Post-Harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia

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Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia

Asmamaw B*, Berisa L and Shitaw T Research Article Animal Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Ethiopia Volume 5 Issue 2 Received Date: March 15, 2021 *Corresponding author: Berhan Asmamaw, Animal Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian April 27, 2021 Biodiversity Institute, P. O. Box 30726 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel: +251911541110; Email: Published Date: DOI: 10.23880/jenr-16000237 [email protected]

Abstract

A study was conducted on post-harvest loss and other fishery-related activities at Alwero reservoir in Abobo district. Semi- structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather basic and primary information. The amount of fish catch per single trip was varied from 20kg to 60kg, with an average of 30.350±16.760. However, a considerable amount of fish is lost due to high ambient temperature, shortage of storage facilities, lack of quality fishing gear and transportation. The loss per single trip is 6.780kg of different fish species, which is about 22% of the total catch in a year. The abundance and diversity causes of post-harvest loss in the reservoir is badly needed. of fish species in the reservoir are highly threatened. Therefore, a holistic approach to solving at least some of the existing

Keywords: High Temperature; Overfishing, Storage; Transportation

Introduction Fishery contributes a lot to the animal protein which is one of the several ways of post-harvest fish losses requirements of many communities in both the industrialized canthat beresults very in rapid increased after povertyit is caught. [9]. 30% The ofspoilage landed processfish are and developing worlds [1]. Besides, it can also generate (Rigorlost through mortis) microbial will start activity within alone 12 [10].hours Fresh of their fish spoilagecatch in income which serves as a source of livelihood for millions of the high ambient temperatures of the tropics [11]. the lack

people [2]. However, small-scale fisheries are facing many areof ice the boxes causes for of proper losses storage[12]. Ethiopia of fresh loses fish one-third onboard of after its duringchallenges the handling, including processing, post-harvest storage, loss, transportation, illegal fishing, and hauling of fishing net and unsuitable fish handling method over-fishing [3]. A high level of post-harvest losses occurs annual production and this was about 10,000 tons of fish per marketing of fish [4,5]. The level of post-harvest fish losses annum [13]. In studying the post-harvest fish losses at Lake in the fishing communities determines the income level of Zipway, the total tilapia losses estimated to be 15.17% [14]. the fishers [6]. Post-harvest losses in developing countries In Ethiopia, there is a severe shortage of information on fish estimated to be up to 50% of domestic fish production [7]. post-harvest loss andat Alwero its impacts reservoir, on fish Gambella, diversity. upon This which study suitablyIn Indonesia, handled, a post-harvest processed, fish and loss marketed is estimated to reduce as high post- as appropriateis therefore conservationplanned to gather strategies baseline would information be planned. on fish 30-40% [8]. Fish is a highly perishable food that needs to be

harvest losses [2]. Fishermen are faced with fish spoilage Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia J Ecol & Nat Resour 2 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

Materials and Methods variables were calculated using SPSS version 16 [17]. To

Description of the study area Alwero reservoir, linear regression analysis was carried out.explore Besides, variables the correlation that affect of fish different post-harvest variables loss was at also the The study was conducted in the Alwero reservoir (Figure 1) in Kano kebele of Abobo wereda, Anuak zone, Gambella map the study area. National Regional State. The reservoir was built by the identified using the same software. ArcGIS [18] was used to then United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) for irrigation Results purposes. It is located at 7.86310N, 34.49390E and has a total 2 area of 22.1km . The reservoir has a water holding capacity Socioeconomic Information of the Respondents of 74.6 million m3 and is found at a distance of 47km south of Gambella city [15]. Abobo wereda has a total human The study was conducted in Gambela National Regional population of 15,741 [16]. State, Anuak zone, Abobo wereda kebele. For this study, 49 people were interviewed, of whom 43 , specifically at Kano respondents ranged from 18 to 32 years, the average was being 24.18(87%) ± were 3.85 males years, and and 6 (12.2%)their marital were statusfemales. was The dominated age of the

respondents had different educational statuses ranging from by married people (39,79.6%) over singles (10,20.4%). The

