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FLORIENTALIA EDOARDO GERLINI GERLINI EDOARDO The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature World The Heian Court Poetry as EDOARDO GERLINI FUP FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS STRUMENTI PER LA DIDATTICA E LA RICERCA – 159 – FLORIENTALIA Asian Studies Series – University of Florence Scientific Committee Valentina Pedone, Coordinator, University of Florence Sagiyama Ikuko, Coordinator, University of Florence Alessandra Brezzi, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Marco Del Bene, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Paolo De Troia, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Fujiwara Katsumi, University of Tokyo Guo Xi, Jinan University Hyodo Hiromi, Gakushuin University Tokyo Federico Masini, University of Rome “La Sapienza” Nagashima Hiroaki, University of Tokyo Chiara Romagnoli, Roma Tre University Bonaventura Ruperti, University of Venice “Ca’ Foscari” Luca Stirpe, University of Chieti-Pescara “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Tada Kazuomi, University of Tokyo Massimiliano Tomasi, Western Washington University Xu Daming, University of Macau Yan Xiaopeng, Wenzhou University Zhang Xiong, Peking University Zhou Yongming, University of Wisconsin-Madison Published Titles Valentina Pedone, A Journey to the West. Observations on the Chinese Migration to Italy Edoardo Gerlini, The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature. From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry Ikuko Sagiyama, Valentina Pedone (edited by), Perspectives on East Asia Edoardo Gerlini The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry Firenze University Press 2014 The Heian Court Poetry as World Literature : From the Point of View of Early Italian Poetry / Edoardo Gerlini. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2014. (Strumenti per la didattica e la ricerca ; 159) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866556046 ISBN 978-88-6655-600-8 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-604-6 (online PDF) Progetto grafico di Alberto Pizarro Fernández, Pagina Maestra snc Peer Review Process All publications are submitted to an external refereeing process under the responsibility of the FUP Editorial Board and the Scientific Committees of the individual series. The works published in the FUP catalogue are evaluated and approved by the Editorial Board of the publishing house. For a more detailed description of the refereeing process we refer to the official documents published in the online catalogue of the FUP (www.fupress.com). Firenze University Press Editorial Board G. Nigro (Co-ordinator), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, R. Casalbuoni, C. Ciappei, R. Del Punta, A. Dolfi, V. Fargion, S. Ferrone, M. Garzaniti, P. Guarnieri, A. Mariani, M. Marini, A. Novelli, M. Verga, A. Zorzi. © 2014 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi, 28, 50122 Firenze, Italy www.fupress.com Printed in Italy ACKNOwleDGMENTS This book is the result of a two years postdoctoral research program financed by the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) and conducted in collaboration with Prof. Fujiwara Katsumi of the University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology. All the texts about Japanese Literature in this book have been reviewed by Fujiwara Katsumi. I also want to thank Sagiyama Ikuko (University of Florence), Lorenzo Amato (University of Tokyo), Pieran- tonio Zanotti (University of Venice “Ca’ Foscari”) for their help and support. 謝辞 本書は、日本学術振興会外国人特別研究員として２年間滞日し、東京大 学大学院人文社会系研究科において、藤原克己教授とともに進めた共同研 究の成果です。藤原教授は平安時代の日本文学の専門家であり、本書の日本 文学に関する記述は藤原教授の批正を受けました。また、鷺山郁子（フィレン ツェ大学）、ロレンツォ・アマート（東京大学）、ピエラントニオ・ザノッティ（カ フォスカリ大学）に感謝の気持ちを申し上げます。 ABBReviatiONS, PRIMARY SOURceS AND ENGliSH TRANSlatiONS KKS Ozawa Masao, Matsuda Shigeho (eds.) 1994, Kokin- wakashū (Shinpen Nihon koten bungaku zenshū 11), Shogakukan, Tokyo. English translation by Laurel Raspli- ca Rodd, Mary Catherine Henkenius (eds.) 1984, Kokin- shū : a collection of poems ancient and modern, Princeton University Press, Princeton. MYS Kojima Noriyuki et al. (eds.) 1994-96, Man’yōshū (Shinpen Nihon koten bungaku zenshū 6-9), Shogakukan, Tokyo. English translation by Teruo Suga (trans.) 