DOCSLIB.ORG

'Occurrence and Epidemiology Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Occurrence and Epidemiology Of Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats Schöneberg, Torsten Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-147582 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Schöneberg, Torsten. Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Torsten Schöneberg aus Deutschland Promotionskommission Prof. Dr. Beat Keller (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Christoph Ringli Dr. Susanne Vogelgsang (Leitung der Dissertation) Zürich, 2017 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents III I Table of Contents I Table of Contents ................................................................................. III II List of Figures ....................................................................................... V III List of Tables ........................................................................................ IX Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................... 3 1 General introduction ............................................................................. 5 1.1 Fusarium species taxonomy ............................................................. 7 1.2 Biology and epidemiology of different Fusarium species ................. 9 1.2.1 Fusarium graminearum .............................................................. 9 1.2.2 Fusarium poae ......................................................................... 12 1.2.3 Fusarium langsethiae .............................................................. 14 1.3 Current measures to control Fusarium caused diseases ............... 17 1.3.1 Agronomic measures ............................................................... 17 1.3.2 Chemical control measures ..................................................... 18 1.3.3 Biological control measures ..................................................... 20 1.4 Forecasting systems ...................................................................... 20 1.5 The cereals oats and barley - current situation in Switzerland ....... 21 1.6 Health benefits of barley and oats .................................................. 22 1.7 Objectives and Outline ................................................................... 23 2 Fusarium and mycotoxin spectra in Swiss barley are affected by various cropping techniques.................................................................... 25 2.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 25 2.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 26 2.3 Material & Methods ........................................................................ 27 2.4 Results............................................................................................ 31 2.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 40 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook ............................................................... 44 2.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 45 2.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 46 3 Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Swiss oats – Impact of cropping factors ....................................................................... 47 3.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 47 3.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 48 3.3 Material and Methods ..................................................................... 49 3.4 Results............................................................................................ 53 3.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 63 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook ............................................................... 67 3.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 68 3.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 69 IV Table of Contents 4 The required infection conditions of Fusarium graminearum in barley are different than those in wheat ............................................................. 79 4.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 79 4.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 80 4.3 Material and Methods ..................................................................... 81 4.4 Results ........................................................................................... 85 4.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 94 4.6 Conclusion and Outlook ................................................................. 96 4.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 97 4.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 98 5 Epidemiology of Fusarium langsethiae and F. poae in oats – lower temperatures during anthesis increase mycotoxin accumulation ..................................................................................... 101 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................ 101 5.2 Introduction ................................................................................... 102 5.3 Material and Methods ................................................................... 103 5.4 Results ......................................................................................... 109 5.5 Discussion .................................................................................... 116 5.6 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 120 5.7 Supplementary Material ............................................................... 121 6 General discussion ........................................................................... 125 6.1 Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Swiss barley and oats ............................................................................. 125 6.2 Influence of the main cropping factors on Fusarium species incidence and mycotoxin contents in barley and oats .................. 127 6.3 Influence of climatic conditions on the infection of Fusarium graminearum in barley and of F. poae and F. langsethiae in oats ........................................................................................... 129 6.4 Spore deposition and dispersal of Fusarium graminearum, F. poae and F. langsethiae .......................................................... 131 7 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 133 8 Outlook .............................................................................................. 