The“no formalnumber schooling” of household (37,75.5%), members which of was the therespondents dominant rangedgroup, tofrom high 1 toschool 9, with (9,18.4%) an average and value college of 2.78levels ± (3,6.1%).1.98. The

of any organization working on environmental conservation majority (45,91.8%) of the respondents were not a member

aactivities, place that while takes very less few than of themhalf an (4,8.2%) hour walk replied from that Alwero they are indeed members. Almost all of them (45,91.8%) live in Figure 1: Map of the study area. an hour walking distance from the reservoir. The respondents reservoir, while only 4 of them (8.2%) live in half an hour to

Data Collection Method (48,98%) indicated that they possess land that varied in claimedsize from to less have than no 0.25land. ha The (9, livelihood 18.4%), 0.25 of the ha respondentsto 0.5 ha (3, Kano kebele, which is geographically closer to the depends6.1%) and on above two major0.5 ha economic(37,75.5%), activities but an individualbeing practiced (2%) reservoir was systematically selected and respondents the objectives of the study. Both structured and semi- in their area, i.e. Agriculture (22,44.9%) and Fisheries and structured(N=49) were questionnaires interviewed afterwere they used were to gather briefly information told about trade,Agriculture and gear combined making. (27,55.1%). Those respondents who are involved in fisheries are mainly engaged in fishing, fish production/catch and price, and the cause of post-harvest loss.on the Focus socioeconomic group discussion status was also of the held respondents, with experienced fish trip varied from 20kg to 60kg, with an average value of The amount of fish the respondents catch per single the district to generate further information on the general fishers, heads of administration, and fisheries experts of 30.35±16.76 kg. All of them (48,98%) agreed that they information was generated through observations of the go fishing six days a week, while a person (2%) reported landingaspects site, of the local fishing market, activities and means in the of studytransportation area. Besides, used importantthe number in ofthe fishing following days order: as three. Mormyrus The respondents kannume (local also prioritizedname Dolo) the and fish Heterotis species niloticus they catch (local as name most Uluak/Uloek)economically city. Citharinus citharus (local to deliver the fishes to hotels and restaurants at Gambella Oreochromis Data analysis asniloticus their first choice (49,100%), nameand Gymnarchus Abel) as their niloticus second (local choice name (48, 98%),Wit/Uit) as their Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution, (local name Uredo) (47, 96%) as their third choice percentages) of both quantitative and qualitative explanatory fourth choice (41,83.7%).

Asmamaw B, et al. Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia. Copyright© Asmamaw B, et al. J Ecol & Nat Resour 2021, 5(2): 000237. 3 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

The maximum, minimum, and average price of each harvest losses in their area as the absence or shortage of low catch seasons in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) was given by problem and market distance (the closest local market at theeconomically respondents important as stated adult in Table fish species 1. All the during respondents high and Abobostorage town, and transportwhich is 5 facilitieskm from (13,26.5%),the reservoir transportation and Gambella locally called Achiy (It is made of wooden stick 1.5 – 2.5m long.(49,100%) At the reported end of the that stick they joined are using cone-shaped a single fishing horn thengear motorbikes,city at 45km) and (34,69.4%), distributed and to hotels a high and number restaurants of fishers in detachable hook-like spear with the horn. The hook-like (2,4.1%). The fishes are packed in a sack, transported by spear is tied with a 3m rope to other ends of the stick) [15]. The respondents were asked about the major problems Gambella city every day. To protect the collected fishes from bothbeing solar spoiled, and 34 smoking (69.4%) processing of the respondents methods. areAs ausing means solar to minimizeprocessing loss, methods respondents and the remaininghave copping 15 (30.6%) strategies are usingof an they face as fishers and they prioritized the challenges as a shortage of storage and transportation facilities (16,32.7%), shortage of quality fishing gears, storage and transportation immediate sale (44,89.81%), and sale at a lower price and (23,46.9%), and aquatic weeds (10,20.41%). Almost all of trip)preservations is expected (5,10.2%). from May Fishing to October is seasonal and the in lowest the Alwero from the respondents (48,98%) reported that they do encounter Februaryreservoir, to whereby March of thethe year. highest The fish highest catch post-harvest (quantity loss per fish loss and listed the causes as the length of time the fish is observed from January to March, mainly because of the causesremains of in loss nets were before observed hauling in (27, the 55.1%), reservoir, and at predators, a landing high ambient temperature of the area and severe storage and high ambient temperatures (22,44.89%). All these facilities problems (no refrigeration technology used in the area). losesite (brokenper single fish trip body ranges parts), from during4kg to 10kg, sorting/grading, the average was and storage. Besides, they indicated that the amount of fish they Price Bagrus docmac,being 6.78kg±1.287. Bagrus bajad, Respondents (local name Udoora/Adwera), prioritized even the second fish Clariasspecies gariepinus based on howlocal fast name they (Aguwella), got spoiled third as first Mormyrus kannume and Mormyrus .niloticus (local name Dolo), and catchThe season, price the of price all fish decreases species and at the it increases Alwero reservoirin a low fourth Gymnarchus niloticus (local name Wit/Uit). On top of fluctuates depending on the harvest season. If it is in a high found in the reservoir both during high and low catch season estimatedcatch season. by the The respondents average price is given of fish in Tablespecies 1. abundantly that, respondents also indicated that they have difficulty in selling their fish and summarized the major cause of post- Species High Catch Season Low Catch Season Scientific and Std. Min. Max. Mean Std. Deviation Min. Max. Mean local Names Deviation Citharinus 10 50 33.96 15.122 25 60 49.57 10.046 citharus Mormyrus 5 50 35.32 14.43 10 60 48.62 12.019 kannume Heterotis niloticus 10 60 41.47 14.383 30 60 55.91 6.668 Oreochromis 5 50 13.37 7.532 10 60 24.89 14.963 niloticus Gymnarchus 20 50 45.37 10.824 45 60 56.35 3.888 niloticus Table 1:

