DOCSLIB.ORG

Can Phylogeny Predict Chemical Diversity and Potential Medicinal Activity of Plants? a Case Study of Amaryllidaceae

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Can Phylogeny Predict Chemical Diversity and Potential Medicinal Activity of Plants? a Case Study of Amaryllidaceae Can phylogeny predict chemical diversity and potential medicinal activity of plants? A case study of Amaryllidaceae Rønsted, Nina; Symonds, Matthew R. E.; Birkholm, Trine; Christensen, Søren Brøgger; Meerow, Alan W.; Schmidt, Marianne Molander; Mølgaard, Per; Petersen, Gitte; Rasmussen, Nina; van Staden, Johannes; Stafford, Gary Ivan; Jäger, Anna Published in: BMC Evolutionary Biology DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-182 Publication date: 2012 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Rønsted, N., Symonds, M. R. E., Birkholm, T., Christensen, S. B., Meerow, A. W., Schmidt, M. M., Mølgaard, P., Petersen, G., Rasmussen, N., van Staden, J., Stafford, G. I., & Jäger, A. (2012). Can phylogeny predict chemical diversity and potential medicinal activity of plants? A case study of Amaryllidaceae. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, [182]. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-182 Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Rønsted et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:182 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/182 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Can phylogeny predict chemical diversity and potential medicinal activity of plants? A case study of amaryllidaceae Nina Rønsted1*, Matthew R E Symonds3, Trine Birkholm2, Søren Brøgger Christensen2, Alan W Meerow4,5, Marianne Molander2, Per Mølgaard2, Gitte Petersen1, Nina Rasmussen2, Johannes van Staden6, Gary I Stafford1 and Anna K Jäger2 Abstract Background: During evolution, plants and other organisms have developed a diversity of chemical defences, leading to the evolution of various groups of specialized metabolites selected for their endogenous biological function. A correlation between phylogeny and biosynthetic pathways could offer a predictive approach enabling more efficient selection of plants for the development of traditional medicine and lead discovery. However, this relationship has rarely been rigorously tested and the potential predictive power is consequently unknown. Results: We produced a phylogenetic hypothesis for the medicinally important plant subfamily Amaryllidoideae (Amaryllidaceae) based on parsimony and Bayesian analysis of nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial DNA sequences of over 100 species. We tested if alkaloid diversity and activity in bioassays related to the central nervous system are significantly correlated with phylogeny and found evidence for a significant phylogenetic signal in these traits, although the effect is not strong. Conclusions: Several genera are non-monophyletic emphasizing the importance of using phylogeny for interpretation of character distribution. Alkaloid diversity and in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and binding to the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) are significantly correlated with phylogeny. This has implications for the use of phylogenies to interpret chemical evolution and biosynthetic pathways, to select candidate taxa for lead discovery, and to make recommendations for policies regarding traditional use and conservation priorities. Keywords: Amaryllidaceae, Phylogeny, Chemical diversity, Prediction, Lead discovery Background [6,11-15], defence against herbivores [16,17], more effi- During evolution, plants and other organisms have devel- cient selection of plants for the development of traditional oped a diversity of chemical defence lines, leading to the medicine and lead discovery [18-22] as well as inform con- evolution of various groups of specialized metabolites servation priorities [23]. such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics, selected for Several studies have confirmed the usefulness of specia- their endogenous biological function [1-7]. Intuitively, a lized metabolites such as glucosinolates, iridoids, sesqui- correlation between phylogeny and biosynthetic pathways terpene lactones, flavonoids, and phenolics to support is sometimes assumed [1,8-10] and could offer a predictive molecular based phylogenies contradicting morphologic approach enabling deduction of biosynthetic pathways patterns [11,12,24-29]. On the contrary, several