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Rural Gentrification in Desakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Hsu, Chia-Sui

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Rural Gentrification in Desakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Hsu, Chia-Sui Rural Gentrification in Desakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Hsu, Chia-Sui 2019 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hsu, C-S. (2019). Rural Gentrification in Desakota: Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan. Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Download date: 11. Oct. 2021 CHIA-SUI HSU CHIA-SUI Rural Gentrification in Rural Gentrification inDesakota Rural Gentrification inDesakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Since the year 2000, rural living has been CHIA-SUI HSU Desakota idealized and has become a desired lifestyle DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | LUND UNIVERSITY for many Taiwanese people. Characteristics that allow one to own a small plot of land, grow one’s own food, and establish stronger social connections with neighbors have drawn urbanites to the countryside. This dissertation analyzes relationships between different rural in- migrations and rural gentrification through the lens of the farmland politics that emerged during the late 1990s in Taiwan. Based on fieldwork in Yi-Lan and Hualien, this dissertation argues for a broader conceptualization of rural gentrification in a context in which boundaries between the city and the rural are ambiguous. Rural gentrification in desakota challenges us to think about agricultural transformation, urban-rural relations, and alternative food production when theorizing on the changing class and agricultural landscapes in Taiwan. 950737 Lund University Faculty of Social Sciences 2019 Department of Human Geography 789178 ISBN 978-91-7895-073-7 9 Rural Gentrification in Desakota 1 2 Rural Gentrification in Desakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Chia-Sui Hsu DOCTORAL DISSERTATION by due permission of the Faculty Social Science, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at Geocentrum I, Sölvegatan 10, at 10:15 on 23 May 2019 Faculty opponent Professor Martin Phillips School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester 3 Organization Document name: Doctoral Dissertation LUND UNIVERSITY Department of Human Geography Date of issue: 2019-04-08 Author(s) Chia-Sui Hsu Sponsoring organization Title and subtitle: Rural Gentrification in Desakota: Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Abstract After post-war land reform that took place between 1949 and 1953, most Taiwanese farmers became owner-cultivators working on small landholdings. Post-war land reform paved the foundation for economic development and industrialization, processes that squeezed the agricultural sector and created changes in farming villages. When Taiwanese agriculture showed signs of stagnation in the 1970s, farmers’ perceptions of farming and landholding gradually altered, and resulted in changes in livelihood strategies. Although farmland was highly regulated and only allowed to be traded among farmers, farmland at peri-urban areas was often legally and illegally used or rented out by rural residents as sites for factories to help generate non-farming income. This situation changed after the amendment of the Agricultural Development Act in 2000, which opened up the eligibility of individuals with non-farming backgrounds for purchasing farmland — a small portion of which could then be used to build a farmhouse. Since a large proportion of the population was involved in agricultural production during the post-war period, this change in the use of farmland has created controversies over how farmland should be used and who should reserve the right to do so. This dissertation analyzes the relations between the farmland politics that emerged in the late 1990s and diverse rural in-migrations in Taiwan. It analyzes how deregulation of farmland policies have contributed to two processes of rural gentrification. On the one hand, rural gentrification is part of a continued process of deagrarianization, which has happened when farmers/landholders were given the opportunity to accumulate capital and change their social mobility during the farmhouse boom. On the other hand, farmland policies have allowed a small group of urbanite newcomers with limited experience with farming to adopt ecological farming. On social media, these newcomers are termed Smallholder Farmers (Xiao Nong) and New Farmers (Xing Nong). This dissertation suggests that the emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan constitutes a local response to the global alternative food movement, and that the New Famers’ enthusiasm for an agricultural lifestyle is a special case of rural gentrification. This dissertation is based on fieldwork in Yi-Lan and Hualien. Both counties are located in the eastern part of Taiwan and, over the past two decades, have witnessed in-migrations of both affluent households who have purchased farmland in the countryside to construct single-family villas (farmhouses) for their second homes, and New Farmers who move to the countryside to realize their dreams of becoming alternative food producers. These processes challenge us to think about the transformation of farming practices and the roles of farmland in regions that have highly mixed agricultural and non-agricultural uses of land, referred in East and Southeast Asia countries as desakota regions. New farmers’ experiences and challenges are mirrors that are useful for reflecting on Taiwanese agricultural development. Key words: Alternative Food Networks, desakota, farmhouse, new farmers, rural gentrification. Taiwan Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language: English ISSN and key title: ISBN: 978-91-7895-073-7 Recipient’s notes Number of pages: 249 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned dissertation. Signature Date 2019-04-08 4 Rural Gentrification in Desakota Farmland Politics, Alternative Food Networks, and the Emergence of New Farmers in Taiwan Chia-Sui Hsu 5 Cover photo by Chia-Sui Hsu Copyright Chia-Sui Hsu Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Human Geography ISBN 978-91-7895-073-7 (print) ISSN 978-91-7895-074-4 (electronic) Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2019 6 To my grandparents 7 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................... 10 Abstract .......................................................................................... 14 Sammanfattning ............................................................................. 16 Abstract in Chinese ........................................................................ 18 Glossary .......................................................................................... 19 Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................... 22 Terms in Chinese ........................................................................... 23 List of People’s name in Chinese .................................................... 26 List of Place names in Chinese ........................................................ 27 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 29 Background .................................................................................... 29 Returning Home to the Countryside .............................................. 37 Study Aims and Research Questions ............................................... 43 Structure of this dissertation ........................................................... 44 2. The Family Farm, Farmland Development, and Agriculture in Taiwan ............................................................................................... 47 Before 1949 .................................................................................... 49 After 1949 ...................................................................................... 51 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................... 74 3. Rural Gentrification in Desakota ........................................................ 75 Urban to Rural Migration .............................................................
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