? which the modern petroleum refiner small amounts of aldehyde or peroxide simple in tbat case. These moun­ atom witb a ratio of one molecule of Mason: Who's he talking to? Heiland: Yes, it is. You had tbe faces. Since ethers, especially isopropyl bring about distinctly toxic eifects on tains are made up of rocks that con­ ether adding one molecule of oxygen. Heiland: The fellow at tbe shot right idea ahout that. Remember ether, are made as by-products of tbe tbe ciliary action, (tbe action of the tain iron minerals. cracking stills, their preservation is an point-—got a phone wire running what you said about that before we Mason: Well then, it's the same Wieiand and Wingler^ state tbat eyeball), wbile pure ether is not poi­ economic problem to the refiner. sonous. Nolle^ states that the alde­ over there. went out on our trip? thing we talked about last week. since this theory does not account for Occurrence of Peroxides in Ether hydes in ether have no effect on the Adams: Then, he's the one that gives Adatns: Oh yes, I guess I did say You could then indirectly locate the autoxidation of alcohols, thio- the order to shoot? that it should be possible to find Ethers, of which diethyl ether is by alcohols, hydrazine, and others, it is heart muscle unless accompanied by structure favorable for the occur­ peroxides. Since from the work of Heiland: Yes. Let's be quiet. They're geologic formations when one is rence of oil by trying to find such far tbe best known because of its not the true autoxidation mechanism. about ready. heavier than the other. anesthetic properties, are a group of They give as an explanation a de­ Clover^ it bas been shown that alde­ old buried mountains. hydes catalyze tbe formation of per­ Operator: (Inside truck) Ready? Heiland: Well, usually formations hydrocarbon derivatives consisting of hydrogenation theory, that is, tbat the Adams: You sure have a great va­ oxides, tbe aldehydes would in all Shooter: (Voice on phone) Ready! become heavier witb depth. There­ two hydrocarbon radicals connected to ether first loses hydrogen and then riety of methods then. I suppose probability be accompanied by per­ fore, when a series of beds is pushed one oxygen. Their general formula is forms the peroxide. Operator: Contact! the one you use depends on tbe oxides. Coste and Garratt" say that up, the lower and heavier forma­ ROR', where R and R' consist of Shooter: (Voice on phone) Contact! geologic conditions, doesn't it? Milas"^ shows that tbe Engler-Bach although ether should be pure, per­ tions are closer to the ground hydrocarbon radicals. The ethers Operator: Shoot! Heiland: Yes, it does. theory works in many cases, but it does oxides themselves are not the cause surface than they are at the sides studied were diethyl (C2H^OC2Hr,), (Sound, dull thud) Mason: But what I'd like to know not explain catalysis and chain mech­ of the after-effects produced by im­ of the dome, diisopropyl (CsHiOCaH-i), diisoamyl Mason: That wasn't mucb of an ex­ is just what has been accomplished anism, wbile the dehydrogenation pure etber. While some of these (C,HiiOC,Hn). and a cyclic di- plosion. Adams: And, therefore, the gravity with all this? theory is claimed by Milas to explain statements conflict, all of these men ether, dioxane Adams: What's the fellow in the pull is greater over the dome? Heiland: Well, one thing is certain. only a few reactions, where it is a and women agree that the best ether / CH^O — CH2 \ truck doing now? Mason: You mean it pulls down the Geophysics has reduced the cost of secondary reaction. He gives as an ex­ for anesthesia is one which is pure. weight of the gravimeter more Heiland: He's developing bis film. oil-finding materially, \CH,O^CHj planation of autoxidation, the elec­ Therefore any method of removing Mason: Tbis thing was sure all over there tban at any other place? Adams: How mucb? tronic theory, Tbis consists of tbe peroxides and aldehydes is useful. with in a hurry. Heiland: Yes, it does, Heiland: To use tbe words of one The actual mechanism of tbe per­ addition of molecular oxygen to ether Heiland: Their first reflection here Adarns: Well, then, is it as easy to of the prominent operators: "In the oxidation of tbe ethers is not clearly forming "dative peroxides" which are comes from a bed four thousand figure out the depth of formations Tbe biological effects of impure early twenties, the average cost of understood. A. M. Clover^ in 1922 highly unstable and give off energy feet deep and is recorded one sec­ from that gravimeter reading as it ethers are usually a matter of discom­ finding oil was twenty to twenty- published a paper on tbe autoxidation while changing to the ordinary per­ ond after the shot is fired. is from reflection shooting? fort to the patient and are not as five cents per barrel," of ethers in which he postulated that oxide. This energy is then used to Heiland: No, it isn't. serious as thc explosions which may (Sound of door opening) Mason: And how much has it been ethyl ether takes on oxygen to form a start a new chain of reactions. occur when etber is distilled. These Operator: (Steps out of truck) Want Mason: Well, then, what's the ad­ reduced since the introduction of ethoxy-etbyl hydrogen peroxide, to look at a record? vantage of the gravimeter over the It is not the purpose of this study explosions occur when peroxidic ether geophysical methods? H H OHH Mason, Adams: Sure do I shooting ? to prove or disprove any of these is distilled and the unstable peroxides Heiland: Since then, tbe cost of oil- ! I II theories. Tbey merely show possible Adatns: Are these wiggly lines the Heiland: The gravimeter is quite a concentrate in the residue. Paul finding has gone down to ten or H-C-C-O-C-C-H, ways by which tbese peroxides are records of your geopbones? bit faster and less expensive to op­ Arup-'! states that the residue from twelve cents per barrel. II II formed. An understanding of any of Operator: Yes. And here, where all erate. /-/ H H H distilling methylated ether explodes Mason: A reduction of 50% isn't these theories, however, helps to ex­ the kicks show at tbe same time, we Mason: I don't want to change tbe Wieiand and Wingler^ state that the at 124"C. While distilling isopropyl to be laughed off by anybody. plain some of the reactions of ether and have a reflection from about a four subject, but I still keep thinking ether on a steam bath, we had an ex­ Adams: Has anybody ever tried to formula of the peroxide is oxygen, thousand foot depth, one from six about our Swedes and their simple estimate the amount of oil found H H H H plosion at a temperature of less than thousand, and one from an eight magnetic method of locating iron by geophysics? II II Tbe products, both primary and 100°C. The etber was being distilled thousand foot depth. tbat jou talked about last week. H-C-C-O-O-C-C-H, secondary, of the autoxidation of ethjd in a liter Claisson flask and the ex­ Heiland: Yes, it has been estimated II II Heiland: We've got to get back to Adams: Yes, how about that? Can't that over five billion harrels had H H H H ether have been fairly well agreed up­ plosion blew the corks out of both town. Thanks very much, Tom. tbat method he used somehow in oil on. A. M. Clover^ gives the follow­ necks, throwing the thermometer been found by 1939. Presented ,it ETiginecis' Day. Colorado Scliool We'll be seeing you. exploration ? (Continued on page 458) of Mines, March IS, 1940. ing : Acetic acid, eth3'l alcohol, hydro­ against the ceiling, a distance of about

446 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1 940 447 12 feet. Since all the sample had been ported of purifying ethers, the dis­ of etber, add 3 to 5 drops of 1% am­ distilled, no determination could be tillation of tbe ether over sodium monium molybdate solution followed made on the peroxide content of the hydroxide (NaOH) is probably by 15 cc. of 10% potassium Iodide original sample. the easiest and fastest.^''' Other meth­ solution. After shaking thoroughly WITH THE The force of the explosion of ether ods consist of passing the ether and allowing to stand for 15 minutes, peroxides was demonstrated by Mor­ through oxides of lead, copper, man­ titrate the liberated Iodine with 0.05N gan & Pickard.!^ They stated that ganese, and other metals, in tbe vapor sodium thiosulfate shaking well after EQUIPMENT NEWS one worker was nearly blinded when phase.!^ This is not very easily done each addition of reagent. however because of equipment an explosion occurred whiie distilling The results of this experiment needed. Another method is to add an Multi-Stage Unit Pumps Peerless Hi-Lift Pump isopropyl ether. Another explosion oc­ agreed with those of many other ex­ aqueous solution of ferrous sulfate curred later and the workman was Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Company, Mil­ By heavy application (FeSOi,) to the ether, shake, and perimenters. The blank sample of saved from the flying glass because of ethyl etber developed a normality of waukee, Wisconsin, has recently extended of electrolytically-de- the safety glasses he wore. They tested separate the ether.!** its line of multi-stage "SSUnit" pumps posited chromium over .005N. Liversedge^^ states that light in which the motor and pump housings a monel stainless sleeve the ether by evaporating 4 grams of The NaOH method is also good catalyzes the oxidation, and one sam­ are bolted together for compactness. This which has been swedged isopropyl ether in a cylindrical cavity for removing aldehydes thru tbe Can- ple which had been kept in the dark includes a new two stage pump with 4 into a vertical pump in a thick steel disc. A loosely fitting nizaro reaction according to Tonn.-" only developed .OOIN as compared to inch suction and 2 inch discharge that shaft, a new type of cylinder was placed in the cavity above can be rated up to 27S gallons per minute water-lubricated bearing Results of Experiments af the .005N of tbe blank which had been against heads up to 500 feet at a speed has been produced by the residue and a 1^ pound weight Colorado School of Mines in the light. Another sample, con­ of 3550 rpm. Peerless Pump Company was dropped on the cylinder from a of Los Angeles. The The time and trouble encountered taminated with aldehyde, developed height of 1 ft. An explosion occurred process has been per­ in treating tbe ethers witb NaOH the highest normality of peroxide from the shock which threw tbe fected for use in deep solution, in which method a distilla­ (.OIN) agreeing with Clover.! Mac- well vertical pumps. weight 8 ft. in tbe air, where it put tion is necessary, brought about a CuUoch stated that copper prevented The pump shaft is a 54" dent in a 20 gage steel screen. compression strength of 15,000 pounds. armored with heavy study of other methods whicb might peroxide formation and a sample with Since ethers are used as solvents and The makers further claim that these new chromium over a non- be used for removing peroxides more copper wire in it remained at a very are usually distilled from the dissolved gauge Durafronts increase the visibility corrosive metal sleeve easily. Moreover dioxane cannot be low normality (.0005N). However or readability of gauges and at the same every ten feet. These material, the presence of peroxides purified by either of the above meth­ the sample with iron wire in it de­ time give them a modern, streamlined ap­ sections of the shaft op­ which may explode with such force is pearance that greatly adds to the beauty erate within resilient ods. It boils at nearly the same tem­ veloped .005N disagreeing with Rosin. very dangerous. Arup^^ states that of gauge board installations. cutless rubber journals, perature as water (105°C.) and can­ Sodium kept the peroxide content to which are fluted and are purified pentabromacetone decomposed Ashcroft Durafronts are optional on not be distilled from water. There­ .0005N. However sodium is not easy Duragauges at no extra cost. They are non-revoivable. Any peaceably witb heating, but that which sand in the water flush­ fore tbe sodium hydroxide method is to handle in ether. Tbe raost notice­ available in V/i", 4^^" and 6" sizes and had been separated with "Methylated es through the bearing. not possible. Also, dioxane is soluble able and startling result was that the can be added to any plastic (phenol Ether" exploded, showing the danger The new pump, like the ^ /'s case) gauge now in service. Descriptive Because of the extreme in water and cannot be separated as lead oxides, Pb02 and PbsO,, pre­ smaller multi-stage pumps of this type, hardness and thickness of distilling impure ether extractions. literature may be had by writing to the is needed in the ferrous sulfate method. vented the peroxidation and gave a has cast iron casing and cover, and is makers. of the chrome, and its He states that flying glass from such bronze fitted throughout. The impellers bearing contact with Peroxides are unstable and are hoth normality of .0002N. explosions bas cleanly punctured thick are placed back to back to provide axial cutless rubber, no abra­ oxidizable and reducible, analagous to On isopropyl ether the sodium acted walled glass vessels, sbowing tbat tbese balance. The cover can be readily taken sion occurs, according to hydrogen peroxide, therefore, the first the same as on the ethyl ether, keeping off, permitting the inside parts to be re­ Nev/ Stopehamer Peerless engineers. Here- explosions throw glass in all directions things tried were solid reducing agents the peroxide to a minimum. However moved without disconnecting the suction Ingersoll-E.and has tofore the use of a with speeds higher tban that of bul­ and discharge piping. The stuffing box ijM chrome surface was not such as sodium bisulfite, ferrous sul­ copper allowed a normality of .008N 1" just announced a new lets. One of the most unique accidents on the pump is only subjected to suction 116 pound "Balanced fate, powdered zinc, and stannous to develop. Although this was half Bl satisfactory, due to its from ethers was one which was re­ pressure. for Easy Handling" 5H microscopic porosity, its chloride. Of these, the stannous chlor­ of the blank (.016N), it shows that ported in England.!"* explosion This unit can be furnished with either Stopehamer with auto­ thin wall and its ide was the only one to affect the tbe copper is not dependable. Pb02 an open, splash-proof, totally enclosed or matic rotation, known occurred while hot air was being eventual disruption peroxide content. After shaking with and PbsOi, also kept the peroxidation explosion-proof motor. It is suitable as as the R-58. The cen­ from the carbon steel to passed into tbe mouth of a dentist's ter of gravity of this stannous chloride, contaminated di­ of the isopropyl ether to a minimum a small boiler feed pump, mine pump, or which it was usually patient on whom ether had been used pipe iine pump. It can be used in Stopehamer is such bonded. By the new oxane containing .108N peroxide gave (.0005N). that the machine as an anesthetic, killing him instantly. humidifier work, air conditioning service, •v Peerless Hi- Peerless process the a negative test for peroxides. How­ The discovery that PbO^ and oil loading and many other small capacity, assumes a natural chromium is electro­ Another possible effect of peroxides drilling position when Liff Pump Show­ ever the stannous chloride is very solu­ PbnOi, destroy peroxides led to a high pressure services. Bulletin B-61l)S ing Unique lytically deposited to in ethers Is the fact that the peroxides will be sent on request. it is picked up. This monel to a thickness of ble in dioxane and therefore dioxane Helical Rofor may cause side reactions during ether series of confirmator}'^ experiments on facilitates raising the approximately three must be distilled off to eliminate the lead dioxide. The action of these com­ machine to any operat­ and Chromium extractions, thus lowering tbe yields Armored thousandths of an inch, stannous chloride. pounds on the peroxides is explained ing position. which is more than fifty of many syntheses. Safety Goggles for Gauges Bearing. Suggestions by Yoshio Konishi^^ as a reaction in which the lead com­ Other "Ease of times as thick as ordi­ Handling" features in­ nary automotive chromium plating and Mefhods of Prevenfing or and Demougin and Landon^! that pounds oxidize the peroxides, while Safety is Ehe most important of several several times the thickness of chrome Desfroying Peroxides features of the new Durafront or plastic clude: feed-leg con­ metals and metal salts act as catalysts, tbe lead is being reduced to the lower trol which permits heretofore applied. In pumps placed gauge cover recently developed by the under accelerated life tests, pumping Many methods are given in the either negative or positive, led to a valence. A sample of isoprop5d ether Ashcroft Gauge Division of Manning, many fine variations in feeding p o w er ; water heavily laden with sand, the re­ literature for preventing the formation study of tbe effects of metals and containing .025N peroxide was shaken Maxweil & Moore, Inc., Bridgeport, Con­ sults indicate a shaft life of twenty-seven of peroxides in ethers. MacCulloch^^ necticut. The makers claim that these short over-ail height their salts on ethers. Pure isopropyl with PbOg for 5 minute intervals, of only 59 inches pre­ times that of an ordinary carbon steel states that a 20 gage copper wire ether and pure ethyl etber were put filtering through a tight filter paper, new plastic Durafroots (which replace shaft. the old-fashioned gauge glasses) actually vents the drill from placed in the ether prevents peroxide in 2 oz. bottles with various metals Munktell #00, and titrated. On suc­ "put safety goggles on gauges so that being top-heavy; a A bulletin describing this new formation. Similarly Joseph Rosin!** for 5 months. At the end of tbis time cessive shakings the normalities of operators don't have to wear them." • The New Inger­ plate-type throttle chromium-armored bearing may be ob­ has patented a method of preventing the amount of peroxide that each ether peroxide in the etber steadily dropped soll-Rand R-58 valve provides half tained by writing to Peerless Pump Com- It is stated by the manufacturers that Stopehamer. throttle position for panj^ 301 W. Ave. 26, Los Angeles. peroxide formation in which he placed bad developed was determined in to .0015N after 5 shakings. Since these plastic Durafronts are of particular "collaring" holes; and a bundle of iron wire in tbe ether terms of equivalent hydrogen peroxide Pb02 is insoluble, and lead acetate, interest to all industrial plant Safety the location of the exhaust on the opposite can. Another method is the addition by the following methods: tbe most probable product, is Insolu­ Engineers because they eliminate all possi­ side of the cylinder from the operating bilities of workers being injured by controls. New Slush Pump to tbe ether of oxidation inhibitors To 10 cc. etber and a few crs'stals ble in ether according to Storer, the broken or flying gauge glass. This safety such as diphenylamine, alpha napthol, of manganous sulfate in 50 cc. of nor­ presence of lead in the filtered etber feature is also proving of great interest One of the many durability features of The Gardner-Denver Company, Quincy, this Stopehamer is an automatic chuck hydroquinone, and other common in­ mal sulfuric acid, add one tenth nor­ was not expected. It was found that to all major workmen's compensation in­ Illinois, has recently placed on the surance companies. So much so in fact, cleaning system which keeps the drill free market a new line of 20" steam slush hibitors used for preventing gum mal potassium permanganate solution a small amount of lead dioxide re­ that they have distributed descriptive from cuttings and water and at the same pumps which are mounted on steel skids formation in gasolines.!^ However until the pink color produced by 2 mained in suspension if a loose filter literature to hundreds of their field men time provides ampie lubrication for all which make the unit easily moved. tbese contaminate the ether, and care drops of permanganate has not en­ paper was used, but If a fine paper is who are recommending the use of Ash­ fronthead-bearing surfaces. A new alloy iron known as must be taken in choosing an inhibitor croft Durafronts as an added safety pre­ An eight-page illustrated booklet, in­ "GarDurloy" for hydraulic cylinder serv­ tirely faded in 10 sec.^ This method used no lead can be detected with caution for their clients. that it does not interfere with the was checked by tbe usual iodine hydrogen sulfide by extracting the cluding a disassembled view is available ice has been developed by the Gardner- Denver engineers and metallurgists which purpose for which the etber is to be These Durafronts for gauges are from Ingersoll-Rand Company, 11 Broad­ method as follows: To 150 cc. of residue from the distilled etber witb molded of crystal-clear plastic with a way, N. Y,, or any of its branch offices. is now standard in these slush pumps. used. Of the methods previously re­ twice normal sulfuric acid and 10 cc. (Continued on page 465) tensile strength of 5,000 pounds and a Send for Form 2647. This alloy has a greater uniform hardi-