FishThe Yield average and Lossprice of each adult fish species in Ethiopian Birr. and they are doing this six times a week. Mathematically, it is indicated that they catch 30.35kg of different fish species, the Alwero reservoir is in a decreasing trend as compared to productionAccording ato decadethe respondents, ago. In a singlethe current trip, respondentsfish yield of estimated that they are producing/catching 182.10kg of fish in a week, or 728.40kg of different fish species in a month. It is also reported that they do fishing six months a year,

Asmamaw B, et al. Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia. Copyright© Asmamaw B, et al. J Ecol & Nat Resour 2021, 5(2): 000237. 4 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

The Estimated Loss in Monetary Terms

Thewhich respondents puts the figure indicated at 4370.4kg that they of fish are in losinga year. 6.78kgHowever, of The price of all nine abundantly available different a considerable amount of fish is lost due to different factors. different fish species per trip. They go fishing six times a variation)fish species (Table during 2). It high is estimated production to be season 32.35 was ETB/Kg. used As to week, putting the amount of fish they lose at about 40.68kg. calculatedcalculate the above, average the loss price per of month fish (regardless is 162.72kg, of whichthe species gives whatThe monthly they catch and in yearlya year. loss of fish species is estimated to the loss in terms of money as (162.72kg* 32.35birr/kg) = be 162.72kg and 972kg, respectively. They are losing 22% of 5,263.992‬ETB/month.

Species Name Average price during high production season (ETB/Kg) Clarias gariepinus 33.96 Mormyrus kannume and Mormyrus niloticus 30 Bagrus docmac and Bagrus bajad 35.32 Synodontis frontosus and Synodontis clarias, 18.33 Auchenoglanis occidentalis 16.67 Heterotis niloticus 20 Oreochromis niloticus 41.47 Gymnarchus niloticus 13.37 Average 32.35 Table 2:

FactorsThe averageAffecting price Fishof nine Post-Harvest abundantly available Loss fish at species ambient in Ethiopian temperature birr at Alwero and shortage reservoir of storage facilities, and Alwero Reservoir Oreochromis niloticus during high catch season in Ethiopian Results of the linear regression model are presented in birraverage were price found of theto abundanthave affected fish speciesthe post-harvest in the area, loss i.e., (Table 3). Among many variables, the economic activity, high

significantly. Unstandardized Standardized 95% Confidence Coefficients Coefficients Interval for B Model t Sig. Std. Lower Upper B Beta Error Bound Bound (Constant) 3.485 0.273 12.753 0.000 2.918 4.052

Economic activity respondent’s -.357 0.061 -.644 -5.858 0.000* -.484 -.231 livelihood depends on High ambient temperature, shortage of storage facilities, 0.451 0.163 0.282 2.776 0.011* .114 0.789 transportation Thequality average fishing price gear, of and the abundant species, Oreochromis -.0420 0.013 -.354 -3.167 0.004* -.070 -.015 niloticus during high catch season in Ethiopian Birr

