Great Green Macaw Article

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Great Green Macaw Article CREATURE FEATURE the great green macaw by Cyril Brass A s a member pairs evaluate the nesting conditions Green Macaws in flight moving of the parrot and feeding territory before mating. through the forest searching for fruit- family and a They stake out an area with sufficient bearing Almond trees. However, close relative to the brightly colored food resources to raise a family. If looking for a green bird in the lush Scarlet Macaw, the Great Green they do not find a viable location, green vegetation is like looking for a Macaw possesses vibrant lime green mating does not occur during that white rabbit in the snow. The intense plumage with blue wing tips and tail season. green plumage blends into the feathers of red and blue. surrounding vegetation pro- This gentle green giant in viding excellent camouflage. the parrot world, also I have yet to see these known as Buffon’s Macaw, magnificent birds in the is highly endangered in the wild, only in zoos and world today. nature parks. Being able to The life cycle of this watch these birds in their arboreal bird species is natural habitat would totally connected to a indeed be an incredible single tree species; the sight. Swamp Almond tree, which Once abundant and grows only in the humid widespread throughout lowlands of the Atlantic Central America and plains of Central America. northern South America, the This is an example of one Great Green Macaws are species, the Green Macaw, now critically endangered dependent on the existence due to loss of habitat, of another species, the poaching of young birds for Swamp Almond tree. the pet trade and hunting of Without this particular adult birds for food. tree, there is no habitat for Because macaws are this macaw. known to be extremely The Swamp Almond selective regarding what tree provides all the living they eat and where they live, essentials for the Green it is challenging to determine Macaw; food, water, a specific habitat in which to shelter and nesting. rebuild their decreasing The large fruit population. But it is happen- produced by these endemic ing. Ongoing efforts are trees is the preferred food supply for These enormous Almond trees being made to rebuild a protected this picky eater. The large curved bill can reach some fifty to sixty meters corridor of private reserves and with a puffy red brow above, is adapt- in height and one to two meters in national parks, which are home to ed to cracking open the hard golf ball diameter. It is one of the hardest, the Swamp Almond tree, from size nuts in order to reach the tasty heaviest and densest woods in the southern Nicaragua and into seeds inside. The macaw’s drinking world. Those qualities make this tree northern Costa Rica. water is provided from rain water a profitable natural resource for The Great Green Macaw.... an collected in small cavities in the humans to harvest. But for this endangered species... a picky eater tropical tree. threatened green parrot, it means ... a stunning green parrot. ca This towering tree is the macaw’s lost habitat. chosen habitat with nesting sites high Finding the Great Green Macaws Cyril Brass is a Wildlife and Sports in the canopy, built in large cavities in the wild can be very challenging, Photographer living in Calgary. created when a branch breaks away given their dwindling numbers. You www.cyrilbrass.com from the massive trunk. Breeding may hear a loud squawking flock of 403-999-1908 page13.
Recommended publications
  • Tinamiformes – Falconiformes
    LIST OF THE 2,008 BIRD SPECIES (WITH SCIENTIFIC AND ENGLISH NAMES) KNOWN FROM THE A.O.U. CHECK-LIST AREA. Notes: "(A)" = accidental/casualin A.O.U. area; "(H)" -- recordedin A.O.U. area only from Hawaii; "(I)" = introducedinto A.O.U. area; "(N)" = has not bred in A.O.U. area but occursregularly as nonbreedingvisitor; "?" precedingname = extinct. TINAMIFORMES TINAMIDAE Tinamus major Great Tinamou. Nothocercusbonapartei Highland Tinamou. Crypturellus soui Little Tinamou. Crypturelluscinnamomeus Thicket Tinamou. Crypturellusboucardi Slaty-breastedTinamou. Crypturellus kerriae Choco Tinamou. GAVIIFORMES GAVIIDAE Gavia stellata Red-throated Loon. Gavia arctica Arctic Loon. Gavia pacifica Pacific Loon. Gavia immer Common Loon. Gavia adamsii Yellow-billed Loon. PODICIPEDIFORMES PODICIPEDIDAE Tachybaptusdominicus Least Grebe. Podilymbuspodiceps Pied-billed Grebe. ?Podilymbusgigas Atitlan Grebe. Podicepsauritus Horned Grebe. Podicepsgrisegena Red-neckedGrebe. Podicepsnigricollis Eared Grebe. Aechmophorusoccidentalis Western Grebe. Aechmophorusclarkii Clark's Grebe. PROCELLARIIFORMES DIOMEDEIDAE Thalassarchechlororhynchos Yellow-nosed Albatross. (A) Thalassarchecauta Shy Albatross.(A) Thalassarchemelanophris Black-browed Albatross. (A) Phoebetriapalpebrata Light-mantled Albatross. (A) Diomedea exulans WanderingAlbatross. (A) Phoebastriaimmutabilis Laysan Albatross. Phoebastrianigripes Black-lootedAlbatross. Phoebastriaalbatrus Short-tailedAlbatross. (N) PROCELLARIIDAE Fulmarus glacialis Northern Fulmar. Pterodroma neglecta KermadecPetrel. (A) Pterodroma
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeography of the Military Macaw (Ara Militaris) and the Great Green Macaw (A