448 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 449 showing how manganese alloys and welding Service News Release on New Equipment rod give increased Ufe lo the fastest wearing From Sullivan Machinery Company, parts of various types of industrial equipment. The Baroid Well Logging Service has Michigan City, ind. Catalogs and (1056) DIESEL ENGINES. Form 6056, entitled attracted widespread attention because "On The Job" by the Caterpillar Tractor Com­ New Line of Small Air Compressors pany, Peoria, Illinois, contains photographs of its entirely different basic theory and Supplementing its line of Portable and and discussions on more than a hundred the fact that continuous well logging is typical installations of Caterpillar diesel accomplished right at the time of drilling Stationary air compressors, the Sullivan Trade Publications engines. Twenly specific classifications, and Machinery Company is now offering a dozens of miscellaneous installations are and without interruption of drilling op­ group of compressor units in smaller sizes. photographed and discussed to give a broad erations. (1031) FLEXIBLE COUPLINGS. Catalog No. outline of the general adaptability of the The new line, known as Type "Q," is 1845 by the Link-Beit Company, 307 North Diesel engine, applicable for industrial, garage and Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, on the FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE (1057) TURBINE WELL PUMPS, Bulletin H-450- diesel starting service. The units are air company's complete line of flexible couplings B27A, by Worthington Pump and Machinery with revolving and stationary casings. Illus­ Send your publications lo Mines Magazine, Corporation, Harrison, New Jersey, shows cooled—-single and two stage—and range trations, horsepower ratings, secificalions, de­ 734 Cooper Buildmg, Denver, for review in pictures of several turbine pump installations in capacity from 2.8 to +S.7 C.F.M.,—-y^ sign examples, correct service factors and and gives a vertical section through one of to 10 H.P., with operating pressures (con­ proper lubrication and alignment instructions these columns. Readers will please mention their motor driven direct connected pumps ness and greater erosive action resistance are given. Mines Magazine when requesting publications with side noles giving a brief description of than either gray iron or cast steel. An tinuous) 100—200 lbs. and (intermittent) each pari of the pump. 150—SOO ibs. The smallest unit is {1032) PENNSYLVANIA TURNPIKE. "Industrial from the manufacturer. Readers may order outstanding feature is the divided fluid News" by the Gates Rubber Company, Den­ publications from this office by giving index {1058} AUTOMOBILE FACTS, June issue of the 10J^xl4xl8 inches high , . . the largest ver, Colorado, July, 1940, gives pictures and Automobile Manufacturers Association, Detroit, cylinder construction, this end of the discussion on America's first Super Highway. number. Michigan, bullethi "Automobile Facts" stresses pump consisting of two entirely separate 20-Hxl9^x25^ high. 160 fl. road from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh that the high capacity of motor plants is due castings. The greatly enlarged passages with no grade crossings and eleven inter­ to intense specialization of machines, versa­ in the improved suction manifold reduces changes lor entering or leaving the road. Road tility of management and men. Articles on completed in 20 months including 20 miles showing diesel-electric switchers in actual how motorists help design highways and the shocks and friction, thus making a of tunnel. Self-liquidating in 14 years. service. highest automobile taxes in history are in­ {1033} TERMINATING TELLURIUM CABLE, cluded. smoother running pump. The roller bear­ Bulletins GEA-3361 and 3362 by General Elec­ {1045} MAUREX ELECTRODES. Mine and ing steam valve motion is another im­ tric Co., Schenecfady, R Y. Complete instruc­ Smelter Supply Co., Denver, Colorado is dis­ (1059) RUBBER COVERED CABLE. Publication provement found on this pump. tions wiih dimensioned illustrations showing tributing a wall chart of Maurex electrodes No. C-4S by Anaconda Wire & Cable Com­ how to terminate fellurium parkway shielded, showing use, identification and overage cur­ pany, 25 Broadway, New York, N. Y., gives So that you may appreciate the many single-conductor cable and braided, shielded rent values in amperes on 16 different elec­ uses and specifications on "Sunex Security- single conductor cable. trodes. Also is included a chart of competing flex" their all-rubber cable for lieavy duty valuable features incorporated in the In drilling a well, the bit drills up and electrodes showing types made by other use. 52 pages of tables and specifications for construction of this pump, which make <1034) CORK INSULATION. July issue of Arm­ electrode manufacturers. various capacity cables designed to meet any disintegrates a circular core of the forma­ strong Cork Company, Lancastar, Pa., monthly requirement. Distributed by The Mine & for efficient operation, the manufacturers (1048) STATIONERY SUPPLIES. Catalog by Smelter Supply Co,, Denver, Colorado. tion being drilled. If gas, oii or sait bulletin. Pictures and stories on how packing Kendrick-Bellamy Company, 801 Sixteenth St., invite you to write for Bulletin P-234, water are contained in the pore spaces of houses, ships, frozen food companies, ice com­ Denver, Colo., showing their line of stationery (1060) ELECTRIC DROP PIT TABLES. Catalog Sixth Edition, and they will be glad to this core when it is drilled, the content panies, dairies, etc., use cork insulation to and office supplies for the office, warehouse, No, 210-A by Shaw-Box Crane & Hoist Co., furnish additional data and information. keep their products cool. factory and home. Price list No, 3 supple­ Muskegon, Michigan, contains photographs, of the pore spaces must of necessity be (1035) METAL MINE LOCOMOTIVES. Bulletin ments this catalog. descriptive material and blue prints of their picked up by the drilling fluid. If the H-320 by Goodman Mlg, Co., Halstead St. at (1047) COAL WASHING TABLE. Bulletin No. railroad shop equipment for lifting and moving drilling fluid is continuously analyzed Forty-Eighth, Chicago, Illinois. Discussion on 119 by Deister Concentrator Company, Ft, loads ranging in sizes from small parts to the storage battery, iroliey and combination bat­ Wayne, Indiana, describes their No. 7 coal largest locomotives. Small Tournapull Introduced upon its return to the surface and cor­ tery and trolley locomotives supplemented washing table. Cleans either bituminous or (1061) HARDINGE PRODUCTS, Bulieiin No. related with the depth from which the with pictures of Goodman locomotives fur­ anthracite coal in sizes up fo IVz". Diagonal 100, by the Hardinge Company, York, Pennsyl­ nished for various mining companies deck operated by a 3 H.P, motor lor starting vania, contains short descriptions of each one Combining the speed of a truck and the cuttings came, the gas, oil or salt water {I03S) AIH COMPRESSORS. Bulletin H620-B22 and operates at substantially 1 H.P. under of their producls so the reader can obtain at power of a tractor with a capacity for content of the formation can be accurately by Worthington Pump and Machinery Corpora­ continuous operation. a glance whatever is of interest to him. Where the average job and Scraper seif-loading determined. tion, Harrison, New Jersey. Illustrations and possible reference is made lo complete bulle­ specifications on type VA and VA2 machines. (1048) INSULATED CABLE. Bulletin GEA-2733D, tins on each separate piece of equipment. and self-spreading economy, R. G. These units are two cylinder, air cooled, 4 General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York tells about "Flameno!" a synthetic- (1062) COMPRESSORS. Bulletin WB-10, by LeTourneau, Inc., Peoria, 111., world's Literature illustrating and describing inch stroke compressors available in either Gardner-Denver Company, Quincy, Illinois, single or two stage units. insulated wire with the single covering that largest manufacturer of tractor-drawn the Baroid Well Logging Service is serves the dual purpose of an insulation and describes their class "WB" vertical two-stage earthmoving equipment has developed its available from the Baroid Sales Division, {1037} AIR CIRCUIT BREAKERS. 16 page book­ a finish. "Flam enol" has high dielectric water cooled compressors. Cross sectional National Lead Company, at Los Angeles, let B-2243 by Westinghouse Electric and Manu­ strength, it is tough and strong needing no cuts show mechanical details and pictures of third and smallest Tournapull, known as These "Q" compressors have cushioned facturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania protective lead, or armor except where me­ actual installations are shown. Compressor the Model C, for long haul dirt moving. Houston and Tulsa. air valves, balanced crankshaft, taper covering fheir entire line of air and com­ chanical abuse is extremely severe. II is s pec if ica lions and a table showing ralings and roller main bearings, Lynite connecting pressed air circuit breakers from 15 amp to practically ageless, flame-resisting, and is not dimensions at sea level, 5,000 feet altitude Powered by a "Caterpillar" four cycle, 1,500,000 KVA capacity. It gives a short his­ attacked by oils or solvents, nor by acids and and 10,000 feet altitude are given. six cylinder D-468 Diesel engine, it has rods, semi-steei pistons, positive lubrica­ tory of the developmeni of the air circuit alkalies. (1063) MINING EQUIPMENT CATALOG. No. a top speed of 13 to IS miles per hour, tion, copper intercooler, chrome nickel breaker inciuding the development of the (1049) NICKEL ALLOY CASTINGS. Their use G-4000 published by the Has sell Engineering depending upon tire equipment. At 1800 A New Double Grip Spike cylinders and dust-proof crankcase. Auto­ "De-Ion" process. Photographs of typical in­ on various types oi equipment, including two Company, Colorado Springs, Colorado, alpha­ matic starting can be furnished. stallations and circuit diagrams for various 25-fool diameter double drum mine hoists betically lists their complete stock of new and rpm it develops a maximum brake horse­ applications are included. built for installation at the Homes take Gold used mine and mill equipment. Both i.o.b, and Gianf Grip Dowel and £,o.r, prices are quoted for each piece power of 90. Units are available bare, base mounted (1038) OIL WELL EQUIPMENT INDEX. National Mine, Lead, South Dakota, is described in the July issue of Nickel Cast Iron News published of machinery and terms of sale are stated or tank mounted, for V-belt drive from Supply Co., Toledo, Ohio. Descriptive bulletin in the catalog. The Gary Screw and motor or air cooled gasoiine engine. Units index. This index alphabetically lists all of by the International Nickel Company, 67 Wall Bolt Company, Chicago, the descriptive bulletins issued by the Na­ Street, New York, N, Y, Interesting pictures {1064} OIL WELL EQUIPMENT. National Sup­ announces a new Double for diesel starting may have combination tional Supply Co. showing longer life obtained by using nickel ply Company, Toledo, Ohio. Bulletin No, 278, motor and gasoline drive, so arranged (1039) MOLYBDENUM STEELS. June 1940 issue cast iron parts than from ordinary non-alloy on type DR and type DRC rotary drive trans­ Grip Spike and a new of the "Moly Matrix" published by the Climax parts are included. missions. These chain lype rotary drive trans­ that the belt can readily he shifted to the Molybdenum Co., 500 Fifth Ave., New York. missions are offered to provide a means for Giant Grip Dowel. The (1050) SCREW CLASSIFIERS. Bulletin No, S, C. obtaining a greater range of speeds to the gasoline engine in case of current failure. Interesting discussion on the advantages of 640, Western Machinery Co., 760 Folsom St., I.)ouble Grip Spike repre­ Carbon-Molybdenum steels for locomotive conventional rotary machine on an Internal Write for Bulletin A-33—Sullivan Ma­ San Francisco, California, gives types, draw­ Combustion Engine Rotary Rig, Bulletin No. sents one of the greatest boiler service. Also a story on a Nickel- ings, photographs and lists mechanical and chinery Company, Michigan City, Indiana, Chrome-Molybdenum valve that has had 13 279 on their "Ideal" machine cut sprockets. advances in timber fabri­ operating advantages of their screw classi­ The distinguishing feature is their very ac­ years service at the base of a sulfuric acid fiers. They feature the special alloy re­ cation in recent years. "Chrome Face," The storage tank. curate tooth form which assures proper and The blank mid-section movable shoes and the motor driven screw uniform loading and release of the chain roll­ New Steel Tape (1040) ROTARY PUMPS. Bulletin W-475-B14 by lifting mechanism on their machines. ers and sprocket teeih. Bulletin No, 277, has been introduced to Worthington Pump and Machinery Corp., (1051) ASSAY LABORATORY SUPPLIES. Catalog describes types TE-30 and XE-30, 300-ton facilitate both driving "Chrome Face" is the name of the line Harrison, New Jersey, on fheir type Gl small No. 104, published by the Mine S Smelter Sup­ capacity hydraulic weight indicator. Bulletin Mated to the Model C Tournapull is and removal. Their use of Steel Measuring Tapes that has just capacity, low pressure rotary pumps. Gives ply Co., Denver, Colorado, lists their complete No. 174-B gives specifications, horsepower the newest and one of the most popular special features, applications, specifications, stock of supplies and eguipment for the assay curves and descriptive information on the gives a permanency to all been put on the market by The Lufkin dimensions and a table showing typical Superior vertical two cycle type FB gas Carryall Scrapers, the Model LS, with a laboratory. Prices are included in the catalog. wooden structures, such Rule Company, These Tapes are entirely speeds, capacities, pressures and power re­ (1052) LOAD LIFTER HOISTS, Bulletin No. 347, engine. struck capacity of 8.2 cubic yards and a as bridge decks, plat­ new and different than any others. Their quirements. by Shaw-Box Crane & Hoist Division of heaped of 11. The latest features intro­ (1041) COMPRESSORS, Supplement B fo Manning, Maxwell 5 Moore, Muskegon, (10G5) MATERIALS HANDLING. Form No. forms, crossings, etc., that markings are durable as well as easy to Bulletin No. 726 by Chicago Pneumatic Tool Michigan, describes their electric hoists from G-1031, by R. G. Le Tourneau Inc., Peoria, duced by LeTourneau such as the crescent is much to loe desired; read. These are their outstanding charac­ Co., New York, on horizontal tandem duplex 350 to 1000 pounds capacity. These hoists are Illinois, presents a study of modern handling arch "A" frame, larger apron and travel­ and a complete elimina­ teristics and these two features are most motor-driven compressors. Sectional cut simple to operate either by pendent cords or methods for controlled low-cost production. ing sheaves controlling apron are all in­ shows details of operation with explanatory push buttons. They are light enougli lo move Clearing, stripping, ore handling, road build­ tion of maintenance can be important to every user of Tapes. notes describing the different parts of (he from job lo job, have a rapid rate of lift and ing and odd job methods of handling are corporated in this Carryall. effected. The spike turns as it is driven, machine. Pictures of actual installations are will lift loads a maximum oi 18 feel off the discussed. Pictures showing the use of Le They are accurate Steel Tapes, chrome included. ground, A page of specifications is included Tourneau equipment accompany these discus­ The Tournapull and Carryall combina­ thus cutting its own thread in the wood, sions. plated, with jet black markings and satin (1042) BELT CONVEYOR. Bulletin No. C-373 in the bulletin. tion is a seif-loading unit. However, to and under stress it acts as right and left chrome-white surface, unusually free of by Goodman Manufacturing Co,, Chicago, 111., (1053) DIRECT CURRENT MOTORS, Forty page (1066) POWER PUMPS. Bulletin FX-10, Gardner- get the maximum operating efficiency, re­ hand threads, giving remarkable holding glare. Hence, the permanent markings describes their 97 belt conveyor designed to bulletin B6002, by Allis-Chalmers, Milwaukee, Denver Company, Quincy, Illinois, explains duced loading time and increased pay power. handle coal, rock and slate in mines which Wisconsin, shows a large number of installa­ the advantages of their type "FX" duplex stand out in sharp contrast, showing up have uneven bottom and close posting. A tion views of heavy duty motors in operation power pumps for slush and cement service. yards pusher loading is recommended. well even in poor or artificial iight. lightweight, reversible, troughed belt conveyor and devotes many pages to the design fea­ Cross sectional cuts showing the working Tournapull speeds compare very favor­ The Giant Grip Dowei is essentiaiiy a Furthermore, being built up by chrome motor driven through a speed reducer, flexible tures of these machines. It also includes a parts of the pump are supplemented with twisted steel pin with spirally grooved coupling and a chain and sprocket connection section on switchboards and control for use specifications and pictures of the pump com­ ably with those of large trucks. In addi­ plating these Tapes are extra strong and pletely assembled. ridges in its entire length. The lead of to the drive pulleys. with such large rotating equipment. Applica­ tion, Tournapuils are able to negotiate resist rust. The surface is smooth, hard tion lo Ihe steel and mining industries is (1067) H S B BULLETIN for July-August con­ the spiral thread is sufficient to permit (1043) GAS ENGINES. Bulletin No. 268 by the adverse ground conditions that are im­ and easy to clean, and the Tape, being of National Supply Co., Toledo, Ohio, on type stressed. tains detailed information on the largest de- driving by any suitable means, either CM 2 cycle horizontal, convertible Superior aerating type feed water heater in this section possible for road-bound trucks even of metal throughout, will not crack, chip or (1054) CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. Bulletin A-105, of the country. This unit was installed at mechanical or manual. The dowels are gas engines. A slow speed, heavy duty by the Gardner-Denver Company, Quincy, four-wheel design. Being a self-loading peel. New cases and frames of improved engine designed for pumping service where Lowry Field's new power plant. The rest of highly effective in redeeming and salvag­ Illinois, describes their horizontally split case, the bulletin is devoted lo many of the products and self-spreading unit, the economies of design and appearance have been buiit less than 25 H.P. is required. Descriptive ma­ centrifugal pumps, types D, E, F, G, and GA ing badly split timber, such as ties, bridge terial and illustrations are supplemented by a sold by the Hendrie & Bolthoff Mfg. and Sup­ tractorscraper operation are extended to for this new line. for heads up lo 300 feel. A description of ply Co., 1635 17th St., Denver, Colorado. truck haul jobs and, as a result, longer caps and stringers, and timber generally. specification table and horsepower curves. each pari of the pumps is given and pictures As a Tank Gaging Tape the Chrome (1044) DIESEL SWITCH ENGINES. Bulletin of operating installations are shown. (1068) LINK-BELT NEWS for July-August pub­ and more difficult hauls made faster and The Double Grip Spike and the Giant Face Line will appeal most strongly to GED 803 by General Electric, Schenectady, (1055) MANGANESE STEEL. July 1940 issue of lished by Ihe Link-Belt Company, Chicago, cheaper. Dirt costs on the long haul can Grip Dowel are stocked in this territory the oil industry for two principal reasons: New York. Descriptive and cost data on Ihe Am SCO bulletin, published by American Illinois, contains articles on crushing coal with now be commensurate with that obtained diesel electric locomotives recommending re­ Brake Shoe & Foundry Company, Chicago minimum degradation, 21 miles of steel pile by THE MINE AND SMELTER SUP­ On its dull chrome-white surface the oil placement of old steam locomotives for switch­ Heights, Illinois, contains 22 pages of de­ driving for N. Y. highway and numerous by Scraper operation on short hauls. PLY COMPANY, DENVER. (Continued on page 459) ing service. Several pages of illustrations scriptive material and pictures telling and (Continued on page 466)

