Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats Schöneberg, Torsten Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-147582 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Schöneberg, Torsten. Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats. 2017, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Occurrence and Epidemiology of Fusarium Species in Barley and Oats Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Torsten Schöneberg aus Deutschland Promotionskommission Prof. Dr. Beat Keller (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Christoph Ringli Dr. Susanne Vogelgsang (Leitung der Dissertation) Zürich, 2017 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents III I Table of Contents I Table of Contents ................................................................................. III II List of Figures ....................................................................................... V III List of Tables ........................................................................................ IX Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................... 3 1 General introduction ............................................................................. 5 1.1 Fusarium species taxonomy ............................................................. 7 1.2 Biology and epidemiology of different Fusarium species ................. 9 1.2.1 Fusarium graminearum .............................................................. 9 1.2.2 Fusarium poae ......................................................................... 12 1.2.3 Fusarium langsethiae .............................................................. 14 1.3 Current measures to control Fusarium caused diseases ............... 17 1.3.1 Agronomic measures ............................................................... 17 1.3.2 Chemical control measures ..................................................... 18 1.3.3 Biological control measures ..................................................... 20 1.4 Forecasting systems ...................................................................... 20 1.5 The cereals oats and barley - current situation in Switzerland ....... 21 1.6 Health benefits of barley and oats .................................................. 22 1.7 Objectives and Outline ................................................................... 23 2 Fusarium and mycotoxin spectra in Swiss barley are affected by various cropping techniques.................................................................... 25 2.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 25 2.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 26 2.3 Material & Methods ........................................................................ 27 2.4 Results............................................................................................ 31 2.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 40 2.6 Conclusions and Outlook ............................................................... 44 2.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 45 2.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 46 3 Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Swiss oats – Impact of cropping factors ....................................................................... 47 3.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 47 3.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 48 3.3 Material and Methods ..................................................................... 49 3.4 Results............................................................................................ 53 3.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 63 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook ............................................................... 67 3.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 68 3.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 69 IV Table of Contents 4 The required infection conditions of Fusarium graminearum in barley are different than those in wheat ............................................................. 79 4.1 Abstract .......................................................................................... 79 4.2 Introduction ..................................................................................... 80 4.3 Material and Methods ..................................................................... 81 4.4 Results ........................................................................................... 85 4.5 Discussion ...................................................................................... 94 4.6 Conclusion and Outlook ................................................................. 96 4.7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................ 97 4.8 Supplementary Material ................................................................. 98 5 Epidemiology of Fusarium langsethiae and F. poae in oats – lower temperatures during anthesis increase mycotoxin accumulation ..................................................................................... 101 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................ 101 5.2 Introduction ................................................................................... 102 5.3 Material and Methods ................................................................... 103 5.4 Results ......................................................................................... 109 5.5 Discussion .................................................................................... 116 5.6 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 120 5.7 Supplementary Material ............................................................... 121 6 General discussion ........................................................................... 125 6.1 Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Swiss barley and oats ............................................................................. 125 6.2 Influence of the main cropping factors on Fusarium species incidence and mycotoxin contents in barley and oats .................. 127 6.3 Influence of climatic conditions on the infection of Fusarium graminearum in barley and of F. poae and F. langsethiae in oats ........................................................................................... 129 6.4 Spore deposition and dispersal of Fusarium graminearum, F. poae and F. langsethiae .......................................................... 131 7 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 133 8 Outlook .............................................................................................. 135 IV References ............................................................................................ XI V Acknowledgements ........................................................................ XXIX VI Curriculum vitae .............................................................................. XXXI List of Figures V II List of Figures Figure 1: Structures of type A- and B-trichothecens; NEO: neosolaniol, DAS: diacetoxy- scirpenol, HT-2: HT-2 toxin, T-2: T-2 toxin, VOL: verrucarol, NIV: nivalenol, DON: deoxynivalenol, F-X: fusarenon-X, 3-ADON: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-ADON: 15- acetyldeoxynivalenol (Berger et al. 1999). ......................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Extract of the parsimonious tree, showing the main Fusarium sections and species complex within the sambucinum complex; A and/or B type trichothecene production is mapped onto sambucinum subclades species complex. Numbers above internodes represent maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) bootstrap support. Thickened blacked branches identify six basal non-Fusarium lineages; thickened red branches identify nine internodes that were not supported by ML and MP bootstrapping. Bold black asterisks identify seven species whose whole genome sequences were surveyed for secondary metabolite gene clusters. Within the fujikuroi species complex, three biogeographically structured subclades are identified: As = Asian, Af = African, Am = American. (O'Donnell et al. 2013). .......................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Life cycle of Fusarium graminearum (Trail 2009). ................................................. 12 Figure 4: Symptoms of Fusarium poae on wheat (left) and of F. graminearum on barley (right) (picture: T. Schöneberg, Agroscope). ............................................................................... 14 Figure