    The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 127(4):661–669, 2015 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MILITARY MACAW (ARA MILITARIS) AND THE GREAT GREEN MACAW (A. AMBIGUUS) BASED ON MTDNA SEQUENCE DATA JESSICA R. EBERHARD,1,5 EDUARDO E. IÑIGO-ELIAS,2 ERNESTO ENKERLIN-HOEFLICH,3 AND E. PAÙL CUN4 ABSTRACT.—The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) and the Great Green Macaw (A. ambiguus) are species whose close relationship is reflected in their morphological similarity as well as their geographic ranges. Military Macaws have a disjunct distribution, found in Mexico as well as several areas in South America, while Great Green Macaws have two or more disjunct populations from Honduras to eastern Ecuador. We used mitochondrial sequence data to examine the phylogenetic relationships between these two species, and also among representative samples across their ranges. Our data clearly support recognition of the two species as being distinct evolutionary lineages, and while we found significant phylogeographic structure within A. militaris (between samples collected in eastern and western Mexico), we did not find any evidence of lineage divergence between A. ambiguus from Costa Rica and Ecuador. Received 12 December 2014. Accepted 30 May 2015. Key words: disjunct distribution, Great Green Macaw, Military Macaw, phylogeny, phylogeography. The Military Macaw (Ara militaris) and the South America, primarily east of the Andes from Great Green Macaw (A. ambiguus), sometimes northwestern Colombia and northwestern Vene- named Buffon’s Macaw, are both large macaws zuela to north-western Argentina (Ridgway 1916; that are closely related and possibly conspecific Chapman 1917; Alvarez del Toro 1980; Ridgely (Fjeldså et al. 1987, Collar et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Parrot Brochure
    COMMON MEDICAL PROPER HOUSING COMPANION DISEASES PARROTS: 1.) Nutritional deficiencies - A variety of ocular, nasal, respiratory, reproductive LARGE & SMALL and skin disorders caused by chronically improper diets. 2.) Feather picking - A behavioral disorder, sometimes secondary to a primary medical problem, where the bird self-mutilates by picking out its own Maecenas feathers. It is most often due to depression from lack of mental Proper housing for a macaw and other large birds stimulation or companionship and more Finding the right parrot cage for your feathered commonly seen in larger species. friend depends on the size and needs of your Purchasing your pet birds only in pairs bird. For example, while a parakeet needs a can help prevent this disorder smaller cage that can sit on a counter-top or from developing." table; the macaw needs a HUGE cage practically 3.) Bumblefoot - All caged birds are the size of a small room! It is always safest to “go susceptible to developing “bumblefoot" big.” Avoid galvanized metal wiring due to the or pododermatitis. This disease manifests potential for lead poisoning, and clean the itself as blisters and infections of the feet substrate on the bottom of the cage daily to caused by dirty perches or perches that weekly. Birds are messy creatures that love to are all the same size, shape and made of dive into their food bowls! Perches should vary the same material. i.e. smooth wood. in size, shape and material; including various How best to care for these diverse woods, sand paper and cloth. Clean perches and colorful birds and to ensure regularly to prevent diseases of the feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Parrots of the Neotropics
    sustain their numbers. Buffon's Macaw: Appendix I. Threatened Parrots Sometimes confused with the Mili­ tary Macaw. See A.F.A. Watchbird Oct/Nov 1986 and Dec/Jan 1990 for ofthe Neotropics clarification. These birds are seri­ by Nigel J. Col/ar ously declining throughout their International Council for Bird Preservation range in Central America. Captive Cambridge, United Kingdom breeding is desperately needed. Green-winged Macaws: Appen­ dix 11. Still being brought into the U.S. Parrots as Problems the deletion of Yellow-sided Parakeet The wild caught birds have proven Parrots are colourful, vegetarian, Pyrrhura hypoxantha (an invalid difficult to breed. Better success is playful and mimetic, so people find species), the relegation of Yellow­ possible utilizing captive bred birds them attractive, easy to keep, com­ faced Amazon Amazona xanthops to for breeding. panionable and entertaining. In popu­ near-threatened status, the promotion Hyacinth Macaws: Appendix I. lar consciousness, they are the most from near-threatened status of White­ Current population is estimated at high-profile of birds, commonly fea­ headed Amazon Amazona leuco­ 2500 to 5000 total population. lllegal tured in advertisements that seek to cephala, and the addition of El Oro trade continues to decimate their assert the tropical authenticity of a Parakeet Pyrrhura orcesi, Fuertes' population. Further captive breeding product, and often humourised in Hapalopsittaca fuertesi and Fire­ is necessary to maintain adequate cartoon form to assure the conviv­ eyed Parrots H. pyrrhops, Blue­ amounts ofbirds. iality of and complicity in the experi­ cheeked Amazona dufresniana and Military Macaws: Appendix I. ence the product offers. Alder Amazons A.