studies have found inconsistency of specialized metabolite profiles * Correspondence: [email protected] at various taxonomic levels and indicated that specialized 1Botanic Garden, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Sølvgade 83, Opg. S, Copenhagen DK-1307, Denmark Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2012 Rønsted et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Rønsted et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2012, 12:182 Page 2 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/12/182 chemistry and anti-herbivore defence syndromes tend to subfamily Amaryllidoideae as a model system for testing be poorly correlated with plant phylogeny [6,7,13,30]. the correlation between phylogenetic and chemical di- Lack of congruence between specialized chemistry and versity and biological activity. phylogeny may be caused by several different phenom- Amaryllidaceae subfamily Amaryllidoideae sensu APG III ena. One contributing factor is convergent evolution by [40] (formerly recognized as a separate family, Amaryllida- which the same or similar traits originate independently ceae J.St.-Hil.) is a widely distributed subfamily of 59 genera in taxa that are not necessarily closely related, often in and about 850 species. Amaryllidoideae has centres of di- response to similar environmental challenges [17,31]. A versity in South Africa, South America, particularly in the striking example of convergent evolution is the common Andean region, and in the Mediterranean, three of the use of the sex pheromone (Z)-7-dodecen-l-yl acetate by recognized hotspots of biodiversity on Earth [41,42] (www. over 120 species of primarily Lepidopteran insects and biodiversityhotspots.org). Plants of the Amaryllidoideae are female Asian elephants, Elephas maximus [32]. In rela- used in traditional medicine to treat mental problems, pri- tion to plants, well known convergent morphological marily in Southern Africa [43,44]. The traditional use of adaptations are the occurrence of prickles, thorns, and plants of Amaryllidoideae has been related to their unique spines, which have evolved to avoid or limit herbivory and subfamily specific alkaloid chemistry (Figure 1). Over [33], succulence as adaptation to dry environments in 500 alkaloids have been described from various species and both North American Cactaceae and African Euphorbia have been subdivided into 18 major types based on hypo- [34,35], and insectivorous plants, which have evolved thetical biosynthetic pathways [45-47]. Extracts or isolated several times in response to a nitrogen-deficient envir- alkaloids of Amaryllidaceae species have shown activity onment [36]. Likewise, chemical defence lines may also in vitro in a range of assays related to disorders of the cen- have arisen independently in unrelated taxa, and conver- tral nervous system, primarily Alzheimers disease (inhib- gent evolution in plant specialized metabolism appears ition of acetylcholinesterase, AChE) [21,48-51], and anxiety to be surprisingly common [6,17,31,37]. For example, and depression (affinity to the serotonin re-uptake trans- the ability to produce cyanogenic glycosides appears to porter, SERT) [21,52,53]. Galanthamine is registered in a have evolved independently in many different plant fam- number of countries as an AChE inhibitor (Reminyl or ilies [17,31]. Rezadyne; Janssen Pharmaceutica) [54]. Another Amarylli- However, convergent evolution can be difficult to ver- daceous alkaloid, sanguinine (9-O-demethylgalanthamine), ify because absence of evidence is not evidence of ab- is shown to be a ten times more potent inhibitor of AChE sence and it is possible that some compounds presently than galanthamine in vitro [55]. considered to be limited to some lineages are indeed Amaryllidaceae subfamily Amaryllidoideae is therefore more universally found in plants [31]. Specialized com- an ideal model system for comparing phylogenetic and pounds are not continuously expressed, but may be pro- chemical diversity with bioactivity. Previous molecular duced as a response to herbivory or other damage, the phylogenetic studies based on plastid gene regions (rbcL, expression may also be dependent on the environment trnLF, and ndhF) have confirmed Amaryllidoideae as [38] and plants often use a combination of several defen- monophyletic and resolved many taxa into geographic- sive traits [7,17]. In addition, chemosystematic data are ally confined monophyletic groups [42,56]. The African scattered in the literature