Table 3: Dependent variable: How much is the loss because of the condition/quality of fish during selling/distributing in kg? The results of linear regression analysis (N = 49), * = significant at 0.01

Asmamaw B, et al. Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia. Copyright© Asmamaw B, et al. J Ecol & Nat Resour 2021, 5(2): 000237. 5 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

Correlation

The correlation of variables, which is used to test correlationshas significant observed importance between in improvingdifferent variables the variables in this in for the existence of positive, negative, or no association studyquestion are withoutgiven in measuringTable 4. both at a time. The significant between continuous measurements, is a statistical tool that

What are the How much is the loss Number of How much major problems because of the condition/ Variables household fish you catch you face as a quality of fish during selling/ members per trip (Kg) fisher? distributing in Kg? Number of household members Pearson Correlation 0.289* -0.246 -0.562** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.044 0.091 0.002

(Kg) 0.289* -0.610** -0.217 How muchPearson fish Correlationyou catch per trip 1 0.044 0.000 0.259 Sig. (2-tailed) What are the major problems you

Pearson Correlation -0.246 -0.610** 0.493** 1 faceSig. as(2-tailed) a fisher? 0.091 0.000 0.008

How much is the loss because of

0.493** the condition/qualityPearson Correlation of fish during -0.562** -0.217 0.008 1 selling/distributingSig. (2-tailed) in Kg? 0.002 0.259

Table 4: Correlations of variables (N = 49). **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) Discussion whichof fishing are in not a weeksold canfresh, also are indicate mostly the processed high exploitation by solar andof fish smoking resources methods in thethat reservoir. are traditional The harvestedand not effective fishes, The demographic nature of a fishing society has a general impact on fishing activities. In this study, the average modern processing techniques. Traditional practices such as youngstersage of fishers who was otherwise found to wouldbe 24.18±3.85 have been years unemployed. indicating to preserve large quantities of fishes as compared to the Besides,how important more married a fishing people activity are is engaged in accommodating in this activity the with traditional methods of preservation (hot smoking, sun- assuring household food security with more people in the exposing fish for long periods to weather elements coupled to different kinds of degradation [19]. A very high level of of the respondents had no formal schooling which might post-harvestdrying, and deep-frying) loss occurs andduring poor pre-processing, storage are subjecting processing, fish behousehold related participatingto low awareness in fishing of environmental activities. However, issues 75%and or shortage of storage, transportation facilities, and quality on environmental conservation activities, worsening the storage, and transportation of fishery products [5]. Absence already91% of themexisting are mismanagement not a member of of any the organization natural resources working in and nearby the reservoir. In line with this result, it has been fishing gears were reported to be the main challenges of indicated Olusumbo AA [12] that a low level of educational atthe the fisher landing society site, in thethey study are area,transported resulting by in a verysynthetic high plasticamount bag of made fish post-harvest from polyethylene loss. After (sack) the on fishes a motorbike arrived to Gambella city, which is 45 km away from the reservoir. astatus distance increases that takes the post-harvestonly less than fish half loss an inhour Ondo from state, the reservoirNigeria. Moreover, putting more 91% pressure of the respondentson it. The relatively are living high at nearest local market at Abobo town (5km away from the reservoir)The other where option there is hanging are no the facilities fish and (e.g., taking shade, it water) to the mean fish catch (30.35±16.76kg) per trip and frequency Asmamaw B, et al. Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia. Copyright© Asmamaw B, et al. J Ecol & Nat Resour 2021, 5(2): 000237. 6 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

and the amount which was being properly utilized by the waysto handle of handling fresh fish. and Theytransportation are just displayed methods onfasten the theground loss while flies are covering the fishes. These very unhygienic speciesfishers werein the notreservoir. equivalent. A huge amount of fish is lost the product. This can also be a source of the public health after harvest threatening the abundance and diversity of fish threatof fish thatquality, needs hence due aattention. low market Consumption price or full of low-qualityspoilage of Different factors can govern the level of post-harvest