    [Show full text]
  • Macaw Society America
    tary Macaws. This ecological differ­ that a number of the yellow feathers ence enabled them to evolve larger are richly tipped with green. Indeed, size, paler color, and now a different some of the coverts may be entirely pattern ofbehavior. This went to such green. Further, though this has yet to an extreme that they became a differ­ be corroborated by the measurements ent species: Button's Macaw (A. taken of museum skins, so many of ambigua). Elsewhere, the Military the aviary birds obtained from Macaw also became somewhat less South America (some are known to The montane and has now diffused over have been imported from Guyana) much of Mexico. These now differ seem so much larger generally (as subspecifically from those to the well as being brighter) than those south. known to come from northern Macaw Likewise, the Scarlet Macaw of Central America. Mexico and Central America may also The Scarlet Macaws from Panama, have gained entry only towards the and to an increasingly lesser degree end of the last Ice Age (some 12,000 Costa Rica, have examples of both Society years back). Originally, so few indi­ colorations in the population. It is, vidual birds percolated through the therefore, assumed that this area constraints of the Isthmus that they forms a "hybrid zone" between the were limited in their genetic diversity. brighter southern and the duller Once through this geographical northern races. of barrier, the inevitable inbreeding and It would take a study which subsequent evolution from the encompasses more skins than the founder-immigrants ensured that they British Museum, the Smithsonian, America developed a different appearance and the American Museum of Natural from those Scarlet Macaws found on History have supplied, to prove that by Robert Francis the mainland ofSouth America.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 32 Issue 1
    The Minnesota River Valley Audubon Chapter Trumpeter Volume 53 Issue 1–Bloomington MN Josh Sweet, Trumpeter Editor www.MRVAC.org August - September 2019 [email protected] Special Presentation on September 26 Board Members Elected Birding and Seabird Research submitted by the MRVAC Board of Directors in Alaska’s Bering Sea Ten candidates were chosen to serve on the Minnesota presented by Joel Vos Valley Audubon Chapter’s Board of Directors at the Alaska is home to many incredible seabirds and can be meeting on Thursday, May 23. The Board now consists a haven for rare vagrant sightings for any birder. Come of the following people who will serve during the 2019-2020 term. hear about the seabird research and incredible birding experiences Joel participated in while working in the Matthew Schaut, President Pribilof and Aleutian Islands of the Alaska Maritime Steve Weston, Vice President National Wildlife Refuge. Walt Stull, Treasurer Rob Daves, Secretary An enthusiastic birder since his youth, Joel Vos is a U.S. Rita Baden, Director at Large Fish and Wildlife Service Park Ranger at the Minnesota Greg Burnes, Director at Large Lee Ann Landstrom, Director at Large Valley National Wildlife Refuge. Before starting at the Ken Oulman, Director at Large Minnesota Valley in 2018, Joel previously worked at Monica Rauchwarter, Director at Large Savannah Coastal Refuges Complex near Savannah, Bob Williams, Director at Large Georgia, but started his career with the USFWS in 2012 at the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge in Homer, Alaska. Joel graduated from Saint Olaf College New Editor of The Trumpeter with a bachelor’s degree (BA) in Environmental Studies, by Josh Sweet, Trumpeter Editor and received a graduate certificate in Environmental Education along with a master’s degree in Education It is an honor and my pleasure to become the next (MEd) from the University of Minnesota, Duluth.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Projdoc.Pdf