135 IV References ............................................................................................ XI V Acknowledgements ........................................................................ XXIX VI Curriculum vitae .............................................................................. XXXI List of Figures V II List of Figures Figure 1: Structures of type A- and B-trichothecens; NEO: neosolaniol, DAS: diacetoxy- scirpenol, HT-2: HT-2 toxin, T-2: T-2 toxin, VOL: verrucarol, NIV: nivalenol, DON: deoxynivalenol, F-X: fusarenon-X, 3-ADON: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON: 15- acetyldeoxynivalenol (Berger et al. 1999). ......................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Extract of the parsimonious tree, showing the main Fusarium sections and species complex within the sambucinum complex; A and/or B type trichothecene production is mapped onto sambucinum subclades species complex. Numbers above internodes represent maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap support. Thickened blacked branches identify six basal non-Fusarium lineages; thickened red branches identify nine internodes that were not supported by ML and MP bootstrapping. Bold black asterisks identify seven species whose whole genome sequences were surveyed for secondary metabolite gene clusters. Within the fujikuroi species complex, three biogeographically structured subclades are identified: As = Asian, Af = African, Am = American. (O'Donnell et al. 2013). .......................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Life cycle of Fusarium graminearum (Trail 2009). ................................................. 12 Figure 4: Symptoms of Fusarium poae on wheat (left) and of F. graminearum on barley (right) (picture: T. Schöneberg, Agroscope). ............................................................................... 14 Figure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi That Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot
    toxins Article Diversity and Toxigenicity of Fungi that Cause Pineapple Fruitlet Core Rot Bastien Barral 1,2,* , Marc Chillet 1,2, Anna Doizy 3 , Maeva Grassi 1, Laetitia Ragot 1, Mathieu Léchaudel 1,4, Noel Durand 1,5, Lindy Joy Rose 6 , Altus Viljoen 6 and Sabine Schorr-Galindo 1 1 Qualisud, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ d’Avignon, Univ de La Reunion, F-34398 Montpellier, France; [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (N.D.); [email protected] (S.S.-G.) 2 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France 3 CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 Saint-Pierre, Reunion, France; [email protected] 4 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-97130 Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France 5 CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, F-34398 Montpellier, France 6 Department of Plant Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7600, South Africa; [email protected] (L.J.R.); [email protected] (A.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +262-2-62-49-27-88 Received: 14 April 2020; Accepted: 14 May 2020; Published: 21 May 2020 Abstract: The identity of the fungi responsible for fruitlet core rot (FCR) disease in pineapple has been the subject of investigation for some time. This study describes the diversity and toxigenic potential of fungal species causing FCR in La Reunion, an island in the Indian Ocean. One-hundred-and-fifty fungal isolates were obtained from infected and healthy fruitlets on Reunion Island and exclusively correspond to two genera of fungi: Fusarium and Talaromyces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Emergence of Cereal Fungal Diseases and the Incidence of Leaf Spot Diseases in Finland
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Vol. 20 (2011): 62–73. Vol. 20(2011): 62–73. The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland Marja Jalli, Pauliina Laitinen and Satu Latvala MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production Research, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland, email: [email protected] Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields.Mycosphaerella graminicola was identi- fied for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields.Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied. Key-words: Plant disease, leaf spot disease, emergence, cereal, barley, wheat, oat Introduction nbrock and McDonald 2009). Changes in cropping systems and in climate are likely to maintain the plant-pathogen interactions (Gregory et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium Langsethiae on Kernels of Winter Wheat in Poland – Occurrence and Mycotoxigenic Abilities
    3rd Int. FHB Symposium Szeged, Hungary, 2008 FUSARIUM LANGSETHIAE ON KERNELS OF WINTER WHEAT IN POLAND – OCCURRENCE AND MYCOTOXIGENIC ABILITIES Aleksander LUKANOWSKI – Czeslaw SADOWSKI Department of Phytopathology, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Ks. A. Kordeckiego 20, 85-225 Bydgoszcz, Poland, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The object of the study was mycological analysis of settlement of winter wheat grain samples collected in 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 cropping seasons with the special respect to a new species – Fusarium langsethiae. Its presence was noted in 38 samples in relatively low intensity (from 0.5 up to 3.5%). PCR assay confirmed identity of 38 isolates as F. langsethiae. Mycelium of tested strains of F. langsethiae was whitish with powdery appearance. Microconidia were formed napiform or globose, nonseptate, formed in heads. Macroconidia, sclerotia, and chlamydospores were not present after 3 weeks of incubation. Growth rates ranged from 5.4 to 10.3 mm/day. No isolate had potential ability to type B trichothecenes. Detailed chemical analyses of two strains showed them as producers of T-2 and HT-2 toxins at high concentrations. Key words: Fusarium langsethiae, PCR, wheat, mycotoxins Introduction Fungi from genus Fusarium, one of the most dangerous pathogens of cereals, cause serious loses of yield and significantly decrease its quality and wheat shows relatively high susceptibility to infection by these fungi. During research on mycotoxins and the occurrence of Fusarium spp. in cereal grain in Norway (Kosiak et al. 1997; Langseth and Rundberget 1999), it was found a Fusarium species of uncertain identity morphologically resembling F.
