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Do Small Mammals Affect Plant Diversity?

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Do Small Mammals Affect Plant Diversity? University of Münster Department of Behavioural biology Do small mammals affect plant diversity? Field studiesin Namaqualand, South Africa, a biodiversityhotspot Diploma thesis Presented by Christina Keller - April 2005 - University of Münster Department of Behavioural biology Do small mammals affect plant diversity? Field studiesin Namaqualand, South Africa, a biodiversityhotspot Diploma thesis Presented by Christina Keller - April 2005 - Contents I 1.1. Abstract...........................................................................................................1 1.2. Zusammenfassung.........................................................................................2 2. Introduction .......................................................................................................3 3. Subjects, Material and Methods.......................................................................9 3.1. Studyarea....................................................................................................9 3.2. Animals ......................................................................................................11 3.3. Correlation between small mammalsand plants........................................14 3.3.1. Trapping............................................................................................14 3.3.2. Vegetation survey .............................................................................14 3.3.3. Soil samples .....................................................................................16 3.3.4. Altitude..............................................................................................17 3.3.5. Rainfall..............................................................................................17 3.3.6. Statistics ...........................................................................................17 3.4. Food Preference tests................................................................................18 3.5. Plant biodiversityaround bush Karoo rat nests..........................................19 3.6. Fence line...................................................................................................20 4. Results .............................................................................................................22 4.1. Correlation between small mammalsand plants........................................22 4.1.1. Comparison between winter and summer.........................................22 4.1.2. Winter trapping season.....................................................................24 4.1.3. Summer trapping season..................................................................26 4.1.4. Correlation between plant cover and small mammals.......................29 4.1.5. Soil survey ........................................................................................29 4.1.6. Cluster-analyses ...............................................................................32 4.1.7. General linear model.........................................................................32 4.2. Food Preference tests................................................................................34 Contents II 4.2.1. Pilot study .........................................................................................34 4.2.1.1. Striped mouse ( R. pumilio ) ....................................................34 4.2.1.2. bush-Karoo rat ( O. unisulcatus ).............................................34 4.2.2. Second set of tests ...........................................................................35 4.2.2.1. Striped mouse ( R. pumilio ) ....................................................35 4.2.2.2. bush-Karoo rat ( O. unisulcatus)............................................. 36 4.3. Plant biodiversityaround bush Karoo rat nests..........................................37 4.4. Fence line...................................................................................................38 5. Discussion .......................................................................................................39 5.1 Correlation between small mammalsand plants.........................................39 5.2. Food-preference-tests................................................................................42 5.2.1. Pilot study .........................................................................................43 5.2.2. Second set of tests ...........................................................................43 5.3. Plant diversityaround bush-Karoo rat nests...............................................44 5.4. Other factorsthat might influence plant biodiversity...................................45 5.5. Fence line...................................................................................................47 6. Conclusions.....................................................................................................50 7. References.......................................................................................................51 8. Appendix..........................................................................................................57 9. Acknowledgements.........................................................................................66 Abstract 1 1.1. Abstract The conservation of species is one of the most important duties of our century. Basic ecological knowledge is essential in order to perform it. Conservation is particularly effective in hotspots of biodiversity, because many species can be protected here at the same time in a relative small area. One of these biodiversity hotspotsis the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa, which holdsan extraordinary high number of plant species. Small mammals are abundant in the Succulent Karoo and might be of crucial importance asherbivoresin thisecosystem. For the first time the influence of small mammalson plant diversitywasinvestigated in my study. It isknown from earlier studiesthat herbivorescan increase floral diversity by reducing dominant plant species and thus providing space for subdominant species, which would be outcompeted otherwise. In a correlative studyI tested if this mechanism might exist in the Succulent Karoo. The plant diversity in 10 ecological different studysitesin Goegap Nature Reserve wascorrelated with the number of small mammals living there. Additionally two rodent species (Rhabdomys pumilio and Otomys unisulcatus ) were taken as example-species and tested in food-preference-testsfor a preference for subdominant or dominant plant species. Additionally the influence of O. unisulcatus on the plant community surrounding their nestswasalso investigated. I found several positive correlations between plant diversityand the number of individualsand especiallythe species number of small mammals. The direct surroundings of occupied O. unisulcatus nests showed a significantly higher plant diversity than control areas, although food-preference tests revealed that O. unisulcatus prefers subdominant food- plants. In the contrary R. pumilio preferred dominant food-plants. All in all this results indicate a distinct influence of small mammals on plant diversity. The results of my study are of great importance for conservation programs in the Succulent Karoo in which small mammalsshould be included in the future. Zusammenfassung 2 1.2. Zusammenfassung Artenschutz ist eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben unserer Zeit. Für seine Durchführung ist ökologisches Basiswissen zwingend erforderlich. Besonders effektiv ist Artenschutz an Schwerpunkten der Artenvielfalt (Biodiversität), denn hier lassen sich viele Arten gleichzeitig und auf kleinem Raum schützen. Einer dieser Biodiversitätshotspotsist die Sukkulentenkaroo im südlichen Afrika, die sich im Besonderen durch ihre extrem artenreiche Flora auszeichnet. Kleinsäuger sind hier als Pflanzenfresser von großer Bedeutung. Erstmals wurde in dieser Studie der Einfluss von Kleinsäugern auf die Artenvielfalt der Pflanzen in der Sukkulentenkaroo untersucht. Es ist aus andern Studien bekannt, dass Pflanzenfresser einen positiven Einfluss auf die Diversität ihrer Futterpflanzen haben können, indem sie dominante Pflanzenarten reduzieren und auf diese Weise Platz für subdominante Arten schaffen, die andernfalls verdrängt würden. Ob dies in der Sukkulentenkaroo der Fall ist wurde mit einer korrelativen Studie untersucht. Die Pflanzendiversität an 10 ökologisch verschiedenen Untersuchungsgebieten im Goegap Nature Reserve wurde mit den dort lebenden Kleinsäugern in Zusammenhang gebracht. Zusätzlich wurde mit Futter-Präferenz Testsexemplarisch an zwei Nagerarten ( Rhabdomys pumilio , Otomys unisulcatus ) getestet ob sie dominante Futterpflanzen bevorzugt fressen. Bei einer dieser Arten wurde außerdem ihr Einflussauf die Pflanzendiversität in unmittelbarer Umgebung ihresNestesuntersucht. Eswurden mehrfach positive Korrelationen zwischen der Anzahl der Kleinsäugerindividuen und besondersder Anzahl ihrer Arten und der Pflanzendiversität gefunden. Dieser Zusammenhang war im Winter deutlicher als im Sommer. Im Vergleich zu unbewohnten Gebieten wurden in unmittelbarer Umgebung von bewohnten Otomys unisulcatus -Nestern signifikant mehr Pflanzen gefunden, obwohl Futter-PräferenzTests zeigten, dass diese Art subdominante Pflanzenarten bevorzugt. Rhabdomys pumilio hingegen bevorzugte dominante Futterpflanzen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen einen deutlichen Einfluss von Kleinsäugern auf die Diversität der Pflanzen ihrer Umgebung. Der ökologische
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