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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR MASTERS THESIS 13-9436 CLARK, Wayne Edward THE APPLICATION OF REGIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS TO CONTRACT ARCHEOLOGY: THE NORTHWEST TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROJECT, The American University, M.A., 1976 Anthropology, archaeology Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor. Michigan 48106 0 1976 WAYNE EDWARD CLARK ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE APPLICATION OF REGIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS TO CONTRACT ARCHEOLOGY: THE NORTHWEST TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROJECT. By ^ Wayne E. Clark. Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Arts Anthropology Signatures of Committee Chairman Dean'^^the^ College Date Date: 1976 The American University Washington, D. C. THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIERA]-;Y THE APPLICATION OF REGIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS TO CONTRACT ARCHEOLOGY: THE NORTHWEST TRANSPORTATION CORRIDOR ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROJECT by Wayne E. Clark ABSTRACT The applicability of incorporating recent methodological and theoretical advances within the framework of conservation archeo­ logy is tested by using the three years of archeological investi­ gations of the Northwest Transportation Corridor as a case study. The thesis places the archeological resources of the Gwynns Falls Valley into a paleo-ecological perspective utilizing the present habitat variables as a starting point for predicting past habitat diversity; developes a diachronic synthesis of cultural develop­ ment for the Gwynns Falls Valley and surrounding Eastern Piedmont province; and advances a culture history of the formulation, ex­ pansion and demise of the Potomac Creek complex during the Late Woodland period. These major themes were formulated to place the cultural resources of the Gwynns Falls Valley within the larger perspective of the environmental and cultural variables of the surrounding Chesapeake Bay region. The thesis demonstrates that conservation archeology can utilize recent methodological and theoretical advances in archeology. Preface In 1973, the Maryland State Highway Administration requested the Maryland Geological Survey to conduct an archeological recon­ naissance and preliminary site examination of the Northwest Trans­ portation Corridor as an ancillary preliminary engineering service prior to determination of final route location. The Federal regula­ tion which applies to the investigation is the Federal-Aid Highway Program Manual, Volume 7, Chapter 7, Section 4. The first phase of investigations in 1973 entailed a preliminary examination of the corridor and revealed six historic and six prehistoric archeological sites. Based on the results and recommendations of the 1973 survey (Clark 1973), controlled surface collection of the prehistoric sites falling within the proposed Dolfield Road Interchange right-of-way were conducted in the summer of 1974 (Clark 1975a). Final phase excavation and additional controlled surface collection of the sites within the proposed Dolfield Road Interchange right-of-way was com­ pleted by May 2, 1975. Surveys of the Horsehead Branch, Red Run Stream and Upper Gwynns Falls River Valleys were conducted in the summers of 1974 and 1975 to acquire settlement subsistence pattern data applicable to the thesis. The diachronic research design developed for the Gwynns Falls Valley and the synchronic research design developed for the Potomac Creek complex have been reformulated and refined. This thesis synthesizes the results of three years of archeological investigations of the Northwest Transportation Corridor. During the three phases of the project and the preparation of the thesis, many individuals offered their assistance and encourage­ ment. First and foremost, I extend my appreciation to Tyler Bastian, Division of Archeology, Maryland Geological Survey. Mr. Bastian's interest and guidance throughout the progress of research have been instrumental in the completion of the various phases of the project and thesis. I wish to thank the public-minded Painters Mill Venture for allowing investigation of the prehistoric sites on its property and particularly to Howard Weinstein, the patient representative of the Painters Mill Venture. I thank all the amateur archeologists, high school students, and college students who contributed their time and enthusiasm. I especially wish to thank Betty Pearre of Pikesville, Maryland, for her constant encouragement, cooperation and loan of her collection; Charles Hazard of Reisterstown, Maryland, for his assistance in excavation and loan of his collection; Louis Phelps of Linthicum, Maryland, for his assistance in specimen pro­ cessing; and Virginia Clark of Adelphi, Maryland and Mary Kegley of Richmond, Virginia for excellent editorial advice and assistance. The constructive comments of Dr. Gary Hume and Dr. Charles McNett, Jr., of American University were most helpful as were discussions with Russell Handsman of the University of Maryland and Howard MacCord, Sr., of the Virginia State Library. The typing of the manuscript by Amy Palmer was deeply appreciated. I would like to thank the Maryland State Highway Administration and the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation for pro­ viding the impetus and funds for the project. Finally, the contri­ butions of my parents to the completion of the project are incal­ culable . ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................... 1 Table of Contents........................................... ill List of Illustrations........................................ iv List of T a b l e s ............................................. vii Chapter I. ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT .................... 1 II. THE EASTERN PIEDMONT PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCE ........... 9 III. SURVEY TECHNIQUES .................................... 37 IV. ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES .................................. 69 V. DIACHRONIC SYNTHESIS ................................ 89 VI. THE POTOMAC CREEK COMPLEX............................. 178 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS................................227 Appendix A ............................................... 245 References cited .......................................... 265 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Physiographic provinces in Maryland............. 5 Figure 2: Major drainage basins in Maryland.............. 9 Figure 3: Generalized geologic map of the Eastern Piedmont province............................. 12 Figure 4: Vegetation map of the Eastern Piedmont province...................................... 13 Figure 5: Generalized soils map of the Eastern Piedmont province............................. 15 Figure 6: Distribution of sites in the Gwynns Falls Valley........................................ 16 Figure 7: Dolfield Road Interchange: prehistoric sites 18 BA 106, 107, 112 ........................... 42 Figure 8: View (facing southeast) from ridge of the 1975 investigations of the Gwynns Falls site, 18 BA 112 .............................. 44 Figure 9: View (facing west) from Painters Mill Road of the 1975 investigations of the Painters Mill site, 18 BA 106 .......................... 46 Figure 10: Excavated area, central section, of the Painters Mill site............................ 49 Figure 11: Drawing of the profile of the west wall of square S42W48, 18 BA 106 ...................... 51 Figure 12: Controlled surface collection of the Lee site.... 61 Figure 13: Spectographic read-out on lithic specimens from the Gwynns