Department of the Interior
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Supplementary Information For
Supplementary Information for Indigenous knowledge networks in the face of global change Rodrigo Cámara-Leret, Miguel A. Fortuna & Jordi Bascompte Rodrigo Cámara-Leret Email: [email protected] This PDF file includes: Supplementary text Figs. S1 to S5 Tables S1 to S4 1 www . pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1821843116 Fig. S1. Geographic distribution of the communities studied. Map of northwestern South America showing the geographic location and the names of the 57 communities. 2 a 3 R=0.003 NuevoProgreso ● 2 ●Pacuya Munaypata ● ●Zabalo Sanandita ● SantaAna Angostura Mayo Kusutkau Kapawi● Dureno ● Illipanayuyo● ● ● ● 1 PuertoYaminahua Wayusentsa CorreoSanIsidro● SanMartin SantaRosaDeMaravillaSanSilvestre● ● ● ● ● TresArroyos ● ● Secejsama ●BuenaVista Curare SanAntonioPucasucho● UnionProgreso Yucuna ● ●SantaRosa● Motacuzal● ' OS PuertoQuito ● Sibundoy● ● ● ● ● b 0 Santiago ● ●ElChino ● Camaritagua Juisanoy● ● SantoDomingoBoliviaSanBenito ● OctubreVillaSantiago● ● ● SantaMaria NuevaSamariaAviacion● ● ● Nanegalito PeripaCusuChico● ● −1 Mindo● Irimo● ● CentroProvidenciaSanMartinDeAmacayacu Yamayakat ● ● LamasWayku Chiguilpe ● ● Villanueva AltoIvon● ● ● PalmaReal Aguacate −2 ● PuertoPervel −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 FractionFraction of of all all species species b 3 R=−0.41** NuevoProgreso ● 2 Pacuya● Munaypata Zabalo● ● SananditaAngostura● SantaAna Kusutkau ● Mayo Kapawi Dureno ● ● Illipanayuyo● ● ● 1 PuertoYaminahuaWayusentsa SanIsidro ● Correo SanMartin SantaRosaDeMaravilla ● ● SanSilvestre ● ● TresArroyos● ● Secejsama●Curare BuenaVista UnionProgresoSanAntonio -
Evolution of Agroforestry As a Modern Science
Chapter 2 Evolution of Agroforestry as a Modern Science Jagdish C. Dagar and Vindhya P. Tewari Abstract Agroforestry is as old as agriculture itself. Many of the anecdotal agro- forestry practices, which are time tested and evolved through traditional indigenous knowledge, are still being followed in different agroecological zones. The tradi- tional knowledge and the underlying ecological principles concerning indigenous agroforestry systems around the world have been successfully used in designing the improved systems. Many of them such as improved fallows, homegardens, and park systems have evolved as modern agroforestry systems. During past four decades, agroforestry has come of age and begun to attract the attention of the international scientific community, primarily as a means for sustaining agricultural productivity in marginal lands and solving the second-generation problems such as secondary salinization due to waterlogging and contamination of water resources due to the use of excess nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides. Research efforts have shown that most of the degraded areas including saline, waterlogged, and perturbation ecolo- gies like mine spoils and coastal degraded mangrove areas can be made productive by adopting suitable agroforestry techniques involving highly remunerative compo- nents such as plantation-based farming systems, high-value medicinal and aromatic plants, livestock, fishery, poultry, forest and fruit trees, and vegetables. New con- cepts such as integrated farming systems and urban and peri-urban agroforestry have emerged. Consequently, the knowledge base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid pace as illustrated by the increasing number and quality of scientific pub- lications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry. It is both a challenge and an opportunity to scientific community working in this interdisciplinary field. -
Mapaamazonia2012-Deforestationing
Amazon and human population Bolivia Brasil Colombia Ecuador Guyana Guyane Française Perú Suriname Venezuela total Amazon Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the national % of the Amazon total total total total total total total total total total In Amazon the protection of socioenvironmental diversity is being consolidated through the recognition of the territorial rights of indigenous peoples A M A Z O N 2012 Total population and the constitution of a varied set of protected areas. These conservation strategies have been expanding over recent years and today cover a 8,274,325 - 191,480,630 - 42,090,502 - 14,483,499 - 751,000 - 208,171 - 28,220,764 - 492,829 - 27,150,095 - 313,151,815 (nº of inhabitants) surface area of 3,502,750 km2 – 2,144,412 km2 in Indigenous Territories and 1,696,529 km2 in Protected Natural Areas, with an overlap of 336,365 2 Amazon population km between them – which corresponds to 45% of the region. PROTECTED AREAS and INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES 1,233,727 14.9% 23,654,336 12.4% 1,210,549 2.9% 739,814 5.1% 751,000 100.0% 208,171 100.0% 3,675,292 13.0% 492,829 100.0% 1,716,984 6.3% 33,682,702 10.8% (nº of inhabitants) The challenge faced in terms of attaining the objectives of strengthening the cultural and biological diversity of Amazon, represented in indigenous Total area of the country (km2) 1,098,581 - 8,514,876 - 1,141,748 - 249,041 - 214,969 - 86,504 - 1,285,215 - 163,820 - 916,445 - 13,671,199 territories and protected areas, encompasses a variety of aspects. -