450 THE MiNES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 451 e

OFFICERS OF ALUMNI ASSOCIATION COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES it was hoped this would help men now Several alumni have recently writ­ thousand dollars will provide sufficient ALUMNI ASSOCIATION in school. revenue to augment the earnings of the EDWARD J. BROOK, '23 ten to suggest that considerable con­ President NEW MEMBERS C. O, Parker explained tbe methods fusion exists in the minds of our Association to an extent which wil! FRANK C. BOWMAN, '01 JULY, 1940 and objections of the Alumni Loan membership as to the purposes of the permit a new administrative set-up Vice-President Alumni Fund to George H. Roll of the New various funds with which the Alumni under an Association Manager. This FRANK J. NAGEL, '03 Kenneth R. Fenwick, '36 ~ Forest, Miss. fund is still a vision. Secretary York Local Section and solicited the Association are concerned. A brief Harold E. Munn, '17 aid of that body in putting to work a Four years ago the Association re­ GEORGE W.THOMAS, 'lb Mount Isa, Queensland, Australia discussion of these funds follows, Treasurer Thomas E. Northrop,'32 - Denver, Colo. part of their, at present, inactive fund. which may clarify the misunderstand­ ceived the generous cooperation of the FRED C, CARSTARPHEN, '05 E. M. Smith, 'OS - Seattle, Washington Membership Committee ings mentioned in these communica­ Board of Trustees and the Admini­ Denver, Coio. stration of the school in sponsoring Associate Chairman Volk presented the re­ tions. M. EDWARD CHAPMAN, '27 Harry R. Gilger, Ex-'26 Tulsa, Okla. five Alumni Scholarships a year at Long Beach, Calif. port of the Membership Committee There are three funds, existing and Mines. Tbe general policy in award­ CHARLES O. PARKER, '23 which included that four new mem­ Denver, Colo. James R. Winnek, Ex-'29 proposed, which have been established ing scholarships has been for tbe Los Angeles, Calif. bers and two associate members were and sponsored by the Alumni Asso­ Alumni Association to favor appli­ REPORTS received into the Association during ciation. These are (1) The Colorado cants wbo would be financially unable the month of June, School of Mines Foundation, (2) Executive Committee Meeting to attend college without such help. Ways and means of getting a 100% Alumni Endowment Fund and (3) A meeting of the Executive Com­ In order to provide funds for fees, membership were discussed and fur­ Alumni Loan Fund. COMMITTEE CHAIRMEN mittee of the Colorado School of books and other expenses the "Alumni ther membership drives will be made. Loan Fund" was devised. This fund Mines Alumni Association was held The Colorado School of Mines BRUCE B. LaFOLLETTE, '22 General provides help thru loans to students Publications on July 15, 1940, Foundation was established by the Coach Mason explained the varied Colorado School of Mines Alumni sponsored hy the Alumni Association. JAMES W. DUDGEON, '13 Members present: Frank C. Bow­ It will become a revolving fund as Athletic man, George W. Thomas, Fred C. work of a modern football coach but Association May 17, 1928 and is the ALLAN E. CRAIG, '14 expressed the opinion that Mines oldest of the three funds. The pur­ the recipients graduate and begin to Capability Exchanqe Carstarphen, Charles O. Parker, repay their loans. It is certainly ex­ would have a fighting bunch in foot­ pose for which it was formed is given KEPPEL BRIERLY. '34 Frank J, Nagel. Committee chair­ pended upon a worthy cause—that of in the introduction. E. J. Brook, '23 instruciion men : James W, Dudgeon, Russell H. ball suits this year. aiding youngsters to obtain an educa­ RUSSELL H. VOLK. '26 Adjournment "The Colorado School of Mines is a Membership Volk, C. Lorimer Colburn. Guests: tion. George H. Roll of New York, Coach state institution. It was established hy T. C. DOOLITTLEj HON. '27 Meeting adjourned due to closing nevertheless, will be handled by a Budget and Finance John Mason, the Territory of Colorado and is main­ This fund should receive the gen­ of the building. trustee (a bank or trust company) C. LORIMER COLBURN, "07 Treasurer's Report tained by a state mill levy. erous support of each and every Alumni Foundation Local Section Contest thoroughly versed in financial matters "In recent years this School has come alumnus. Instead, some "piddling" A. SEORGE SETTER. '32 Treasurer's report was submitted by In order to promote interest in and hest qualified to conserve the prin­ Legislation Treasurer Thomas. This showed the to be more and more of an interna­ contributions are received which con­ Local Sections of the Alumni Asso­ cipal and secure the largest earning tinually force the administrators of the DONALD DYRENFORTH, '12 Alumni Association's finances to be in ciation and to furnish incentive for tional institution. The majority of the power with safety on the money or Public Relations satisfactory condition with a slight students come from other states than fund to "scrape bottom" to function HUGH M. CONNORS, '22 this interest, the Executive Committee property contributed to the Founda­ in a most inadequate manner. A slowing up in the payment of dues. Colorado and from many foreign Research and Investigations are sponsoring and initiating a "Local tion. former President of your Association A decline in surplus of $108.50 from countries. The School's popularity is KENNETH E. HICKOK, '26 Section Activity Contest" for 1940'. "Through this organization, the sums the situation up quite appropri­ Nomination previous report was noted. so great that it has difficulty in ac­ A trophy will be presented to the Alumni Association extends an invita­ ately with the words "It seems almost W. A, WALDSCHMIDT^ Faculty Athletic Committee commodating tbe undergraduate and Junior Membership winning section. criminal to me that with twenty-five graduate students wbo make applica­ tion to every individual throughout the Chairman Dudgeon presented the The contest will be based upon the hundred graduates of a school, a sim­ tion for admission. world, who is anxious to see the engi­ report of the Athletic Committee. following rating system using 1000 neering profession advance, to join in ple direct letter of appeal to them Alumni Scholarships per cent as perfect: "State support is not adequate to this endeavor. The needs of the School does not bring in sufficient funds for PUBLICATION COMMITTEE The manner of notification of suc­ 1. Membership (Ratio of Association meet the demands of today. Hence, are many and the donor can provide the needs of students we have spon­ cessful applicants for Alumni scholar­ members to all Miners in locality) ,500 the Foundation whose purposes are funds for the purpose which he con­ sored." BRUCE B. LafOLLEHE, '22 2. Chapter organized on Committee to obtain endowments so that the Chairman ships was discussed. The names of siders the most urgent." basis, holding regular stated meet­ highest type of faculty can be main­ Your Association is asking contribu­ J. HARLAN JOHNSON, '23 two applicants who had submitted ings and reporting activities to Alumni and friends of the school tions to the Alumni Loan Fund im­ Vice-Chairman satisfactory credentials and had been association secretary 100 tained ; to receive gifts for more ade­ quate buildings and equipment; _ to have subscribed $7,506.86 to the fund mediately to meet a critical situation. CHARLES W. HENDERSON, HON. '30 awarded scholarships were announced. 3. Per cent attendance at regular endow scholarships for assisting to date, with interest on savings. We have a moral obligation toward FRED C. CARSTARPHEN, '05 Other applicants who had yet to meetings of local section 100 4. Per capita contribution to Student worthy students, and to establish fel­ The Alumni Endowment Fund was Alumni sponsored students. I hope we JOHN H. WINCHELL,'17 qualify in entrance requirements were CLAUDE, L BARKER, '31 Loan fund 100 lowships whereby competent men may inaugurated this year as a method of don't lightly wash our hands of this discussed and the earnest manner in RUSSELL H. VOLK, '26 5. Per capita advertising sales for do advance work, in cooperation with solving the major financial and ad­ responsibility. This responsibility rests ARTHUR W. BUELL, '08 Mines Magazine 100 which some were going after de­ tbe research department of the school, ministrative problem of the Associa­ on each member! W. A. WALDSCHMIDT. Faculty ficiencies assures that all five Alumni 6. Jobs obtained for Mines men {per capita) 100 on pertinent problems that are now tion. Alumni leaders are of the opin­ Three funds exist thru which Mines scholarships will be filled. confronting the mineral industries. ion that the volume of work of the Men can contribute to the financial Alumni Loan Fund 1000 support of activities on behalf of the MEETINGS "The proposed articles of incorpora­ Association makes it necessary that a Need for funds to help worthy stu­ This system is so devised that it can school, the Association and students to tion and the by-laws of the Founda­ salaried Association Manager be em­ Executive Committee Meetings dents was noted and Chairman be applied either to a small or large suit the field of endeavor in which tion establish a permanent organiza­ ployed. Only thru the employment of Dudgeon advised that an immediate section without penalty. For example: the donors are particularly interested. 3rd Monday of each month, Alumni OfEce, tion so that gifts of any nature may such a Manager can the activities of 7:00 P.M. Membership—if from a chapter of Mines Men have assumed an indiffer­ appeal for funds for this worthy help be administered according to the the Association be properly coordi­ 200 residents all were Association nated and directed. The income from ent and passive attitude toward any Alumni Council Meetings to students would be made. Various wishes of the donor. The flexibility of members a perfect score of 500 would activities involving financial responsi­ methods for raising money by Local these instruments enables the Founda­ membership dues and Mines Magazine 4-th Thursday of each month, Argonaut be awarded. However, if only 75 bilities and obligations. This attitude Sections were discussed but it was de­ tion to meet any contingency that may just about meet the budget for the Hotel, 6:30 P.M. were members the points would be should be changed if the Association cided that President Brook should as­ arise. It is governed by a Board of "office force" and tbe publication. is to reach the development of which Publication Committee Meetings sign a quota to each section and they Directors selected in such a manner Members of your executive committee, y5.X 500= .187. Item two is self^ after studying the problem believe that it is capable. This attitude should 2nd Tuesday of each month, Alumni might use their own methods in rais­ that the income from the Foundation change if the individual himself is to Office, 7:00 P.M. ing same. explanatorj'^ and should automatically will be used for the best Interest of the interest earnings of an Alumni Endowment fund of one hundred reach his full development. Magazine Staff Meetings, Alumni Office Repayment of loans by students place 100 points to your credit. the School. The invested capital. on call. now out of school was discussed and (Continued on page 457) 453 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 452 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 FROM THE JdocJSecti Sports ecuond A\ARCU BAGUIO ly large proportions with prospects as L. W. Lennox, '05, President; Frank Dela­ they are now. By HENRIETTA CAMPBELL hunty, '25, Vice-President; T. J. Lawson, '36, President Lay opened the meeting Secretary-Treasurer, Box 252, Baguio, P. I. Publications Office, Colorado School of Mines Monthly dinner meeting third Wednesday by asking each member to give his each month. name, class and occupation. This was necessary because of the large number of out-of-town Miners that were pres­ When the general puhlic refers to his junior j'ear, and treasurer his Two coveted awards were given BIRMIKGHAM ent. Committee chairmen were called Clark W. Moore, '32, President; R. J. Schil­ George Yeager when he received the Tenney C. DeSollar, '04, President; W. C. upon to give their reports. Those that thuis, '30, Secretary, 1410 Gustav, Houston, "dumb athletes" they are certainly senior year. As the cadet officer dis­ Texas. Dinner meeting, second Friday of playing the greatest military efficiency, degree Engineer of Mines. For his Chase, Ex-'05, Vice-President; Hubert E. Ris­ reported were Ellsworth Watson, not considering athletes from the ser, '37, Secretary, Flat Creel: Alabama, month. 6:00 P. M., Lamar Hotel, Houston, Colorado School of Mines. Much has Blythe was presented tbe James Un­ meritorious work in mining engineer­ Bruce LaFollette, Earl Durbin, and Texas. Meetings upon call of secretary. Merle Rosengren. Each told what been said of the ability of Mines' foot­ derbill award. ing, he was awarded a Brunton trans­ their committee was doing and plans The Houston Chapter held its regu­ ball, basketball, and track stars to it, and for his excellence in scholar­ Upon graduation Blythe found him­ for future progress of Colorado Sec­ lar monthly meeting on Friday, July maintain high scholastic records so it self reluctant to leave Colorado so he ship, high integrity, and general engi­ BAY CITIES neering ability Yeager received the tion. A short intermission was called 12, at 6 P.M. in tbe cafeteria of the was really no great surprise to discover secured metallurgical work in Den­ Frank Hayward, '32, President; William J. at which time President Lay circulated Colorado Engineering Council Medal. Rupnik, '29, Secretary-Treasurer, 714 Hillgirt Lamar Hotel. Those present were: that the majority of the outstanding ver and remained. a petition for the members to sign Like Blythe, Yeager was keenly in­ Circle, Oakland, Calif. Four meetings per graduates who received awards at the year, 2nd Monday, March, June, September which was a form of voting for Lloyd B. E, Boatright, '22; M. E. Danitschek, 1940 commencement were also out­ COLORADO terested in military training and was and December. Madden as a candidate for the All- '+0; P. C. Dixon, '31; R. L. Gibson, '30; standing stars of the athletic depart­ MINES appointed cadet commander by Colo­ Star Team which is to play the pro­ R. W. Harrison, '33; J. H. Waterhouse, ment. FOOTBALL nel Gee at the 1940 military inspec­ fessional team in Chicago this fall. Ex-'41; L. O, Storm, '+0; A. G. Wolf, '07. tion. He also belonged to Scabbard & BUTTE Herbert Thornton, Gardner Blythe, 19 4 0 After everyone enthusiastically signed Messrs. Danitschek and Storm are Blade and Theta Tau. While a senior E, S. McGlone, President; H. M. Strock. '22, the petition the meeting was turned and George Yeager were three of the Sept. 28—COLORADO STATE - AT DENVER newcomers, having recently been em­ he published the football program, was Secretary, 1309 Platinum St., Butte, Mont. over to Mr. Bruce LaFollette who in­ football players honored at their grad­ Oct. 5—Creighton - - - - af Omaha captain of Scabbard and Blade, and Meetings upon call of Secretary. ployed by Sinclair and Shell, respec­ uation, May 24. Thornton was se­ Oct. 12—GREELEY STATE - AT GOLDEN troduced the main speaker of the eve­ president of the student body council. ning, a former Mines man, now tively. lected the best center in the Rocky Oct. 19—Colo. College - at Colo. Springs Scholars, athletes, and gentlemen, Major L, H. Dawson, Operations Mountain Conference while Yeager Nov. 2—MONTANA STATE - AT GOLDEN these men carry the Colorado School CHICAGO Officer at Denver's new army air­ and Blythe played as guards on (Homecoming) of Mines seal of approval and the sin­ A. L. Lynne, '06, President; M. E. Frank, '06, field. Major Dawson delivered one Mines' undefeated and untied team. Nov. 9—^Western State - - at Gunnison Secretary, 4537 Drexel Blvd., Chicago. Meet­ LOS ANGELES cere desire for their continued success. of the finest and most interesting talks Nov. 21—Fresno State - at Fresno, Calif. ings upon cal! of secretary. R. S. Brummett, 26, President; Wiiiiam Du­ Thornton came to Mines from that Colorado Section has heard this gan, Ex-'I2, Secretary, 315 West 9th St., Summitville, Colorado and was quick­ year. His subject was "Our National Los Angeles, Calif. Four meetings during ly recognized as a leader on the CLEVELAND Defense," a most vital business at this the year, 2nd Monday of month, January, M(NlW& PRIZE BRAINS AND April, July and October. campus. A member of the Alpha Tau . 6KUHT0H K. D. True, '35, President; R. J. Maloit, '37, time. After his talk. Major Dawson Omega fraternity, Theta Tau, pro­ Secretary-Treasurer, 970! Lamont Ave., answered many questions although be­ fessional engineering fraternity. Press Cleveland, Ohio. Four meetings during year, forehand it was made plain that no BCUEVE n; OR WOT. 4th Friday, March, June, September and questions of a divulging nature could Cluh, M Club, Board of Publications, hk- Wlliam B.mmw award MANILA December. be answered. American Society of Mechanical Engi­ OfOlSA AT CCWAMeMCeMBJ-r W«BE/ A. F. Duggleby, '15, President; Ralph Keeler, '31, Secretary, Box 297, Manila. Dinner meet­ neers, "plucky Herb" still found time UMRHILL MluaiW AWARD to maintain an enviable scholastic rat­ President Lay closed the meeting ing, first Friday each month. hik Heiiand Gtopmics pi^izt ing and become a member of the Tau by reminding all members of tbe next Beta Pi, honorary scholastic engineer­ AOAMS GLEE CL06 AW4RD meeting date, October 18th, hinting ing fraternity. With this record of tbat it would probably be of a football NEW YORK CITY scholarship and service for four years nature. C. L. French, '13. President; Ben W. Ged­ at Mines, it was natural that Thorn­ des, "37, Secretary, 1112 University Terrace, J, GARDNJER Members present were: Linden, N. J. Meetings upon call of secre­ ton should be awarded the Thomas S. A. George Setter, '32; P. A. Archibald, tary. Harrison award for meritorious work Dent L, Lay, '35, President; R. J. McGlone, '35; Ray McBrian; James Boyd, '32; Neil in petroleum engineering and have a *FROA BOMV WWi-1E 0STEEI CAME, -MILL UPS '27, Vice-President; A, L. Mueller, '35, Secre­ Bosco, '3S; Dart Wantland, '36; Bob position awaiting him witb one of the HARDEST H iTt-lWG tary, 430 E. I Ith Ave., Denver, Colo. Four Spalding, '33; C. D. Kerr, '30; Neil John­ SALT LAKE CITY night meetings per year. July, October, son, '33; Dean J. R. Morgan; F. J, major oil companies of Oklahoma. January, Aprii. Laverty, '25; T, Adams, '29; C. S. Knox, Otto Herres, 'II, President; Kuno Doerr, Jr., Ex-'27; F. H. Stewart; H, M. Connors, "27, Secretary, 700 McCormick Bldg., Sait Gardner Blythe, a Philadelphia tv-iopnTon Lake City, Utah. Meetings upon call of secre­ Colorado Section of the Colorado '22; C. B. Ellis, '39; A, A. Klamann, '20; man, served with the Merchant Ma­ tary. School of Mines Alumni Association J. W^, Bucher, '02; A. E. Beliis, Fac; rine before coming to Mines. He re­ Geo. Thomas, '26; Wm, C, Aitkenhead, held its first night meeting under the ceived all his football training from Fac; C. B. Carpenter, Fac; F. Bowman, new policy of four night meetings '01; W. H, Paul, '96; E, Durbin, '36; Coach Mason. SEATTLE yearly at the Oxford Hotel on July M. S. Rosengren, '35; B. LaFollette, '22; H. W, Kaanta, 'IS; W. B. Patrick, '09; "Gard's" personality and naval 19th. The meeting was highly success­ F. Steinhaur, '99; V. K, Jones, '10; Ross Axel E. Anderson, '04, Seattle, Wash., Presi­ ful and seemed to be tbe tonic that dent; Louie C, Rhodes, '20, Spokane, Wash., training soon brought him into the R. May, '12; August Chatin, '16; E. Wat­ Vice-Pres.; R. Kenneth Burgess, '28, Portland. limelight. He became a member of Colorado Section has needed for some son, '30; J, Demmer, '36; H. Lutz. '36; R. McGlone, '27; J. Hutton, '25; C. W. Ore., Vice-Pres.; Daniel L. Beck, '12, Secre­ Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. Scab­ time. Although attendance was far Turnbull, '31; Nick Watts, Ex-'26; C. tary-Treasurer, 1020-21 Lloyd Bldg., Seattle, bard and Blade, Theta Tau, Military better tban was usual for noon lunch­ Albi, '18; F, McClean, '36; W, C. Klein, Wash. Meetings: 2nd Monday, September, Ball committee, served as class officer December, March. June. Visiting Mines Men eons it was below the estimate. Meet­ '31; J. Stubbs, '26; J, Ruth, Ex-'21; D, L, piease notify secretary and called meetings three years, president of the "M" cluh ings in the future should grow to fair­ Lay, '35, will be arranged.

454 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 455 PHOENIX through 15 hour nights about the oil physical state of the nickel, vanadium, been considerable migration of the some as much as ten 3'ears old, others Two meetings in year, second Saturday in hunting he will do next summer and other comparatively rare ele­ ^^J^ug.oton ^^ieicl— sand dunes and consequent extension newly drilled—have been acidized, April and October. T. E. Giggey, '34, throughout 18 hour days. ments in some crude oils; (2) the of the untillable territory. When thereby increasing their average open President; A. F. Hailett, '09; Percy Jones, cause and meaning of the relatively (Continued from page 408) vegetation is absent there is very little flow from four million seven hundred Jr., '08, Vice-Presidents; E, M. J. Alenius, high temperatures found in the edge difference between the shifting sandy thousand to thirteen million eight hun­ '23, Secretary-Treasurer, Box 2751, Phoenix, l^e&ecLrcli in the appearance of being all one for­ soil of the Ogallala formation and the dred thousand, an average increase of Aril, waters of oil pools (3) a comparative mation it probably spans a long inter­ petrographic study of the sands in pro­ area of Quaternary dune sand. one hundred and ninety-five per cent. Petroieum ^eoio^^ — val of time. Darton gives the age as ductive and nearby barren structures Individual wells have increased from PITTSBURGH late Miocene and Pliocene, but men­ (Continued from page 400) of similar development; (4) a chem­ STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY twenty-five per cent to over one thou­ S. L. Goodale, '04, President; A. M. Keenan, tions some Pleistocene deposits which sand per cent through acidizing. tions. There is no differentiation be­ ical and petrographic study of the oil As shown by the structural contour '35, Secretary, Box 146, Pittsburgh, Pa. Meet­ sands and associated sediments where are difficult to distinguish from the The total production up to Jan­ ings upon call of secretary. tween structures due primarily to dif­ map and the east-west cross section, Ogallala. Johnson"^ is responsible for uary 1, 1940, is between one hundred ferential compaction and those orig­ the oils vary considerably in character the dominant structural feature in this the idea that the mortar beds represent and eighty and one hundred and ninety inally outlined in this manner but or where oil gives way to gas in the region is a monoclinal dip toward the TULSA the old stands of the ground water billion cubic feet of gas. The writers^ which had their dips materially in­ same sand in associated structures of east, at the rate of about fifteen feet John R. Evans, '23, President; D, H. Peaker, table. have made an intensive study of the creased by one or more later periods like age and kind; and (5) the sig­ per mile. Essentially the same struc­ "32, Secy.-Treas., c/o The Carter Oil Co., nificance and effect of bacteria in the Most of the water wells in this behavior of some of these wells. The Tulsa, Okia. Meetings upon call of secretary. of folding. And in many instances, ture can be shown on the top of the region are drilled to porous phases of conclusions of this study were pre­ sait core structures are not distinguish­ edge waters of many oil fields. Herington, the base of tbe Winfield, Summary and Conclusions the Ogallala or to its base and con­ sented at the April, 1940, meeting of WICHITA ed from those produced in other man­ or the base of the Florence formations, the American Association of Petro­ ners. Such deficiencies promise to be tact with underlying beds which are making it evident that the date of the Thomas H. Allan, '18, President; John T. Many of the problems suggested less porous. leum Geologists and will be published Paddleford, '33, Secretary-Treasurer, 429 First corrected as time goes on. Other orogeny is at least post-Herington. may appear to he of purely academic in tbe Bulletin of the Association at National Bank Building, Wichita, Kansas, things being equal, the structures of interest today, but their solution QUATERNARY SYSTEM A few reversals of this monoclinal Meetings upon call of secretary. an early date. more complex history are m.ore likely migbt prove to be of great practical Dune Sand dip are to be found. Along the to carry oil and gas. importance sometime in the future. A strip of sand dunes about six Stevens-Morton County line there is 8 Glenn G. Baltic and Rufus M. Smith, 'The Relative Poriisits' and Permeability of the Pro­ lAJediem C^anacfa — The time of folding in reference However, if we should concentrate miles wide is found on the south side a small but definite closure, and sev­ ducins Formations of the Hugoton Field as in­ to the time of migration and accumula­ now only on those questions which of the Arkansas River across Hamil­ eral broad noses and terraces may be dicated by Gas Withdrawals and Pressure Decline." (Continued from page 392) tion of oil and gas will receive more bave an immediate application, our ton and the west half of Kearney observed. Our map, using the one efforts should be well worth while. County, Kansas. Beginning just south ahly the same Lower Cretaceous sands attention in specific areas. Tbe evi­ hundred foot contour interval, tends ^^fumni i^asine6A — dence points to the fact that the hydro­ Not all of the problems are purely and west of Lakin this band of dunes to emphasize the general monocline that yield oil in wells in the Lloyd­ (Continued from page 452) carbons may have moved through cer­ geological in nature and their solu­ widens to about eighteen miles in rather tban the detail possible in a minster-Vermilion-Wain wright area Items three, four, five and six will tain areas before structural traps were tion will entail the cooperation of southern Finney County. Other smal­ local study, and show oil saturated sands at many be given a perfect score of 100 points other points, it seems probahle to the formed. In other cases where two or physicists, chemists, bacteriologists, and ler strips of sand dunes are found to the chapter leading in tbat particu­ writer that the area of more or less more periods of folding are involved, other scientists. along the south hank of the Cimarron ECONOMIC GEOLOGY lar activitj'. AU other chapters will oil saturated Lower Cretaceous sands there is evidence that migration and River in Morton County, Kansas, in Three hundred and twenty-two gas The ordinary difficulties encounter­ be calculated in proportion to this may he 50,000 square miles or more, accumulation are related primarily to ed in experimental work in petroleum the valley of the North Canadian wells have been drilled in the area chapter for point award. For example, and that over at least a portion of this only one of these disturbances. More geology are multiplied because of the River in Texas County, Oklahoma, since 1922, two hundred and eighty- if the chapter "A" having the best area oil may be recovered hy wells of specific data regarding such relations many variable factors involved in the and in isolated patches on the plains eight in Kansas and thirty-four in relatively shallow depth. should materially advance the science development of even the simplest type in Central Stevens County, Kansas, Oklahoma. The most recent open flow attendance record (irrespective of of petroleum geology. both north and south of Hugoton, size) in percentage of total members The best results will be obtained of accumulation of oil and gas. We tests show that the total present open flow of the wells in Kansas is approxi­ "Turning out" for meetings is 60 per where optimum combination of depth, The puzzling variations in eleva­ are also handicapped by our inability These dunes form a thickness of tion of the oil-water contact around to reproduce the time element on a mately two billion six hundred million cent and the lowest is 25 per cent, reservoir pressure, reservoir water, sand usually less than seventy-five feet then chapter "A" will be rated perfect reservoir sand characteristics, and the edges of certain California and satisfactory basis. In nature, tens of cubic feet, or an average open flow of but they completely dominate the about eight million cubic feet per well. and awarded 100 points. Chapter "B" quality of oil occur. other anticlinal pools is deserving of thousands of years were undoubtedly landscape in the area in which they involved in the development of certain The total present open flow of the more careful study. Is this the result occur. They present an effective bar­ will be awarded X 100 = .042 phenomena, but in the laboratory we wells in Oklahoma is approximately To the dyed-in-the-wool {not neces­ of renewed movements and lag in ad­ rier to transportation on all roads ex­ dU are usually limited to days or weeks four hundred and fifty million cubic sarily sheepherder) geologist, the prob­ justment of the oil-water contact, or cept the macadamized state highways. points. is it explainable upon the basis of ec­ in our experimental procedures. feet, or about thirteen million cubic lems of a sedimentary section that ex­ The sandy soil is worthless for farm­ The Mines Magazine will publish centricities in accumulation related to feet per well. Tbe initial rock pressure tends from Algonkian to Tertiary and Petroleum geology will never be ing, although in wet seasons there is standings of chapters in the contest. regional structure or possibly to modi­ on these wells varied from four hun­ If you have any delinquent reports an array of geologic structure that reduced to an exact science, but if enough vegetation on the dunes to fur­ fications resulting from flushing or dred and forty to four hundred and which can help you score, turn them runs the gamut, are sufficient to keep we can discover the relative import­ nish a poor pasturage. thirty-two pounds per square inch and him on the trail without other appeal. comparatively recent migration and ance of the factors involved in the in to the secretary, Mr. Nagel, at Between 1934 and the present date, the present rock pressure average of But other appeal there is in plenty,-—• accumulation of oil? fundamental processes, we shall have once. Please turn your mailing list Miscellaneous Problems with unusually arid seasons, there has the Kansas wells is four hundred in at once to the secretary so a check mountain, cirque, and glacier above traveled a long way towards the sim­ and thirteen pounds. In the last four timber line, all in sedimentary rocks; Other lines of study which suggest plification of the principles of this 'W. D. Johnson, "High Plain's anJ their Utiliza­ on membership can be made and item tion," United States Geological Survey, 21st Annualvear s one hundred and sixty wells— No. 1 correctly computed. foothill and plain; forest and grassy themselves are: (1) the import and branch of systematized knowledge. Report, (1901) pt. 4. prairie. Mountain surveys are en­ livened by bears, mountain goats, and herds of mountain sheep. Elk, moose, and deer are familiar sights in the for­ TRAVEL TRAILWAYS TO ALL AMERICA.... TRflCtWflVSl ests. On the plains curious antelope thoroughly investigate all technical OXfORD HOT€L procedure. on Denver's Main Street See Your Canadian winters are long but, par­ One Block from Union Station LOCAL TRAILWAYS AGENT ticularly in Alberta, not so tough but Single: $1.50 to $3.00 that both exploratory and develop­ Double: $2.00 to $5.00 or ment work can be, and are carried on. TILED TUB AND SHOWERS But when occasionally old Boreas Food Famous Write, Wire or Phone Cafe, Coffee Shop and Cocktail JCounge does go on a rampage, the inveterate TRAILWAYS oil hunter will not turn southward, J. L. BROOKS Management W. A. VALLEE but with true trapper spirit, innate If You Enjoy Food at i+s Best You Will Enjoy the Oxford Passenger Traflic Department or acquired by association, will burrow through his subsurface data, run his Headquarters for Mines Men DENVER UNION BUS DEPOT KE. 2291 501 17TH STREET, DENVER, COLO. stratigraphic trap lines, and dream