and negative results are often tribe Amaryllideae has been well supported as sister not reported. Absence or presence of a compound is also group to the remaining taxa. However, the relationship dependent on the amount of plant material investigated among several other early diverging lineages, in particu- as well as the detection limit of the analytical methods lar the African tribes Haemantheae and Cyrtantheae, [27,39]. Finally, the existence of several different phyto- and the Australasian Calostemmateae are not well sup- chemical methods can cause inconsistence in the results ported by previous studies and remain problematic [42]. reported in the literature. In a study by Meerow and Snijman [42] based on parsi- Nevertheless,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Some Favourites Amongst Daffodils I Have Raised,” Guy L. Wilson
    PLANT LIFE, VOL. 9, NO. 1, JANUARY, 1953 BEkTIA ROPERTY OF AMERICAN DAFFODIL SOCIETY 1953 HERBERTIA EDITION [3 PREFACE The Narcissus articles for this SECOND NARCISSUS EDITION were as- sembled by the NARCISSUS COMMITTEE—Mr. Grant E. Mitsch, Chairman, and the other Committee Members. The NARCISSUS COMMITTEE is to be congratulated for an excellent job. The Committee has appropriately voted the 1953 HERBERT MEDAL Award to Mr. E. A. Bowles, V. M. H.. the eminent authority on Narcissus and the Galantheae. On account of the infirmities of advanced age, it has not been possible for Mr. Bowles to send in his autobiography in time for inclusion in this issue. There is a wealth of Narcissus lore in this SECOND NARCISSUS EDITION beginning with Mr. Wilson's interesting article on 40 years de- voted to Narcissus breeding. The 1946 HERBERT MEDAL was awarded to Mr. Wilson in recognition of his outstanding achievements in Narcissus treedirT. Mr. Quinn contributes a thought provoking paper on minia- ture and decorative daffodils, naturalizing in the Washington, D. C. re- gion, and a comprehensive beginners' list of daffodils, Mr. Hannibal writes about Narcissus viridiflorus, the green Narcissus, and other fall- flowering Narcissus, Mr. Powell, about his 30 years devoted to Narcissus breeding, Prof. Ballard, and Dr. Cooley, on Narcissus, Mr. Tuggle, on daffodils in Piedmont, Virginia, Mrs. Evans, on old naturalized Nar- cissus in the South, Mr. Mitsch, on daffodils in Oregon in 1952, and Mr. Johnson, on daffodils in northern California. The other amaryllids, as usual, are not neglected in this issue. Mrs. Morton reports on the 1952 New Orleans Amaryllis Show, and the dedi- cation of the New Orleans Amaryllis Garden, Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Chloroplast Genomes Shed Light on Phylogenetic
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Complete chloroplast genomes shed light on phylogenetic relationships, divergence time, and biogeography of Allioideae (Amaryllidaceae) Ju Namgung1,4, Hoang Dang Khoa Do1,2,4, Changkyun Kim1, Hyeok Jae Choi3 & Joo‑Hwan Kim1* Allioideae includes economically important bulb crops such as garlic, onion, leeks, and some ornamental plants in Amaryllidaceae. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of 17 species of Allioideae, fve of Amaryllidoideae, and one of Agapanthoideae. These cpDNA sequences represent 80 protein‑coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes, and range from 151,808 to 159,998 bp in length. Loss and pseudogenization of multiple genes (i.e., rps2, infA, and rpl22) appear to have occurred multiple times during the evolution of Alloideae. Additionally, eight mutation hotspots, including rps15-ycf1, rps16-trnQ-UUG, petG-trnW-CCA , psbA upstream, rpl32- trnL-UAG , ycf1, rpl22, matK, and ndhF, were identifed in the studied Allium species. Additionally, we present the frst phylogenomic analysis among the four tribes of Allioideae based on 74 cpDNA coding regions of 21 species of Allioideae, fve species of Amaryllidoideae, one species of Agapanthoideae, and fve species representing selected members of Asparagales. Our molecular phylogenomic results strongly support the monophyly of Allioideae, which is sister to Amaryllioideae. Within Allioideae, Tulbaghieae was sister to Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae whereas Allieae was sister to the clade of Tulbaghieae‑ Gilliesieae‑Leucocoryneae. Molecular dating analyses revealed the crown age of Allioideae in the Eocene (40.1 mya) followed by diferentiation of Allieae in the early Miocene (21.3 mya). The split of Gilliesieae from Leucocoryneae was estimated at 16.5 mya.