the economic activity respondents depend on affected the poisoningfish has a dangerous[21]. The quality effect onloss human is also healthcaused [20]. by the Bacterial length loss in any water bodies where fish exists. In this study, spoilage in fresh fish can produce toxins that cause food the number of economic activities respondents relied on post-harvest loss negatively and significantly (P<0.01). As noof timeproper the storage fish remains facilities, in netsthey beforelet the hauling,product predators,stay some mainly because of a decrease in pressure that was exerted timeand highin the ambient landing temperature. site while dropping Because their the fishersnet for have the increases, the amount of fish post-harvest loss decreases Asma AA [24] which indicated that limited opportunity The extreme environmental temperature, together with the foron thealternative fishing sector. income-generating This result is activitiesin line with can the affect work the of absencenext round of refrigeration, of fishing. This spoil exposes the product the fishso fast, to predators.especially from January to March. A high temperature of about 200C existence of high ambient temperature, shortage of storage distribution of fresh or wet fish, hence increased loss. The yearly ambient temperature of the study area is well above in the study area affected the post-harvest loss positively thiscreates vividly an avenueshowing for how fish fast spoilage a product [22], can but theget spoiled. average facilities, quality fishing gears, and transportation problems The postmortem formation of amino acids and their rapid decarboxylation biochemically or microbiologically are and significantly (P=0.011). The high ambient temperature, temperature-dependent that leads to spoilage [23]. The orwhich extreme is the shortage main cause of storage of fish facilities loss in thein the area, area fastens also triggersthe fish very quality low deterioration market prices and and spoilage. complete The spoilage absence of temperature, the presence of predators, the length of time the same causes of fish post-harvest loss (high environmental considered as one of the causes for physical damage to the facilities, and delay before marketing) have been reported the product. Shortage of quality fishing gear in the area is byfish other remains authors in nets Amos before B, hauling,Asma AA, absence Diei-Ouadi of refrigeration Y, Yvette, Tesfay S, Olusumbo AA [10,12,22,24-26] as well. According mediaproduct for because bacterial the growth. traditional The fishing extreme gears problem being of used means are to the respondents of this study, 6.78±1.287kg of fish spoiled causing the fish body to be broken and becomes a conductive per trip. However, they practice selling the product at a low local market at Abobo and Gambella city is the other major market price to protect complete loss. But, generally, the of transportation of the fishes from the landing site to both

point causing loss of quality of a fish. All the above-identified catchprice ofseason a fish (May depends to October) on the season. because In ofthe high study supply area, andthe bycauses unreliable are in linetransportation, with the findings inadequate of Ward ARpreservation [29] who higherprice of at all low fish catch species season is relatively (January lower to March) during as the supply high reported that fish post-harvest losses can be exacerbated goes down. Based on the information provided by the techniques, adverse weather conditions, species of fish, type of processing methods, fish supply greater than demand, and becauserespondents, of the a above-mentionedyearly fish catch ofpoints. a fisherman This result is estimated is in line the fishThe market other notvariable developed. that affected post-harvest loss withto be what4,370.4kg, Nowsad, out of2007 which reported 972kg ofwhereby fishes (22%)post-harvest is lost Oreochromis niloticus during highnegatively catch andseason significantly in Ethiopian (P<0.01) birr. As was the the price average increases, price loss is presumed to be about 20 - 30% in different fish and of the abundant fish species, Besides,fishery products. In Tanzania, In some the post-harvestdeveloping country loss of situations,Rastrineobola the do not stay long in the market (high demand). In this study, argenteapost-harvest loss estimated to be 25% of fish caught [27]. the post-harvest loss decreases because the harvested fish the loss of Rastrineobola argentea The number of household members was negatively and /sardine was estimated at 20 – 40% and in Uganda, different significant correlations of variables were observed. /sardine was 26 – 40% abundantly[28]. To estimate available the differentfish loss speciesat Alwero in thereservoir study areain terms was Assignificantly the number correlated of household with the member’s amount of increases, fish loss (kg)the of money, the average price of a kilogram of fish of all lossbecause decreases of the condition/qualitybecause more people of fish (laborduring forcedistribution. in the of the species) and multiplied with the calculated amount of household) are involved in marketing the product before taken as a standard price of one kilogram of fish (regardless it gets spoiled. The number of household members also fish loss per month. As a result, it is estimated that a fisher can lose 5,264 ETB in a month. The fish yield/production positively and significantly correlated with the amount of Asmamaw B, et al. Post-harvest Loss of Fish at Alwero Reservoir in Abobo, Gambella, Ethiopia. Copyright© Asmamaw B, et al. J Ecol & Nat Resour 2021, 5(2): 000237. 7 Journal of Ecology and Natural Resources

