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Map 4 Arabia-Azania Compiled by D.T. Potts, 1996 Introduction Despite the relative inaccessibility of southern Arabia to all but the most intrepid travelers in the pre-modern era, its historical geography has been studied intensively for over a century. Two giants of German scholarship have dominated this field, A. Sprenger in the nineteenth century, and H. von Wissmann in the twentieth. To be sure, other scholars have made significant contributions, but these two stand alone with respect to the intensity of their investigations into the southern Arabian toponyms preserved in the works of Strabo, Pliny and Ptolemy. Because of unsettled political conditions, travel in Yemen has often been dangerous, and more than one nineteenth-century explorer lost his life there. The hostility of the area has meant that the modern Arabic toponymy of southern Arabia has been only imperfectly known. Even so, through various sources such as Admiralty charts and E. Glaser’s unpublished notebooks, Sprenger and von Wissmann were able to posit numerous identifications without necessarily being able to verify them on the ground. In many cases it has been difficult to decide whether to accept such identifications or not, but I have attempted to separate the more tenuous proposals from those for which there seems to be sound justification. It should be understood that many of the probable locations marked have not been verified epigraphically. In recent years, however, several scholars, including von Wissmann (1968; 1976; 1977), Beeston (1979; 1995), al-Sheiba (1987), Robin (1995) and Sa'id (1995), have identified many southern Arabian toponyms mentioned in classical sources with those known in the thousands of southern Arabian inscriptions discovered in Yemen. Robin (1997) arrived too late to take into account for the present map, but it is an important resource for anyone interested in the Semitic names of South Arabian towns mentioned in epigraphic sources. Even so, few further identifications with Greek and Latin toponyms or ethnonyms can be offered. Eventually, progress in this field may be expected to determine the identification of many more of the toponyms listed here as unlocated. In southern Arabia, it is notoriously difficult to establish the periods in which a given toponym was known to the Greek and Roman world. Most first-hand knowledge of the region was undoubtedly acquired during the Roman era, but von Wissmann has interpreted certain collections of toponyms in Roman sources as reflecting much earlier conditions. Thus the names mentioned in Pliny (NH 6.154-60; 12.52-54) are taken to reflect the Sabaean state in the late fifth century B.C. (von Wissmann 1977, Abb. 5), while other names–because of identifications with toponyms attested in southern Arabian inscriptions–are considered to reflect conditions in the kingdom of Qataban between the fourth and second centuries B.C. (von Wissmann 1976, Abb. 17). These proposals are reflected in the periodization of the toponyms, with question marks added for caution. A similar difficulty arises with toponyms excerpted by Stephanus of Byzantium from the first-century B.C. (?) Arabika of Ouranios (RE Suppl. 