    [Show full text]
  • (Tribe Haemantheae) Inferred from Plastid and Nuclear Non-Coding DNA Sequences
    Plant Syst. Evol. 244: 141–155 (2004) DOI 10.1007/s00606-003-0085-z Generic relationships among the baccate-fruited Amaryllidaceae (tribe Haemantheae) inferred from plastid and nuclear non-coding DNA sequences A. W. Meerow1, 2 and J. R. Clayton1 1 USDA-ARS-SHRS, National Germplasm Repository, Miami, Florida, USA 2 Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Florida, USA Received October 22, 2002; accepted September 3, 2003 Published online: February 12, 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract. Using sequences from the plastid trnL-F Key words: Amaryllidaceae, Haemantheae, geo- region and nrDNA ITS, we investigated the phy- phytes, South Africa, monocotyledons, DNA, logeny of the fleshy-fruited African tribe Haeman- phylogenetics, systematics. theae of the Amaryllidaceae across 19 species representing all genera of the tribe. ITS and a Baccate fruits have evolved only once in the combined matrix produce the most resolute and Amaryllidaceae (Meerow et al. 1999), and well-supported tree with parsimony analysis. Two solely in Africa, but the genera possessing main clades are resolved, one comprising the them have not always been recognized as a monophyletic rhizomatous genera Clivia and Cryp- monophyletic group. Haemanthus L. and tostephanus, and a larger clade that unites Haemanthus and Scadoxus as sister genera to an Gethyllis L. were the first two genera of the Apodolirion/Gethyllis subclade. One of four group to be described (Linneaus 1753). Her- included Gethyllis species, G. lanuginosa, resolves bert (1837) placed Haemanthus (including as sister to Apodolirion with ITS. Relationships Scadoxus Raf.) and Clivia Lindl. in the tribe among the Clivia species are not in agreement with Amaryllidiformes, while Gethyllis was classi- a previous published phylogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Survey of Mount Gorongosa
    VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 VEGETATION SURVEY OF MOUNT GORONGOSA Tom Müller, Anthony Mapaura, Bart Wursten, Christopher Chapano, Petra Ballings & Robin Wild 2008 (published 2012) Occasional Publications in Biodiversity No. 23 Biodiversity Foundation for Africa P.O. Box FM730, Famona, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Vegetation Survey of Mt Gorongosa, page 2 SUMMARY Mount Gorongosa is a large inselberg almost 700 sq. km in extent in central Mozambique. With a vertical relief of between 900 and 1400 m above the surrounding plain, the highest point is at 1863 m. The mountain consists of a Lower Zone (mainly below 1100 m altitude) containing settlements and over which the natural vegetation cover has been strongly modified by people, and an Upper Zone in which much of the natural vegetation is still well preserved. Both zones are very important to the hydrology of surrounding areas. Immediately adjacent to the mountain lies Gorongosa National Park, one of Mozambique's main conservation areas. A key issue in recent years has been whether and how to incorporate the upper parts of Mount Gorongosa above 700 m altitude into the existing National Park, which is primarily lowland. [These areas were eventually incorporated into the National Park in 2010.] In recent years the unique biodiversity and scenic beauty of Mount Gorongosa have come under severe threat from the destruction of natural vegetation. This is particularly acute as regards moist evergreen forest, the loss of which has accelerated to alarming proportions.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Soil Assessment of Selected Waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-2016
