Chapter 1: Introduction The Basics of Psychological And Memory Theory

From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D. Multiple Memory Systems Definitions of Learning, Memory, and Recall

Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental .

Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored.

Recall: The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest.

Figure 1 Human Memory and associated Brain Regions

HUMAN MEMORY

DECLARATIVE NONDECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) (IMPLICIT)

FACTS EVENTS

PROCEDURAL PRIMING SIMPLE NONASSOCIATIVE (SKILLS AND CLASSICAL LEARNING HABITS) CONDITIONING

EMOTIONAL SKELETAL RESPONSES MUSCULATURE

MEDIAL STRIATUM NEOCORTEX AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM REFLEX TEMPORAL PATHWAYS LOBE

Figure 2 Hierarchical Organization of Memory

Unconscious Learning Conscious Learning Working Memory

Storage Storage (unconscious) (unconscious) Conscious Storage and Subject to conscious conscious recall Subject to conscious Unconscious Recall Recall Recall

•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning • Trace conditioning •Conscious associative • Operant conditioning conditioning • Hippocampus- dependent contextual fear conditioning • Taste learning • Conditioned taste Non-associative learning Associative Learning Motor learning aversion •Habituation •Pavlovian •Sensitization Conditioning •Dishabituation •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear Figure 3 conditioning Graded acquisition of memory

Figure 4 Disruption of long-term memory consolidation by protein synthesis inhibitors

Training Testing at 24 Hrs. 100

80

down (s) down 60 -

40

20 * latency to step to latency 0 Control Inhibitor Control Inhibitor

Figure 5 Multi-store Memory Model

RESPONSE RESPONSE OUTPUT GENERATOR

LONG-TERM REHEARSAL STORE S BUFFER E

N R SHORT-TERM S E STORE STIMULUS O G INPUT Self-addressable memory bank R I not subject to decay Y S Memory bank subject to rapid decay T E CONTROL PROCESSES R •Stimulus analyzer programs •Alter biases of sensory channels •Activate rehearsal mechanism •Modify information flow from SR to STS •Code and transfer information from STS to LTS •Initiate or modify search of LTS •Heuristic operations on stored information •Set decision criteria •Initiate response generator Figure 6A Baddeley’s working Memory Module

Central Executive

Visuospatial Episodic Phonological Sketchpad Buffer Loop

Visual Episodic Language Semantics LTM

Fluid Crystallized Systems Systems Figure 6B Anatomical subdomains of Working Memory

Prefrontal Cortex Working Memory

Ventrolateral PFC Dorsolateral PFC Non-spatial memory Spatial memory (color, shape, etc)

Figure 7 Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Working Memory

Action Potential Firing Persisting Molecular and Sustained Neural Circuit Cellular Changes Activity Changes in Synaptic Structure Anatomical Circuit Alterations

Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure

Response Habituation Curve

Figure 10 Aplysia californica

Figure 11

Figure 12 Associative Conditioning

Conditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response

Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Response

Figure 13 Delay and Trace Conditioning

Delay Conditioning US CS

Time

Trace Conditioning US CS

Time

Figure 14 TRAINING

Fear Conditioning

•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock CONTEXTUAL TEST CUED TEST

•Animal is returned to same context •Animal is placed in modified context •Test for freezing behavior •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior

Figure 15 Behavioral Procedures Used to Assess Novel Taste Learning

NEOPHOBIA TASTE AVERSION

? DAY 1 10’

DAY 1 10’ LiCl

DAY 2 10’ DAY 2 10’

Measure increased consumption Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory as index of long-term memory of novel taste of novel taste

Figure 16 Venus Flytrap

Blue Box 1 and

Blue Box 2 Blue Box 3 Hermissenda

Blue Box 4