    [Show full text]
  • Delimitation of Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and Related Genera with Cylindrocarpon-Like Anamorphs
    available online at www.studiesinmycology.org StudieS in Mycology 68: 57–78. 2011. doi:10.3114/sim.2011.68.03 Delimitation of Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and related genera with Cylindrocarpon-like anamorphs P. Chaverri1*, C. Salgado1, Y. Hirooka1, 2, A.Y. Rossman2 and G.J. Samuels2 1University of Maryland, Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, Rm. 240, B-010A, 10300 Beltsville Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA *Correspondence: Priscila Chaverri, [email protected] Abstract: Neonectria is a cosmopolitan genus and it is, in part, defined by its link to the anamorph genusCylindrocarpon . Neonectria has been divided into informal groups on the basis of combined morphology of anamorph and teleomorph. Previously, Cylindrocarpon was divided into four groups defined by presence or absence of microconidia and chlamydospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that Neonectria sensu stricto and Cylindrocarpon sensu stricto are phylogenetically congeneric. In addition, morphological and molecular data accumulated over several years have indicated that Neonectria sensu lato and Cylindrocarpon sensu lato do not form a monophyletic group and that the respective informal groups may represent distinct genera. In the present work, a multilocus analysis (act, ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1, tub) was applied to representatives of the informal groups to determine their level of phylogenetic support as a first step towards taxonomic revision of Neonectria sensu lato. Results show five distinct highly supported clades that correspond to some extent with the informal Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon groups that are here recognised as genera: (1) N.
    [Show full text]
  • Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions
    toxins Review Fusarium-Produced Mycotoxins in Plant-Pathogen Interactions Lakshmipriya Perincherry , Justyna Lalak-Ka ´nczugowska and Łukasz St˛epie´n* Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszy´nska34, 60-479 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (J.L.-K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2019; Accepted: 12 November 2019; Published: 14 November 2019 Abstract: Pathogens belonging to the Fusarium genus are causal agents of the most significant crop diseases worldwide. Virtually all Fusarium species synthesize toxic secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins; however, the roles of mycotoxins are not yet fully understood. To understand how a fungal partner alters its lifestyle to assimilate with the plant host remains a challenge. The review presented the mechanisms of mycotoxin biosynthesis in the Fusarium genus under various environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, moisture content, and nitrogen source. It also concentrated on plant metabolic pathways and cytogenetic changes that are influenced as a consequence of mycotoxin confrontations. Moreover, we looked through special secondary metabolite production and mycotoxins specific for some significant fungal pathogens-plant host models. Plant strategies of avoiding the Fusarium mycotoxins were also discussed. Finally, we outlined the studies on the potential of plant secondary metabolites in defense reaction to Fusarium infection. Keywords: fungal pathogens; Fusarium; pathogenicity; secondary metabolites Key Contribution: The review summarized the knowledge and recent reports on the involvement of Fusarium mycotoxins in plant infection processes, as well as the consequences for plant metabolism and physiological changes related to the pathogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses and Toxigenic Profiles of Fusarium Equiseti and Fusarium Acuminatum Isolated from Cereals from Southern Eu
    Phylogenetic analyses and toxigenic profiles of Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum isolated from cereals from Southern Europe Patricia Marin a, Antonio Morettib, Alberto Ritienic, Miguel Jurado d, Covadonga Vazquez e, M. Teresa Gonzalez-Jaena* ABSTRACT Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium acuminatum are toxigenic species that contaminate cereal crops from diverse climatic regions. They are common in Spanish cereals. The information available on their phylogenetics and toxigenic profiles is, however, insufficient to assist risk evaluation. In this work, phylogenetic analyses were performed using partial sequences of the translation elongation factor gene (EF-\a) of F. equiseti and F. acuminatum strains isolated from barley and wheat from Spain and other countries. The Northern and Southern European F. equiseti strains largely separated into two phyloge- netically distinct clusters. This suggests the existence of two distinct populations within this species, explaining its presence in these regions of markedly different climate. Production of type A and B trichothecenes by the Spanish strains, examined in wheat cultures using a multitoxin analytical method, indicated that F. equiseti could produce deoxynivalenol and nivalenol and other trichothecenes, at concentrations that might represent a significant risk of toxin contamination for Southern European cereals. F. acuminatum showed low intraspecific genetic variability and 58% of the strains could produce deoxynivalenol at low level. Neither species was found to produce T-2 or HT-2 toxins. The present results provide important phylogenetic and toxigenic information essential for the accurate prediction of toxigenic risk. 1. Introduction Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium verticillioides Cereals are a dietary staple in most temperate regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Spontaneous Auxotrophic Mutants in Fusarium Langsethiae