    Vegetation and Soil Assessment of Selected Waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-2016 J.S. Gillen June 2017 Report to the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra Disclaimer The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, and its employees do not warrant or make any representation regarding the use, or results of use of the information contained herein as to its correctness, accuracy, reliability, currency or otherwise. The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board and its employees expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice. © South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board 2017 This report may be cited as: Gillen, J.S. Vegetation and soil assessment of selected waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-16. Report by Australian National University to the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, Pt Augusta. Cover images: Warburton River April 2015; Cowarie Crossing Warburton River May 2016 Copies of the report can be obtained from: Natural Resources Centre, Port Augusta T: +61 (8) 8648 5300 E: [email protected] Vegetation and Soil Assessment 2 Contents 1 Study Aims and Funding Context 6 2 Study Region Characteristics 7 2.1 Location 7 2.2 Climate 7 3 The Diamantina: dryland river in an arid environment 10 3.1 Methodology 11 3.2 Stages 12
    [Show full text]
  • Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation
    Darwin Initiative Award 15/036: Monitoring and Managing Biodiversity Loss in South-East Africa's Montane Ecosystems MT MABU, MOZAMBIQUE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION November 2012 Jonathan Timberlake, Julian Bayliss, Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire, Colin Congdon, Bill Branch, Steve Collins, Michael Curran, Robert J. Dowsett, Lincoln Fishpool, Jorge Francisco, Tim Harris, Mirjam Kopp & Camila de Sousa ABRI african butterfly research in Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 2 Front cover: Main camp in lower forest area on Mt Mabu (JB). Frontispiece: View over Mabu forest to north (TT, top); Hermenegildo Matimele plant collecting (TT, middle L); view of Mt Mabu from abandoned tea estate (JT, middle R); butterflies (Lachnoptera ayresii) mating (JB, bottom L); Atheris mabuensis (JB, bottom R). Photo credits: JB – Julian Bayliss CS ‒ Camila de Sousa JT – Jonathan Timberlake TT – Tom Timberlake TH – Tim Harris Suggested citation: Timberlake, J.R., Bayliss, J., Dowsett-Lemaire, F., Congdon, C., Branch, W.R., Collins, S., Curran, M., Dowsett, R.J., Fishpool, L., Francisco, J., Harris, T., Kopp, M. & de Sousa, C. (2012). Mt Mabu, Mozambique: Biodiversity and Conservation. Report produced under the Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London. 94 pp. Biodiversity of Mt Mabu, Mozambique, page 3 LIST OF CONTENTS List of Contents .......................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS and THEIR CONTAINED ALKALOIDS by J
    ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS and Their Contained Alkaloids TT'TBUCK \ \ '■'. Technical Bulletin No. 1234 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are indebted to J. W. Schermerhorn and M. W. Quimby, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, for access to the original files of the Lynn Index; to K. F. Rauiïauf, Smith, Kline & French Labora- tories, and to J. H. Hoch, Medical College of South Carolina, for extensive lists of alkaloid plants; to V. S. Sokolov, V. L. Komarova Academy of Science, Leningrad, for a copy of his book; to J. M. Fogg, Jr., and H. T. Li, Morris Arboretum, for botanical help and identification of Chinese drug names ; to Michael Dymicky, formerly of the Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, for ex- tensive translations; and to colleagues in many countries for answering questions raised during the compilation of these lists. CONTENTS Page Codes used in table 1 2 Table 1.—Plants and their contained alkaloids 7 Table 2.—Alkaloids and the plants in which they occur 240 Washington, D.C. Issued August 1961 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Qovemment Printing OflSce. Washington 25, D.C. Price $1 ALKALOID-BEARING PLANTS AND THEIR CONTAINED ALKALOIDS By J. J. WiLLAMAN, chemist, Eastern Utilization Research and Development Division, and BERNICE G. SCHUBERT, taxonomist. Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service This compilation assembles in one place all the scattered information on the occurrence of alkaloids in the plant world. It consists of two lists: (1) The names of the plants and of their contained alkaloids; and (2) the names and empirical formulas of the alkaloids.
