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Species of Fusarium Causing Root Rot of Soybean in South Dakota

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Species of Fusarium Causing Root Rot of Soybean in South Dakota South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2019 Species of Fusarium Causing Root Rot of Soybean in South Dakota: Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Interaction with Heterodera Glycines Paul Nyawanda Okello South Dakota State University Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Part of the Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Okello, Paul Nyawanda, "Species of Fusarium Causing Root Rot of Soybean in South Dakota: Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Interaction with Heterodera Glycines" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3251. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3251 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPECIES OF FUSARIUM CAUSING ROOT ROT OF SOYBEAN IN SOUTH DAKOTA: CHARACTERIZATION, PATHOGENICITY, AND INTERACTION WITH HETERODERA GLYCINES BY PAUL NYAWANDA OKELLO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Major in Plant Science South Dakota State University 2019 iii DEDICATION To my dear dad Meshack, and late loving mum Judith for their unending love for education, and giving me the wings to fly, roots to go back to, and reasons to remain hopeful... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There is nothing greater than gratitude. This dissertation, while being a major milestone in my academic and professional development, it is in itself a product of the opportunity offered, collective support accorded, purposeful guidance and mentorship, and emotional strength from a remarkable group of persons who walked the path with me. To all, I give my most sincere and profound thanks. To Dr. Alison Robertson and Mr. David Soh: because I owe it all to both of you for offering me the opportunity to be involved in plant science research and thereby rekindling an interest to pursue graduate studies in the discipline. My major advisor, Dr. Febina Mathew: my sincere appreciation for the privileged opportunity to be a graduate student in your lab, guidance, and persistent support through my research studies. I am sincerely thankful to members of my graduate committee, Dr. Emmanuel Byamukama, Dr. Adam Varenhorst, Dr. Shannon Osborne and Dr. Kasiviswanathan Muthukumarappan for their invaluable input, support and professional mentorship. My gratitude to all current and past members of Dr. Mathew’s lab (Dr. Ahmed Gebreil, Dr. Marina Johnson, Dr. Kristina Petrovic, Brian Kontz, Nathan Braun, Taylor Olson, John Posch, Phillip Alberti, Krishna Ghimire, Anjana Adhikari, Renan Guidini, Ishani Lal, Ana Micijevic, Luke Hyronimus, Scott Mages, Alec Weber, Md Rakibul Islam Shogib, Vinay Kumar Ceela, Mammen Korah and Georgee Mathew) for their assistance with experimental set up, and data collection. I am also grateful to all current and past members of Dr. Byamukama’ lab (Dr. Dalisto Yabwalo, Dr. Rawnaq Chowdhury, Krishna Acharya, Pawan Basnet, Collins Bugingo and Bishnu Dhital) for their support. It was great v sharing laboratory and moments at the Plant Science Building with all of you during my graduate studies at South Dakota State University. I am indebted to the North Central Soybean Research Program, the South Dakota Soybean Research and Promotion Council, and the South Dakota Agricultural Experimental Station for funding my research studies and facilitating opportunities for professional development through conference and workshop participation. With a special mention, my utmost appreciation to the families of Dr. Njoka, Dr. Osanya, Dr. Byamukama, and Cathy for being a family support system and social pillars far away from home. In addition, a thank you to my siblings and family friends who petitioned Jehovah God through prayers in my behalf amidst challenging moments. Finally, my special thanks to my beloved wife and friend Sally, our son Igen, and daughter Iyie for their tested and enduring patience, continued and sacrificial support, and endless love as I attempted to balance graduate school with demanding family obligations. To all, a big thank you for believing in me, remaining optimistic, cheering along the way and racing to the finish line to wait in the celebration. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1 Literature review ................................................................................................................. 1 Soybean: An Overview ................................................................................................... 1 Threats to soybean production ........................................................................................ 2 Fusarium as plant pathogen ............................................................................................ 2 Fusarium-associated diseases in soybean ....................................................................... 3 Fusarium root rot of soybean .......................................................................................... 3 Disease cycle and epidemiology ..................................................................................... 4 Management of Fusarium root rot ................................................................................... 5 Interaction of species of Fusarium with biotic factors .................................................... 5 Interaction of species of Fusarium with abiotic factors (soil fertility) ........................... 7 Research justification ...................................................................................................... 8 Literature cited .................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................... 17 Characterize species of Fusarium causing root rot of soybean (Glycine max L.) in South Dakota................................................................................................................. 17 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 17 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 20 Survey, Isolation and Identification of Fusarium species ............................................. 20 Aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates ............................................................................ 23 Screening of soybean accessions for resistance ............................................................ 25 Results ............................................................................................................................... 26 Survey, Isolation and Identification of Fusarium species ............................................. 26 Aggressiveness of Fusarium species............................................................................. 31 Screening of soybean accessions for resistance ............................................................ 32 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 33 vii Literature cited .................................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 55 Seven species of Fusarium from soybean and corn are pathogenic on the two crops in South Dakota ..................................................................................................................... 55 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 55 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 56 Isolation and Identification of Fusarium Species ............................................................. 57 Pathogenicity of Fusarium Isolates from Soybean and Corn ........................................... 60 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 63 Literature cited .................................................................................................................
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