456 457 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1949 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1949 the shot is completely confined, the be­ plugs and bodies and in some cases other Colmonoy Hard-Facing Keeps wilderment of the interested parties Wak iL parts of the valves. This coating is a Equipment on the Job complex metal alloy of extreme hardness (Continued from page 4-10) becomes profound. Had it been known and corrosion-resistant. Another in­ Service records show remarkable sav­ (Continued from page 446) ings being made by COLMONOY, the that the first shot had 50 lineal feet valuable characteristic of this coating is patented Chromium Boride crystal hard tain conditions provided some im­ of pea gravel over it and the subse­ said to be its extremely low coefKcient of Adams: Well, this geophysical ex­ (Continued from page 450) facing material that greatly reduces the pervious material is placed immediate­ friction. The hardness of Merchromed quent shot 500 lineal feet, the varia­ ploration is a profitable as weli as line is easy to locate and the measure­ ill effects of corrosion and abrasion. ly upon the brick to prevent the surfaces is approximately 54 on the Rock­ tion due entirely to cave holes below an interesting business, isn't it? ment is easy to read, even in poor light. Excessive corrosion by refinery acids, passage of the sand or cement through the shoe, the results would not be so A full iine of Chrome Face Gaging Tapes well C Scale and this alloy has the prop­ abrasion by sand and solids held in sus­ erty of maintaining this hardness prac­ it. Any or all of this material may confusing. Mason: You know, I sometimes is now offered, including the popular pension by the crude, galling by packing he in the open hole or in the casing; "Atlas," also the others with Plumb Bobs tically unimpaired at temperatures of •—all are reduced to the minimum by wonder which would be more fasci­ 1000° F. The valves are tested before the surface of either may he oil wet, The next important item is the of various patterns. COLMONOY. nating—hunting for oil or hunting shipment with hot oil at temperatures up Acid pump plungers, pump sleeves, water wet, dry, rough, smooth, paraf­ matter of records; each shot should for gold. to 600° F., and under a pressure equiva­ wash pipes and other wearing parts are fin coated, etc., or an almost infinite lent to the intended operation pressure. be completely reported so that as ex­ Adams: You bave something there, particularly susceptible to the difficult combination of conditions. The fluid perience accumulates, the results may abrasion problems of the petroleum in­ above the solid material may be oil, John. You know, to us here in the A new B>ulletin describing Merchromed dustry. water, or rotary mud in any propor­ be compared. This record should in­ West, the story of gold has certain­ Valves may be obtained by writing to Alloys of COLMONOY crystals and clude, among other things, the total Merco Nordstrom Valve Company, 400 pure nickel have met with remarkabie tion. In short, the possibility of ly been most colorful. success. Not only is COLMONOY made analytically establishing a quantitative depth of the hole, tbe kind and amount Lexington Ave., Pittsburgh, Penna. Mason: Well, I've always been quite with varying degrees of hardness, to meet value for solid stemming resistance to of plugging back material, if any; the specific requirements, but it is the easiest impact is attended by considerable kind and length of anchor, if any; the interested in that. Whom can we of all hard metals to apply on steel, cast get to tell us about that? iron, stainless steel, monel metal, some difficulty. size and kind of shells used and their New Double-Bufton bronzes and copper. position in the hole; the make and Adams: Well, Professor Wichmann Gallef "Multlchron" COLMONOY may be applied as an Because of approximate uniformity time setting of the time bomb and the of the Metallurgy Department bas overlay, by either arc or acetylene gas in a given field of casing size and welding. In addition, it may be cast. In time it fired, so 'that over a period of quite a story to tell on tbat. We'll spite of its abrasion resisting qualities it setting depth, amount and size of time the accuracy of the settings may ask him over next week, may be machined. open hole below the shoe, and other be determined; the kind and position Secure complete information by address­ FADE conditions, and probability that all ing Wall-Colmonoy Corporation, Depart­ of the cave catcher or umbrella bridge, ment B, Sixth Floor, Buhl Building, wells will be producing from the same if used; kind and amount and position Announcer: You have just listened Detroit, Mich, formation, it is possible to very quickly of all material in the hole; and the to another program prepared and "Anchor" is the brand of the Chrome determine tbe solid stemming neces­ kind and amount of fluid above the presented in cooperation with the Face Tape in genuine leather case. Such Rocky Mountain Radio Council by Tapes are offered graduated either feet, sary to hold down a given shot in solid material. All data on casing such inches and 8ths or feet, lOths and lOOths ^lant zJYews the faculty members and students each individual area in a given for­ as weight and grade, setting depth, and with lines in both ^ and inch of the Colorado School of Mines, Western Knapp Engineering Company mation. To accomplish this several width. The Y2 inch is especially suitable and how cemented and hole sizes an institution devoted exclusively for general measuring in the oil industry reports the recent completion of several things are necessary; first, the exact should be recorded. The name of the because its greater width gives it extra modernization jobs in two of California's to the advancement of the mineral well known mills. amount and position of all stemming formation being shot should also be durability and it accommodates larger industries. Heard on this program figures. One was a "change over" for the Car­ material in the hole must be known. recorded, the name of the shooting son Hili Gold Mining Co, at Moloneyes. were; Dr, C. A. Heiland, head of Chrome Face Tapes are the result of It is not sufficient to know merely company and the kind and amount of the Geophysics Department, Dr. A. long and careful study and experimenta­ Flotation cells were installed to replace that five yards of pea gravel were used tion on the part of The Lufkin Rule Com­ table concentration , , . jigs were put explosive used. Finally, the reaction S. Adams, Coach John Mason, in for the recovery of free gold . . . and because occasionally due to previous pany. While new on the market, their of the fluid standing level full to the George Gebhardt, and Lee Gibson, durability as well as readability and other a concentrate regrind mill was included. shooting or caved hole, five yards of surface in the casing at the moment of seniors in Geophysical Engineering essential qualities have been thoroughly Extra pipe lines for a distance of 1600 gravel will fill vertically no more than detonation should be recorded. This at the School of Mines. Tune in proven through many months of tests feet from the concentrator to the cyanide under actual, severe conditions of use. plant, together with the necessary addi­ half a yard would normally fill. If may be relatively simple, such as: was next week at the same time and tional pumping equipment were also in­ W, Ii. Kistler Stationery Co., Denver, listen to a discussion about gold. stalled. upon shot detonation the fluid in the not disturbed, kicked up, flowed, fol­ Colo., is sales representative. casing is kicked over the crown blocks, lowed by instructions to scratch two Address any question you may have The Carson Hill Gold Mining Com­ about this program to the station to New Valve Development for With the latest TACHOMETER and pany is under the general management in the absence of this definite informa­ of J. A. Burgess. of the possible three answers. By vary­ TELEMETER DIALS. This new time which you are listening. Temperatures to 1000° F. At the Roseklip Mines, Bodie, Cali­ tion, it would immediately be as­ ing the lineal feet of pea gravel in in­ piece has 4S-minute register—12 ligne, sumed that five yards was inadequate (Music: "Mining Engineer," fading Resistance to Abrasion Increased fornia, a SOO-ton precipitation plant was crements of 50 feet and by careful by Merchrome Coating 17-jewe!ed, high quality movement. Added recently completely installed. This in­ to confine a shot in that formation. study of the results of each shot, the into:) After more than two years of factory time-out feature for sports and industrial stallation was made to treat reclaimed When the next well is shot, probably optimum solid stemming should soon Announcer: The Colorado School of and field testing, a new valve application use. Its non-magnetic feature is protec­ solution from a tailings pond. Additional with more explosive and because of is announced. A novel process known as tion for the engineer who comes In con­ transformers, power lines and pumping be discernible from the accumulated Mines. Merchrome coating has been developed tact with electrical equipment. This plant were also included to complete this loss in handling, less pea gravel and data. by Merco Nordstrom Valve Company. It modern time-piece should form an essen­ job. (Music swells, then fades) permits a lubricated plug cock valve to tial part of every engineer's equipment. H. N. Sweet Is superintendent of the successfully handle services where the Roseklip Mines Co., and Henry W. KHp- William Crow will furnish particulars on temperatures run as high as 1000° F. stein, vice-president and general manager. and where, according to Nordstrom engi­ request or show you various models at neers, the operating conditions make the his store, 320 University Building, Den­ Link-Belf Exhibit n ordinary type of valve totally inadequate. ver, Colorado. Metal Mining Convention Whiie the use of Mer- Colorado Springs, Sept. 16th to 19th "NO STUFFING BOX chrome-coated valves Is principally for refineries The Link-Belt exhibit at this conven­ on hot oil and vapor lines, tion, Space No. 211, will include— ACID PUMPS such as cracking, coking, An operating exhibit of Link-Belt and topping units, and herringbone gear reducer in a transparent for mud lines to combat case to show the internal mechanism, For Hot Oils-Solvents-Acids, Etc. abrasion and erosion, the A comprehensive display of the latest MODEL "AC" DIRECT DRIVEN Merchrome application is design of Link-Belt belt conveyor idlers expected to gain wide for every type of service. NO STUFFING BOX-NO RUBBING CONTACT acceptance in chemical An attractive back wall panel of photo­ plants and in industries graphic enlargements of typical Link-Belt NO PACKING-NO LEAKING WHILE RUNNING where stainless steel materials handling and power transmis­ MODEL "AB" Write For Bulletin E1415 valves have limitations. sion installadons in the metal mining in­ DENVER, COLORADO The Merchrome coating dustry. A. R. WILFLEY & SONS, INC process is a development Samples of various types of Link-Belt ^ New York Office—1775 Broadway in which a welded coat­ Shafer anti-friction roller bearings, both Manufacturers of tfie Well-linown Wilfley Sand Pump ing is applied to the • View at Left Shows Merchromed Plug Before Machining; mounted and unmounted units; babbitted rotating surfaces of the Center View, Body; a+ Righf, Plug After Machining. (Continued on page 466)

458 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 459 being Portuguese territory. In 1648 Somastic field joints are applied under School of Mines, will discuss Progress In Milling Practice, the Paulista (a resident of Sao and Charles M. Romanowltz and Herbert A. Sawin, of the ^icolioiic Solutions — pressure by means of a steel form AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS Paulo) Antonio Raposo Taveres, a which casts an extra thick mastic coat­ Yuba Consolidated Gold Fields, will discuss New Develop­ (Continued from page 420) specialist in this type of "razzias" ing which overlaps tbe existing coat­ ments In Placer Mining at the other session. use of a dilute alcoholic solution pre­ (argument) proceeded to drive out ing, thus giving absolute protection SeventL ^.y^nnitai During the day the ladles will be taken on sightseeing sents itself. It is thought that the in­ the Spanish, destroying Xerez and over the field weld. trips by the Women's Automobile Corps. At 6:00 P. M. jection of alcohol into producing wells traveling clear to the Andes, From In Fisher Canon af the foot of Cheyenne Mountain there here on tbe history is confused. Testing Metal Mining Convention between periods of production will will be the Indian Harvest Festival and Barbecue DeLuxe materially decrease the amount of In conclusion one of the writers ex­ To insure that asphalt-mastic coat­ at which there will be Indian Dancing and songs of fhe best. ing is being properly applied, coated and Exposition emulsion formed in producing the oil. amined the southwest from an eco­ At 10:30 P. M. fhere will be dancing in the Broadmoor Hotel pipe is tested for Holidays by means It is suggested that further research nomic point of view. He points out Colorado Springs, Colorado— Ballroom. of a Holiday Detector utilizing a should be carried on along this line of the natural economic competition due high potential. These detectors are Sept. 16-19. 1940 Under the able direction of Mrs. A. E. Carlton a variety of thought. to tbe existence of the great market entertainment has been arranged for the ladles. On of Buenos Aires, situated at the mouth maintained as standard equipment Everything indicates thaf fhe Wesfern Division of the Wednesday the ladles are scheduled to have breakfast at The use of a dilute alcoholic of the River Plate, into which the available for use on all plant and the Lodge on fop of Cheyenne Mountain and In the after­ aqueous solution will almost double Paraguay River flows, and the attrac­ field jobs. American Mining Congress will stage fhe greatest of their the amount of oil produced by flood­ tion of the Capital of Sao Paulo, al­ Annual Metal Mining Conventions in Colorado Springs the noon to have tea at Colorado Springs Fine Art Center. The Laying Coated Pipe ing and a suggested method of reduc­ though the transport conditions to the week of September 16th. Prominent Mining Men from all New Mural by Boardman Robinson and exhibits of Chinese ing emulsion has been presented for latter are less favorable. Sao Paulo Asphalt-mastic coated pipe can be over the West will be present. Convention headquarters art are new on display at the Fine Art Center. consideration. as a market has the advantage of hauled and strung, roll welded, bent will be at the Broadmoor Hotel. On Wednesday morning, September IBth, Taxation will cold in the field, and lowered into be fhe subject to be considered. Ellsworth C. Alvord, Bibliography being Brazilian territory. The author The morning session of September I6fh will be devoted concludes that the transport hy the the trench and backfilled without dam­ to Health and Safety. Andrew Fletcher, Vice-President and Counsel for the Anaconda Mining Company, will discuss 1. Notes on Valuation of Oil and Gas River Paraguay should win and it is age to the coating. Handling by use Treasurer, St. Joseph Lead Company, will discuss Sick National Defense and National Finance. Arthur L. Baldwin Properties By The Corpus Christi of belt slings instead of cable slings, Geologists' Study Group, Page 7. therefore practical to help this natural Absenteeism. Stanley A. Easton, President, Bunker Hill & of Denver, Colorado, Donald A. Callahan of Wallace, Ida­ 2. The Effect of Flooding Oil Sands With tendency, while continuing to uphold padding of truck bolsters, and pad­ Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Company, will tell of ho, and Robert M. Searles of San Francisco will discuss Alkaline Solutions. Bull. American As­ the political dominion, which action ding of bending blocks is recom­ the Ulfra-Violet Ray Solarium. G. J. Barrett & D. F. Special Tax Problems of Metal Mining. sociation of Petroleum Geologists— is taken for granted. Matto Grosso mended. In observing several laying Vol. II, No. 3—R. C. Beckstrom and Donovan of the Oliver Iron Mining Co. will present a paper At noon the Executive Tax Committee will have luncheon exports chiefly cattle and cattle prod­ jobs, it has been noticed that the mas­ on the progress of mine safety. Evan Just, Secretary- F. M. Van Tuyl. tic coated pipe can be cold bent in the together at the Broadmoor Hotel. Note: ucts. There are about four million Treasurer, Tri-State Zinc and Lead Ore Producers Associa­ field on lines up to 10 inches in diam­ The afternoon session will be devoted to a discussion of The author wishes to take this op­ head of cattle in this State. With tion, will discuss Propaganda and Practical Experience In eter without damage to the coating. fhe Wage-Hour Act and Mining Loans. Philip B. Fleming, portunity to thank Mr. Clark F. Barb, reliable ship service between Matto Dust Control. Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Grosso and Buenos Aires it is possi­ With proper care, lines of larger Administrator, Wage and Hour Division, U. S. Department The Coiorado School of Mines, for his ble that minerals such as iron, man­ diameter can be laid by making bends A Welcome Luncheon will be held at the Broadmoor of Labor, will discuss Administering the Wage-Hour Act. cooperation and helpful suggestions in per­ of normal degree of curvature. Hotel from I2:i5 to 2:15 P. M. Governor Ralph L. Carr, Hon. James Murray, U. S. Senator from Montana, will ad­ forming these experiments. ganese, etc., ornamental stones such as phonolites and marbles, could be ex­ Hon. Edwin C. Johnson, U. S. Senator from Colorado and dress the convention on Expansion of R. F. C. Loans for ported. Physical Properties of Coating Geo. D. Birdsall, Mayor of Colorado Springs, wil! be the Mining. Contfilyutions to By reason of its inherent physical speakers. Merrill E. Shoup, Chairman of the Western Di­ At 7:30 P. M. an Ice Carnival will be staged at the properties, a proper asphalt mastic vision American Mining Congress, will preside. Broadmoor Ice Palace. Famous Ice Stars will put on a During the afternoon the visiting ladies will be taken on a brilliant show. Petroieum Geoioau— Q /. /9- #. coating ivill demonstrate its ability to prevent water, carrying soil salts in sight seeing trip by the Womern's Automobile Corps. (Continued ^om page 427) ^Omadtlc/'^ipeL.Oatin^- On Thursday, September 19th, the ladles will be enter­ solution, from making contact with Af the afternoon session C. K. LeIth, Mineral Advisor, tained at Breakfast Bridge, (11:00 A. M.) Cheyenne Moun­ to local civilization as the soldiers. (Continued from page 428) tbe pipe, and to prevent electrolytic National Defense Advisory Commission, will discuss Role of tain Country Club. The history of southwestern Matto out of service. This equipment is activity from taking place. It has am­ Minerals In tbe Present War. Elmer W. Pehrson, Mining The morning session of the Convention will be devoted Grosso is known only on general lines. unique in design and represents tbe ple tensile strength to resist soil Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, wil! discuss Strategic Min­ to Labor Problems. Edmund M. Toland, General Counsel, The most curious fact in the discovery latest development in the application stresses, and sufficient ductility to al­ eral Procurement, and J. R. Van Fleet, Vice President, U. S. Special Committee to Investigate the N. L. R. B., will tell of the Paraguay river is that it was of asphaltic-mastic pipe coating. low for field bends, and is resistant to Vanadium Corporation, will discuss Stimulation of Domestic about the National Labor Relations Board—An Example of discovered in its central part, from impact and strong depression forces. Production of War Minerals. Administrative Agencies. C. S. Ching, Director ol indus­ Field Joints land, and not by ascending it. Alejo Thus, we find that the process of At 7:00 P. M. in the Little Theater at the Broadmoor trial and Public Relations, U. S. Rubber Company, will pre­ Garcia crossed tbe river after making It is conceded that several mill Somastic Coating consists of perma­ Hotel a film will be shown entitled "Arizona—Its Mineral sent a paper on Present-Day Industrial Relations. Discussion a land trip from the coast at Santa wrap coatings are capable of provid­ nently protecting the outer surface of Resources and Scenic Wonders." will then follow by D. D. Moffat, Vice President, Utah Catharina in 1525, and established the ing satisfactory protection to individ­ steel pipe lines with a continuous seam­ Copper Company, and H. M. Lavender, General Manager, city of Miranda. Not satisfied with At 9:00 P. M. an Informal dance, Including a gorgeous ual joints of pipe, but in practice the less jacket of thick dense asphalt mas­ Phelps Dodge Corporation. this he crossed the Chaco and estab­ floor show, will be held af the Hawaiian Village^—•Broadmoor method of applying field joints fre­ tic, thoroughly bonded to the pipe, Golf Club adjoining the Broadmoor Hotel. At noon {12:15 to 2:15 P. M.) there will be a Joint Lunch­ lished "Ciudad de Charcas" (Sucre) quently fails to afford adequate pro­ free from Holidays, and with field At the morning session Tuesday, September 17th, Alex­ eon at the Broadmoor Hotel for the Board of Governors in Alto Peru (Bolivia). At the same tection at these points. In view of this, joints protected by an extra thick over­ ander Goett of the California Institute of Technology will Western Division and the Board of Directors, American time, Caboto ascended the river to it is believed that particular attention lapping coating. present a paper on the Industrial Uses of Silver. Richard L. Mining Congress. Angostura and traded goods with the should be given to tbe proper applica­ As of August 1, 1940, Somastic Guaranis, receiving pieces of silver, Neuberger of Portland, Oregon will discuss Public Mineral tion of a coating to welded field joints. Plants are in operation at Houston, At the afternoon session fhe War's Effect on Metal Min­ among other things, hence the name, Land Withdrawals. A motion picture film showing the Im­ Texas; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; ing will be thoroughly reviewed, taking up the War's Effect Rio de la Plata, or "Rio da Prata" portance of mining In one of the agricultural states will be and Los Angeles, California, on Supplies, International Movements, Domestic Markets, (Portuguese). In 1540 Nunes Cabeza shown. Prices, etc., for Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron Ore, Gold, Silver, de Vaca went up the river to tbe A luncheon will be held at the Myron Stratton Home Mercury, Tungsten, etc. country of the Xarayes (sha-ha-ee- ^lAJatef ^^ioodin^— (12:15 to 2:15 P. M.} through the courtesy of the trustees. The Annual Banquet will be held at fhe Broadmoor Hotel ays) Indians, north of Corumba. In (Continued from page 419) Dr. R. R. Sayers, Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines, will be the at 7:00 P. M. R. M. Hardy, President, Sunshine Mining 1546 Domingos M. Irala recon- speaker. David P. Strickler, President, Stratton Cripple Company, will be toastmaster and the address will be deliv­ noitered to the Chiquitano moun­ discovery of new fields, taxation, etc, Creek Mining & Development Company, will preside. ered by Hon. Key Pittrnan, U. S. Senator from Nevada. tains, and borrowed the expedition are factors which influence tbe price of Nuflo de Chaney to colonize the of oil. These economic factors make The afternoon meeting will take up new developments Friday and Saturday, September 20th and 21st, have region (Brazilian-Paraguayan pla­ the future of water flooding very un­ metal mine operations and will be divided Into two separate been set aside for the following Inspective trips: teau). Instead they disobeyed orders certain. Although the immediate sessions. Ira B. Joraleman, President, Desert Silver, Inc., will Carlton Tunnel—Cripple Creek discuss Mining Geology Today and Robert S. Lewis, Pro­ and founded Santa Cruz to tbe west future may see little advancement, Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp.—Pueblo in Bolivia, which was the principal there is no doubt that water flooding fessor of Mining, University of Utah, will tell of New Devel­ Climax Molybdenum—Climax reason for this other easterly region will attain a more prominent position opments and Equipment In Metal Mines, at one session. in the oil industry. Bancroft Gore, Professor of Metallurgy, South Dakota Golden Cycle Mill—Colorado Springs.