    [Show full text]
  • Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes
    Networks in a Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconstructing Evolutionary History of Asparagales (Lilianae) Based on Four Plastid Genes Shichao Chen1., Dong-Kap Kim2., Mark W. Chase3, Joo-Hwan Kim4* 1 College of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China, 2 Division of Forest Resource Conservation, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Gyeonggi- do, Korea, 3 Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, United Kingdom, 4 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Abstract Phylogenetic analysis aims to produce a bifurcating tree, which disregards conflicting signals and displays only those that are present in a large proportion of the data. However, any character (or tree) conflict in a dataset allows the exploration of support for various evolutionary hypotheses. Although data-display network approaches exist, biologists cannot easily and routinely use them to compute rooted phylogenetic networks on real datasets containing hundreds of taxa. Here, we constructed an original neighbour-net for a large dataset of Asparagales to highlight the aspects of the resulting network that will be important for interpreting phylogeny. The analyses were largely conducted with new data collected for the same loci as in previous studies, but from different species accessions and greater sampling in many cases than in published analyses. The network tree summarised the majority data pattern in the characters of plastid sequences before tree building, which largely confirmed the currently recognised phylogenetic relationships. Most conflicting signals are at the base of each group along the Asparagales backbone, which helps us to establish the expectancy and advance our understanding of some difficult taxa relationships and their phylogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora and Vegetation Borefield April 2012
    Metals X Limited Wingellina Nickel Project Level 1 Flora and Vegetation Assessment of the Wingellina Borefield April 2012 Outback Ecology Services 1/71 Troy Terrace Jolimont WA 6014 Ph: +61 (08) 9388 8799 Fax: +61 (08) 9388 8633 [email protected] Level 1 Flora and Vegetation Assessment of the Wingellina Borefield Distribution: Company Copies Contact Name Metals X Limited 1 Electronic Richard Coles; Max Maczurad Document Control for Job Number: WING-VS-11003 Document Status Authors Reviewer Signature Date of Issue Draft Report Dr Rick Davies Jeni Alford JA 13/04/12 Final Report Dr. Rick Davies / Jeni Alford Mark Goldstone MG 5-5-12 F:\Wingellina\VS\WING-VS-11003\3. Reporting\WING-VS-11003_Final - 27-04-12MG.docx DISCLAIMER, CONFIDENTIALITY AND COPYRIGHT STATEMENT © Outback Ecology. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any material form or communicated by any means without the permission of the copyright owner. This document is confidential. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written approval of Outback Ecology and Metals X Ltd. Outback Ecology undertook the work, and prepared this document, in accordance with specific instructions from Metals X Ltd to whom this document is addressed, within the time and budgetary requirements of Metals X Ltd. The conclusions and recommendations stated in this document are based on those instructions and requirements, and they could change if such instructions and requirements change or are in fact inaccurate or incomplete. Outback Ecology has prepared this document using data and information supplied to Outback Ecology by Metals X Ltd and other individuals and organisations, most of whom are referred to in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • A Feast of African Monocots
    Muelleria 37: 127–132 Published online in advance of the print edition, Wednesday 24 April Book Review A Feast of African Monocots Geoff W. Carr Ecology Australia, 88B Station Street, Fairfield, Victoria 3078, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] The Amaryllidaceae of Southern Africa Graham Duncan, Barbara Jeppe, Leigh Voigt (2016) Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria, South Africa ISBN: 978-1-919766-50-8, Hardback i-x + 1–709 pages; 27 x 21 cm; 2.9 kg weight. RRP AU $268.99 With the most recent ordinal and familial classification of the angiosperms, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016) (APG IV) places 14 families in the Asparagales; together