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Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia 1 1 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia 1 TRENDS OF URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Edited by Tôn Nữ Quỳnh Trân Fanny Quertamp Claude de Miras Nguyễn Quang Vinh Lê Văn Năm Trương Hoàng Trương Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House 2 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia 3 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia TRENDS OF URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 4 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia Cooperation Centre for Urban Development, Hanoi (Institut des Métiers de la Ville (IMV)) was created in 2001 by the People’s Committee of Hanoi and the Ile- de-France Region (France) within their general cooperation agreement. It has for first vocation to improve the competences of the municipal staff in the field of urban planning and management of urban services. The concerned technical departments are the department or urban planning and architecture, the department of transport and civil engineering, the authority for public transports planning, the construction department… IMV organizes seminars to support decision-makers and technicians, finances studies, implements consultancies, contributes to knowledge dissemination by the translation of scientific and technical books, and maintain a library on urban planning. Ho Chi Minh City Urban Development Management Support Centre (Centre de Prospective et d’Etudes Urbaines (PADDI)) was created in 2004 in cooperation between the People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City and the Rhône-Alpes Region (France). Its office is located inside the Ho Chi Minh City Town Planning Institute. Competences of PADDI are training, consultancies and research. The PADDI organizes regularly training workshops to complete the training of civil servants of the city by making them aware about concepts, techniques and new methods in urban management. The answers to the urban planning problems given in France are compared with the situation in Vietnam to inspire new practices and new policies. The publication of the results of these workshops enables to associate a widened public. AFD stands for Agence Française de Développement. AFD is a public development finance institution that has worked to fight poverty and support economic growth in developing countries and the French Overseas Communities for almost 70 years. AFD executes the French government’s development aid policies. In 2010, AFD committed more than € 6,8 billion to financing aid activities in developing and emerging countries and the French Overseas Communities. The funds will help improve drinking water supply systems for 33 million people, get 13.4 million children into primary school, upgrade or build transport hubs that will be used by 85.8 million passengers a year, support energy efficiency by saving 5 million tons of CO2 a year, provide access to electrification for 3 million people, allocate microfinance loans that will benefit just over 700,000 people, support agricultural or irrigation projects that will benefit 1.4 million people. AFD’s assistance to Vietnam is part of the partnership agreement between France and Vietnamese Government, in coordination with all actors of cooperation. Vietnam is among the first recipients of funding for AFD, with about € 1.1 billion awarded since 1994. Over the past seven years (2004 - 2010), the actions of AFD in Vietnam have benefited to 11.2 million people. 5 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia Edited by Tôn Nữ Quỳnh Trân, Fanny Quertamp, Claude de Miras, Nguyễn Quang Vinh, Lê Văn Năm, Trương Hoàng Trương TRENDS OF URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Centre for Urban and UMR 151 IRD Development Studies (CEFURDS) University of Provence 6 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia Ton Nu Quynh Tran, Quertamp Fanny, Miras Claude de, Nguyen Quang Vinh, Le Van Nam, Truong Hoang Truong (Eds), 2012, Trends of urbanization and suburbanization in Southeast Asia. Regional conference “Trends of urbanization and suburbanization in Southeast Asia” (CEFURDS, LPED), Ho Chi Minh City, 9-11 December 2008. Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House, 328 p. Cover photos: Photo 1 (above): Trương Hoàng Trương, industrial area, Vinh Loc A, Binh Chanh district, Ho Chi Minh city, May 2006. Photo 2 (below): Patrick Gubry, new urban area, district 2, Ho Chi Minh city, November 2008. 7 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia This book is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Đào Thế Tuấn 8 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia 9 This book is the result of different papers presented at the regional conference, co- organized by CEFURDS (Center for Urban and Development Studies) Ho Chi Minh City and by the UMR 151 IRD-University of Provence, “TRENDS OF URBANIZATION AND SUBURBANIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA” in Ho Chi Minh City, on December 9th-11th 2008. This confrence took place in regards to the following research project: URBANIZATION AND CHANGES OF OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE IN FAST URBANIZED SOUTHERN AREAS Cases of Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho Background: Vietnam’s economic transition is coupled with an urban transition with contradictory socio-economic impacts. The country’s largest southern cities, namely Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho record a double process of urbanization and industrialization, as seen by profound dimensional and socio-occupational changes in periurban areas. Changes in land use and occupations structure have compelled people to economically and socially adapt themselves and government bodies to reconsider their policies, especially regarding job generation, a key challenge for sustainable development. Objective: This project seeks to analyse socio-occupational retraining strategies for farmers (people living in periurban areas) amid an urban sprawl process in Ho Chi Minh City and Can Tho. Studies are conducted on urban development as a result of migration and changes in land use and economic structure, which shows an increasing importance of off-farm economy. They are aimed at defining a pattern of change in the area, using a comparative approach for the two cities. Research into occupational structure changes, with a focus on occupation types (farmers, craftspeople, services suppliers, and small traders) as well as that into institutional and social resources to support vocational rehabilitation will help define development capacity and strategies of individuals and social groups in a new system. This project’s objectives are not only to provide an insight into socio-occupational changes in fast urbanizing areas of the two largest Southern cities but also to offer a number of recommendations for sustainable development of Vietnam’s Southern cities. What makes our research into occupations structures different is the approach. In fact, urbanization and urban sprawl processes are often approached with a merely urban point of view. Meanwhile, our contribution – with a periurban approach – seeks to revisit this urban transition vision. To conduct our research, we have chosen to focus on areas of accelerating urbanization pace. Changes in the socio-occupational structure due to accelerating urbanization lead to a certain number of considerations and issues: 10 Trends of Urbanization and Suburbanization in Southeast Asia - How will those socio-occupational groups adapt themselves to the new changes? - How do government bodies work to support people to adopt a new career path? Have local people managed to seize opportunities brought by these institutions? Does a global policy that coordinates actions by relevant government bodies, industrial parks and training establishments, etc. help address the issues of vocational retraining? - Regarding the new socio-occupational structure, do the concerned people manage to capitalize on their competence or do they face an increasing insecurity. - In this process, do urban culture values replace rural cultural values? How do Vietnamese traditional values then evolve? Within this framework, our approach integrates several analysis levels: To conduct a “survey of accelerated urbanization areas”, we work at city level (districts). This first global level will help define the overall issue of urbanization in Ho Chi Minh City/Can Tho and determine a pattern and characteristics of key urban “landscapes” as a result of fast economic, social, architectural and cultural developments. In so doing, we will attempt to define the patterns of first changing areas, according to their urbanization level, in a matrix based on observations made on site. At intermediate/local level, we will select a number of urban (core and periurban) and rural areas, that are highly active in vocational retraining (the peripheral districts of Binh Chanh and Thu Duc in Ho Chi Minh City: and the urban district of Ninh Kieu, and residential quarters of An Binh, An Thoi and An Hoa in Can Tho). At household level, by a household sociological survey, we intend to define a socio-occupational pattern taking into consideration the developments of local residents’ living conditions and occupations. These surveys are aimed at identifying stakeholders and their strategies to cope with a fast urbanization in terms of by scope of activity living standards, gender, age and education levels. The analysis of the public sector’s support and available resources (compensation funds, vocational training and the new Land Law) is intended for recommendations on public policies. This programme is part
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