461 4S0 THE MINES MAGAZINE 4 AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 crew above that of a routine stand­ 33. a—H. E. Nash, J. JVI. Martin, "Ex­ ardized crew is insignificant when the plosives Theory for the Geophysicist," /9 Z' . / PERSONAL NOTES D ff Explosives Engineer, voi. 14, number (Continued from page 387) (Continued frotn fage 4-34} final possibilities are considered. Or­ 7, 1936, pp. 200-213. ganizations offering personnel of this /-^ropeiiional L. A. (c,ntin,„dShaiv, '25, fromChie f ChemisM7)t for the / rofediionul interpretation ol the final data, it b—J. Barab, J. M. Martin, "Explo­ Shell Oil Company, has moved from Long tj'pe are in general limited in their sives for Seismic Exploration," Ex­ CARDS seems that a client would receive much CARDS Beach to Wilmington, California, where expansion program to only a few crews plosives Engineer, vol. 15, number his address is Box 728. more for his fee expenditures if the 7, 1937, pp. 201-204. A. E. Anderson, '04 because of the difficulty in securing and Raymond IV. Snyder, '37, has a change Root & Simpson, Inc. survey were conducted by a personnel c—W. R. Farren. H. H. White, "Re­ E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Inc, developing adequate personnel. An ad­ of address to 406 So. Banker St., Apt. Metallurgical Chemists, Assayers whose rank has been established ac­ cent Developments in Explosives for I I 10 Hoge Buildinq vantage sometimes found in limited ex­ Seismograph Prospecting," Geo­ 8, Effingham, 111. He is associated with Denver, Colo. Seattle, Washington cording to tbe ability, knowledge, and physics, vol, II, number 2, 1937, pp. the Kingwood Oil Co. pansion is that this type of organiza­ Tom Trumbull, has been trans­ experience of each technical man under tion can economically keep their equip- 114-118. a plan which would allow a positively 34. a—J. Brian Eby, "Geophysics-—Its ferred from Denver to Albuquerque, New up-to-date in the way of improve­ Application to Petroleum Prospect­ Jack P. Bonardi, "21 Mexico, by E. I. duPont de Nemours & W. G. Swart, Hon. '17 free intercourse of ideas and informa­ Co. for whom he is Sales Engineer, Ex­ ments. When it becomes necessary ing," Petroleum Engineer, Feb. 1937, New York Representative Mining Engineer tion among the personnel. It is the plosives division. He will travel through to rebuild a large number of sets of pp". 113-120. The Mine & Smeller Supply Co. 916 Union Street belief of the writer that team work b—Independent Exploration Com­ 1775 Broadway New York City southern Colorado, northern New Mexico equipment in order to incorporate new and northern Arizona. His address in Alameda, California among the workers in geophysical ex­ improvements the expense and loss of pany, "Seismograph Exploration," ploration is more valuable than com­ (Brochure). Albuquerque is 544 No. Solano Street. crew time may he considered too great. Ronald 0. Walker, '24, District Ex­ petition for rank in the organization.- c—Triplett, "Geophysical Advance­ George R. Brown, '22 ments Responsible for Illinois," Oil ploitation Engineer for Shell Oil Com­ Cecil R. Walbridge. '29 Where there are large areas to be Brown & Root, Inc. pany, is being addressed at Box IS, Grand It is further believed that every re­ Weekly, Dec. 5, 1938. Sales Engineer examined and the conditions are very Engineering Construction Isle, Louisiana. flection seismograph crew should be d—Z, A. Mitera, "Reflection Seismol­ Worthington Pump and Machinery Corp. headed by men who have proved that favorable for the prosecution of seis­ ogy in Exploring for Potential Fields Houston Austin Corpus Christi Hugh A. Ma'ams, '28, who has been in 640 Biake St. Denver, Colorado they are capable of carrying on orig­ mograph work, this is definitely a in Poland," Oi! Weekly, vol. 84, num­ Venezuela with the Lago Petroleum Com­ ber 1, 1937, pp. 164-176. pany for some time, has returned to the inal and creative research in this type place where the effectiveness of the States and is being addressed at present, e—J. H. Jones, "A Seismic Reflec­ G. Mon+ague Bu+ler, '02 of work. routine standardized crew operations tion Survey in Eastern England," 1030 East 8th St., Apt. 8, Ada, Okla­ Wm. D. Waltman. '99 can be best realized. homa. Petroleum World, vol, 34, number Mining and Seological Engineer Franco-Wyoming Oil Company A difiiculty which often arises in 442, 1937, p. 164. Edixiin F. White, '36, Sales Manager On the other hand areas which are Dean College of Mines and Engineering, for the Denver Machine Shop, resides at 601 Edison Bldg,, Los Angeles the course of routine standardized seis­ f—-Buwalda, Gutenberg, "Investiga­ complicated by geological disturbances, Universi+y of Arizona, Tucson. Examina­ 1227 Cherry Street, Denver. mograph operations is tbat a survey is tion of Overthrust Faults by Seismic tions and probiems involving persistence, rapid changes in geological column, Methods," Science, vol. 81, number Visitors at the Alumni ofiice recently carried out along methods known to rapid lateral as well as vertical changes change in character, and loss of ore. included: Keith Buell, '39, Junior Chemist, succeed in a particular area. If satis­ 2103, 1935, pp. 384-386, in the velocity of the seismic waves, g—Brad Mills, "No Pollution Problem Diamonds and other gems secured for Miners Research department, Phillips Petroleum Elmer R. Wilfley, '14 factory data are not obtained tbe fact in Development of Submerged Leases or their friends at reduced rates. Company, Phillips, Texas; H. B. Esta­ Wilfley Centrifugal Pumps types of overburden which are not brooks, '38, enroute to Tennessee to take is taken for granted without due proof favorable for reflection work, folded Along Coastal Belt," Oil Weekly, vol. Denver, Colo. that the interfaces of the geological 81, number 11, 1936, pp. 17-23. over his new duties as Junior Mining basement rocks that appear to give re­ Engineer for the Tennessee Copper Com­ formations do not give good reflections h—L. J. Freeman, "The Seismograph Walter E. BuHingame, '01 flections whicb may be confused with an Aid to the Geologists in Arkansas," pany ; William J. Gilbert, '06, Chemist, Assayer—Engineer—Chemist Fascinating Oil Business or that the uppermost layers of the Mines Magazine, vol. 27, number 5, Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., McGill, possible oil bearing measures, com­ 2040 Broadway Phone: TA. 3615 ground respond in such a manner as 1937, pp. 19-21. Nevada; P. C. Gribben, Jr., '31, Assayer, By Max W, Ball. '06 plicated variation of tbe surface low Denver A. S. & R. Co., Rodeo, Calif.; Harold E. 444 pages, 38 illustrations to make it impossible to secure reflec­ i—B. Gutenberg, J. P. Buwalda, "Seis­ velocity layer or layers, igneous flow Harris, '24, A. S. & R. Co., Durango, 10 maps mic Reflection Profile Across Los tion data from below. This difficulty Colo.; Charles H. Jenkins^ '29, Engineer, PRICE $3.00 rocks interbedded witb sediments, etc. Angeles Basin," Geol. Soc. America is demonstrated by operators making Myies Salt Company, Weeks, La.; Albert may even tax the ingenuity of the Proc, June 1936, p. 327. Fred C. Carstarphen, '05 M. Keenan, '35, Chemist, Preparation de­ Order your copy from several surveys over the same area. It j—E. E. Rosaire, "Exploration by the SpeciaNzinq in Design and Erection very best personnel possible for a seis­ Aerial Tramways partment, Pittsburgh Coal Company, Pitts­ MiNES MAGAZINE is assumed that each time the area was Reflection Seismograph in the Gulf mograph crew. Consulting Engineer burgh, Penna.; William Harriss King, '27, 734 Cooper Bldg. Denver Coast of Texas and Louisiana," Inst. covered new or better data were se­ 721 Marion St. Denver, Colo. Chemical Engineer, Socony-Vacuum Oil Pet. Technologists Jour., vol. 23, num­ cured. Obviously had the men making In the final analysis time may prove Co., Woodbury, N. J.; William Homer ber 159, 1937, pp. 40-56. the survey understood the problems that we are about to experience a King, '28, Mine Foreman, El Portal k—M. Ewing, A. Crary, H. Ruther­ Works, National Pigments & Chemical involved all the data could have been period in geophysical work when oper­ ford, "Geophysical Investigations in C. Lorimer Colburn, '07 Division of National Lead Company, El secured during the first survey thus ators will not be chiefly occupied witb ihe Emerged and Submerged Atlantic Mining Engineer Portal, Calif.; Lester D. Knlll, '33, Engi­ nge variety of makes Coastal Plain," Geol. Soc. America styles to select from. avoiding considerable expense and time the problems of putting seismograph neer, U. P. Coal Company, Rock Springs, Bull., vol. 48, number 6, 1937, pp. 753- Cooper Bldg. Denver, Colo srican and Foreign. required to make the extra surveys. outfits into the field as rapidly as Wyo.; //. F. McFarland, '32, just returned e me an idea of what 802. possible. The future tendency may be from Transvaal, So. Africa; now being want. Let me advise 1—J. Taylor, "Intensive Seismic Ex­ personally, Surprls- As a conclusion it can be stated toward the reduction of the total num­ addressed at Shawnee, Wyoming; George y low prices, Satis- tbat the weakest link in a seismograph ploration in North Louisiana," Oil Allan E. Craig. '14 H. Roll, '19, President, Blade Master, Inc., lon guaranieed. ber of service' crews and thus more and Gas Jour., vol. 35, number 22, service chain is its personnel. A crew Marcy Mill Division Pleasantville, N. Y.; /. B. Williams, '11, time and energy may be made avail­ 1936, pp. 79-82. The Mine & Smelter Supply Co. of Tulsa, Oklahoma, who is being ad­ THIS ENGINEER'S personnel which operates and main­ able for research, improvements in de­ m—-B. L. Miller, "Geophysical In­ dressed in Golden at present. SPECIAL Denver Colorado A IS jewel Elgin, tains equipment according to a routine sign, and personnel development. In vestigations in the Emerged and Sub­ waterproof, liimi- set of directions established by stand­ concluding It is significant to note that merged Atlantic Coastal Plain, Geo­ n o a s dial and logical Significance of the Geophysical Information has not yet been received hands, Veritas case ardization are likely to have a very only minor and few if any major new Data," Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. W. C. Douglass, ' i I (waterproof), iion- limited knowledge of the fundamental from all members of the class of 1940 as m a g H e tic wrist improvements in the reflection tech­ 48, number 6, 1937, pp. 803-812. Mining Engineer to where they are now located but those watclt. problems of the research at hand. Such n—M, K. Kaye, "Reconnaissance Ge­ who have advised the Alumni ofiice are nique have been developed since the Hedley British Columbia Price S25-00 a party may succeed under favorable basis of tbe method was demonstrated ology in State of Anzoategui, Vene­ employed as follows: Robert Allen, U. S. conditions but new problems and diffi­ zuela South America," A. A. P. G. Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, over ten years ago. Bull., vol. 2, number 2, 1937, pp. 233- Goiden; Norman Amend, Development FINE WATCH culties encountered in securing field 245. Thomas S. Harrison, '08 REPAIRING section, Phillips Petroleum Co., Phillips, makes. Chronographs, data may obviously impair the value o—C. A. Heiland, "Geologic, Mag­ Consulting Oil Geologist Texas; Emmett B. Asmus, Sinclair Re­ lachomefers and Tele­ of the work of the organization. Usu­ netic, Reflection Work, and Drilling 1104 First National Bank Bldg. fining Co., 4736 Boring Ave., East Chi­ meters, Dial Gauges. A at the Duvernay-Brosseau Structure, real Iob and prompt ally such organizations have experts Denver, Colorado cago, Ind.; John A. Bailey, Shell Petro­ service. Special attention available to assist in the event of (Continued from page 443) Alberta, Canada," Colo. School of leum Corporation, Covington, Okla.; to by-mail work. Mines Quarterly, vol. 32, number 1, James A. Ballard, Seismograph Service failures but this help often comes too Recording," Geophysics, vol. Ill, num­ Jan. 1937. Corp., Tulsa, Okla.; L. H. Bell, Jr., Phil- A JEWELRY SERVICE Harlow D. Phelps, '10 A visit to my display room will convince you late after the failure is realized. ber 1, 1938. p—J. H. Kornfeld, "Review of Petro­ (Continued on page 468) 31. a—B. Gutenberg, "The Amplitudes Mining Engineer fhat we can supply your needs in jevi-elry, leum Development in Texas," Petro­ whether a diamond ring for ihe young lady, Although the total cost is usually of Waves to be Expected in Seismic leum Engineer, vol, 7, number 10, U, S. Mineral Surveyor a sport watch for ihe young man. a necklace somewhat higher in securing the serv­ Prospecting," Geophysics, vol. I, num­ 1936, pp. 31-141. Prescott Arizona for the wife or a fine watch for yourself. Special service and prices to "Mines Men , ices of a seismograph crew whose per­ ber 2, 1936, pp. 252-2S4-. 35. H. J. McCready, "Shot Hole Char­ b—P. T. SokolofF, V. I. Skriabin, "Ex­ BLUE PRINT in person or by mail. sonnel consists of scientists who have acteristics in Reflection Seismology." perimental and Theoretical Investiga­ Paper read at Society of Exploration Alfred E. Perkins, '10 7enlargograph photocopy. andv carried on creative research in the seis­ tions on Dispersion and Absorption other reproduction service WILLIAM CROW Geophysicists meeting April 1940, Western Division Manager of Elastic Waves," Gerlands Beitr. THE COLORADO BLUE PRINT PAPER AND SUPPLY CO, ' 320 University Building Denver, Colo mograph field, and are well informed 36. H. M. Houghton, "Change of Reflec­ Geophysik, vol. +9, number J^, 1937, Crucible Steel Co. of America MAiN 5106 1340 GLENARM PL. in physics, geology, mathematics and tion Amplitude and Character with pp. 165-198. 2635 Walnut Street Denver, Colo Endorsed by Mines Magazine electronics, the added cost of such a Geophone Depth," Geophysics, vol, V, ESTABLISHED IN DENVER SINCE 1903 32, L. D. Leet, Reference 4, pp. 395-399. number 2, 1940, pp. 169-175.

462 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE * AUGUST 1940 463 WEDDINGS e6dionui Seeburger-Mileau Howes & Whitaker eSdioncti Charles N. Whitaker, 'i4 Lieutenant Francis F. Seeburger IV of the Consulting Refinery Engineers CARDS Air Corps, U. S. Army, and Miss Mary CARDS CARDS 3313 Union Pacific Ave. CARDS Louise Mileau, daughter of Major and Robert F. Herndon, '27 Los Angeies Calif. Mrs. Alexander Mileau of San Antonio, George F. Bauer, Jr., Ex-'38 Thos. H.Allan,'18 Texas, were married at Fort Sam Hous­ Gulf Refining Company Edward J. Brook. "23 Gates Rubber Company, Denver Wichita, Kansas ton on June 20. Harlan Kentucky Deputy County Surveyor and Engineer John F. Purdum. '30 Lieut. Seeburger who graduated in 1935 608 South Boston Tuisa, Okla. Petroleum Oil Los Angeles California Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Geologist Producing spent three years in metallurgical work before entering the fiying service. He E. W. isom. '07 Tulsa Oklahoma was in training at Randolph and Kelly Vice President, in charge of Robert A. Baxter, M.Sc. '23 fields and is now stationed at Langley Research and Developrnent H. K. Burch. '33 Golden, Colo. Benjamin Arkin, '27 Field, Virginia, where he and Mrs. See­ Sinclair Refining Company Electrical Heating Engineer Asso. Prof, of Chemistry Distributor, Petroleum Products & burger are now at home. 630 Fifth Avenue New York Henry Rogatz. '26 and of Gas Engineering Oil Burning Equipment Toledo Edison Company Geological Engineer Colorado School of Mines Es+abrooks-EllioH Registered Chernical Engineer Box 204 Elwood, ind. At an evening ceremony in Golden on Toledo Ohic Rule Building Specialist in Carbon Minerals Technology June 29 Henry Estabrooks of the class of Amarillo Texas '38 and Miss Gladys Elliott were united Albert J. Koerner. E.M., '06 Broker and Consulting Engineer in marriage. Michigan Oil Royalities & Leases James W. Dudgeon, ' 13 John T. BarneH, Hon. '39 The bride, daughter of Mrs. Elizabeth 1120 South Michigan Ave. H. E. Clarke, '36 Saginaw, W. S., Mich. Thos. B. Romine, '19 Manager, Limestone Department President Elliott, was born and reared in Golden Gas Station Petroleum Geologist The Great Western Sugar Company Mountain Producers Corporation and for the past few years has been em­ ployed as secretary of the faculty at the Mumford New York Sinclair Prairie Oil Company Denver Colorado First National Bant Bldg. Denver School of Mines and more recently for the John D. Marr, '31 Fort Worth Texas U. S. Bureau of Mines Research labora­ Geologist and Geophysicist tory. Seismic Exploration, Inc. Since his graduation from Mines Mr. Albert L. Ladner. '27 A. A. Townsend. Jr.. '35 Gulf Building Houston, Texas L. W. Storm,'02 A. Har+well Bradford. '09 Estabrooks has been associated with the Apache Exploration Company Sales Engineer President Canyon Corporation at Deadwood, South Seismic Surveys Mining & Petroleum Geologist Doweil Incorporated West Coast Refining Company Dakota. He recently accepted position of Schlumberger Weil Surveying Corporation P. O. Box 1711 Houston, Texa; Seminole Oklahoma Junior Mining Engineer for the Tennessee Box 190 Corpus Christi, Texas Richfield Building Los Angeles, Calif, James H. Munro, '39 Copper Company at Copperhill, Tennes­ Geological Engineer see, where he and Mrs. Estabrooks will Phillips Petroleum Company reside. Bartiesville Oklahoma Albert P. Kleeman. '24 John W. Whitehurst. '10 J. S. Bradford,'10 Wa g n e r-C ra wf o rd W. W. Skeeters. '34 Franco Western Oil Company Whitehurst Construction Company President Announcement was made recently of Mott-Smith Corporation Chiksan Tool Company the marriage of John Robert Wagner and 3ox 308 McKittrick, Calif, Ponca City Oklahoma George Pasquella, '24 Houston Texas Brea, California Miss Ann Crawford of Golden which took place on May 31 at the home of Reverend Consulting Geologist Snyder of Brighton, Coiorado. I 19 East 7th Mt. Carmel, 111. Mr. Wagner received his degree. Engi­ reflux the dioxane with PbOg and Zhurnal Exptl. Biol. Med., Vol. 8, pp. M. E. Chapman, '27 271-86, (1928). C. A. 22:2619. neer of Mines, this year and is now em­ immution ofPeroxi J-e- filter through a tight filter paper, The Chemical Process Co., Inc. ployed at Grass Valley, Calif. 10. Coste, J, H. & Garratt, D. C, Chemical Treatment H. Hart Pratley, '22 Oil & Gas Wells Hogg-Steele (Continued from page 448) Isopropyl and ethyl ether can be Anesthetic Ether: the Effect of Some Vice-President Impurities, Peroxides, Analyst, Vol. 310-12 Thompson Bldg. Tulsa, Okla. F. Edgar Hogg and Miss Margaret United Geophysical Company nitric acid. Further experiments were purified with respect to peroxides by Steele of Saskatoon, Canada, were united sbaking with PbO^ and filtering 61, pp. 459-64, (1936). C, A, 30:6510. made on ethyl ether and the lead di­ 11. Arup, Paul S., Explosiveness of in marriage on July 11 at the home of the 1255 E. Green St. Pasadena, Calif. through fine filter paper. From in­ Ralph D. Curtis, '26 bride. oxide also reduced the peroxide con­ Methylated Ether, Chem, & Ind., 1936. dications previousljr discussed, prob­ pp. 546-7. Proration Engineer The couple are now at home at Sault tent without leaving any lead in the 12. Morgan and Pickard, Explosions aris­ Bornsdall Oil Company Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada, where Mr. M.C. Schebie. E.M., '01 ably diisoamyl ether can also be puri­ ether after filtering. A small sample ing from Diisopropyl Ether, Chem. & Tulsa Oklahoma Hogg of the class of '37 is Junior Engi­ General Superintendent fied by this method. neer for the Chromium Mining and Smelt­ McAlester Fuel Company of diisoamyl ether was found that Ind., 1936, p. 421. For your banking needs, foreign and domestic. Oil Appraisals and Development Communicate with Del '28 ing Corporation, Ltd. contained a large amount of per­ No lead is present in any of these 13. Williams, E. C, Explosions Arising 1828 Longview, Texas oxide (.66N). This was treated with ethers after tbe above procedure. from Ethers, Chem. & Ind., 1936, p. Lead dioxide may be put in the pure 580. Salvador del Rio BIRTHS lead dioxide by sbaking for 5 minutes 14. Chem. Age (London), Vol. 13, p. 399, First Presentation ether to preserve it against peroxide Manager Foreign Department of the Russell H, Volk, '26 and filtering. The normality of the (1925). C. A. 20:824. Colonial Trust Company Sweetest Story Ever Told Vice-President and General Manager diisoamyl ether dropped to .12N. The accumulation during storage. 15. MacCulloch, A. E., Explosions Aris­ "Blessed Event" Plains Exploration Company ing from Ethers, Chem. & Ind., 1936, 27 William Street New York sample was not large enough to con­ Additional work is being done to p, 964. Featuring University Building Denver, Colo. tinue further experiments and there­ improve the technique of the pro­ The New Baby Star 16. Rosin, Joseph, Preventing Decomposi­ tion in Ether in Tin Cans and the Jon Aldridffe fore this merely indicates that the cedure and to determine if other oxi­ Like, U. S. 1,946,502 (to Merck and Released Through lead dioxide also can be used to purify dizing agents might be eifective. Foran, Knode, Boatright & J. C. Wilkerson, '31 Co.), Feb. 13, 1934. Twentieth Century Productions this ether. The lead dioxide was Dixon Sales Engineer 17. Bruce, W. F., Preparation of Absolute with Wilson Suppljf Company used in preference to the PbsOi, be­ Bibliography Mr. and Mrs. John R. Zadra ('35) Dixon Gas Lift System Ether, Science, Vol. 873, pp. 171-2, (1938). C. A. 32:3331. Consulting Petroleum and in the roll of adoring parents Los Angeles California cause of its greater activity, Dioxane 1. Clover, A. M., Autoxidation of Ethyl Natural Gas Engineers History of the Star does not react as readily with PbO^- Ether, J. Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. 44, 18. Von Dr. Alfred Rieche & Dr, Richard First Appearance on April 25, 1940 pp. 1107-18, (1922). Meister, Model Experiments on Second National Bank Building A sample of dioxane was shaken with Approximate Time—7:02 A. M. John H. Wilson, '23 2. Wieiand, H. and Wingler, A., Ana- Autoxidation of Ether, Angewandte lead dioxide with no appreciable re­ Chemie, Vol. 49, pp. 101-103. C. A. Tipped Scales at 8 lbs. 6 oz. Geologist and Geophysicist len, Vol, 431, p. 301. Houston Texas 30:2549. For reservations to see the star in person Independent Exploration Company sult, but when it was refluxed with 3. King, Harold, Diethyl Ether, Prod­ 20. Tonn, O., Reaction Mechanism in the communicate with the parents. 201S Ft. Worth National Bank Bldg. the lead dioxide, the peroxide content ucts of Autoxidation, J. Chem. Soc, Purification by the Sodium Method Fort Worth Texas dropped from .IIN to .OOIN in about 1929, pp. 738-50. Mr. and Mrs, Robert B. Kennedy have 4. Engler, C. and Wild, W,, Ber., Vol. of Anesthetic Ether, Decomposed by Lester S. Grant. '99 announced the arrival of Helen Arlene )4 hour. No lead could be detected 30, p. 1669, (1897). Autoxidation. Pharm. Zentralhalle, on July 3, 1940. Her weight, 6 lbs, 12 Max W. Ball. '06 in the dioxane by extracting the distil­ 5. B-ach, A., Compt. Rend., Vol. 124, p. Vol. 74, pp. 765-9, (1933). C. A. McEiroy Ranch Company 28:1137. ounces. Mr, Kennedy of the class of '38 Consulting Petroieum Engineer lation residue with nitric acid and 951, (1897). Crane Texas is Process Engineer for the Magnolia 6. Von Baeyer, A. and VilHger, V., Ber., 21. Demougin and Landon, Oxidation of First Nat'l Bank Bldg. Ednxinton Credit Bldg. testing with H2S. Petroleum Company at Beaumont, Texas. Vol. 33, p. 1569, (1900). Ether in the Presence of Active Char­ Denver, Colorado Edmsnton, Alberta Conclusions 7. Milas, N. A., Autoxidation, Pub. M, coal, Bull. Soc Chem., Vol. 5, No. 2, Frank Brady Reed arrived at the home I. T., Vol. 67, No. 117, Apr. 1932. pp. 27-34, (1935). C. A. 29:3300. J. H. Gregory, '23 of his parents, Mr. and Mrs, E, F, Reed, Two methods of reducing tbe per­ 8. Mendenhall, Walter L. and Connolly, 22. Ellis, Chemistry of Hydrocarbon De­ in Potrerillos, Chile, on June 15, 1940, Neil H. Wills, "26 oxide content of dioxane bave been Ruth, Pharmacological Effect of Im­ rivatives, Vol. II, p. 38L Consulting Geologist His weight was 8 pounds, 5 ounces. Petroleum Geologist purities in Ether, F. Pharmacol., Vol. 23. Liversedge, G. Gordon, Ultraviolet His father, of the class of '22, is Chief developed. The first is to shake tbe Midland, Texas San Angelo, Texas Box 529 Carlsbad, New Mexico 43, pp. 315-23, (1931). C. A. 26:2519. Light as a Test for the Stability of Engineer and Geologist for the Andes dioxane witb stannous chloride and 9. Nolle, Ya Kh, Pharmacology of Anesthetic Ether, Analyst, Vol. 59, p. Copper Mining Company at Potrerillos. distill off tbe dioxane. The other is to Autoxidation Products of Ethyl Ether, 815. (1934). C. A. 29:886.