they comprise c. 35,513 species of global distribution. Orchidaceae (26,460 species) dwarfs all other Asparagoid families and makes the order the far most speciose of all monocot orders. Amaryllidaceae (Christenhusz et al. 2017) is largely warm-temperate and tropical in distribution with representatives on all the habitable continents. The amaryllids, with c. 2,140 species constitute the fourth Figure 1. Cover art for The largest family in Asparagales after Orchidaceae (25,000 species), Amaryllidaceae of Southern Africa. Asparagaceae (3,220 species) and Iridaceae (2,244 species), followed by Asphodelaceae (1,200 species). All other families are considerably smaller (Christenhusz et al. 2017). Three subfamilies are recognised in Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllideae (c. 1,000 species), Allioideae (1,134 species) and Agapanthoideae (7 species). A major radiation of Amaryllideae has occurred in southern Africa, with c. 250 species (11.6% of global total of Amaryllideae). The greatest radiation of Amaryllidaceae is in the Neotropics with 375 species (17.5% of global total) with a lesser centre of distribution in the Mediterranean basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the Checklist N W C
    Using the checklist • The arrangement of the checklist is alphabetical by family followed by genus, grouped under Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons. • All species and synonyms are arranged alphabetically under genus. • Accepted names are in bold print while synonyms or previously-used names are in italics. • In the case of synonyms, the currently used name follows the equals sign (=), and only refers to usage in Zimbabwe. • Distribution information is included under the current name. • The letters N, W, C, E, and S, following each listed taxon, indicate the known distribution of species within Zimbabwe as reflected by specimens in SRGH or cited in the literature. Where the distribution is unknown, we have inserted Distr.? after the taxon name. • All species known or suspected to be fully naturalised in Zimbabwe are included in the list. They are preceded by an asterisk (*). Species only known from planted or garden specimens were not included. Mozambique Zambia Kariba Mt. Darwin Lake Kariba N Victoria Falls Harare C Nyanga Mts. W Mutare Gweru E Bulawayo GREAT DYKEMasvingo Plumtree S Chimanimani Mts. Botswana N Beit Bridge South Africa The floristic regions of Zimbabwe: Central, East, North, South, West. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants edited by Anthony Mapaura & Jonathan Timberlake Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 • 2004 • Recommended citation format MAPAURA, A. & TIMBERLAKE, J. (eds). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants.
    [Show full text]
  • A CHECK LIST of PLANTS RECORDED in TSAVO NATIONAL PARK, EAST by P
    Page 169 A CHECK LIST OF PLANTS RECORDED IN TSAVO NATIONAL PARK, EAST By P. J. GREENWAY INTRODUCTION A preliminary list of the vascular plants of the Tsavo National Park, Kenya, was prepared by Mr. J. B. Gillett and Dr. D. Wood of the East African Herbarium during 1966. This I found most useful during a two month vegetation survey of Tsavo, East, which I was asked to undertake by the Director of Kenya National Parks, Mr. P. M. Olindo, during "the short rains", December-January 1966-1967. Mr. Gillett's list covered both the East and West Tsavo National Parks which are considered by the Trustees of the Kenya National Parks as quite separate entities, each with its own Warden in Charge, their separate staffs and organisations. As a result of my two months' field work I decided to prepare a Check List of the plants of the Tsavo National Park, East, based on the botanical material collected during the survey and a thorough search through the East African Herbarium for specimens which had been collected previously in Tsavo East or the immediate adjacent areas. This search was started in May, carried out intermittently on account of other work, and was completed in September 1967. BOTANICAL COLLECTORS The first traveller to have collected in the area of what is now the Tsavo National Park, East, was J. M. Hildebrandt who in January 1877 began his journey from Mombasa towards Mount Kenya. He explored Ndara and the Ndei hills in the Taita district, and reached Kitui in the Ukamba district, where he spent three months, returning to Mombasa and Zanzibar in August.
    [Show full text]