11 Zabida, col. 1316); these were not necessarily still current in Late Antiquity. Within the scope of the present work, however, it has not been possible to investigate in detail the history of each such toponym. Finally, the collection of toponyms preserved by GeogRav (Schnetz 1920; 1951) has been taken into account, since it represents the last of the Late Antique sources for southern Arabia. In the case of the east African toponyms mentioned by PME, Ptolemy and Cosmas Indicopleustes, the investigation of modern toponymy with a view to positing locations has been less intense than in the case of southern Arabia (but note Chitick 1976). The lower Red Sea and the Horn of Africa have been the scene of bitter military struggles recently, in Eritrea and Somalia especially, so that knowledge of their archaeology and ancient toponymy have perforce suffered because of their inaccessibility. Most investigation has been “armchair” research, with experts on PME such as Schoff (1912), Huntingford (1980), Casson (1989) and Groom (1995) proposing identifications on the basis of distances and the suitability of various harbors and inlets as shown on modern maps. Almost inevitably, these scholars have little, if any, first-hand experience of the coasts in question; this is all the 44 MAP 4 ARABIA-AZANIA more unfortunate in view of the notable discrepancies between distances in PME and suitable sites for toponyms mentioned there. Directory Note: For commentary on PME references, see Casson 1989. Names Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference B3 Abasenoi L Hubayš YEM RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, col. 1278 C3 Abisama R Ras Sanbah? YEM von Wissmann 1968, 92 §Ambisama §Ebisma D2 Abyssa R Khor Rori? OMN Groom 1995, 185 § Abissagi B3 Achoma L Ahkum YEM RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, col. 1278 B3 Achomai RL Hakam (Tihama) YEM Sprenger 1875.45 § Achomeni C2 Actaei R al-Qatn YEM von Wissmann 1976, 468 §Acthei B3 Adana L 'Udayn? YEM RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, col. 1278 C3 Adane/ R Aden YEM von Wissmann 1976, 358 Athenae/ Eudaimon Arabia B3 Adedou Kome R Hudayda YEM Sprenger 1875.44 A2 Adouli R Azouli? between Zeila and PME 4; Anfray 1974, 749-53; Casson 1981 § Adule Afta ERT A2 Adoulitikos Kolpos R gulf of Zula (Annesley Ptol. 1.15.11; Casson 1989, 102-103 Bay) C2 Adramiton Chora C?HR Hadramaut YEM Ptol. 6.7.10; von Wissmann 1957, 307 §Adramyta § Atramitis § Astramitis A3 Aethiopia ETH KlPauly Aithiopia D3 Agathokleous Ins. R Berbera and 'Abd al-Kuri Sprenger 1875.116; RE YEM C3 Agraei R inhabitants of Hagr YEM von Wissmann 1976, 468-70 § Harrei B3 Ailou Kome R Ghalafiqa? YEM RE Αἴλου Κώµη A4 Aithiopika M. R Ethiopian Highlands ETH RE Αἰθιοπικὰ ὄρη B3 Akila/ RL Khor Ghurayrah (Shaykh Robin 1995, 225 Okelis Sa'id)? YEM § Ocilia B2 Akme R Jizan / Gizan SAU von Wissmann 1957, 298 §Ambe B2 Alalaiou Inss. R Dahalak, opposite von Wissmann 1976, 463; Casson 1989, 108 § Aliaeu Inss. Massawa ERT B3 Amaitaei R Ma'dhin YEM RE Suppl. 11 Zamareni, col. 1330 B3 Ammoni R at Little Aden YEM RE Suppl. 11 Zamareni, col. 1323 B3 Ammoniou Pr. R Little Aden YEM von Wissmann 1957, 305 B2 Amnestum RHizmatAbuThaur,inal-Sheiba 1987, 55 §Nestum upper Jawf YEM B2 Anagrana/ R Nagran / Najran SAU von Wissmann 1976, 465 Negram §Negrana MAP 4 ARABIA-AZANIA 45 B3 Anchitai RL 'Akk, in Tihama between Beeston 1995, 238 § Akchenoi Wadis Saham and Maur, N Zabid, between al-Luhayya to Hodeida YEM B2 Apitami HR? around Qunfudha SAU Sprenger 1875.52 C2 Arabia See Map 3 A1/E2 Arabicus Sinus/ large section of the Indian Sidebotham 1986, 182-86 Erythr(ae)um/ Ocean, including the Rubrum Mare Persian Gulf and Red § Indike Thalassa Sea B2 Ararene R al-'Ara'ir, near Jizan SAU von Wissmann 1976, 466 C2 Are R 'Urr Mayhan, in region of Ryckmans 1957, 92-93 Hasi YEM D3 Aromata Emporion R SOM PME 12; Ptol. 4.7.3 AromataPr.