    Coming Through the Hard Times One Earth Conservation Annual Report 2020 Table of Contents Letter from the Co-Directors 3 Mission & Accomplishments 4 Going Virtual 6 Science 8 Conservation 2020 10 Organization 20 Financial Report 22 Thank You! 24 Letter from the Co-directors 2 Dear One Earthers, The past year, 2020, was a very hard one for so many who were overwhelmed by the pandemic, politics, protests, powerful precipitation, and precarious populations of parrots, among other things. One Earth Conservation’s parrot conservation projects have had more than their share of hard times. Just when it seems that we have come through one hard time, along comes another, and another. Paraphrasing Stephen Foster’s song “Hard Times Come Again No More,” there are frail forms fainting at the door, and though their voices are silent, their pleading looks rock us to the core. How can we keep hard times coming no more, for ourselves and others? The short answer is we cannot. Life is hardship and tragedy. And it is also joy and beauty. There is no beauty without tragedy, and no tragedy without beauty. Both are woven into existence, but we do believe it is possible to weave more color into the drab fabric that smothers so many lives. We do so by bringing hope, and, at the same time, this work allows one to live joyously while in a state of profound grief. This hope arises from our faith that we can accept reality just as it is in all its beauty and tragedy. We see the suffering of others, and how our lives interweave with the tragedy of the commons that causes hunger through ecosystem failure and loss of biodiversity and climate crisis-fueled hurricanes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus Hyacinthinus) Pair
    The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) Volume 12 Issue 1 Article 2 2020 A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair Pamela Mulkay University of Central Florida Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of Undergraduate Research at STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ) by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Mulkay, Pamela (2020) "A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair," The Pegasus Review: UCF Undergraduate Research Journal (URJ): Vol. 12 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/urj/vol12/iss1/2 Mulkay: A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw Published 9-17 Vol. 12.1: April 8, 2020 THE PEGASUS REVIEW: UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH JOURNAL A Courting Behavioral Study on a Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) Pair By: Pamela Mulkay Faculty Mentor: Frank Logiudice UCF Department of Biology ABSTRACT: This study observes the courtship behaviors of an Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus pair in the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens in Sanford, Florida. A. hyacinthinus reproductive behaviors occur in four steps in the following order: Allopreening, Cloacal allopreening, Back to Back Copulation Position and finally, Copulation (Schneider 2006). Behavioral observations were taken twice a week for an average of 2 to 3 hours each day for ten weeks. The resulting data was analyzed based on the different actions, types of movement, and types of maintenance observed of the A.
    [Show full text]
  • Scarlet Macaw Ara Macao
    Scarlet Macaw Ara macao Class: Aves Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae Characteristics: Named for their bright red plumage, scarlet macaws also have green and blue primary and flight feathers. They have bare white skin between their beak and their eye. Typical of parrots, they use their feet to climb, grip and also as a “hand” for feeding and grasping (Blank Park Zoo). Behavior: Very social, “talkative” birds which live in flocks of up to 30 birds. They are fast flyers with great maneuverability. Vocalization is important for group communication (Sedgewick County Zoo). Reproduction: Similar to other macaws, the female lays 2 to 4 eggs on a nest cavity. The chicks hatch following a 24 to 26 day incubation period. When the chicks Range & Habitat: hatch, they are blind and featherless. They fledge the nest around 3.5 months old. Rainforests, forests bordering rivers, wooded grasslands Diet: Wild: Fruits, vegetable matter and nuts. Often found at clay licks around exposed river banks eating soil which may provide them with nutrients and minerals lacking in their diet and neutralize acid in their system. Zoo: Parrot pellets, seeds, apples, carrots, greens, oranges Conservation: Like other parrots, scarlet macaws also are suffering a decline due to Lifespan: up to 60 years in habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. While only one out of many birds captivity and in the wild. smuggled into the pet trade will survive, the smugglers think the payoff is worth the loss. A single macaw sold on the black market may be worth Special Adaptations: Can eat fruit thousands of dollars (Rainforest Alliance).
