Chapter 1: Introduction The Basics of Psychological Learning And Memory Theory From Mechanisms of Memory, second edition By J. David Sweatt, Ph.D. Multiple Memory Systems Definitions of Learning, Memory, and Recall Learning: The acquisition of an altered behavioral response due to an environmental stimulus. Memory: The processes through which learned information is stored. Recall: The conscious or unconscious retrieval process through which this altered behavior is manifest. Figure 1 Human Memory and associated Brain Regions HUMAN MEMORY DECLARATIVE NONDECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) (IMPLICIT) FACTS EVENTS PROCEDURAL PRIMING SIMPLE NONASSOCIATIVE (SKILLS AND CLASSICAL LEARNING HABITS) CONDITIONING EMOTIONAL SKELETAL RESPONSES MUSCULATURE MEDIAL STRIATUM NEOCORTEX AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM REFLEX TEMPORAL PATHWAYS LOBE Figure 2 Hierarchical Organization of Memory Unconscious Learning Conscious Learning Working Memory Storage Storage (unconscious) (unconscious) Conscious Storage and Subject to conscious conscious recall Subject to conscious Unconscious Recall Recall Recall •Declarative Learning •Spatial Learning • Trace conditioning •Conscious associative • Operant conditioning conditioning • Hippocampus- dependent contextual fear conditioning • Taste learning • Conditioned taste Non-associative learning Associative Learning Motor learning aversion •Habituation •Pavlovian •Sensitization Conditioning •Dishabituation •Delay Eye-blink conditioning •Cued Fear Figure 3 conditioning Graded acquisition of memory Figure 4 Disruption of long-term memory consolidation by protein synthesis inhibitors Training Testing at 24 Hrs. 100 80 down (s) down 60 - 40 20 * latency to step to latency 0 Control Inhibitor Control Inhibitor Figure 5 Multi-store Memory Model RESPONSE RESPONSE OUTPUT GENERATOR LONG-TERM REHEARSAL STORE S BUFFER E N R SHORT-TERM S E STORE STIMULUS O G INPUT Self-addressable memory bank R I not subject to decay Y S Memory bank subject to rapid decay T E CONTROL PROCESSES R •Stimulus analyzer programs •Alter biases of sensory channels •Activate rehearsal mechanism •Modify information flow from SR to STS •Code and transfer information from STS to LTS •Initiate or modify search of LTS •Heuristic operations on stored information •Set decision criteria •Initiate response generator Figure 6A Baddeley’s working Memory Module Central Executive Visuospatial Episodic Phonological Sketchpad Buffer Loop Visual Episodic Language Semantics LTM Fluid Crystallized Systems Systems Figure 6B Anatomical subdomains of Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex Working Memory Ventrolateral PFC Dorsolateral PFC Non-spatial memory Spatial memory (color, shape, etc) Figure 7 Short-term Memory Long-term Memory Working Memory Action Potential Firing Persisting Molecular and Sustained Neural Circuit Cellular Changes Activity Changes in Synaptic Structure Anatomical Circuit Alterations Figure 8 Habituation Curve Response Figure 9 Eric Kandel Figure 10 Aplysia californica Figure 11 Ivan Pavlov Figure 12 Associative Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response Figure 13 Delay and Trace Conditioning Delay Conditioning US CS Time Trace Conditioning US CS Time Figure 14 TRAINING Fear Conditioning •Animal is placed in novel context •Hears a tone •Receives foot shock CONTEXTUAL TEST CUED TEST •Animal is returned to same context •Animal is placed in modified context •Test for freezing behavior •Hears a tone •Test for freezing behavior Figure 15 Behavioral Procedures Used to Assess Novel Taste Learning NEOPHOBIA TASTE AVERSION ? DAY 1 10’ DAY 1 10’ LiCl DAY 2 10’ DAY 2 10’ Measure increased consumption Measure decreased consumption as index of long-term memory as index of long-term memory of novel taste of novel taste Figure 16 Venus Flytrap Blue Box 1 Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting Blue Box 2 Blue Box 3 Hermissenda Blue Box 4.