New and existing weeds threats to South and its regions and challenges associated with identification

Chris Brodie State Herbarium of South Australia Adelaide Botanic Gardens, Hackney Rd, Adelaide.

6th WMSSA conference 2-3 May 2018 What I will talk about?

How many vascular are present in SA?

Definition of a native and a weed?

New and recent weed records for South Australia

How can we identify potential new weed threats…[for weed risk assessment]?

What to do if you find any unknown plants? How many known vascular taxa are there growing wild in South Australia How many known taxa are there growing wild in South Australia New (weed) naturalised and questionably naturalised records to South Australia Natives

Block from Iphone

Swainsona formosa - Sturt Desert Pea Eucalyptus obliqua - Stringybark Naturalised

Introduced Buffel grass – Cenchrus spp. Introduced Blackberries - Rubus species Questionably naturalised

Turk’s cap - Malvaviscus arboreus New weed records for South Australia since start of 2009 (cumulative)

Data from the yearly Regional Landscape surveillance reports produced by the State Herbarium. The distinction between field work and Herbarium was not reported in the years 2010/11 to 2012/13 New weed records for South Australia per year since 2009

Data from the yearly Regional Landscape surveillance reports produced by the State Herbarium. The distinction between field work and Herbarium was not reported in the years 2010/11 to 2012/13 A selection of new and recently ‘Naturalised’ [weed] and ‘questionably naturalised’ [potential weed] records for South Australia & Identifying potential new weed threats for weed risk assessment. Cardiospermum grandiflorum (Balloon Vine) comosum (Spider plant) Fraxinus ornus (Manna Ash) Fraxinus angustifolia (Desert Ash) aethiopica (Small Cobra Lily) Chasmanthe floribunda (African corn-flag or Cobra Lily) divulsa (grey sedge) sarniensis (Guernsey-lily)

AMARYLLIDACEAE 91.466 * Amaryllis belladonna L. – FR[2]* NL[2]* YP[1]* SL[9]* SE[2]* (SA[16]) map Calostemma abdicatum P.J.Lang – NW[13] map – auct.non R.Br.: Jessop(1983), partly – Calostemma sp. Everard Ranges (P.J.Lang BS23-30021) P.J.Lang Calostemma luteum Sims – LE[17] GT[1] FR[4] MU[6] (SA[28]). QLD NSW map Calostemma purpureum R.Br. – FR[14] EA[3] EP[3] NL[26] MU[14] YP[7] SL[95] ??[1] (SA[163]). NSW VIC map Crinum flaccidum Herb. – LE[41] GT[17] FR[9] EA[2] EP[17] MU[33] (SA[119]). WA NT QLD NSW VIC map – Crinum luteolum Traub & L.S.Hannibal – Crinum pedunculatum auct.non R.Br.: J.M.Black(1922) * Leucojum aestivum L. – FR[1]* NL[2]* SL[14]* (SA[17]) map * Narcissus jonquilla L. – FR[1]* SL[2]* (SA[3]) map * Narcissus × medioluteus Mill. – NL[1]* map * Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. – SL[6]* map * Narcissus tazetta L. – FR[2]?e EP[5]?e NL[4]* MU[1]?e YP[2]* SL[42]* KI[2]* (SA[58]) map Nerine ?e Nerine sarniensis (L.) Herb. – SL[5]?e. WA*. ZAF map ?e Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. – SL[1]?e map – Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. ssp. lutea ?e Zephyranthes candida (Lindl.) Herb. – NL[1]?e. QLD* NSW* VIC?e. SAM map – Amaryllis candida Lindl. bellidiforme (Livingstone Daisy) Hedera species (English & Irish and other species of Ivy)

AsianEnglish Ivy Ivy – Hedera– Hedera species helix IrishAsian Ivy Ivy – –HederaHedera hibernica species

English Ivy – Hedera helix Irish Ivy – Hedera hibernica Grasses Eragrostis species

Eragrostis tricophora (Not Declared) Eragrostis curvula – African love grass (Declared)

Node, normally purple

Glandular Glandular ring unbroken ring on broken and Eragrostis sparse (not trichophora, prominent) on NOT normally Eragrostis seen or not so curvula prominent on (African Eragrostis Lovegrass) curvula

Long hairs Or present (or not) Lowest Lowest Long straight flower branch white hairs on branches singular lowest flower few and whorl. ALWAYS unevenly evenly whorled whorled

Glandular ring under lowest flower whorl, (not always seen) Nassella species Nassella species and look-a-likes

Austrostipa curticoma

Austrostipa curticoma WoNS Native

Declared Native

weed

Nassella neesiana

Native Austrostipa nodosa

Austrostipa Native nodosa

Chilean needlegrass – Nassella nessiana Eucalyptus stricklandii - Port Wakefield highway on roadside near Lochiel (N&Y) Eucalyptus species spreading in Monarto planting (SAMDB)

Eucalyptus salubris - Gimlet - WA species, 1000’s Eucalyptus intertexta - Gum-barked Coolabah - arid SA 0 Identification

• Do not despair if you are unable to identify unknown plants!!

• The State Herbarium of South Australia specialises in identification of plants! • Chris Brodie (me) specialises in the identification of non-native plants (WEEDS) growing wild in South Australia.

• GET IN CONTACT WITH me to identify or confirm identification of suspected weeds

• Take photograph or even better • Take a specimen with field data. Take home messages!

New unknown weeds are appearing all the time!

Any unknown plants could be the next big weed… so get an identification!

The State Herbarium Weeds Botanist, Chris Brodie… CAN and will HELP.

Collections are best, photographs can help!

We must work together to manage weeds .

PLEASE get in contact with me and speak to others in your region and throughout SA

Knowledge is POWER. We can then answer the question…

What is it?

Do I need to kill it?

Information exists, we must have a name to look for information on the plant species in question… Chris Brodie Weeds Botanist, State Herbarium of South Australia (AD), Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium Department for Environment and Water (DEW), South Australian Government. Ph: (08) 8222 9468 Smart Phone: 0437 825 685 email: [email protected]

Location: Old Tram Barn, Adelaide Botanic Gardens, Hackney Rd, Adelaide SA 5000 Postal address: GPO Box 1047, Adelaide, SA 5001, AUSTRALIA

Useful [SA] websites Herbarium blog website: https://know.ourplants.org/ efloraSA Electronic Flora of South Australia: http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/census.shtml The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (AVH): http://avh.chah.org.au/ Atlas of living Australia (ALA): https://www.ala.org.au/ The Australian Plant Census (APC): https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc

Other Useful Australian & International websites Flora of Victoria https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/ NSW Flora online (PlantNET): http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/search/simple.htm (A working list of all plant species): http://www.theplantlist.org/ Jstor - Global Plant (specimens online): https://plants.jstor.org/

Department for Environment and Water (Step 1). Pressing a plant

– Step 1. is recording DATA !!!! – Location in words • GPS – Habitat – Frequency – Habit – Flower/ fruit colour details – Any additional / helpful information – Your name – Date collected (uprooted) – Your contact details on back (Step 2). Pressing a plant

– Step 2. is Pressing a plant – Representative parts for grasses… Just one or a few stems from root to flower – (Important) – Roots – Stem – (arrangement on stem) – Press in paper to flatten and dry the plant out. – Press paper between cardbord

New (weed) naturalised and questionably naturalised records to South Australia

13 Botanical-geographical regions