Macaw Society America
tary Macaws. This ecological differ that a number of the yellow feathers ence enabled them to evolve larger are richly tipped with green. Indeed, size, paler color, and now a different some of the coverts may be entirely pattern ofbehavior. This went to such green. Further, though this has yet to an extreme that they became a differ be corroborated by the measurements ent species: Button's Macaw (A. taken of museum skins, so many of ambigua). Elsewhere, the Military the aviary birds obtained from Macaw also became somewhat less South America (some are known to The montane and has now diffused over have been imported from Guyana) much of Mexico. These now differ seem so much larger generally (as subspecifically from those to the well as being brighter) than those south. known to come from northern Macaw Likewise, the Scarlet Macaw of Central America. Mexico and Central America may also The Scarlet Macaws from Panama, have gained entry only towards the and to an increasingly lesser degree end of the last Ice Age (some 12,000 Costa Rica, have examples of both Society years back). Originally, so few indi colorations in the population. It is, vidual birds percolated through the therefore, assumed that this area constraints of the Isthmus that they forms a "hybrid zone" between the were limited in their genetic diversity. brighter southern and the duller Once through this geographical northern races. of barrier, the inevitable inbreeding and It would take a study which subsequent evolution from the encompasses more skins than the founder-immigrants ensured that they British Museum, the Smithsonian, America developed a different appearance and the American Museum of Natural from those Scarlet Macaws found on History have supplied, to prove that by Robert Francis the mainland ofSouth America. -
A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus Hyacinthinus) Pair
The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 2 2020 A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair Pamela Mulkay University of Central Florida Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Undergraduate Research at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Mulkay, Pamela (2020) "A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair," The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ): Vol. 12 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj/vol12/iss1/2 Mulkay: A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw Published 9-17 Vol. 12.1: April 8, 2020 THE PEGASUS REVIEW: UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair By: Pamela Mulkay Faculty Mentor: Frank Logiudice UCF Department of Biology ABSTRACT: This study observes the courtship behaviors of an Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus pair in the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens in Sanford, Florida. A. hyacinthinus reproductive behaviors occur in four steps in the following order: Allopreening, Cloacal allopreening, Back to Back Copulation Position and finally, Copulation (Schneider 2006). Behavioral observations were taken twice a week for an average of 2 to 3 hours each day for ten weeks. The resulting data was analyzed based on the different actions, types of movement, and types of maintenance observed of the A. -
Scarlet Macaw Ara Macao
Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Characteristics: Named for their bright red plumage, scarlet macaws also have green and blue primary and flight feathers. They have bare white skin between their beak and their eye. Typical of parrots, they use their feet to climb, grip and also as a “hand” for feeding and grasping (Blank Park Zoo). Behavior: Very social, “talkative” birds which live in flocks of up to 30 birds. They are fast flyers with great maneuverability. Vocalization is important for group communication (Sedgewick County Zoo). Reproduction: Similar to other macaws, the female lays 2 to 4 eggs on a nest cavity. The chicks hatch following a 24 to 26 day incubation period. When the chicks Range & Habitat: hatch, they are blind and featherless. They fledge the nest around 3.5 months old. Rainforests, forests bordering rivers, wooded grasslands Diet: Wild: Fruits, vegetable matter and nuts. Often found at clay licks around exposed river banks eating soil which may provide them with nutrients and minerals lacking in their diet and neutralize acid in their system. Zoo: Parrot pellets, seeds, apples, carrots, greens, oranges Conservation: Like other parrots, scarlet macaws also are suffering a decline due to Lifespan: up to 60 years in habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. While only one out of many birds captivity and in the wild. smuggled into the pet trade will survive, the smugglers think the payoff is worth the loss. A single macaw sold on the black market may be worth Special Adaptations: Can eat fruit thousands of dollars (Rainforest Alliance). -
Scarlet Macaw Receives Endangered Species Act Protections
