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Quantification of Fusarium Species in Swedish Spring Wheat by Real-Time PCR and Their Correlation with Mycotoxin Content and Region

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Quantification of Fusarium Species in Swedish Spring Wheat by Real-Time PCR and Their Correlation with Mycotoxin Content and Region UPTEC X 11 012 Examensarbete 30 hp Mars 2011 Quantification of Fusarium species in Swedish Spring wheat by real-time PCR and their correlation with mycotoxin content and region Jenny Spång Molecular Biotechnology Programme Uppsala University School of Engineering UPTEC X 11 012 Date of issue 2011-03 Author Jenny Spång Title (English) Quantification of Fusarium species in Swedish Spring wheat by real-time PCR and their correlation with mycotoxin content and region Title (Swedish) Abstract Fusarium is a type of mould capable of producing several diseases in cereals. Infection is a worldwide problem associated with yield losses and the accumulation of toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which are harmful to both humans and animals. F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae, and F. tricinctum, including corresponding mycotoxins were quantified in wheat samples from 6 distinct areas in Sweden. High levels of both Fusarium and toxins were detected; however no samples exceeded current limit values. The most dominant species of Fusarium were F. avenaceum and F. graminearum and the most common mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol and enniatin B. Keywords Fusarium, mycotoxins, wheat, real-time PCR, region, climate Supervisors Elisabeth Fredlund Swedish National Food Administration Scientific reviewer Stefan Bertilsson Uppsala universitet Project name Sponsors Language Security English ISSN 1401-2138 Classification Supplementary bibliographical information Pages 39 Biology Education Centre Biomedical Center Husargatan 3 Uppsala Box 592 S-75124 Uppsala Tel +46 (0)18 4710000 Fax +46 (0)18 471 4687 Quantification of Fusarium species in Swedish Spring wheat by real-time PCR and their correlation with mycotoxin content and region Jenny Spång Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Fusarium är en mögelsvamp som är vanligt förekommande i spannmål världen över. I släktet Fusarium ingår flera arter som kan orsaka allvarliga infektioner i grödor, med i vissa fall stora skördeförluster som följd. I Norden är F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum och F. poae vanligt förekommande arter. Tillväxten av Fusarium är starkt kopplad till klimatfaktorer som temperatur och nederbörd. Som en följd av detta kan klimatförändringar komma att medföra en ökad spridning av mögelsjukdomar. Flera arter av Fusarium bildar mögelgifter, så kallade mykotoxiner, som kan påverka hälsan hos både människor och djur. Mykotoxiner är värmetåliga ämnen som inte bryts ner vid livsmedelsproduktion, och kan därför nå konsumenter via kosten. I Sverige är vete det mest odlade spannmålet och en bidragande anledning till att mykotoxiner når livsmedelskedjan. Kunskap om och kontroll av förekomsten av mögelsvampar är därför viktig både för livsmedelssäkerheten och för att kunna förebygga spridningen. Realtids-PCR är ett effektivt verktyg för detektion och kvantifiering av Fusarium i spannmålsprover. Följande arbete kartlägger förekomsten av Fusarium arter i vete från regioner i södra och mellersta Sverige med hjälp av denna teknik. Samband mellan kontaminering av mykotoxiner och mögelinfektion samt statistiska skillnader mellan olika geografiska regioner fastställs. Examensarbete 30 hp Civilingenjörsprogrammet Molekylär bioteknik Uppsala universitet februari 2011 Table of contents 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Objective 5 2 Background 6 2.1 Infection of wheat by Fusarium 6 2.2 Fusarium Mycotoxins 6 2.3 Mycotoxins and human and animal health 8 2.4 Mycotoxin regulation 9 2.5 Factors influencing Fusarium growth 9 2.6 Prevention of Fusarium growth 10 2.6.1 Prediction strategies 10 2.6.2 Prevention strategies 11 2.7 Quantification and identification of Fusarium 11 2.7.1 Real-time PCR 12 3 Materials and methods 14 3.1 Collection of wheat samples 14 3.1.1 Field trials 14 3.1.2 Farm trials 14 3.2 Sample treatment 15 3.3 Experimental setup 15 3.4 Extraction of DNA from freeze dried Fusarium mycelia 16 3.5 Quality control of standards curves for real-time PCR 17 3.6 Extraction of DNA from wheat samples 17 3.7 Real-time PCR analysis 18 3.8 Isolation and enumeration of Fusarium in wheat kernels 19 3.9 Mycotoxin analysis 20 3.10 Statistical analysis 20 4 Results 21 4.1 Evaluation of units 21 4.2 Real-time PCR studies of Fusarium 21 1 4.3 Morphological studies 23 4.4 Mycotoxin analysis 24 4.5 Regression analysis 27 4.6 Analysis of geographical differences 29 4.7 Ear samples as indicators of toxin contamination 30 5 Discussion 31 6 References 35 2 Abbreviations BEA Beauvericin Ct Threshold cycle CZID Czapek-dox iprodione dichloran agar DG18 Dichloran 18% glycerol DON Deoxynivalenol EFSA European Food Safety Authority ENN Enniatins EC European Commission ESI-MS/MS Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FHB Fusarium head blight GLM General linear model HPLC High performance liquid chromatography JECFA Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry LOD Limit of detection MON Moniliformin NIV Nivalenol PCR Polymerase chain reaction PDA Potato dextrose agar TDI Tolerable daily intake WHO World Health organisation ZEN Zearalenone 3 1 Introduction Fusarium is a type of mould associated with food spoilage and infestation of grains on a global scale. The genus include a wide range of species capable of producing several diseases in cereals and maize, including Fusarium head blight (FHB), that cause significant yield and quality losses to infected crops (Parry et al., 1995). Fusarium outbreaks with great economic consequences have been reported from the U.S., China, Canada, Argentina and Japan, with losses exceeding 50% in some instances (McMullen et al., 1997). FHB is caused by a complex of different Fusarium species and the composition and interaction pattern differ considerably between countries (Xu et al., 2005). In northern European areas, F. avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. poae and F. tricinctum are considered to be the dominating species (Uhlig et al. 2007). The distribution and growth of Fusarium fungi is closely related to climatic factors, such as temperature and moisture (Doohan et al., 2003) and the prevalence is consequently expected to increase as a result of emerging climate change. In addition to yield losses, most species of Fusarium produce an array of toxic metabolites, known as mycotoxins, which can cause a wide range of disorders in both humans and animals (D’Mello et al., 2009; Peraica et al., 1999). F. culmorum and F. graminearum are by themselves potent producers of approximately 40 and 50 different toxic compounds respectively (Pitt and Hocking, 1997), some of which are closely related to products intended for human and animal consumption. Humans are exposed to mycotoxins through dietary intake of plant based foods and animal products such as milk, meat and eggs from cattle and farm stock given contaminated feed (Bryden, 2007). As a result of economic and health consequences associated with mycotoxins and Fusarium the matter has attracted a fair amount of attention over recent years (e.g. Bryden, 2007; Creppy, 2002; Pitt, 2000; Placinta et al., 1999; Peraica et al., 1999). The dominating dietary intake of Fusarium mycotoxins is through cereal products and in particular products made from wheat and maize (Food Standards Agency, 2007). Wheat, the most commonly cultivated grain in Sweden (Statistiska centralbyrån, 2010), has been found to be heavily contaminated by Fusarium species and corresponding mycotoxins in Norway and Finland (Uhlig et al., 2007; Jestoi et al., 2004; Langseth and Rundberget, 1999) and results from Swedish surveys of wheat and oats present similar results (Fredlund et al., 2010; Fredlund et al., 2008). In the temperate regions of America, Europe and Asia, Fusarium is considered to be the fungi responsible for most of the mycotoxin production in grains such as wheat (Creppy, 2002). This master thesis is a part of an ongoing study on the prevalence of Fusarium and corresponding mycotoxins in Swedish grains carried out by the Swedish National Food Administration in cooperation with the Swedish Board of Agriculture, the Swedish National Veterinary Institute and Lantmännen, in order 4 to ascertain the frequency of Fusarium contaminated cereals and evaluate the possibility of developing predictive models. During the initial phase of the project, in 2009, common strains of Fusarium in Swedish Fall wheat from three geographical areas were identified and results evaluated in respect to mycotoxin content and region. Results indicated that F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. tricinctum are frequently occurring species, making further studies of these fungi interesting. 1.1 Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of Fusarium species and common mycotoxins in Swedish Spring wheat, by examining 28 kernel samples and 10 ear samples obtained from farms located in the southern and middle parts of Sweden. The survey was based on the following research questions: What quantity of Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium poae and Fusarium tricinctum and corresponding mycotoxins, were present in Spring wheat samples from Swedish farms in 2010? Is there a relationship between the incidence of Fusarium and the presence of common mycotoxins in Swedish Spring wheat? Are ear samples picked pre-harvest good indicators of toxin contamination? How does the occurrence of Fusarium and corresponding toxins vary between different geographical areas in Sweden? 5 2 Background 2.1 Infection of wheat by Fusarium Fusarium is a mould within the phylum ascomycota, a group of fungi that produce sexual ascospores and asexual spores called conidia. Vast numbers of spores are spread by wind, rain and insects to host plants where they germinate given appropriate moist and temperature conditions (Parry et al., 1995). In colder climates, growth is limited to the spring and summer, but mycelia can survive over winter on infected plant material in the soil and inoculate crops during following seasons (Goswami and Kistler, 2004). Fusarium impact several aspects of the crop, corrupting starch granules, storage proteins and cell walls (Bechtel et al., 1985).
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