2. Nowsad AKMA (2010) Post-harvest loss reduction in fish catch (kg) per trip. The higher the household members Final report PR 5(8): 2-171. involved in fishing, the more the amount of fish they catch. fisheries in Bangladesh: A way forward to food security. ambientThe amount temperature, of fish catch shortage per trip of (kg) storage was negativelyfacilities and 3. FAO (2016) Aquaculture Summary: The state of world significantly correlated with the major problems (increased quality fishing gear, transportation problem) fishers face in 4. fisheriesSingh YJ, andSanthakumar Aquaculture R, Pandey Report DK,FAO Bharati 2016, pp: H, 1-8.DebRoy the study area. When the problems intensified, the amount P (2012) Adoption of Hygienic Fish Handling Practices of fish they catch in a single trip decreases. These intensified by Fishermen. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education 12(1): 36-38. duringproblems distribution. were also positivelyPost-harvest and loss significantly in the study correlated area with the amount of fish loss caused by condition/quality 5. Rahman MS, Khatun MB, Hossain MN, Nowsad AAKM which got spoiled before it reaches the intended end-user, is very high. The fishermen caught a large amount of fish of Fish in Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological abundance and diversity of the reservoir. If no conservation Sciences(2013) Present 16(22 Scenario): 148-149. of Landing and Distribution activitiesthe consumer. and law This enforcement has a direct are impact implemented on the fishin the species area, the rich species diversity and abundance of the reservoir 6. Adam JN, Al-hassan S, Akolgo DA (2016) Small scale will probably be under a threat of extinction. In line with irrigation and rural poverty reduction in the upper East region of Ghana. African Journal of Science and Research in a direct loss of exploited species and the associated 5(2): 38-42. this result, Felicia C [30] reported that overfishing results 7. declinesbiodiversity. take Systematic place within overfishing a complex of of freshwaters other pressures is largely [31]. Fisheries Technical Paper No. 219. Moreover,unrecognized the because ecosystem of weak consequences reporting and of becausechanges fisheryto the FAO (1981) The prevention of losses in cured fish. FAO 8. Singgih W, Bandol Utomo BS, Syamdidi, Kusumawati R (2014) Evaluating and Monitoring of National Post- are poorly understood. But at Alwero reservoir, according to thespecies, respondents, size, and the trophic loss is compositionat an alarming of state fish requiring assemblages the International Seminar of Fisheries and Marine Science, immediate contribution of everybody. pp:Harvest 59-66. Fish Loss in Indonesia, Proceeding of The 3rd Conclusion 9. Mungai DM (2014) Assessment of post-harvest losses of

(30.35±16.76 kg) being caught as compared to the total Nile Perch (Lates Niloticus) incurred by fishermen from This study showed that there is a high amount of fish 10. LakeAmos Victoria, B (2007) Kenya, Analysis pp: of 1-102. quality deterioration at critical species is being lost per single trip resulting in a loss of area of the reservoir. But out of this, 6.78kg of different fish suggestions for improvement. UNU-Fisheries Training the cause for the loss, among which: Absence or shortage Programme,steps/points pp:in fish 2-35. handling in Uganda and Iceland and of22% storage, of the catchrefrigeration, in a year. transportation Many factors werefacilities, identified quality as 11. before hauling, the existence of predators, and high ambient of Fish and Meat. Agromisa Foundation, Wageningen, temperaturefishing gears, were and the majorlength ones. of time The the observed fish remains high amount in nets TheBerkel Netherlands, BM, Boogaard pp: 78-80BV, Heijnen C (2004) Preservation 12. Olusumbo Adeolu Adelaja, Roslina Binti Kamaruddin, Therefore,of fish loss ain holistic the reservoir, approach in oneto solving way or the the existing other, affects cause the abundance and diversity of fish species in the reservoir. losses Croaker Pseudotolithus elongatus, (Bowdich, of post-harvest loss in the reservoir is considered to be the Lee Wen Chiat (2018) Assessment of post-harvest fish remedy for the problem in the area. and Shrimp Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898)1825), in Catfish Ondo State, Arius Nigeria. heudeloti, Aquaculture (Valenciennes, and Fisheries 1840), References 3: 209 -216.

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