=Notou Keras B3 Arsinoe R ETH Desanges 1994, 176-81 E2 Asichon Pr. R Ras Hasik OMN von Wissmann 1977, 10-12 E2 Askitai R near Ras Hasik OMN von Wissmann 1977, 7 A3 Astapous fl. R Blue Nile ETH Desanges 1988, 138-39 Athenae = Adane B2 Athroula/ R Baraqish YEM al-Sheiba 1987, 60 Laththa § Athlula §Athrida D2 Ausara R al-Ghayda? YEM von Wissmann 1977, 13 C3 Ausaritis R Wusr, in E Qataban YEM von Wissmann 1976, 469 A3 A(u)xoume RL Aksum? ETH PME 4; Ptol. 4.7.8; NPauly Axum, Axomis B3 Aualites R Assab DJI PME 7; Sprenger 1875.329 C3 Aualites Sinus R Gulf of Aden Ptol. 4.7.3, 11 Axoume = A(u)xoume B5 Azania R between Opone and Casson 1989, 136 Rhapta B5 Azanium Mare/ R Arabian Sea, E Somalia Pliny, NH 6.153; Ptol. 4.7.1 Barbarikon Pelagos B3 Bachylitae R Bakil YEM RE Suppl. 11 Zamareni, col. 1330 § Datilum B2 Badeo R Madaya? 15 miles S Jizan Ryckmans 1957, 94 §Badis SAU B2 Baitios R Wadi Bayd? Wadi Baysh? RE Suppl. 11 Zaabram, col. 1305 § Baitheo SAU Barbarikon Pelagos = Azanium Mare D2 Bosara R Biyasara? medieval von Wissmann 1977, 14 inhabitants of Raisut according to al-Hamdani OMN A7 Bracheia/ E Pemba and Zanzibar KlPauly Prasodes thalassa Prasodes Thalassa B2 Calingi R Khaulan in 'Asir SAU RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, cols. 1285, 1287 § Chalingii B2 Camarum Ins. RL Kamaran YEM Pliny, NH 6.151; Schnetz 1920, 396 B2 Caminacum R Kamna in Jawf YEM von Wissmann 1976, 405 § Camiaeum § Chamimaum B2 Canauna H Wadi Qanauna SAU RE Suppl. 11 Zaabram, col. 1308 C3 Canon C?R Qarnawu? YEM von Wissmann 1977, 37-38 B2 Cardava C?R Kharid? YEM RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, col. 1286; von § Cardaba Wissmann 1977, 37 46 MAP 4 ARABIA-AZANIA C2 Cariati R Qaryat al-Fau SAU von Wissmann 1976, 460 § Cariati (T)achoali § Cariat(h) Tacitoali § Chinati Thacalin §Cyrmica § Cyrituca C3 Caripeta RL Hinu az-Zirayr YEM Schnetz 1920, 391-92; von §Cosaba Wissmann 1976, 471-72 Carmei = C(h)armei B2 Casani H Jizan SAU von Wissmann 1957, 300 § Gasani § Kassanitai C3 Cerbani RL inhabitants of Qataban Schnetz 1920, 401; RE Suppl. 11 § Caeubani YEM Uranios, col. 1281 § Catapani § Cebb(r)anitae § Gabonita § Gataphani § Gebbanitae § Kattabenoi § Kit(h)ibanitai § Kot(t)abanoi § Tabam B1 Chardaleon R area around al-Lith SAU RE Suppl. 11 Zaabram, col. 1308 § Cardaleon § Cardalena B2 C(h)armei R inhabitants of Haram in RE Suppl. 11 Uranios, col. 1287 Ghayl oasis YEM B2 Chelonitis Ins. HR Zubayr YEM von Wissmann 1976, 463 B2 Coralis? fl.
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    qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasd fghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq Searching for the Ancient Harbours of the Erythraean Sea wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui An Analytical Investigation 30/9/2010 opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Carmen Tânia Macleroy Obied hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 ͞,ĂƌďŽƵƌƐĂŶĚ/ŶĚŽ-ZŽŵĂŶdƌĂĚĞ͟ 1.1. Aims and Research Questions......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1. PROPOSED RESEARCH ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. AIMS .........................................................................................................................................................................