464 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE 4 AUGUST 1940 465 CONGRATULATIONS FROM SOUTH AFRICA fJCettePS From Jack Coolbaugh, '31 Just a note to let you know 1 have received the Alumni Num­ TO VACATION IN THE STATES ber, April 1940, of The Mines Magazine. BOOKS FOR YOUR L From C. E, OsBORN, '33 Receipt of this very excelient number may have reached here I am enciosing a P. I. postal money order for $5.00 to pay my two months after printing, but I can assure you it was appreciated 19+0 dues. I am sorry that I overlooked this matter for so long. just as much regardless. Some how I thought that I had sent the money some months ago. Please allow me to extend congratulations from South Africa The magazine continued to arrive each month so it was not until Mineral and Allied Industries to the Association, Editor and Contributors for a very excellent I received Frank NageFs letter of May 7th that I was stirred out number and for the remarkable improvement in (he Magazine as of my lethargy. a whole during the past few years. PETROLEUM and REFINING Price METALLURGY Price I enjoy each issue of the "Mines" magazine; the 30th An­ South African Cyanimid (Pty.) Ltd., Johannesburg niversary edition is by far the best yet. My congratuladons to the Technical Gas & Fuel Analysis—^White 3.00 Handbook Non-Feiious Metallurgy—Liddell—Two volumes 12.00 Editor and his staff. A large measure of the success is also due Technical Examination of Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products General Metallurgy—Hofman _ 7.00 to the contributors. I thoroughly enjoyed J. Harlan Johnson's 0 M O & Naiural Gas—Hamer & Padgett - - 6,00 Metallurgical Calculations—Richards _ 6.00 article about the Mining Murals which were so generously donated Handbook of Peiroleum Industiy—Day „.„ 15.00 Copper Metallurgy—Hofman & Hayward _.. 5.00 by Mr. and Mrs. Barney Whatley. The Colorado School nf COMMENCEMENT NUMBER ENJOYED Geology of Petroleum—Emmons 6.00 The Electric Furnace—Stansfield 5.00 Mines and its Alumni Association can be genuinely proud of this Oil Economics—Osbuin 4.00 Metallurgy Common Metals—Austin 7,00 From Russell J. Parker, '19 outstanding gift. I send my gratitude to the donors. Petroleum Production Engineering—Uren 5.00 Claude ("Runt") Fertig is now mine superintendent here. I have read the June issue of the "Mines Magazine" with a Increasing Ihe Recovery of Petroleum—Osgood 10.00 We are increasing the capacity of the all-slime cyanide mill from great deal of interest and particularly Banks' commencement Petroleum and Its Products—Giuse 4.50 ORE DRESSING and MILLING address. 100 tons to 200 tons daily. The Southwestern Engineering Com­ Oii Fields in United Slates—Ver Wiebe 6,00 Handbook of Ore Dressing—Taggart 10.00 pany, Philippine branch, are the designing and construction engi­ I notice that Banks refers to an American engineer, residing Accounting for Petroleum Industry—Woriand & McKee 4.00 Ore Dressing—Richards & Locke 5,50 neers for this company. in London, who was recently President of the Institution of Mining Fascinating Oil Business—-Ball 3,00 Ore Dressing—Richards (4 vol.) 20.00 Mrs. Osborn and I are planning a home leave this fall. We & Metallurgy. I wonder if he realized that the man to whom he Cyanidation & Concentration of Gold & Silver Ores—Dorr 5.00 plan to sail from Manila on Sept. 30th via China, Japan, and the was referring was also a graduate of the Colorado School of Manual of Cyanidation—^Hamilton 3,00 Hawaiian Islands. We should be in Denver early in November Mines. 1 imagine he was referring to Carl R. Davis, who was GEOLOGY Handbook on Mineral Dressing—Gaudin 5.OO and are looking forward to renewing contact with many "Miners" recently President of the Institution of Mining & Metallurgy, and Ore Dressing, Principles & Practice—Simons __ 3.50 Minerol Deposits—Lindgren 6.50 and their "Dames" whom we have not seen for tbe past seven who graduated from Mines in 1895. Principles of Sedimentation—Twenholel „ 6,00 Gold Deposits of the World—Emmons 6.00 years. I cannot begin to tell you how much I look forward to seeing Ore Magmas, Spurr (2 volumes) 8.00 The radio news is coming in from London so I must close to the "Mines Magazine" each month. The Magazine more than Strategic Minerals—Housh 5.00 "listen in." anything else keeps me in touch with the activities of mining men, ASSAYING and CHEMISTRY Best regards to all. and Mines men. Geology of Peiroleum—Emmons 6.00 Oil-Field Practice—Hager 3.00 Technical Methods of Ore Analysis—Low, Weinig & Schoder ... $3.75 Mine Operations, Inc., Rio Guinobatan, Masbate, P. I. Selection Trust Euddinff, London. Paleontology—Berry _ 3.50 Fire Assaying—Bugbee 3.00 Geologic Structures—Willis 4.00 Fire Assaying—Fulton & Sherwood _ 3.00 Fieid Geology - 5.00 MetoUurgists' & Chemists' Handbook—Liddell 5.00 Geology Applied to Mining—Spuir 3.00 Chemical Engineering Handbook—Liddell 5,00 senger cars and commercial cars. These (1073) DECO TREFOIL, August 1940. Published latter constitute the only medium and light­ by the Denver Equipment Company, Denver, Introduction to Chemistry—Timm 3.50 PLnt newA — Colorado, is devoted almost entirely to Van­ weight All-Wheel-Drive vehicles on the couver Island and the Zeballos mining area. (Continued from page 4-59) market. They are sold at the lowest Geology, ore deposit, mining, power and mill­ MINING ing are discussed. Several iine scenery and MINERALOGY prices known to the All-Wheei-Drive in­ equipment installation pictures are part of Mining Methods—Milke $3.00 type bearings, take-ups and other power dustry, and are widely used and exceed­ the bulletin. Steom Shovel Mining—Marsh 3.50 Mineralogy—Kraus & Hunt 5.00 transmission products; chains for con­ ingly popular in the oii fields. Choice of Methods in Mining & Metallurgy A. I. M. E. Series.... 2.50 Handbook of Rocks—Kemp _ 3.00 veyors and drives; samples of Siiver- (1074) CAPACITOR MOTORS. Bulletin GEA- 29I5A, by General Eiecfric, Schenectady, N. Mine Development & Equipment—Eaton 5.00 Mineralogy—Dana-Ford 5.50 streak silent chain and Silverlink roller Inquiries addressed to The Marmon- Herrington Company at Indianapolis, Y., lists the applications, construction, charac­ Pocket Handbook o( Mnerals—Butler 3.00 chain, including the "RC" flexible teristics, modifications, ralings and advantages Elements of Mining—^Young _ 6.00 Petrography & Petrology—Grout - — 5.00 couplings, Indiana will bring complete literature and of Iheir lype KG '/B to 3/4 horsepower capacitor Working of Unslratified Mineral Deposits—Young -. 7.00 information. motors, Non-Metallic Minerals—Ladoo 6.00 How to Study Mnerals—Dana 2.00 Link-Belt representatives expected to be (1075) LIGHTNING ARRESTERS. Bulletin in attendance are: E. J, Burneli, vice R-925-A, by Westinghouse Electric & Manufac­ PROSPECTING System of Mineralogy—Dana 15,00 president, Chicago; N. L. Davis, sales turing Co,, East Pittsburgh, Pa., supplements Crystallography, Minerols & Analysis—Butler 4,00 Catalog Section 38-140 on lype "LV" autovalve Hondbook for Prospectors—Von Bemewiiz 3.00 manager, Chicago; W. E. Philips, sales lightning arresters, 20 fCV. to 73 KV. A.-C. cir­ engineer, Chicago; C. M. Schloss and S. cuits. Description and outstanding fealures Examination of Prospects—Gunther 2.50 C. Shubart, sales engineers, Denver; C^utaio^A and are given and charts showing list prices, Examination of Placer Deposits—Graves 3.00 ACCOUNTING performance characteristics, and mounting Prospecting for Gold & Silver—Salvage 2.50 Rudolph Orlob, sales engineer, Salt Lake brackets are shown. Cost Finding lor Engineers—Heitell & Van Siekle 5.00 Hondbook of Blowpipe Analysis—Butler 1.25 City, Mine Bookkeeping—McGarraugh 2.00 ^fade PuLficutionA— (1076) GAS MASKS. Bulletin No. EA-6, by the Prospecting & Operoting Small Placers—Boericke 1.50 Ivline Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Mine Accounting & Cost Principles—McGrath 4.00 gives descriptions, specifications and uses tor American Mine Accounting—Charlton 5.00 All-Wheel-Drive Trucks Have (Continued from page 451) several of their gas masks. Bulletin No, CF-5 Tremendous Advantages in lists M.S.A. safely insoles, miner's protection SURVEYING Handbook of Business Administration—Donald 7.00 other articles connected with Link-Be It prod­ suit, jacket, overalls, skull guards, traveller Graphical Methods for Presenting Business Statistics Oil Production ucls. coat and several styles of safety shoes. Mine Surveying—Durham 4.00 —Riggleman - 2,50 Deep Borehole Surveys & Problems—Haddock. 4.00 Oil is where you find it. Usually the (1063} HAULAGE PHOBLEMS. A unique bulle­ (1077) FLOW METERS. Data Book No, 7D1-G, tin by the C. S. Card Iron Works Co., Denver, by Republic Flow Meters Co., Chicago, Illinois, Six Place Tables—Allen 2.50 most productive fields are located far Colorado, asks the miners to vote !or Card contains complete specifications covering the from paved roads and city streets—in and encloses several planks in their platform construction, principle of operation and appli­ Surveyors Handbook—Taylor 2,50 ENGINEERS HANDBOOK teUing why they are we!l equipped lo give cation of Republic gas and air flow meters. Surveying Manual—Fence & Ketchum 2.50 many instances on the very outposts of first rale service in solving haulage problems. Mining Engineers' Handbook—Peele (1 vol.) - 10.00 Divided into five sections headed applications, Surveying—Theory & Practice—Dovis, Foote & Hayner —. 5.00 civilization. Transportation of men, ma­ (1070) NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS. Summer theory of operation, differential devices, meter Mining Engineers' Handbook—Peele (2 vol.) 12.00 terials and equipment is a major problem. edition of INCO published by International bodies and reading instruments. Distributed Principles & Practice of Higher Surveying—Breed St Hosmer... 3.50 Nickel Co., Inc., 67 Wall St., New York, N. Y., by the Mine and Smelter Supply Company, Civil Engineering Hondbook—Urquhart - 5-00 To meet this problem, and the unusually contains articles about many types of equip­ 1422 17th Streei, Denver, Colo. General Engineering Handbook—O'Rourke 4-00 ment using nickel or nickel alloys in their difficult transportation needs of many construction. This magazine contains 36 pages (1078) VALVES. Bulletin V-134, by Merco Mechanicol Engineers' Handbook—Morks 7-00 other industries as well. The Marmon- of interesting material on the uses and Nordstrom Valve Co., 400 Lexington Ave., MISCELLANEOUS Mechonicol Engineers' Handbook Power—Kent 5.00 Herrington Company of Indianapoiis, properties of nickel in industry. Pittsburgh, Penno., shows the new valve which is coated by a process developed lo The Art of Leadership—Tead 3.50 Mechanical Engineers' Handbook Design—Kent 5.00 Indiana, builds a complete line of large (1071) EARTHMOVING. Bulletin by R. G. Le produce a valve especially adapted to re­ Labor Economics & Labor Problems—Voder 3.50 Chemical Engineers' Handbook—Perry 9-00 and small All-Wheel-Drive vehicles with Tourneau Inc., Peoria, Illinois, explains a new fineries where temperatures run from 500° to The Government in Labor Disputes—Wifte 4.00 Structural Engineers' Handbook—Ketchum 7-00 amazing tractive power and maneuvera­ faster way of earthmoving with their "Tourna­ IOOD" F. Full information regarding ihe act- puils." Built fo give one-man earthmoving on vantages of these valves is given in this Psychology of Selecting Men—Laird 4.00 Electrical Engineers' Handbook Power—Pender 6.00 bility. Heavily loaded with seismographic long hauJs. They haul traclor-size loads at bulletin, Public Speaking for Business Men—Hoffman 3.00 equipment, oil weli machinery, pipe line truck speeds and spread their own loads to Electrical Engineers' Handbook—Stcmdard 7.00 pipe, etc., these vehicles go places where any required depth up to 18 inches. Specifica­ (1079) ROCK DRILLS. Form 2647, pubhshed Management of Labor Relations—Walking & Dodd 4.00 Electrical Engineers' Handbook Communication—Pender .. 5.00 tions on the three available models are given by the IngersoU-Rand Company, 11 Broadway, Diesel Engine Operalion—Bushnell 3.50 Handbook Engineering Fundamentals—Eshbach 5.00 no other trucks could go, do things no along with pictures of "Tournapuils" on the New York, N. Y., is an 8-page illustrated other trucks could do. Neither mud, sand, job. bulletin showing the new R-58 Stopehamer, Strategic Mineral Supplies—Roush 5.00 Materials Handbook—^Brady 5,00 snow nor incredibly steep hills and grades automatic rotating drill and its many ad­ (1072) AUTOMATIC LOADING MACHINES. vantages. Full descriptions of fhe machine can stop them. Bulletin No. 105, by Ihe Eimco Corporation, together with illustrations on all parts is Above prices of books are postpaid. If you want other books we can supply them—Send your order to Salt Lake City, Utah, contains 34 pages of given. The Marmon-Herrington line consists descriptive material, photographs, specifica­ tions, sketches and constructional details on (1080) SLUSH PUMPS. Bulletin P-234, by of 3 3 models of mammoth extra heavy model 12-B and model 21 Eimco-Finlay loaders. Gardner-Denver Co., Quincy, 111., illustrates the duty four-wheel-drive and six-wheel- Several pages explaining track advance, car Gardner-Den ver Duplex Steam Slush Pump, a 734 COOPER BUILDING MINES MAGAZINE DENVER, COLORADO drive trucks with gross capacities up to servicing systems, and loading in many semi-portable skid mounted pump for use in different systems of mining are included. One the oil fields. Capacity fable together with 70,000 lbs., and conversions to all-wheel- page is devoted to other Eimco products for specifications and sectional drawings are drive of aii standard Ford trucks, pas­ the mining industry. included. Buy Your Books From Your Own Organization

466 THE MINES MAGAZINE + AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 487 PERSONAL NOTES PERSONAL NOTES (Continued from page 463) William K. McGlothlin, Climax Molyb­ lips Petroleum Company; Robert JV. Ben­ denum Co., Climax, Colo.; /, A. McNab, nett, Caterpillar Tractor Co., 210 West Gulf Oil Company; John D. Moody, Gulf Armstrong Ave., Peoria, III.; /. G. Blythe, Oil Company; W. M. Mueller, Aluminum KLINE, ROBINEAU & PARKER, Inc. Alta Mines, Inc., Ophir, Colo.; Karl Company of America ; Harold L. Muench, Brueggeman, Heiland Research Corpora­ American Smelting & Refining Co., Lead­ tion, Canada; Harry W. Butler, Sinclair ville, Colo.; Joh7t K. Muller, Ingersoll- Refining Co., 711 Drew Street, Houston, Rand Company; Fred A. Nagel, U. S. Texas; Logan Caldiuell, Pittsburgh Coal Gypsum Company, Heath, Montana; M. Co., Box 285, Smithton, Penna.; J. Russell E. Natividad, University of Santo Tomas, Chambers, A. S. & R. Co., Federal Plant, Manila, P. I.; Nicolas Neff, Gates Rubber Alton, III.; Wm. L. Chase. Empire Mines, Company, Denver; Robert J. Nekervis, DFC ElEITRII U. S. Bureau of Mines Experiment Sta­ Chloride, New Mexico; Wm.A. Clair, Car­ ter Oil Co., 911 E. 6th St., Tulsa, Okla.; tion, Golden; Carl Nelson, Standard Oil Kenneth Clark, General Geophysical Co. of Venezuela; Henry S. Neivhall, Pittsburgh Electro-Melt, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Corp,, Houston, Texas; Roderick D. Clark, Joseph L. Oberle, Caterpillar Tractor Co., Stanolind Oil & Gas Co.; Robert F. Con­ 210 W. Armstrong Ave., Peoria, III.; Carl nor, Douglas Aircraft Company, 804 Sec­ This equipment makes Check these advantages Olin, Vanadium Corp. of America, ond St., Santa Monica, Calif.; John M. Uravan, Colo.; Earl Palmer, Indian Ter­ available a new degree of ac­ of DFC ELECTRIC ASSAY FUR­ Cook, Arrow Mine, Charleston Mining ritory Illuminating Oil Co,, 3606 So. curacy not hithereto possible! NACES: Absolute, constant, au­ Co., Mt. Pleasant, Tenn.; Lanvrence P. Walker, Oklahoma City, Okla.; Everett Corbin, Jr., Vanadium Corporation of M. H. ROBINEAU, '23 CHARLES O. PARKER, '23 With it, the Assayer is more tomatic control of temperature M. Paris, Climax Molybdenum Co., Cli­ America, Uravan, Coio.; I,a'wreitce Corn, max, Colo.; Mark S. Patton, Jr., Placer than ever a "Key Man of Min­ and atmosphere—clean, noise­ M. W. Kellogg Co., 65+ Bergen Ave., mining. Alma, Colo.; S. F. Peavey, Mining, ing." less and comfortable. ECO­ Jersey City, New Jersey; John G. Craig, Cripple Creek, Colo.; Joseph Perlman, 806-7-8 FirsI National Bank Building Denver, Colorado NOMICAL: with current at It Leasing for self, Jamestown, Colo.; Clar­ General Seismograph Company, Houston, ence Craivford, U. S. Army; J. P. Cromp- Texas; Ed Porter, Colorado Fuel & Iron per kwt., average cost per as­ ton. International Smelting & Refining Co., Co., Pueblo, Colo.; L. Redding, Con­ say is only 7/lOths of a cent! Tooele, Utah; George Crosby, Stanolind tinental Oil Company; Walter E. Red­ Oil k Gas Co., Box 461, Iraan, Texas; mond, Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., Eugene L. Current, Seismograph Cor­ Box 423, Hurley, New Mexico; J. A. Four models, oifering poration, Tulsa, Okla.; Mdton E. Danits­ Richleski, Bethlehem International Equip­ choice of the devices which de­ chek, Sinclair Refining Co., 711 Drew St., ment Co.; David Roberts, Colorado Fuel MECO STREAMLINED CUPELS termine temperature controL Houston, Texas; Wdliam L. Dennison, & Iron Corp., Steel Works Y. M. C. A., Are rugged - Feather easy - Firm when hot - Absorb more lead - Give Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp., Puebio, Colo.; Pueblo, Coio.; Ben Rummerfield, Seismo­ lower loss - Contain no magnesite - Stick less to hutton - Drive rapid in door operation, and ventilation. graph Service Corp., 709 Kennedy Bldg., upper cup - Drive at lower temperature - Raise finish temperature - Protect Gerrit DeVries, Republic Steel Co., So. finish in lower cup. Ail models have capacity of Chicago V. M. C. A., 3039 E. 91st St., Tuisa, Okla.; William J. Ryan, Eberhard 11/4" S2.00 per 100, $18.00 per 1000 1'/," $2.40 per 100, $22.00 per 1000 Gear Works, Denver; Ediuard Saiuitzke, Chicago; E. W. Dissler, Indian Territory thirty-five 20-gram, or twenty- Portland Cement Company, 407 So. 5th Illuminating Oil Co.; Donald H. Doivlin, ASSAYERS four 30-gram crucibles. St., Laramie, Wyo.; Richard Schaffer, Pittsburgh Coal Co., c/o E. E, Bowen,. 417 SOUTH HILL ST. ill U^M^W-' LOS ANGELES Gardner-Denver Company, 1843 Hum­ R. D. #3, Elizabeth, Pa.; Ree've M. boldt St., Denver; Hoivard Schmuck, Duhme, Mining, Grass Valley, Calif.; Aluminum Company of America; Henry — Complete technical data, C. Mac Dye, Tendoy Copper Queen Syn­ Schoellhorn, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, W.

468 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE • AUGUST 1940 4S9 Receni Patents Relating fo the Mineral Industries, edited by James Atkins, registered patent attorney, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C, Inquiries with reference to this subject or to any patents appearing in epvice this department should be addressed to Mr, Atkins.