1991, The Man’yo-shu: a complete English translation in 5-7 rhythm, Kanda Institute of Foreign Languages, Tokyo. PSS Roberto Antonelli, Costanzo di Girolamo, Rosario Coluccia (eds.) 2008, I Poeti della Scuola Siciliana, Mon- dadori, Milano. DVE Steven Botterill (ed.) 1996, De vulgari eloquentia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Monarchia Prue Shaw (ed.) 1996, Monarchy, Cambridge Univer- sity Press, Cambridge. Convivio Richard Lansing (ed.) 1998, The Convivio, Columbia University Press, New York. KBKK Kawaguchi Hisao (ed.) 1966, Kanke bunsō Kanke kōshū (Nihon koten bungaku taikei 72), Iwanami, Tokyo. CS Hirano Yukiko et al. (eds.) 2007, Chisatoshū zenshaku, (Shikashū zenshaku sōsho 36), Kazama, Tokyo. Utaawase 1987, Utaawase hen, (Shinpen Kokka taikan, 5), Ka- dokawa, Tokyo. QTS Qian Tang shi 1985, Zhong hua shu ju, Beijing. BW Baishi Wenji, Hanabusa Hideki (ed.) 1960, Sōgō sakuhin hyō, in Hakushi bunshū no hihanteki kenkyū, Ibundō, Kyoto. TABle OF CONteNTS INTRODuctiON XI PART I FREDERicK II, SaGA AND UDA 1 Law reforms with Frederick II and Saga 6 The state academy 9 The private relationship between ruler and officials, and the shōden system in Japan 15 The monjō hakase and the poetic banquets 17 Frederick II’s individualistic administration 20 Conclusions 22 PART II COURT AND CultuRE 23 Emperors as centers of the court, courts as centers of culture 23 Latin and Chinese as languages of culture and bureaucracy 27 The prestige of high language 30 Imperial power and Literature: the theory 33 Some preliminary conclusions 41 Imperial power and Literature: the texts 44 The role of literature in pre-modern courts 54 Utility of poetry: the problem 57 Utility of poetry: a possible solution 60 Conclusions 63 PART III COURT AND VERNaculaR 67 The Kokinwakashū and the Sicilian School of poetry: similarities and differences 67 The path to the Kokinshū 69 The shaping of the Sicilian School 72 The composition of the poetic community 75 The birth of the vernacular canon 88 PART IV FORMalizatiON, TRANSlatiON, excluSION 133 Formalization in the Sicilian School 136 X THE HEIAN COURT POETRY AS WORLD LITERATURE Formalization in the Kokinshū 146 R hetoric as self-determination of the poetic community 159 Conclusions 164 Appendix - The exclusion of politics 166 PART V A NEW CONCEPT OF LOVE 179 The love poetry of the troubadours 185 Love and marriage at the Heian court 189 Attempting a comparison from the social point of view 191 Love in the Kokinshū and in the Sicilian School of poetry 196 From the troubadours to the Sicilians 197 From the Man’yōshū to the Kokinshū 206 The Kokinshū and the Sicilians, a direct comparison 216 CON CLUSIONS 241 RefeRENCES 247 INDex 257 INTRODuctiON The Francesists know about French matters, the Germanists about German matters, the other specialists know about their own matters; those who know about marginal and minor literary cultures are very few; the Italianists mostly know only about Italian matters, and this is quite a problem. (Remo Ceserani) In recent years the definition of ‘World Literature’ has been object of at- tention for a growing number of scholars. As the globalized and intercon- nected world of the 21st century is facing new challenges concerning politics, economics, the environment, as a result, also the academic world has become increasingly globalized and interconnected, not only in the fields of Natural or Social sciences, but also as regards the Humanities and in particular Lit- erature, traditionally considered the most conservative and ‘classical’ field in academic studies. The problem about the universal definition of ‘Literature’ has always been extremely complex, because as stated by Remo Ceserani «for the common experience, the meanings of the term literature, and the various concepts conceived in the course of time, seem to be numerous, diversified, and incompatible with each other» (Ceserani 1999, p. 3). Nevertheless, with the relatively new definition of World Literature, many scholars (Damrosh, Moretti, Pizer etc.) expressed the need to face the problem of re-defining the very concept of Literature, starting from the correction of its Eurocentric tendencies and its distinction between ‘main’ literatures and ‘peripheral’ or ‘minor’ literatures, that strongly characterized the literary studies of the 19th and 20th centuries. In a recent article, Wiebke Denecke summarizes the current status of the academic curricula of World Literature – traditionally held by American uni- versities – and underlines the importance for researchers of the so called ‘pe- ripheral’ cultures to consider – and implicitly accept – this new Literary and academic paradigm in order to gain a wider and stronger view not only toward foreign literatures, but also toward their own (Denecke 2012, p. 198). Denecke’s article, written in Japanese and published on the prestigious journal Bungaku, XII THE HEIAN COURT POETRY AS WORLD LITERATURE is an attempt in this direction, as it addresses a specific audience of one of such ‘peripheral’ areas, namely the Japanese researchers of Japanese Literature. The instance of Japan is indeed especially meaningful for the discourse about World Literatures. The Japanese word bungaku, that nowadays trans- lates the term ‘literature’, was created in the late 19th century, in a period when Japan imported European literary theories, as well as the relevant foreign ter- minology to describe

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