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A HRC 28 69-ES.Pdf Naciones Unidas A/HRC/28/69 Asamblea General Distr. general 5 de febrero de 2015 Español Original: inglés Consejo de Derechos Humanos 27º período de sesiones Tema 4 de la agenda Situaciones de derechos humanos que requieren la atención del Consejo Informe de la Comisión de Investigación Internacional Independiente sobre la Situación en la República Árabe Siria* Resumen Este informe se presenta al Consejo de Derechos Humanos de conformidad con su resolución S-17/1. En la República Árabe Siria, la violencia ha mutado de los desórdenes públicos de marzo de 2011 a los disturbios internos y la aparición de un conflicto armado no internacional en febrero de 2012. Cada vez son más los agentes involucrados cuya conducta se caracteriza por el absoluto desprecio de las normas del derecho internacional. Desde que se inició el conflicto, la población civil ha sido la principal víctima de los sufrimientos infligidos por las partes beligerantes. Desde que se creó, la Comisión de Investigación ha llamado persistentemente la atención acerca de las atrocidades cometidas en todo el país. En el presente informe, la Comisión expone las principales tendencias y pautas de las violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho humanitario perpetradas entre marzo de 2011 y enero de 2015, basándose en las más de 3.556 entrevistas con víctimas y testigos presenciales realizadas dentro y fuera del país desde septiembre de 2011. El informe, en el que se evalúan las acciones y las omisiones de la comunidad internacional, tiene por finalidad poner una vez más de relieve la penosa situación de la población siria en ausencia de una solución política del conflicto. La Comisión subraya la necesidad urgente de que se adopten medidas internacionales concertadas y sostenidas para encontrar una solución política al conflicto, detener las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos y romper el círculo vicioso de la impunidad. * Los anexos del presente informe se distribuyen tal como se recibieron, en el idioma en que se presentaron únicamente. GE.15-01940 (S) 230215 240215 A/HRC/28/69 Índice Párrafos Página I. Introducción ............................................................................................................ 1–5 3 II. Protección de las víctimas ....................................................................................... 6–94 3 A. De los desórdenes a la guerra ......................................................................... 6–46 3 B. Consecuencias de la incapacidad del Estado de proteger a la población civil ................................................................................................................. 47–86 8 C. Medidas para proteger a la población civil ..................................................... 87–94 15 III. Rendición de cuentas ............................................................................................... 95–108 16 A. Identificación de los presuntos responsables .................................................. 98–100 17 B. Categorías de los presuntos responsables ....................................................... 101 17 C. La búsqueda de la justicia ............................................................................... 102–105 17 D. Asistencia a los enjuiciamientos por los tribunales nacionales ....................... 106–107 18 E. Medidas adicionales para buscar justicia ........................................................ 108 18 IV. Responsabilidad común........................................................................................... 109–133 18 A. Incapacidad de alcanzar una solución política ................................................ 109–115 18 B. Participación de agentes externos ................................................................... 116–127 20 C. Responsabilidad del sistema de las Naciones Unidas ..................................... 128–133 22 V. Conclusiones y recomendaciones ............................................................................ 134–148 23 A. Conclusiones ................................................................................................... 134–141 23 B. Recomendaciones ........................................................................................... 142–148 24 Anexos I. Correspondence with the Government of the Syrian Arab Republic ............................................... 26 II. Violations documented between 15 July 2014 and 15 January 2015 ............................................... 29 III. Map of the Syrian Arab Republic ..................................................................................................... 66 2 GE.15-01940 A/HRC/28/69 I. Introducción 1. La violencia en la República Árabe Siria ha evolucionado de los desórdenes de marzo de 2011 a los disturbios internos y la aparición de un conflicto armado no internacional en febrero de 2012. Cada vez son más los agentes involucrados cuya conducta se caracteriza por el absoluto desprecio de las normas del derecho internacional. 2. Desde que se inició el conflicto, los civiles han tenido que soportar los ingentes sufrimientos que les han infligido las partes beligerantes. Han resultado muertos cientos de miles de sirios. La mitad de los habitantes del país han tenido que abandonar sus hogares y se han convertido en refugiados o desplazados internos cuyas necesidades actuales superan con creces la respuesta humanitaria disponible. Dada la dificultad para llegar a muchas de esas personas, las actividades básicas de protección esencial resultan prácticamente inviables. 3. Desde que se creó, la Comisión de Investigación1 ha llamado persistentemente la atención acerca de las atrocidades cometidas en todo el país. En el presente informe, la Comisión expone las principales tendencias y pautas de las violaciones de los derechos humanos y del derecho humanitario perpetradas entre marzo de 2011 y enero de 2015, basándose en las más de 3.556 entrevistas con víctimas y testigos presenciales realizadas dentro y fuera del país desde septiembre de 2011. 4. Como el Gobierno le ha denegado el acceso a la República Árabe Siria, para corroborar sus conclusiones la Comisión se ha basado esencialmente en testimonios de primera mano. Las conclusiones de la Comisión se fundamentan en fotografías, grabaciones de video, imágenes de satélite y registros médicos y forenses. La correspondencia entre la Misión Permanente de la República Árabe Siria y la Comisión figura anexa al presente informe (véase el anexo I). 5. La Comisión presenta sus conclusiones sobre las violaciones del derecho internacional cometidas en la República Árabe Siria entre el 15 de julio de 2014 y el 15 de enero de 2015 (véase el anexo II). Las conclusiones jurídicas y fácticas se basan en 380 entrevistas realizadas en la región y desde Ginebra. Esas conclusiones deben leerse conjuntamente con los informes anteriores de la Comisión2. Continúan siendo aplicables los criterios de evaluación de las pruebas utilizados en anteriores informes. II. Protección de las víctimas A. De los desórdenes a la guerra 1. Fuerzas gubernamentales 6. Siguen perpetrándose las mismas violaciones que se cometían al comenzar los desórdenes en 2011. Este hecho pone de manifiesto la impunidad con la que todavía actúa el Gobierno. 7. Cuando se desencadenaron las protestas en la ciudad de Dara'a en marzo 2011, las fuerzas gubernamentales abrieron fuego contra los manifestantes. A medida que las protestas se propagaron por el país, el Gobierno les hizo frente con una respuesta violenta, a 1 La Comisión está integrada por Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro (Presidente), Karen Koning AbuZayd, Vitit Muntarbhorn y Carla del Ponte. 2 S-17/2/Add.1, A/HRC/19/69, A/HRC/21/50, A/HRC/22/59, A/HRC/23/58, A/HRC/24/46, A/HRC/25/65 y A/HRC/27/60. GE.15-01940 3 A/HRC/28/69 menudo letal. El Gobierno sostuvo entonces que los manifestantes habían disparado contra sus efectivos, y facilitó una lista de miembros de las fuerzas de seguridad que presuntamente habían resultado muertos en las protestas. 8. A medida que esos desórdenes evolucionaron hasta convertirse en violencia armada a finales de 2011, el Gobierno intensificó las incursiones terrestres contra las zonas rebeldes. Ya en esos primeros ataques se registraron casos de asesinato y tortura de residentes civiles y personas armadas que habían sido capturadas. En 2012, mientras el país se encaminaba inexorablemente hacia la guerra civil, las fuerzas gubernamentales3 perpetraron varias matanzas de civiles durante las incursiones terrestres. 9. Para finales de 2012, las fuerzas gubernamentales habían cambiado de táctica y rara vez lanzaban ataques por tierra. Al parecer ello se debió al hecho de que las incursiones terrestres proporcionaban a los efectivos de infantería, mayoritariamente suníes, la oportunidad de desertar, y al aumento de la capacidad de los grupos armados de atacar a las unidades gubernamentales. 10. No obstante, los elementos principales de los ataques gubernamentales contra las zonas rebeldes han permanecido invariables. Consisten en: a) cercar una zona, estableciendo puestos de control en todos los puntos de acceso; b) imponer el asedio, impidiendo la entrada de alimentos, suministros médicos y, en ocasiones, agua y electricidad, a una ciudad o zona; c) bombardear por tierra y aire la zona asediada; d) detener, y, a menudo, hacer desaparecer, a los heridos que tratan de salir de la zona asediada en busca de la atención médica de la que no se dispone en ella y a los que intentan romper el asedio, normalmente introduciendo alimentos y suministros
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