    [Show full text]
  • Golden Conure Research Will Aid Its Survival
    Golden Conure research will aid its survival By GLENN REYNOLDS We have long been concerned about this Brazilian species, which has suffered from tremendous loss of its rainforest habitat and being highly sought after for the illicit bird-trade; therefore, in May of 1999 we launched the WPT-USA ’Golden Conure Survival Fund’. We contacted Carlos Yamashita, Brazil’s leading parrot biologist, who had previously conducted research into the Golden Conure and its needs. He indicated he was anxious to do more to help its preservation. We published a detailed proposal from Dr. Charles Munn III in the August 1999 PsittaScene. Glenn Reynolds. The town of Paragominas, at the heart of History the region, is now surrounded by a The Golden Conure (Guaruba guarouba) is devastated landscape. Over the past several also known as the Queen of Bavaria’s years, two thirds of the town’s lumber mills Conure. Although it has been considered have ceased to operate, indicating an endangered since the mid 1940s it has exhaustion of local wood sources. This never been formally studied as its range means the forests that provide food for the was considered to be so remote that it was local fauna are likely to be razed in the out of harm’s way. In the early 1970s very near future. The rural social conditions construction began on the Tucuruí dam, spawned this boom-bust cycle of timber, which on completion flooded 888 square presenting a further obstacle in the Golden miles of rainforest. The dam evoked the Conure’s struggle to survive.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinho & Nogueira.Fm
    ORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 14: 29–38, 2003 © The Neotropical Ornithological Society HYACINTH MACAW (ANODORHYNCHUS HYACINTHINUS) REPRODUCTION IN THE NORTHERN PANTANAL, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL João Batista Pinho1 & Flávia M.B. Nogueira2 Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, s/n, 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] & [email protected] Resumo. – Reprodução de Arara Azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) no norte do Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil. – A Arara Azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) é uma das muitas espécies da fauna bra- sileira que é ameaçada pela atividade humana, principalmente devido a perda de habitat. A população total com de cerca de 3.000 indivíduos de Arara Azul de vida livre ocorrem principalmente no Pantanal de Mato Grosso, Brasil, uma das maiores áreas alagadas do mundo. Queimadas para a manutenção das pastagens e o tráfico ilegal tem sido e ainda são as maiores ameaças para a sobrevivência da espécie no Pantanal. Nós estudamos as necessidades ambientais, o sucesso reprodutivo e aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da Arara Azul em uma área de 31.000 ha na região norte do Pantanal, de modo a aumentar as informações necessá- rias para elaboração de estratégias de manejo e conservação desta espécie. Procuramos por ninhos, marca- mos e medimos as cavidades dos ninhos e tentamos identificar o potencial de forrageamento e de sítios de nidificação que podem ser colonizados no futuro. Na área de estudo, as Araras Azuis usam cavidades de árvores para nidificar, em árvores entre 10–25 m de altura, a maioria nas bordas de matas. Catorze ninhos foram encontrados (0,045 ninho/100 ha), sendo 12 (85,7%) em apenas uma espécie de árvore, Sterculia ape- tala (Sterculiaceae).
    [Show full text]
  • According to Dictionary
    Extinction: The Parrots We’ve Lost By Desi Milpacher The definition of extinction is “the act or process of becoming extinct; a coming to an end or dying out: the extinction of a species.” Once extinction has been determined, there is usually no chance of a species recurring in a given ecosystem. In mankind’s active history of exploration, exploitation and settlement of new worlds, there has been much loss of natural resources. Parrots have suffered tremendously in this, with over twenty species having been permanently lost. And there are many more that are teetering on the edge, towards the interminable abyss. In this article we find out what happened to these lost treasures, learn which ones are currently being lost, and why this is important to our world. The Old and New Worlds and Their Lost Parrots Little is known of the natural history of most of the world’s extinct parrots, mainly because they disappeared before in-depth studies were conducted on them. It is generally believed, save the Central American macaws which were least known, that most fed on diets similar to today’s parrots (leaves, blossoms, seeds, nuts and fruits), frequented heavy forested areas and nested mainly in tree cavities. A number could not fly well, or were exceptionally tame, leading to their easy capture. Nearly all of these natural treasures vanished between the 18th and early 20th centuries, and the main reason for their loss was overhunting. Some lesser causes included egg collecting (popular with naturalists in the 19th century), diseases (introduced or endemic), drought, natural disasters, predation by introduced species, and habitat alternation.
    [Show full text]