SEISMIC SURVEYING. Patent No. 2,207,398, by mesne assignments, to Minerals Benefi­ FILTER. Patent No. 2,207,346, issued July issued July 9, 1340, to Francis M. Floyd, ciation, Inc.,, a corporation of Delaware. 9, 1940, to Basil Hopper, Paios Verdes Houston, Tex., assignor to F. M. Kannestine, WELL EQUIPMENT. Patent No. 2,207,001, Estates, Calif., assignor to Union Oil Com­ flouston, Texas. issued July 9, 1940, to Stephen V. Dillon, pany of California, Los Angeles, Calif., a BOTTOM DUMPING CEMENT BAILER. Pat­ Tulsa, Okla. corporation of California. > > > ent No. 2,207,418, issued July 9, 1940, to DETERMINATION OF THE CONNATE COMBINATION PACKER. Patent No. 2,- WATER CONTENT OF OIL PRODUCING Aden F. Sorben, Long Beach, Calif. 207,019, issued July 9, 1940, to George R. FORMATIONS. Patent No. 2,207,348, issued BOTTOM HOLE WELL PLUG. Patent No. Linville, Los Angeles, Calif., assignor to July 9, 1940, to Philip H, Jones, Redondo 2,207,448, issued July 9, 1940, to Elmer J. Oil Wel! Cementing Co., Dun­ Beach, and Arthur L. Blount, Paios Verdes Ashbrook, Mankins, Tex. can, Okla. Estates, Calif., assignors to Union Oil Co. CASING HANGER. Patent No. 2,207,469, APPARATUS FOR FLOWING OIL WELLS. of California, Los Angeles, Calif., a cor­ issued July 9, 1940, to Richard T. Roye, Patent No. 2,207,033, issued July 9, 1940, poration of Calif. Houston, Tex., assignor to Gray Tool Co., to Homer R, Toney, Vivian, La., assignor Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas. of one-half to John R. Beddingfield, Shreve­ APPARATUS FOR SPRAYING AND CAS­ CASING HEAD. Patent No. 2,207,471, is­ port, La. ING WELLS. Patent No. 2,207,478, issued July 9, 1940, to Earl Russell Cameron, Sr., sued July 9, 1940, to John R, Yancey, Hous­ METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELEC­ Charleston, W. Va. am 6 ton, Tex., assignor to Gray Tool Co., Hous­ TRICAL EXPLORATION OF THE SUBSUR­ ton, Tex., a corporation of Texas. FACE. Patent No. 2,207,060, issued July 9, DRILL PIPE ORIENTING TOOL. Patent No. DEEP WELL PUMP. Patent No. 2,206,461, 1940, to John Jay Jakosky, Los Angeles, 2,207,505, issued July 9, 1940, to Carl St. issued July 2, 1940, to Daniel W. Hoierer, Calif. J. Bremner, Santa Barbara, and Charles Long Beach, Calif. M. Potter, Glendale, Calif. LINER CONSTRUCTION FOR SLUSH OIL WELL FISHING TOOL. Patent No, 2,- DUPLEX PUMP. Patent No. 2,206,466, is­ PUMPS. Patent No. 2,207,) 12, issued July ^oid and Oliver ^I^epodlld . . . 207,649, issued July 9, 1940, to John Huey sued July 2, 1940, to Karl P. Neilsen, Long 9, 1940, to Leslie W. Stahl, Houston, Tex., Williams and Simeon Ackal, New Iberia, Beach, Calif. and Ralph L. Foster, Los Angeles, Calif,, La. CONCENTRATION OF ORES AND OTHER assignors to Emsco Derrick S Equipment Co., missed a very important detail! The depository at West Point houses MINERALS BY THE SINK AND FLOAT Los Angeles, Calif., a corporation of Cali­ TREATMENT OF WELLS. Patent No. 2,207.- PROCESS. Patent No. 2,206,574, issued fornia, 733, issued July 16, 1940, to Dana G. Hefley more than five billion dollars worth of silver, the underground vault at July 2, 1940, to Andrew Pearson, Seven- FLOW VALVE. Patent No, 2,207,118, is­ and John B, Stone, Tulsa, Okla., assignors oaks, England. sued July 9, 1940, to Charles S. Crickmer to The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich., Fort Knox has an even greater deposit of gold. Both of these depositories a corporation of Michigan. METHOD AND MEANS FOR PREPARING and Roy A. Lamb, Dallas, Tex, assignors to are "fireproof". The records of the gold and silver deposits, one of the WELLS FOR CEMENTING. Patent No. 2,- Merla Tool Co., Dallas, Tex., a firm of ROTARY DRILL BIT. Pateni No, 2,207,766, 206,677, issued July 2, 1940, to Jeff H. Texas. issued July 16, 1940, to Lonnie L, Thomp­ vital control systems in history by the way, are housed in Shaw-Walker Shepler, Houston, Tex. son, Iowa Park, Tex. FLOW VALVE. Patent No. 2,207,129, is­ WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT. Patent No. sued July 9, 1940, to Word Ray Miilican, EXPANDING FOOT PIECE FOR WHIP- Fire Files for "absolute safety". 2,206,835, issued July 2, 1940, to Chester Dallas, Tex. STOCKS. Patent No. 2,207,920, issued July A. Combs, Conioe, Tex., assignor of fifty- 16, 1940, to James D. Hughes, Dallas, Tex., You'll find the exact replicas of these fire-tested Shaw-Walker files in METHOD OF CONDITIONING WELLS. Pat one and two-thirds per cent lo Julius C. assignor of one-half lo Eastman Oil Well ent No. 2,207,184, issued July 9, 1940, to Foretich, Conroe, Tex., and forty-eight and Survey Corporation of California and one- our Filing Equipment Department! Harry Calvin White, Los Angeles, Calif, one-third per cent to Mrs. J. C. Shelton. half to Eastman Oil Well Survey Co, of COMBINED FLUID AND ROTARY DRIVEN ELECTRICAL LOGGING OR EARTH FOR­ Delaware. MATIONS. Patent No, 2,206,864, issued July DRILLING BIT. Patent No. 2,207,187, is­ 9, 1940, to Raymond T. Cloud, Tulsa, Okla., sued July 9, 1940, to John S, Zublin, Los PUMPING WELL HOOK-OFF DEVICE. Pat assignor fo Stanolind Oil and Gas Co., Angeles, Calif. ent No. 2,207,937, issued July 16, 1940, to James P. Neel, Valley Center, Kans. Tulsa Okla., a corporation of Delaware. DRILL BIT. Patent No. 2,207,188, issued INSIDE TUBING CUTTER. Patent No. 2,208,- ELECTRICAL LOGGING OR EARTH FOR­ July 9, 1940, to John A. Zublin, Los Angeles, 011, issued July 16, 1940, to Ernest E. MATIONS. Patent No. 2,206,891, issued July Calif. Anderson, Oklahoma City, Okla,, assignor 9, 1940, to Paul F. Hawley, Tulsa, Okla,, CASING HEAD. Patent No. 2,207.255, is­ to Baash-Ross Tool Co., Los Angeles, Calif., assignor to Stanolind Oil and Gas Co,, sued July 9, 1940, to John A. Jesson, and a corporation of Calif, Tulsa, Okla., a corporation of Delaware. Samuel Clyde Kyle, San Francisco, Calif., LEAKLESS RIGHT AND LEFT TOOL JOINT. assignors of Seventy-six one-hundredths to WELL FLOWING APPARATUS AND METH­ Potent No. 2,206,873, issued July 9, 1940, to said Jesson and twenty-four one-hundredths OD. Patent No. 2,208,036, issued July 16, Alexander Boynton, San Antonio, Tex. to R. A. Watson, San Francisco, Calif. 1940, to Robert R. Kyner, Dallas, Tex., ELECTRICAL LOGGING OF WELLS. Patent METHOD OF ELECTRICAL LOGGING. Pat­ assignor, by mesne assignments, to Thomas No. 2,206,890, issued July 9, 1940, to Paul ent No. 2,207,280, issued July 9, 1940, to E. Bryan, Fort Worth, Tex. F. Hawley, Tulsa, Okla., assignor to Stano­ Lawrence F. Athy and Harold R. Prescott, ELECTRIC HEATER (for oil wells). Patent lind Oil and Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla., a cor­ Ponca City, Okla., assignors to Continental No. 2,208,087. issued July 16, 1940, to Carl­ poration of Delaware. Oil Co., Ponca City, Okla., a corporation ton J. Somers, Osage, Wyo. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR LOG­ of Delaware. PLACER CONCENTRATOR. Patent No. 2,- GING WELLS. Patent No. 2,206,893, issued APPARATUS FOR TRANSPORTING MATE­ 208,092, issued July 16, 1940, to Charles July 9, 1940, to Paul F. Hawley, Tulsa, RIAL IN MINES. Patent No. 2,207,167, is­ N. Addis, Los Angeles, Calif., assignor of Okla., assignor to Stanolind Oil and Gas sued July 9, 1940, to Charles E. Stoltz, one-half to William Hattich, Los Angeles, a cjCittie Co., Tulsa, Okla., a corporation of Dela­ Chicago, 111., assignor to Goodman Mfg. Calif. ware. Co., Chicago, 111,, a corporation of Dlinois. PNEUMATIC DISPLACEMENT PUMP. Pat­ Seeing all the maverick staplers costing around two bucks or so, Hotchkiss has METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ELEC­ SEISMIC METHOD OF LOGGING BORE­ ent No. 2,208,193, issued July 16, 1940, to come forward with a bantam stapler that's a little honey . . . and destined to TRICAL LOGGING. Patent No. 2,206,894, HOLES. Patent No. 2,207,281, issued July James O. McMillan, Wichita, Kansas, as­ scare those mavericks back under the counter! Its official name is "No. 122A", issued July 9, 1940, to Daniel Silverman, 9, 1940, to Lawrence F. Athy and Harold signor of one-fourth to A, G. W. Biddle, Tulsa, Okla., assignor to Stanolind Oil and R. Prescott, Ponca City, Okla,, assignors to Skialook, Okla. and it's made of tempered steel throughout. Heavy nickel plate trimmed on Gas Co., Tulsa, Okla,, a corporation of Continental Oil Company, Ponca City, Okla,, SAFETY CAGE FOR OIL DERRICKS. Pat­ black crackle finish. This Junior Hotchkiss, along with 1200 staples, all for Delaware. a corporation of Delaware. No. 2,208,194, issued July 16, 1940, fo MEANS AND METHOD FOR LOCATING METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PLACING Nay Miles, Anahuac, Tex., assignor of one- OIL BEARING SANDS. Patent No. 2,206,922, A FILTER BODY IN A WELL. Patent No. third to Guy C. Jackson, Jr., and one-third $|.75 which is a bargain! issued July 9, 1940, fo Alonzo L. Smith, 2,207,334, issued July 9, 1940, to John M. to H. L. D. Scott, both of Anahuac, Tex, Houston, Tex., assignor of twenty per cent Reynolds, Wilmington, William M. Newton, OIL TOOL SPINNER. Patent No, 2,208,388, to Starr Thayer, Houston, Tex. Lomita, and Jerry T. Ledbetter, Compton, issued July 16, 1940, to Guy R, Poihe, METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR RE­ Calif,, assignors to Union Oil Company of Fullerton, Calif, DUCING ENRICHED IRON ORES. Patent California, Los Angeles, Calif., a corpora­ EXPANSIBLE AND CONTRACTIBLE ROCK KISTLER "TJX^ ^/ ^ DENVER, Nb. 2,206,973, issued July 9, 1940, to Clar­ tion of Calif, DRILL. Patent No, 2,208,457, issued July 16, ence Q. Payne, Shippan Point, Stamford, MEANS AND METHOD OF CEMENTING 1940, to Walter G. Hurley, East St. Louis, Corm. WELLS. Patent No. 2,207,345, issued July 111., assignor of one-half to Lester A. BUILDING WmA^^^a^^^I^O^ COLORADO GRAVITY SEPARATION OF ORES. Pat­ 9, 1940, to Otto Hammer, Whittier, Calif., Crancer, Webster Groves, Mo., and one- ent No. 2,206,980, issued July 9, 1940, to assignor to Security Engineering Co., Inc., half to George B. Fleischman, University Henry H. Wade, Hopkins, Minn., assignor, Whittier, Calif., a corporation of California. City, Mo.

470 THE MINES MAGAZINE AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1 940 GEOPHYSICAL^^ FOR BELT CONVEYOR ew6 cin JR. eview ECONOMY Compiled by the Geophysics Deparfment, Colorado School of Mines

Johnson, C. H. Steady State Polar the over all response of seismograph CowLESj L. The Adjustme?it of Mis- We're color blind Sensiti'vtty Curves; Geophysics +(1), 33- equipment including filters, amplifiers and closures. Geophysics 3 (4), 332-339, 52; Jan., 1939. recorders. The table described has con­ October, 1938. stant output of displacement, velocity or The paper treats the case of a steady A method is presented for the adjust­ state sinusoidal wave arriving at a hori­ acceleration, over the working range of frequency; is unaffected by the apparatus ment of misclosures of a geophysical zontal line of uniformly spaced geophones survey by using measurements of current whose outputs are to be added. The which it drives; has signal level control and a variable control of signal fre­ in an electrical resistance network. Ad­ about gold author first derives the equations for the quency. In addition it gives a signal in justments of measured data in a survey cumulated amplitude as a function of the are as a rule necessary to absorb the ob­ number of geophones and as a function which harmonic distortion of wave form is negligible. served misclosures wiiich is usually ac­ of thfi phase difference between waves complished by applying the method of produced by extreme geophones gnd In the instrument which is shown in least squares. This necessitates the Dependability in a belt conveyoir graphs thereof are discussed. The re­ photographs a SOO Ib. mass, suspended on rather laborious process of writing and inslallafion rests principally wiih sultant or curauiated amplitude of the springs, is vibrated at amplitudes of solving a system of simultaneous equa­ Ihe troughing and return idlers, Black gold or yellow gold—both have combined output of a geophone group is some 10"'' inches by a small electric mo­ tions obtained from an inspection of the ley ore the heart of Ihe equipment—Ihe "roadbed" for set up as a function of the difference in tor driven eccentric mass rotated at the traverse results. lell designs oHer the best in belt conveyor equip- played important roles in the develop­ arrival time, at the end geophones and center of percussion of a small pendulum -landling a wide range of materials at high the period of the waves being parameters. or bar, the upper end of which is pivoted The paper explains the mathematics of and low capacities, with low power and maintenance This amplitude when plotted as a func­ to the bottom of the heavy mass. Hori­ least square adjustment of survey mis­ cost and maximum belt life. These are reasons why You ment of the West. zontal motion is very largely eliminated closures and develops the electrical read of so many case histories of Link-Belt belt conveyor tion of the time difference, noted above, economy. shows principal and secondary maxima; by the pendulum bar which does not trans­ analogy by the use of which considerable Write to our nearest office for complete informaiion. the amplitudes, separation and sharpness mit horizontal force through its axis. The time can be saved in solvitig the equa­ LENK - BELT COMPANY 8169 thereof are discussed. amplitude of the motion of the top of the tions set up. To accomplish this, currents table is independent of frequency between are measured in an electrical network The Leading Manufacturer of Equipment for Handling Materials The second part of the paper considers and Transmitting Power Three quarters of a century ago, 10 cycles per sec. to above ISO cycles per analagous to the survey involved in Chicago Indianapolis Philadelphia Atlanta DaUas San Francisco Toronto the cumulated amplitude plotted as a sec. which the resistances are proportional to DENVER, 521 Boston Bldg. SALT LAKE CITY, 121-131 Motor Ave. function of the angle of arrival of the much of the activity of this bank cen­ The table produces constant amplitude the segments of the survey, voltages ap­ wave striking the geophones. These plied in each loop being equal to the graphs are called polar sensitivity curves sinusoidal displacements. A graph of over-ail frequency response from 10 to 90 misciosure in a loop. The currents are IM/C-B£IT tered around the buying and selling of and illustrate the relative response of the proportional to the unknown, and sought group of connected geophones to waves cycles per sec. is given. Tests indicate the table is nearly as rapid in use in multiplying factors (K), in the simul­ coming from different directions. The A TYPi B£IT CONV£yO/i gold dust. Today, 'tho more modern determining frequency response of the taneous equations of the least square ad­ effect of changes in the number of geo­ FOR EVERY electromechanical systems used in seismic justment. The application of the pro­ phones, their spread, and the wave length cedure to closing dip shooting traverses, SERVICE £Qa/PAI£Ur media of exchange are used in the con­ on these curves is considered. prospecting as tbe ordinary electrical sig­ nal generator is in determining the re­ or lines, in seismic reflection surveys is In the third part of the paper the sponse of purely electrical networks. brought out.—D. W, duct of business, much of our activity "Sonograph" process is discussed in which —D.W. the outputs of individual geophones are Elkins, T. A. and Hammer, S. The and our interest still centers around the recorded as reproducible sound tracks and Sparks, N. R. and Hawley, P. F. Resolution of Combined Effects, luith Ap­ later cumulated after introducing equal Maximum Electromagnetic Damping of a plications to Gravitational and Magnetic mining industry. We are in a position phase differences between reproduction Reluctance Seismometer; Geophysics +{1), Data. Geophysics 3(4), 31S-331, Octo­ Profit through the Advantages points on adjacent tracks. This varies 1-7; Jan., 1939. ber, 1938. to serve you. the direction of maximum response being The writers note that the response of called "variable compounding" and per­ an electromagnetically damped reluctance The author sets forth the mathematics mits the response of a geophone group to type seismometer is expressed by a third of a method for determining the mini­ Offered You hy Electric Power be focused to emphasize waves arriving order differentia! equation. Such equa­ mum separation of two nearby subsurface from a given direction. tions can only be solved explicitly in spec­ bodies, at which their observed com­ bined effect indicates the presence of the It is brought out in the summary that: ial cases. The mathematical expression two as separate bodies. 1. Many undesirable disturbances on re­ for the oil damped seismometer is, by way flection records come from a number of of comparison, a simple second order Two masses, or magnetic bodies of Certain advantages are offered by Electric regular waves arriving at the geophones differential equation which has been com­ similar shape and size, may be located from different directions. 2. Directional pletely discussed elsewhere. below the surface so close together that Power, in mine operation, tbat may result in Please look upon us as your banking selectivity to eliminate many of these An explicit solution for the equation of a survey across them by the torsion bal­ undesired waves may be obtained by motion for the eiectromagneticaliy damped ance or the magnetometer produces an some decided savings and extra profits for you. home, no inatter what color o£ gold connecting several equally spaced geo­ seismometer for the case of greatest inter­ anomaly curve that may appear to arise phones. 3. The conclusions of the paper est, namely for maximum damping, is from one subsurface body. Electric Power is exceedingly flexible in its you mine, no matter what banking based on steady state sinusoidal waves given. This yields the relations of the adaptability to changing load conditions; the need only be modified quantitatively for seismometer constants of mass, spring, The minimum separation of two such service you need. other wave shapes. A list of 10 references and damping resistor for this case. bodies, of assumed shape, size and investment in equipment is low; and additional is given. 4. Maximum discrimination in A graph shows observed and theoretical depth, at which the presence of two supplies of power may be obtained, to meet favor of waves having zero step out is response for a balanced armature type masses will be visible from survey re­ obtained by connecting two spaced geo­ reluctance seismometer to a unit function sults, called the resolution limit, is ex­ unexpected or increased demands, at little or phones together. S. Maximum discrimina­ force. The mathematical treatment pre­ amined. The cases for two identical tion in favor of waves arriving perpen­ sented applied only to an ideal seismometer no additional investment cost. spheres and two infinite horizontal cylin­ dicular to the line of geophones comes which, the authors suggest, make the re­ from connecting together as large a num­ sults a qualitative guide to seismometer ders as revealed by gravity and its Our power engineers have had extensive ber, N, of geophones as convenient and performance. derivatives and for the same objects by practical experience in adapting electric power arranging their spread equal to (N-l)''/N It appears that the ultimate value of torsion balance traverses are treated. The times the effective wave length. damping obtainable electromagnetically is situation on a like basis for two rectangu­ to specific mining problems. This consultation An abstract because of limitations of such that the seismometer becomes un­ lar plugs by magnetic vertical intensity service is placed at the disposal of mining men space cannot touch numerous other inter­ stable because the pole pieces tend to and the use of the resolution limit as an esting phases of the subject treated. stick. The actual ultimate value that can aid in the interpretation of the case of upon request, and without obligation. —D.W. be obtained is therefore determined by an infinite horizontal block are covered. the stability required. Critical damping, COLORADO MTIOMIBAM Kelly, D. A Reaction Type Shaking ordinarily used in seismometers is ob­ The usefulness of the analysis in es­ Table; Geophysics 4(1), 69-75; Jan., tained electromagnetically as shown by I M -KlSEVENTEENTH STREET AT CHAMPA • DENVER tablishing the proper station spacing for 1939. the mathematical development when the a particular method used and in de­ Public Service Company Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation The article covers the basic design, de­ "negative equivalent spring constant due sign details and application of a steady to unbalanced magnetic pull of the arma­ termining the suitability of a geophysical of Colorado state shaking table developed for measure­ ture" is greater than 90% of the "spring method in a given case is brought out. ment of the response of seismometers and constant."—D. W. —D.W. 473 472 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1940 THE MINES MAGAZINE ^ AUGUST 1340 GEOPHYSICAL^^ FOR BELT CONVEYOR ewd an JR.evie w ECONOMY Compiled by the Geophysics Department, Colorado School of Mines