    microorganisms Article Identification and Characterization of Spontaneous Auxotrophic Mutants in Fusarium langsethiae Olga Gavrilova, Anna Skritnika and Tatiana Gagkaeva * All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR), St.-Petersburg, Pushkin 196608, Russia; [email protected] (O.G.); [email protected] (A.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-812-333-3764; Fax: +7-812-470-5110 Academic Editor: Martin von Bergen Received: 24 February 2017; Accepted: 27 March 2017; Published: 31 March 2017 Abstract: Analysis of 49 strains of Fusarium langsethiae originating from northern Europe (Russia, Finland, Sweden, UK, Norway, and Latvia) revealed the presence of spontaneous auxotrophic mutants that reflect natural intraspecific diversity. Our investigations detected that 49.0% of F. langsethiae strains were auxotrophic mutants for biotin, and 8.2% of the strains required thiamine as a growth factor. They failed to grow on vitamin-free media. For both prototrophic and auxotrophic strains, no growth defect was observed in rich organic media. Without essential vitamins, a significant reduction in the growth of the auxotrophic strains results in a decrease of the formation of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. In addition, all analysed F. langsethiae strains were distinguished into two subgroups based on PCR product sizes. According to our results, 26 and 23 strains of F. langsethiae belong to subgroups I and II respectively. We determined that the deletion in the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of the rDNA of F. langsethiae belonging to subgroup II is linked with temperature sensitivity and causes a decrease in strain growth at 30 ◦C. Four thiamine auxotrophic strains were found in subgroup I, while 21 biotin auxotrophic strains were detected in subgroups II.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Fusarium Species and Fusarium Mycotoxins in Grain of Wheat In
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 10 September 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201909.0108.v1 Fusarium species and Fusarium mycotoxins in grain of wheat in Poland in 2009 and 2010 Tomasz Góral1, Piotr Ochodzki1, Linda K. Nielsen2, Dorota Walentyn-Góral1 1Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland; [email protected]; 2Sejet Plant Breeding, Nørremarksvej 67, 8700 Horsens, Denmark Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the presence Fusarium species and mycotoxins in winter wheat grain in Poland. Grain samples from different locations in Poland in 2009 and 2010 were analysed for the content of biomass of Fusarium species and mycotoxins. In 2009 biomass of F. graminearum and F. poae was present in all samples, F. culmorum in 82% of samples, F. avenaceum in 55% of samples. F. sporotrichioides, F. tricinctum and F. equiseti were found only in individual samples. F. langsethiae was not detected. In 2010, five Fusarium species were detected with the exception of F. sporotrichioides. The highest content of biomass was found for F. graminearum followed by F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. langsethiae. The amount of F. culmorum biomass was very low. The most frequently occurring species was F. poae and F. graminearum. In 2009, deoxynivalenol was detected in all samples. In 2010, the average content of deoxynivalenol was lower than in 2009. Nivalenol was detected at very low concentration in both years. Significant correlations between content of F. graminearum biomass and deoxynivalenol concentration in grain and between content of F.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey
    Uploaded – August 2011, August 2015, October 2017. [Link page – Mycotaxon 116: 479, 2011] Expert Reviewers: Semra ILHAN, Ertugrul SESLI, Evrim TASKIN Checklist of Fusarium Species Reported from Turkey Ahmet ASAN e-mail 1 : [email protected] e-mail 2 : [email protected] Tel. : +90 284 2352824 / 1219 Fax : +90 284 2354010 Address: Prof. Dr. Ahmet ASAN. Trakya University, Faculty of Science -Fen Fakultesi-, Department of Biology, Balkan Yerleskesi, TR-22030 EDIRNE–TURKEY Web Page of Author: http://personel.trakya.edu.tr/ahasan#.UwoFK-OSxCs Citation of this work: Asan A. Checklist of Fusarium species reported from Turkey. Mycotaxon 116 (1): 479, 2011. Link: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v116-checklist.pdf Last updated: October 10, 2017. Link for Full text: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/asan-v116- checklist.pdf Link for Regional Checklist of the Mycotaxon Journal: http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/weblists.html Link for Mycotaxon journal: http://www.mycotaxon.com This internet site was last updated on October 10, 2017, and contains the following: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Some Historical Notes 4. Some Media Notes 5. Schema 6. Methods 7. The Other Information 8. Results - List of Species, Subtrates and/or Habitats, and Citation Numbers of Literature 9. Literature Cited Abstract Fusarium genus is common in nature and important in agriculture, medicine and veterinary science. Some species produce mycotoxins such as fumonisins, zearelenone and deoxynivalenol; and they can be harmfull for humans and animals. The purpose of this study is to document the Fusarium species isolated from Turkey with their subtrates and/or their habitat.
