Chapter 1: Introduction The Basics of Psychological Learning And Memory Theory
From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D. Multiple Memory Systems Definitions of Learning, Memory, and Recall
Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus.
Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored.
Recall: The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest.
Figure 1 Human Memory and associated Brain Regions
HUMAN MEMORY
DECLARATIVE NONDECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) (IMPLICIT)
FACTS EVENTS
PROCEDURAL PRIMING SIMPLE NONASSOCIATIVE (SKILLS AND CLASSICAL LEARNING HABITS) CONDITIONING
EMOTIONAL SKELETAL RESPONSES MUSCULATURE
MEDIAL STRIATUM NEOCORTEX AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM REFLEX TEMPORAL PATHWAYS LOBE
Figure 2 Hierarchical Organization of Memory
Unconscious Learning Conscious Learning Working Memory
Storage Storage (unconscious) (unconscious) Conscious Storage and Subject to conscious conscious recall Subject to conscious Unconscious Recall Recall Recall
•Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning • Trace conditioning •Conscious associative • Operant conditioning conditioning • Hippocampus- dependent contextual fear conditioning • Taste learning • Conditioned taste Non-associative learning Associative Learning Motor learning aversion •Habituation •Pavlovian •Sensitization Conditioning •Dishabituation •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear Figure 3 conditioning Graded acquisition of memory
Figure 4 Disruption of long-term memory consolidation by protein synthesis inhibitors
Training Testing at 24 Hrs. 100
80
down (s) down 60 -
40
20 * latency to step to latency 0 Control Inhibitor Control Inhibitor
Figure 5 Multi-store Memory Model
RESPONSE RESPONSE OUTPUT GENERATOR
LONG-TERM REHEARSAL STORE S BUFFER E
N R SHORT-TERM S E STORE STIMULUS O G INPUT Self-addressable memory bank R I not subject to decay Y S Memory bank subject to rapid decay T E CONTROL PROCESSES R •Stimulus analyzer programs •Alter biases of sensory channels •Activate rehearsal mechanism •Modify information flow from SR to STS •Code and transfer information from STS to LTS •Initiate or modify search of LTS •Heuristic operations on stored information •Set decision criteria •Initiate response generator Figure 6A Baddeley’s working Memory Module
Central Executive
Visuospatial Episodic Phonological Sketchpad Buffer Loop
Visual Episodic Language Semantics LTM
Fluid Crystallized Systems Systems Figure 6B Anatomical subdomains of Working Memory
Prefrontal Cortex Working Memory
Ventrolateral PFC Dorsolateral PFC Non-spatial memory Spatial memory (color, shape, etc)
Figure 7 Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Working Memory
Action Potential Firing Persisting Molecular and Sustained Neural Circuit Cellular Changes Activity Changes in Synaptic Structure Anatomical Circuit Alterations
Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure
Response Habituation Curve Eric Kandel
Figure 10 Aplysia californica
Figure 11 Ivan Pavlov
Figure 12 Associative Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response
Figure 13 Delay and Trace Conditioning
Delay Conditioning US CS
Time
Trace Conditioning US CS
Time
Figure 14 TRAINING
Fear Conditioning
•Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock CONTEXTUAL TEST CUED TEST
•Animal is returned to same context •Animal is placed in modified context •Test for freezing behavior •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior
Figure 15 Behavioral Procedures Used to Assess Novel Taste Learning
NEOPHOBIA TASTE AVERSION
? DAY 1 10’
DAY 1 10’ LiCl
DAY 2 10’ DAY 2 10’
Measure increased consumption Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory as index of long-term memory of novel taste of novel taste
Figure 16 Venus Flytrap
Blue Box 1 Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting
Blue Box 2 Blue Box 3 Hermissenda
Blue Box 4