February 25, 2019 Contact: Christina Meister, 703-358-2284, [email protected] Scarlet Macaw Receives Endangered Species Act Protections Northern Subspecies Listed as Endangered – Certain Southern Subspecies and Subspecies Crosses Listed as Threatened Today, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service finalized Endangered Species Act (ESA) listing determinations for scarlet macaw. The Service will list the northern subspecies of the parrot (Ara macao cyanoptera) as endangered and the northern distinct population segment (DPS) of the southern subspecies (A. m. macao) as threatened. The southern DPS of the southern subspecies (A. m. macao) and subspecies crosses of the northern and southern subspecies will also be listed as threatened based on similarity of appearance. The Service is also adding the southern subspecies and subspecies crosses of the scarlet macaw to an existing special rule for parrots under section 4(d) of the ESA. This will continue to provide needed protections while allowing for interstate commerce and the import and export of certain captive-bred birds provided the requirements of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and the Wild Bird Conservation Act are met. Scarlet macaws are brilliantly colored parrots native to Mexico and Central and South America. They have the broadest range of all the macaw species. However, the scarlet macaw’s range in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) has been reduced over the past several decades primarily due to habitat destruction and harvesting the species for the pet trade. The ESA provides numerous benefits to foreign species, primarily by prohibiting activities such as import, export, take, interstate commerce and foreign commerce. -
Great Green Macaw Article
CREATURE FEATURE the great green macaw by Cyril Brass A s a member pairs evaluate the nesting conditions Green Macaws in flight moving of the parrot and feeding territory before mating. through the forest searching for fruit- family and a They stake out an area with sufficient bearing Almond trees. However, close relative to the brightly colored food resources to raise a family. If looking for a green bird in the lush Scarlet Macaw, the Great Green they do not find a viable location, green vegetation is like looking for a Macaw possesses vibrant lime green mating does not occur during that white rabbit in the snow. The intense plumage with blue wing tips and tail season. green plumage blends into the feathers of red and blue. surrounding vegetation pro- This gentle green giant in viding excellent camouflage. the parrot world, also I have yet to see these known as Buffon’s Macaw, magnificent birds in the is highly endangered in the wild, only in zoos and world today. nature parks. Being able to The life cycle of this watch these birds in their arboreal bird species is natural habitat would totally connected to a indeed be an incredible single tree species; the sight. Swamp Almond tree, which Once abundant and grows only in the humid widespread throughout lowlands of the Atlantic Central America and plains of Central America. northern South America, the This is an example of one Great Green Macaws are species, the Green Macaw, now critically endangered dependent on the existence due to loss of habitat, of another species, the poaching of young birds for Swamp Almond tree. -
Parrot Nesting in Southeastern Peru: Seasonal Patterns and Keystone Trees
WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Jul 14 2005 09:25 AM wils 117_309 Mp_296 Allen Press x DTPro System GALLEY File # 09TQ Wilson Bulletin 117(3):296±305, 2005 PARROT NESTING IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU: SEASONAL PATTERNS AND KEYSTONE TREES DONALD J. BRIGHTSMITH1 ABSTRACT.ÐParrots that inhabit tropical lowland forests are dif®cult to study, are poorly known, and little information is available on their nesting habits, making analysis of community-wide nesting patterns dif®cult. I present here, nesting records for 15 species of psittacids that co-occur in southeastern Peru. The psittacid breeding season in this area lasted from June to April, with smaller species nesting earlier than larger species. Why smaller species bred earlier is uncertain, though it may be related to interspeci®c competition for nest sites or variations in food availability. This study identi®ed two keystone plant resources used by nesting parrots: Dip- teryx micrantha (Fabaceae) and Mauritia ¯exuosa (Arecaceae). Local threats to these plant species are discussed. Received 25 August 2003, accepted 14 April 2005. Nesting is a critically important stage in the est areas shrink, conservationists must priori- natural history of all bird species. Reproduc- tize their conservation efforts. Large, old trees tive failure has caused numerous conservation and the cavities they contain are vital for the crises, so knowledge of nesting habits is crit- persistence of many cavity-nesting birds ical (Ratcliffe 1967, Herkert et al. 2003). The (Mawson and Long 1994, Poulsen 2002). nesting ecology of many tropical species re- However, cavity nesters usually do not use mains poorly documented, especially for can- trees in proportion to their abundance, sug- opy nesters in dense, lowland tropical forests. -
Pentaclethra Macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze
Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntze E.M. FLORES Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Costa Rica, Costa Rica FABACEAE (BEAN FAMILY) Acacia macroloba Willd. (Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4[2]: 1054; 1806); Mimosa macroloba (Willd.) Poir. (Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique...Supplement 2 [1]: 66; 1811); Acacia aspidioides G. Meyer (Primitiae Florae Essequeboensis...165; 1818); Pentaclethra filamentosa Benth. (Journal of Botany; second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2 [11]: 127-128; 1840); Pentaclethra brevipila Benth. (Journal of Botany; second series of the Botanical Miscellany 2 [11]: 128; 1840); Cailliea macrostachya Steud. (Flora 26: 759; 1843); Entada werbaeana J. Presl. (Epimeliae Botanicae 206; 1849) Bois mulatre, carbonero, fine-leaf, gavilán, koeroebahara, koeroeballi, koorooballi, koroballi, kroebara, mulato, oil bean tree, palo de aceite, palo mulato, paracachy, paraná-cachy, paroa-caxy, pracaxy, quebracho, sangredo, sangredo falso trysil, wild tamarind (Flores 1994f, Record and Hess 1949, Standley 1937) Pentaclethra macroloba grows naturally from Nicaragua to the to 3 mm. The phyllotaxis is spiral. The leaves are long, shiny, Amazon, including the Guianas and the West Indies (Brako biparipinnate, stipulate, with a small structure at the distal and Zarucchi 1993, Ducke 1949, Schery 1950). It is abundant end. Species density in the forest is close to 50 percent, but in coastal lowlands with moderate slope. Pentaclethra macrolo- decreases with sloping; it is common near rivers, creeks, and ba is formed by three neotropical disjunctive populations seasonally flooded zones. The species grows well in alluvial or (Hartshorn 1983b). The largest is found in the Amazon low- residual soils derived from basalts. It is also found in swampy lands of the Atlantic coast from northeast Venezuela to the or poorly drained areas with acid soils. -
Breeding Bird Records from the Tambopata-Candamo Reserve Zone, Madre De Dios, South-East Peru André F
Cotinga28-070626.qxp 6/26/2007 1:51 PM Page 53 Cotinga 28 Breeding bird records from the Tambopata-Candamo Reserve Zone, Madre de Dios, south-east Peru André F. Raine Received 25 April 2006, final revision accepted 28 September 2006 Cotinga 28 (2007): 53–58 La reserva de la zona de Tambopata-Candamo (RZTC), que se ubicada en el dpto. Madre de Dios, sureste de Perú, se trata de un espacio famoso por su amplia diversidad de flora y fauna. Aquí yo describo los informes recopilados acerca de los nidos correspondientes a 17 especies de aves subtrop- icales durante un proyecto ornitológico desarrollado entre mayo de 2001 y mayo de 2002. Estos informes sobre nidos abarcan una amplia gama de familias e incluyen descripciones de varias especies de las que actualmente hay disponible muy poca información. En el caso concreto del Celeus flavus, se trata aparentemente de la primera publicación de una descripción de los nidos de esta especie. Esperamos que estos informes sean útiles para avanzar en el conocimiento de la avifauna subtropical. Information on the breeding of Neotropical birds is fringed by secondary floodplain (selectively logged important both to increase our cumulative 20 years ago and thus supporting plant species knowledge and for our understanding of their more typical of disturbed habitats). Species found conservation requirements. Though many breeding in primary floodplain include Iriartea deltoidea, data have been presented in field guides and other Pseudolmedia laevis, Dipteryx micrantha and Ceiba books, and the scientific literature, there are still pentandra. Secondary floodplain is characterised many species concerning which we know relatively by such species as Ficus insipida, Jacaritia little. -
Journal of Tropical Ecology Identifying Keystone Plant Resources in An
Journal of Tropical Ecology http://journals.cambridge.org/TRO Additional services for Journal of Tropical Ecology: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long- term fruit-fall record Zoë Diaz-Martin, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza and Fernando Cornejo Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 30 / Issue 04 / July 2014, pp 291 - 301 DOI: 10.1017/S0266467414000248, Published online: 23 June 2014 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0266467414000248 How to cite this article: Zoë Diaz-Martin, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza and Fernando Cornejo (2014). Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long-term fruit-fall record . Journal of Tropical Ecology, 30, pp 291-301 doi:10.1017/S0266467414000248 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/TRO, IP address: 179.49.64.22 on 24 Jun 2014 Journal of Tropical Ecology (2014) 30:291–301. © Cambridge University Press 2014 doi:10.1017/S0266467414000248 Identifying keystone plant resources in an Amazonian forest using a long-term fruit-fall record Zoe¨ Diaz-Martin∗, Varun Swamy†,‡,1, John Terborgh†, Patricia Alvarez-Loayza† and Fernando Cornejo§ ∗ Department of Environmental Studies, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Ave, New London, CT 06320, USA † Center for Tropical Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham,