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Land-Use Changes by Large-Scale Plantations and Their Effects on Soil Organic Carbon, Micronutrients and Bulk Density: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia

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Land-Use Changes by Large-Scale Plantations and Their Effects on Soil Organic Carbon, Micronutrients and Bulk Density: Empirical Evidence from Ethiopia See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284156188 Land-use changes by large-scale plantations and its effects on soil organic carbon, micronutrients and bulk density: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia Article in Agriculture and Human Values · November 2015 CITATION READS 1 207 4 authors, including: Maru Shete Marcel Rutten St. Mary's University, Ethiopia African Studies Centre 20 PUBLICATIONS 92 CITATIONS 57 PUBLICATIONS 307 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE George C. Schoneveld Center for International Forestry Research 63 PUBLICATIONS 1,127 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Africa-China Informal Resource Trade (ACIRT) View project Greening livestock: Incentive-Based Interventions for Reducing the Climate Impact of Livestock in East Africa" View project All content following this page was uploaded by George C. Schoneveld on 16 June 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Agric Hum Values (2016) 33:689–704 DOI 10.1007/s10460-015-9664-1 Land-use changes by large-scale plantations and their effects on soil organic carbon, micronutrients and bulk density: empirical evidence from Ethiopia 1,2 1,3 4 2 Maru Shete • Marcel Rutten • George C. Schoneveld • Eylachew Zewude Accepted: 3 September 2015 / Published online: 9 November 2015 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 Abstract This article examines land-use changes by will pose a serious threat to the long-term economic large-scale plantations in Ethiopia and evaluates the viability and sustainability of plantation agriculture in impacts thereof on soil organic carbon, micronutrients and Ethiopia. This could undermine long-term ecosystem bulk density. Remote sensing analysis and field research health and national food security. activities were undertaken at four large-scale plantation projects in Benshanguel Gumuz, Gambella, and Oromia Keywords Land-use change Á Plantations Á Soil carbon Á regional states. Results show that the projects largely Soil micronutrients Á Soil-bulk density Á Ethiopia involved the conversion of both closed and open to closed forests and grasslands, which in turn reduced soil carbon Abbreviations stock and micronutrient levels and increased soil com- AILAA Agricultural Investment and Land paction. We argue that unless appropriate soil manage- Administration Agency ment activities and impact mitigation strategies are AISD Agricultural Investment Support Directorate adopted by plantation proponents, these land-use changes BD Soil-bulk density BGRIO Benshanguel Gumuz Region Investment Office BSRS Benshanguel Gumuz Regional State Cmol(?) Centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil CSA Central Statistical Authority EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Authority & Maru Shete [email protected]; [email protected] FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Marcel Rutten HLPE High Level Panel of Experts [email protected] HoAREC Horn of Africa Regional Environment George C. Schoneveld Centre [email protected] HoARECN Horn of Africa Regional Environment Eylachew Zewude Centre and Network [email protected] ILRI International Livestock Research Institute 1 The African Studies Centre, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB Leiden, NTFP Non-timber forest products The Netherlands OC Organic carbon 2 St. Mary’s University, P.O.Box 1211, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia PH Power of hydrogen 3 Department of Human Geography, Radbound University, PLC Private Limited Company Nijmegen, The Netherlands SOC Soil organic carbon 4 Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), SOM Soil organic matter P.O.Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya S & P Shampoorji and Pallonji 123 690 M. Shete et al. Introduction Balehegn 2015), research to date has focused primarily on the socio-economic dimensions (Lazarus 2014). Relevant Following the 2007/08 food and oil price spikes, many research on the impact of plantation investments on specific public and private actors began to acquire large areas of environmental parameters includes, for example, Rodrigues land in the developing South, where agro-ecologically et al. (2009) on deforestation and regional climate change; suitable lands are comparatively cheap and abundant Gobena (2010) on deforestation; Rulli et al. (2013) on global (Agrarian Justice 2013). Though not a new phenomenon, water availability; Lazarus (2014), on rivers sediment flux; this renewed interest in land had led to the emergence of a and Rabalais et al. (2010) on the effects of fertilizer run-off new discourse on ‘land grabbing’ or, in more neutral terms, on coastal water bodies. However, research on the effects of ‘large scale land acquisitions’. In this discourse, such land use change from large-scale plantations on soil-related investments are typically characterized by the expropria- environmental parameters such as soil carbon stock, soil tion of lands from the rural poor that lack secure property bulk density (porosity), and soil micronutrients is lacking, rights to produce commodities through plantation mono- despite its importance. Lazarus (2014), for example, noted culture for foreign food, feed, and biofuel markets (Borras that an increase in industrial farming practices could result in and Franco 2012). This trend is generally viewed as being soil depletion around the globe. partly driven by favourable commercial prospects as a In order to fill this knowledge gap, this article examines result of recent price hikes, but also by policy initiatives the impact of large-scale plantations on soil-related envi- such as the European Union (EU) Renewable Energy ronmental parameters in Ethiopia. It focuses on micro- Directive that mandates member states to incorporate nutrients such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), and renewable energy sources into their energy mix by 2020 Manganese (Mn), which are known to be especially defi- (see European Union 2009) and outwards investment cient in many areas in Ethiopia (Desta 1983; Asgelil et al. incentives in especially food insecure countries to enhance 2007; Abera and Kebede 2013). While soil macronutrients control over extra-territorial resources.1 The Land Matrix such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are (2015) estimates that approximately 29.6 million ha of land essential to crop production since fertilizers containing have been acquired for plantations since 2000, of which these nutrients are often added by commercial farming approximately 55.9 % are located in Africa. In Ethiopia, operations, these were not the objects of analysis. one of the largest investment recipients, Shete and Rutten As contextualization, the article will first examine the (2015a) estimated that close to 2.2 million ha of land has changes in vegetation cover induced by large-scale land been transferred to investors between 1992 and 2013, with acquisition using spatio-temporal remote sensing imagery. the vast majority acquired since 2008. Subsequently, it will estimate the effects of land use These new farm-based investments have become a changes induced by large-scale plantations on soil organic politically contested contentious topic. On the one hand, carbon, soil micronutrients and soil bulk density. Data for many recipient governments have actively promoted these these analyses were collected from four large-scale farms investments through favourable incentive packages, as a in three regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Gambella and means to contribute to domestic export earnings, capital Benshanguel Gumuz), which represent different ecosys- formation, and rural development objectives. On the other tems. The article is structured into the following sections; hand, much research has shown that few positive devel- methods, results, discussion and conclusions. opment impacts accrue since the loss of access to land by the rural poor often exacerbates local livelihood and food insecurity and disruptive land use changes for plantation Methods establishment results in numerous negative environmental impacts (see Aklilu and Woldemariam 2009; Shete 2011; Description of study area Margulis et al. 2013; Wolford et al. 2013; Moreda 2015; Shete and Rutten 2014, 2015a, 2015b). Gambella regional state is located in the lowlands of Although a small, but growing, body of literature about Western Ethiopia and is one of Ethiopia’s least populous region, with a mean population density of approximately the environmental effects of large-scale land acquisition is 2 beginning to emerge (Shete 2011; Agrarian Justice 2013; 10 persons/km (HoARECN 2015). Much of its population is comprised of three ethnic minorities: the Anuak, the Nuer and the Majanger. The Anuak are largely subsistence 1 To meet this demand, 20–30 m ha of land will be needed (HLPE farmers, depending on the cultivation of maize, sorghum, 2011). The increased global demand for land to produce biofuel groundnuts and ginger and hunting, fishing, and gathering feedstock was estimated to quadruple in the coming 15–20 years (Fairless 2007) and was projected to require 20 % of the world’s of non-timber forest products (NTFP). The Nuer are agro- agricultural land by 2050 (White and Dasgupta 2010). pastoralists who depend primarily on cattle raising and 123 Land-use changes by large-scale plantations and their effects on soil organic carbon,… 691 practise flood-retreat farming—the practise of growing a population of approximately 14 people/km2. Its Guba and crops on elevated banks
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