Johnson, C. H. Steady State Polar the over all response of seismograph CovVLES, L. The ddjustme?it of Mis­ Senshivity Cur'ves; Geophysics +(1), 33- equipment inciuding filters, amplifiers and closures. Geophysics 3 (+), 332-339, We're color blind 52; Jan., 1939. recorders. The table described has con­ October, 1938. stant output of displacement, velocity or The paper treats the case of a steady A method is presented for the adjust­ state sinusoidal wave arriving at a hori­ acceleration, over the working range of frequency; is unaffected by the apparatus ment of misclosures of a geophysical zontal line of uniformly spaced geophones survey by using measurements of current whose outputs are to be added. The which it drives; has signal level control and a variable control of signal fre­ in an electrical resistance network. Ad­ author first derives the equations for the justments of measured data in a survey about gold quency. In addition it gives a signal in cumulated amplitude as a function of the are as a rule necessary to absorb the ob­ number of geophones and as a function which harmonic distortion of wave form is negligible. served misclosures which is usually ac­ of the phase diiference between waves complished by applying the method of In the instrument which is shown in produced by extreme geophones and least squares. This necessitates the Dependability in a belt conveyor graphs thereof are discussed. The re­ photographs a 500 Ib. mass, suspended on rather laborious process of writing and installation rests principally with sult-ant or cumulated amplitude of the springs, is vibrated at amplitudes of solving a system of simultaneous equa­ the troughing and return idlers. Black gold or yellow gold—both have combined output of a geophone group is some 10"^ inches by a small electric mo­ They are the heart ol the equipment—the "roadbed" lor tions obtained from an inspection of the the belt. set up as a function of the difference in tor driven eccentric mass rotated at the traverse results. 1 Link-Belt designs oi(er the best in belt conveyor equip­ played important roles in the develop­ arrival time, at the end geophones and center of percussion of a small pendulum ment lor handling a wide range o! materials at high the period of the waves being parameters. or bar, the upper end of which is pivoted The paper explains the mathematics of and low capacities, with low power and maintenance This amplitude when plotted as a func­ to tbe bottom of the heavy mass. Hori­ least square adjustment of survey mis­ cost and maximum belt lile. These are reasons why you ment of the West. zontal motion is very largely eliminated closures and develops the electrical read of so many case histories of Link-Belt belt conveyor tion of the time difference, noted above, economy. shows principal and secondary maxima ; by the pendulum bar which does not trans- analogy by the use of which considerable Write fo our nearest office for complete information. the amplitudes, separation and sharpness rait horizontal force through its axis. The time can be saved in solving the equa­ LINK - BELT COMPANY 81B9 thereof are discussed. amplitude of the motion of the top of the tions set up. To accomplish this, currents The Leading Manufacturer of Equipment for Handling Materials table is independent of frequency between are measured in an electrical network and Transmitting Power The second part of the paper considers 10 cycles per sec. to above 150 cycles per analagous to the survey involved in Chicago Indianapolis Philadelphia Atlanta Dallas San Francisco Toronto Three quarters of a century ago, the cumulated amplitude plotted as a sec. which the resistances are proportional to DENVER, 521 Boston Bldg. SALT LAKE CITY, 121-131 Motor Ave. function of the angle of arrival of the much of the activity of this bank cen­ The table produces constant amplitude the segments of the survey, voltages ap­ wave striking the geophones. These plied in each loop being equal to the graphs are called polar sensitivity curves sinusoidal displacements. A graph of over-all frequency response from 10 to 90 misciosure in a loop. The currents are tered around the buying and selling of and illustrate the relative response of the proportional to the unknown, and sought group of connected geophones to waves cycles per sec, is given. Tests indicate the table is nearly as rapid in use in multiplying factors (K), in the simul­ B£IT CONIf£yOR gold dust. Today, 'tho more modern coming from different directions. The taneous equations of the least square ad­ effect of changes in the number of geo­ determining frequency response of the electromechanical systems used in seismic justment. The application of the pro­ phones, their spread, and the wave length cedure to closing dip shooting traverses, £Q£i/PAI£AfT media of exchange are used in the con­ on these curves is considered. prospecting as the ordinary electrical sig­ nal generator is in determining the re­ or lines, in seismic reflection surveys is BEARINGS . TAKE-UPS In the third part of the paper the sponse of purely electrical networks. brought out.—D.W. duct of business, much of our activity "Sonograph" process is discussed in which —D. W. the outputs of individual geophones are Elkins, T. A. and Hammer, S. The and our interest still centers around the recorded as reproducible sound tracks and Sparks, N. R. and Hawley, P, F, Resolution of Combined Effects, ivith Ap­ later cumulated after introducing equal Maximum Electromagnetic Damping of a plications to Gravitational and Magnetic mining industry. We are in a position phase differences between reproduction Reluctance Seismometer; Geophysics 4(1), Data. Geophysics 3(4), 315-331, Octo­ Profit through the Advantages points on adjacent tracks. This varies 1-7; Jan., 1939. ber, 1938. to serve you. • the direction of maximum response being The writers note that the response of called "variable compounding" and per­ an electromagnetically damped reluctance The author sets forth the mathematics mits the response of a geophone group to type seismometer is expressed by a third of a method for determining the mini­ Offered You by Electric Power be focused to emphasize waves arriving order differential equation. Such equa­ mum separation of two nearby subsurface from a given direction. tions can only be solved explicitly in spec­ bodies, at which their observed com­ bined effect indicates the presence of the It is brought out in the summary that; ial cases. The mathematical expression two as separate bodies. 1. Many undesirable disturbances on re­ for the oil damped seismometer is, by way flection records come from a number of of comparison, a simple second order Two masses, or magnetic bodies of Certain advantages are offered by Electric regular waves arriving at the geophones differential equation which has been com­ similar shape and size, may be located from different directions. 2. Directional pletely discussed elsewhere. below the surface so close together that Power, in mine operation, that may result in Please look upon us as your banking selectivity to eliminate many of these An explicit solution for the equation of a survey across them by the torsion bal­ undesired waves may be obtained by motion for the electromagnetically damped ance or the magnetometer produces an some decided savings and extra profits for you. home, no matter what color of gold connecting several equally spaced geo­ seismometer for the case of greatest inter­ anomaly curve that may appear to arise phones. 3. The conclusions of the paper est, namely for maximum damping, is from one subsurface body. Electric Power is exceedingly flexible in its you mine, no matter what banking based on steady state sinusoidal waves given. This yields the relations of the adaptability to changing load conditions; the need only be modified quantitatively for seismometer constants of mass, spring, The minimum separation of two such service you need. other wave shapes. A list of 10 references and damping resistor for this case. bodies, of assumed shape, size and investment in equipment is low; and additional is given. +. Maximum discrimination in A graph shows observed and theoretical depth, at which the presence of two supplies of power may be obtained, to meet favor of waves having zero step out is response for a balanced armature type masses will be visible from survey re­ obtained by connecting two spaced geo­ reluctance seismometer to a unit function sults, called the resolution limit, is ex­ unexpected or increased demands, at little or phones together, 5. Maximum discrimina­ force. The mathematical treatment pre­ amined. The cases for two identical tion in favor of waves arriving perpen­ sented applied only to an ideal seismometer no additional investment cost. spheres and two infinite horizontal cylin­ dicular to the line of geophones comes which, the authors suggest, make the re­ from connecting together as large a num­ sults a qualitative guide to seismometer ders as revealed by gravity and its Our power engineers have had extensive ber, N, of geophones as convenient and performance. derivatives and for the same objects by practical experience in adapting electric power arranging their spread equal to (N-l)^/N It appears that the ultimate value of torsion balance traverses are treated. The times the effective wave length. damping obtainable electromagnetically is situation on a like basis for two rectangu­ to specific mining problems. This consultation An abstract because of limitations of such that the seismometer becomes un­ lar plugs by magnetic vertical intensity service is placed at the disposal of mining men space cannot touch numerous other inter­ stable because the pole pieces tend to and the use of the resolution limit as an esting phases of the subject treated. stick. The actual ultimate value that can aid in the interpretation of the case of upon request, and without obligation. —D.W. be obtained is therefore determined by an infinite horizontal block are covered. the stability required. Critical damping, COLORADO NATIONAL BMK Kelly, D. A Reaction Type Shaking ordinarily used in seismometers is ob­ The usefulness of the analysis in es­ •K M * SEVENTEENTH STREET AT CHAMPA • DENVER Table; Geophysics 4(1), 69-75 ; Jan., tained electromagnetically as shown by tablishing the proper station spacing for 1939. the mathematical development when the a particular method used and in de­ Public Service Company Member Federal Deposit insurance Corporation The article covers the basic design, de­ "negative equivalent spring constant due sign details and application of a steady to unbalanced magnetic pull of the arma­ termining the suitability of a geophysical of Colorado state shaking table developed for measure­ ture" is greater than 90% of the "spring method in a given case is brought out. ment of the response of seismometers and constant."—-D. W. —D.W.

THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 473 472 THE MINES MAGAZINE > AUGUST 1940 KLINE, ROBINEAU & PARKER, INC 469 Denver, Colo., 806-7-8 First National Bank Bldg, ADVERTISERS LISTINGS LETTER SHOP, INC _ 387 Denver. Colo., 509 Railway Exch. Bldg. AINSWORTH & SONS, INC., WM 383 DORR COMPANY, Inc., Engineers LINK-BELT COMPANY 473 Denver, Colo., 2151 Lawrence St. New York, 570 Lexington Ave. Chicago, 111., 300 W. Pershing Rd. AJAX FLEXIBLE COUPLING COMPANY London, England, Dorr-Oliver Co., Ltd. Atlanta, Ga., 1116 Murphy Ave., S. W. Wesifield, N. Y., 135 English St. Melbourne, Australia. Crossle & Duif Indianapolis, Ind., 220 S. Belmont Ave. Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. Ply., Ltd. San Francisco, Calif., 400 Paul Ave. AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS 461 Buenos Aires, Argentina, Luis Fiore. Philadelphia, Pa., 2045 W. Huntington APACHE EXPLORATION COMPANY Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Oscar Taves & Park Ave, Houston, Texas, P. O. Box i7Il. Co. Denver, Colo., 521 Boston Bldg. APACHE POWDER COMPANY Chicago, IIL, 221 N. LaSalle St. Toronto, Can., Eastern Ave. & Leslie St. Benson, Arizona. Los Angeies, Calif., 811 W. Seventh SI. LUFKIN RULE COMPANY _ 384 Los Angeles, Calif., 411 W. Sth St. Denver, Colo., Cooper Building. Saginaw, Michigan. AXELSON MANUFACTURING CO. 384 DUPONT de NEMOURS & COMPANY, E. I._ New York, 106 Lafayette St. Los Angeles, California, P. O. Box 98, Denver, Colo,, 444 Seventeenth St. Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Vernon Station. Wilmington, Delaware. MARSMAN AND COMPANY, INC San Francisco, Calif., Ill Sutter St. Manila, P. I., Marsman Bldg. BOOKS FOR THE BUSY MAN 467 DUVALL-DAVISON LUMBER COMPANY McFARLANE-EGGERS MCHY. CO. BUELL & CO., T. H Denver, Colo., 2763 Blake St. Denver, 14th & Stout Sts. Golden, Colorado. EATON METAL PRODUCTS COMPANY 386 MECO ASSAYERS 469 CAPABILITY EXCHANGE Denver, Colo., 4800 York St. Los Angeles, Calif., 417 So. HiU SL Denver, Colo., 734 Cooper Building. MERRICK SCALE MANUFACTURING EIMCO CORPORATION, THE COMPANY CARD IRON WORKS COMPANY, C. S. 3B5 Chicago, III,, 333 No. Michigan Ave. Passaic, New Jersey. Denver, Colo., 2501 West 16th Ave. Ei Paso, Texas, Mills Bldg. MINE 4 SMELTER SUPPLY COMPANY 385 CARNIE-GOODWIN-PENDLETON New York, N. Y., 330 W. 42nd St. Denver, Colo. THE COMPANY Sacramento, Calif., 1217 7th SL Salt Lake City, Utah, 121 W. 2nd South. Fresno, Calif., 2126 Inyo St. Salt Lake City, Utah. El Paso, Texas, 410 San Francisco St. Sacramento, Calif., 515 L St. FLEXIBLE STEEL LACING CO 385 San Francisco, Calif., 369 Pine St. Concave Side CHEMICAL PROCESS COMPANY, THE 382 Chicago, IIL, 4628 Lexington St. Seallle, Wash., 419 Ry. Exch. Bldg. Breckinridge, Texas. FOSS DRUG COMPANY __. New York City, 1775 Broadway. IS A GATES PATENT Hugoton, Kansas. Golden, Colorado. Montreal, Canada, Vickers, Ltd. Wichita, Kansas. FRANCO-WYOMING OIL COMPANY 387 Manila, Philippines, Edw. I. Nell Co. 1.3 Shreveport, La. Los Angeles, Calif., 601 Edison Bldg. Santiago, Chile, W. R. ludson. Hobbs, New Mexico. Paris, France, 17 Boulevard MORSE BROS. MACHINERY COMPANY . 383 Tulsa. Okla. Malesherbes. Denver, Colo., 2900 Broadway, P. 6. Luling, Texas. FROBES COMPANY, DANIEL C Box 1708. Wichita Falls, Texas. Sail Lake Cily, Ulah, Dooly Bldg. New York City, 1775 Broadway. CHIKSAN OIL TOOL COMPANY, LTD GARDNER-DENVER COMPANY MOUNTAIN STATES TELEPHONE 4 Quincy, Illinois. Fullerton, California. TELEGRAPH CO Denver, Colorado. Denver, Colo., 14th & Curtis Sts. Houston, Texas, Shell Buildinq. Butte, Monl., 215 E. Park St. NATIONAL FUSE 4 POWDER COMPANY.... 386 CLIMAX MOLYBDENUM COMPANY El Paso, Texas, 301 San Francisco St. Denver, Colo. New York, N. Y., 500 Fifth Ave. Sail Lake Cily, Ulah, 130 West 2nd NATIONAL TRAILWAYS SYSTEM 457 South. CLINTON 5 HELD COMPANY . Denver, Colo., 501 I7th Street. Los Angeles, Calif., 845 E. 61st St. OIL CENTER TOOL COMPANY Here's a Simple Fact Denver, Colo., 1637 Wazee Streei. San Francisco, Calif., 811 Folsom St. Houston, Texas. COCKS-CLARK ENGRAVING CO. 386 Seattle, Wash., 514 First South. New York, Vol R. Wittich, Jr., 30 Denver, Colo., 2200 Arapahoe St. GATES RUBBER COMPANY 475 Rockefeller Plaza. Prove it for Yourself and Chicago, 111., 1524 South Western Ave. OXFORD HOTEL _ 456 COLOHADC B. P. 4 SUPPLY CO 463 Denver, Colo., 999 South Broadway. Denver, Colo. Denver, Colo., 1340 Glenarm Place. Hoboken, N. J., Terminal Buiiding. PARAMOUNT EQUIPMENT COMPANY COLORADO CENTRAL POWER COMPANY Dallas, Texas, 2213 Griffin St. Tulsa, Okla., 9)1 East First SL Golden, Colo. Birmingham, Ala., 1631 1st Ave. S. Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. COLORADO FUEL & IRON Portland, Ore., 1231 N. W. Hoyt St. PARKER 4 COMPANY, CHARLES 0 387 SAVE MONEY CORPORATION 388 Los Angeles, Calif., 741 Warehouse St. Denver, Coio., 1901 Lawrence St, Amarillo, Texas, 711 Oliver Eakle Bldg, San Francisco, Calif., 2700 I6th St. PATTERSON-BALLAGH CORPORATION 469 Butte, Mont., 508 Metal Bank Bldg. GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY Los Angeles, CaliL, 1900 E. 65th St, on V- BELTS o/ji/ POWER . Chicago, HI., 309 Railway Exch. Bldg. Schenectady, New York. Houston, Texas, 1506 Maury St. Denver, Colo., Continental Oil Bldg GOLDEN CYCLE CORPORATION _ _ 3B7 New York City, 39 Corllant St. El Paso, Texas, 801 Basset Tower Bldg Colorado Springs, Colo., P. O. Box 86. PHILIPPINE MINING YEAH BOOK Pick up any V-belt having the ordinary straight sides and bend the belt. Ft. Worth, Tex., 1503 Ft. Wth. Nat'l Bk. GOLDEN FIRE BRICK COMPANY _ 387 Manila, P. I., P. O. Box 297, Bldg. Golden, Colorado. PICK PHOTOGRAPH 4 BLUE PRINT Kansas Cily, Mo., 415 R. A. Long Blda. Denver, Colo., Interstate Trust Bldg. COMPANY Three things will happen, right before your eyes. Lincoln, Nebr,, 330 N, 8th St. GOODMAN MANUFACTURING COMPANY Denver, Colo., 1015 Seventeenth SL What Happens Los Angeles, Calif., 739 E. 60th St. Birmingham, Aia., 1600 2nd Ave. S. PORTABLE LAMP 4 EQUIPMENT (1) The top of the belt is under tension and grows narrower. (2) The Okla. City, Okla., 906 Colcord Bldg. Chicago, HI., Halsted St. at 48th. COMPANY Portland, Oregon, 902 Porter Bldg When a Denver, Colo., 704 Denver Natl. Bldg. Pittsburgh, Penna., 72 First Ave. bottom is under compression and becomes wider. (3) The sides of the belt bulge Salt Lake City, Utah, 604 Walker Bk Huntington, West Va., 831 2nd Ave, Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. V-Belt Bends Bldg. Piltsfaurgh, Pa., 1714 Liverpool St. PRICE COMPANY, H. C _ 384 San Francisco, Calif., 1245 Howard St Si. Louis, Mo., 322 Clark Ave. out. (Figure I, at right). Spokane, Wash., 727 Old Nat'l Bk. Bartiesville, Okla. Bldg. Sail Lake City, Utah, 314 Dooly Bldg. Los Angeles, Calif. Wichita, Kans., 420 S. Commerce St. Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 35 New Bennett St. Sen Francisco, Calif. This bulging of the straight sided V-belt in its sheave-groove costs you money COLORADO IRON WORKS COMPANY 476 GREAT WESTERN DIVISION, THE DOW PROFESSIONAL CARDS 463 Denver, Colo., 1624 Seventeenth St. CHEMICAL COMPANY PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF in two ways—(1) The bulge causes uneven sidewall wear—shorter life! (2) The Kingston, Ontario, Can., Canadian San Francisco, Calif., 9 Main St. COLORADO _ _ _ 473 Loco. Wks. Co. Pittsburg, Calif., Plant. Denver, Colo., Gas & Electric Bldg. bulging side cannot evenly grip the sheavewall—a loss in transmission efficiency! Vancouver, B, C, Can., Vancouver New York, 1775 Broadway, ROBINS CONVEYING BELT COMPANY Iron Wks., Ltd. EI Paso, Texas, H. J. Barron Co. New York, N. Y., 15 Park Row. Manila, P. I., Marsman Trading Corp. GRIMES PIPE & SUPPLY COMPANY ROBINSON'S BOOK STORE In figure 2, you see how the precisely engineered concave Johannesburg, So. Africa, Head, Denver, Colo., 1300 Larimer St. Golden, Colo. V-Belt Wrightson & Co. GULF OIL CORPORATION ROEBLING'S SONS COMPANY, JOHN A. side of the Gates Vulco Rope exactly corrects this bulging. Stockton on Tees, Eng., Head, Pittsburgh, Pa., Gulf Bldg, Trenton, N. I. in Sheave Wrightson S Co. HANNUM DRILLING COMPANY RUTH COMPANY 386 Two distinct savings result. (1) The Gates Vulco Rope wears Granville, N. S. W., The Clyde Eng. Wichita, Kansas, Ellis Singleton Bldg. Denver, Colo., Continental Oil Bldg. Co., Ltd. HARDESTY MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SALT LAKE STAMP COMPANY evenly—longer life! (2) The entire sidewall grips the pulley- THE R Salt Lake City, Ulah, 65 W, Broadway. COLORADO NATIONAL BANK 473 Denver, Colo., 3063 Blake St. SECURITY ENGINEERING COMPANY carries heavier loads without slippage: saves the belts and also Denver, Colo., 17th St. at Champa. HEILAND RESEARCH COBPORATION Whittier, California. COLORADO SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS Denver, Colo., 700 Club Building. Houston, Texas, 5525 Clinton Dr. saves your power! Denver, 525 Cooper Bldg. HENDRIE & BOLTHOFF MFG. & SUPPLY New Iberia, La., P, O. Box 121. ll's thc sides o! a V-Bcll that F=IG. 2 t COLORADO TRANSCRIPT COMPANY _ New York City, 420 Lexington Ave. Golden, Colo. do a\l (tip g'ippijig aid get Denver, Colo. SOUTHERN COLORADO POWER CO. tbe wftfr. That's why longer The Gates Vulco Rope is the only V-belt built with the COORS PORCELAIN COMPANY HERTEL CLOTHING CO ___ Pueblo, Colo. Golden, Colo. lite for ttie sides means longer . . « Golden, Colo. STEARNS-ROGER MFG. COMPANY tijc ia, ih€ bdi. patented concave side. CROW, WILLIAM _ 463 HuART COMPANY, THE Denver, Colo., 1720 California Sf, DEISTER CONCENTRATOR COMPANY '.Z! Peoria, IU,, 206 Parkside Drive. SWEENEY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, Fori Wayne, Ind., 911 Glasgow Ave INGERSOLL-RAND EDWARD L „_ New York, N. Y., 104 Pearl St. Birmingham, Ala., 1700 Third Ave. So. Denver, Colo., United Stales Natl. Bldg. Nesquehoning, Pa., 231 E. Catawissa Bulle, Mont., 845 S. Montana St. TEXAS CO., THE THE GATES RUBBER COMPANY St. Chicago, 111., 400 W. Madison St. New York City, 135 E. 42nd St. Hibbing, Minneeota, P. O. Box 777, Denver, Colo,, 1637 Blake St. Denver, Colorado, University Bldg. Birmingham, Alabama, 930 2nd Ave El Paso, Texas, 1015 Texas EL 2229 Warehouses in principal cities. Engineering Offices and Stocks in All Large Industrial Centers North. Kansas City, Mo., 1006 Grand Ave. UNITED GEOPHYSICAL COMPANY 384 DENVER EQUIPMENT COMPANY 386 Los Angeles, Calif., 1460 E. 4lh St. Pasadena, Calif., 169 North Hill St. Denver, Colo., 1400-1418 17th Street Manila, P. I., Earnshaws Docks S URQUHART SERVICE New York Cily, 50 Church St. Honolulu Iron Works. Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. Salt Lake City, Ut., 725 Mclntyre Bldg. New York, N. Y., 11 Broadway. Mexico, D. F., Mexico, Boker Building. VULCAN IRON WORKS . . Toronto, Ont., 45 Richraond Sf. West. Piltsburgh, Pa., 706 Chamber of Denver, Colorado, 1223 Stouf Street. London, Eng., 840 Salisbury House, Commerce BIdg, WESTERN MACHINERY COMPANY Sail Lake City, Utah, 144 S. W. Denver, Colorado, 1655 Blake Streei GATES'^PE E. C. 2. DRIVES Temple Si, WILFLEY 4 SONS, A. R 458 Johannesburg, So. Africa, IS Bon San Francisco, Calif., 350 Brannan St Denver. Colo., Denham Bidg, Accord House. Seattle, Wash., 526 First Ave. So, New York City, 1775 Broadway. CHICAGO, ILL.,|^24J-^h^^ HOBOKEN, N. J.^b^^EJ BIRMINGHAM, ALA.. 'SUt ANGELES, CAL., ff„,Y=sT DENVER FIRE CLAY COMPANY ._ 468 Tulsa, Okla., 319 E, Sth St. WORTHINGTON PUMP 4 MACHINERY Denver, Colo. JEFFERSON COUNTY REPUBLICAN, THE.__ CORP Salt Lake City, Utoh, P. O. Box 836 Golden, Colorado. Harrison, N. I. DENVER, COLO.,|9|,|^"i5 DALLAS. TEX..i?;,\°"«- PORTLAND, ORE.,gf^ l,^- SAN FRANCISCO,CAL., f^l st. El Paso, Texas, 209 Mills Bldg. KENDRICK-BELLAMY COMPANY 387 Denver, Colo., 1725 California St. DOLPH COMPANY, INC., THE Denver. Colo., 801 Sixteenth St. YARNALL-WARING COMPANY „. Newark, N. J., 168 Emmet St. KIDDE & COMPANY, WALTER . .. Philadelphia, Penna. Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. New York, N. Y., 140 Cedar St. Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St, THE MINES MAGAZINE 4^ AUGUST 1940 475 DUNLAP AND BRUMMETT Denver, Colo., 1501 Wynkoop St. YUBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY _ 383 San Gabriel, Calif., 592 No. San KISTLER STATIONERY COMPANY _ 471 San Francisco, Calif., 351 California St. Marino Ave. Denver, Colo, 3S5 »1

In the mill shown here, thirty-two AKINS Clas­ sifiers were installed in 1937—because the man­

agement wanted better metallurgy, higher ton­ Sizes nages and lower per ton cost. They did get these up to gains. However, the management of this mill knew the answer before the change was made. FIVE Regardless of the size of your plant, large or small, new or old, you can know for yourself, be­ int'hes fore you invest a single dollar, that Akins Clas­ - • V sifiers will give you these advantages in your mill. Let us submit the evidence. A simplex unit of the COLORADO Diaphragm Pump has only 22 parts. This is not just another diaphragm We also manufacture: pump. Send for Bulletin 34-A and LOWDEN Dryers; Skinner Multiple Hearth Roast­ see why it is a better pump—built ers; Ball, Rod and Tube Mills; Smelting Equipment; right and priced right. Crushers and Rolls. COLORADO IRON WORKS CO,