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Fusarium Fungi in Wheat Cultivation – Pathogenicity and Mycotoxins Production: a Review
    Journal of Animal &Plant Sciences, 2014. Vol.21, Issue 2: 3326-3343 Publication date 30/4/2014, http://www.m.elewa.org/JAPS ; ISSN 2071-7024 The Importance of Fusarium Fungi in Wheat Cultivation – Pathogenicity and Mycotoxins Production: A Review Natalia K. Kotowicz, Magdalena Frąc, Jerzy Lipiec Institute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: Fusarium , wheat diseases, fungicide control, mycotoxins 1. ABSTRACT Globally, cereals occupy about 50% of arable land. In Poland, that share is over 70%. In the structure of cereal crops, wheat is a dominant species. It occupies an area of 2.2 million hectares. The major part of this area is winter wheat, which is responsive to infection by pathogenic fungi. In recent years, the occurrence of pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium has been increasing. Their harmful effect consists of deterioration of the quality and quantity of yield and production of mycotoxins that can pose a threat to plants, animals and humans. In order to prevent the development of fusariosis, fungicides are used. However, incompetent and intensive use of fungicides may induce the resistance in strains previously sensitive to those substances. The aim of this essay is to present the problem of pathogenic Fusarium species occurrence in wheat crops and to discuss methods of fungicide control and related problems. 2. INTRODUCTION Wheat has accompanied humans as a bread especially pathogenic fungi that cause leaf, cereal for many decades now. Its cultivation head, and stem diseases (Jaczewska-Kalicka was known as early as the Neolithic Age, about 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Fusarium Langsethiae and T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Italian Malting Barley
    toxins Article Occurrence of Fusarium langsethiae and T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Italian Malting Barley Caterina Morcia 1, Giorgio Tumino 1, Roberta Ghizzoni 1, Franz W. Badeck 1, Veronica M.T. Lattanzio 2, Michelangelo Pascale 2 and Valeria Terzi 1,* 1 Genomics Research Centre (CREA-GPG), Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Via San Protaso 302, 29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy; [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (G.T.); [email protected] (R.G.); [email protected] (F.W.B.) 2 Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy; [email protected] (V.M.T.L.); [email protected] (M.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0523-983758; Fax: +39-0523-983750 Academic Editor: Carlo Brera Received: 18 July 2016; Accepted: 15 August 2016; Published: 20 August 2016 Abstract: T-2 and HT-2 toxins are two of the most toxic members of type-A trichothecenes, produced by a number of Fusarium species. The occurrence of these mycotoxins was studied in barley samples during a survey carried out in the 2011–2014 growing seasons in climatically different regions in Italy. The percentage of samples found positive ranges from 22% to 53%, with values included between 26 and 787 µg/kg. The percentage of samples with a T-2 and HT-2 content above the EU indicative levels for barley of 200 µg/kg ranges from 2% to 19.6% in the 2011–2014 period.
    [Show full text]
  • Arsenal of Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes Reflects Host Preference
    King et al. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2011, 4:4 http://www.biotechnologyforbiofuels.com/content/4/1/4 RESEARCH Open Access Arsenal of plant cell wall degrading enzymes reflects host preference among plant pathogenic fungi Brian C King1, Katrina D Waxman1, Nicholas V Nenni2,5, Larry P Walker3, Gary C Bergstrom1, Donna M Gibson4* Abstract Background: The discovery and development of novel plant cell wall degrading enzymes is a key step towards more efficient depolymerization of polysaccharides to fermentable sugars for the production of liquid transportation biofuels and other bioproducts. The industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei is known to be highly cellulolytic and is a major industrial microbial source for commercial cellulases, xylanases and other cell wall degrading enzymes. However, enzyme-prospecting research continues to identify opportunities to enhance the activity of T. reesei enzyme preparations by supplementing with enzymatic diversity from other microbes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic potential of a broad range of plant pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi for their ability to degrade plant biomass and isolated polysaccharides. Results: Large-scale screening identified a range of hydrolytic activities among 348 unique isolates representing 156 species of plant pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi. Hierarchical clustering was used to identify groups of species with similar hydrolytic profiles. Among moderately and highly active species, plant pathogenic species were found to be more active than non-pathogens on six of eight substrates tested, with no significant difference seen on the other two substrates. Among the pathogenic fungi, greater hydrolysis was seen when they were tested on biomass and hemicellulose derived from their host plants (commelinoid monocot or dicot).
    [Show full text]