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Kelâm Ilminin Doğuşunda Iran Kültürünün Etkileri

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Kelâm Ilminin Doğuşunda Iran Kültürünün Etkileri T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMEL İSLAM BİLİMLERİ (KELAM) ANABİLİM DALI KELÂM İLMİNİN DOĞUŞUNDA İRAN KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Oğuzhan ÖZOĞLU Ankara, 2021 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMEL İSLAM BİLİMLERİ (KELAM) ANABİLİM DALI KELÂM İLMİNİN DOĞUŞUNDA İRAN KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Oğuzhan ÖZOĞLU Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Mahmut AY Ankara, 2021 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TEMEL İSLAM BİLİMLERİ (KELAM) ANABİLİM DALI KELÂM İLMİNİN DOĞUŞUNDA İRAN KÜLTÜRÜNÜN ETKİLERİ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Mahmut AY Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası Prof. Dr. Mahmut AY ……………… Prof. Dr. Erkan YAR ……………… Doç Dr. İbrahim ASLAN ……………… Tez Savunması Tarihi: 13.01.2021 Tez Doğruluk Beyanı Belgesidir. T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Prof. Dr. Mahmut AY danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Kelâm İlminin Doğuşunda İran Kültürünün Etkileri (Ankara.2021)” adlı yüksek lisans tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. 13.01.2021 Oğuzhan ÖZOĞLU İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ i KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iii ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... iv GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 İRAN KÜLTÜRÜ ........................................................................................................... 1 1. İran’ın Tarihi, Sınırları ve İran Ulusal Tarihi ..................................................... 1 2. Kültür Kavramı ve İran Kültürünün Yapısı ...................................................... 11 2.1. Eski İran Dilleri ve İran’da Yazıya Dayalı Kültür ..................................... 13 2.2. Dini Hayat ....................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1. Zerdüşt ve Zerdüştîlik ............................................................................ 22 2.2.1.1. Avesta, Zend ve Pazend .................................................................. 34 2.2.1.2. Dînkerd, Rivâyât-i Azerfernbağ Ferruhzâdân, Bundehişn ......... 42 2.2.1.3. Şkand Gûmânîk Vîçâr ve Şâyest Neşâyest .................................... 45 2.2.1.4. Zadsparam ve Menuçihr’in Eserleri ............................................. 47 2.2.1.5. Ardâvîrâfnâme ve Dâdestân-i Mîno-yi Hırad .............................. 50 2.2.1.6. Zend-i Vohuman Yasn, Camaspname ve Kıssa-i Sancan ............ 51 2.2.2. İran Kökenli Teolojik Hareketler: Maniheizm ve Mazdekizm .......... 55 2.2.3. İslam Öncesi İran’da Yahudilik, Hıristiyanlık ve Budizm ................. 61 2.3. İslam Öncesi İran’da Felsefî Ekoller ........................................................... 66 2.4. Mitoloji Kavramı ve Mitler ........................................................................... 74 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................ 77 İRAN’IN İSLAMLAŞMA SÜRECİ ........................................................................... 77 1. İslamiyet’in Doğuşunda ve Kur’an’da İran ....................................................... 77 1.1. Ehl-i Kitap Kavramı ve Rûm Sûresi ............................................................ 77 1.2. Cennet ve Cehennem Tasvirleri ................................................................... 80 1.3. Hârût-Mârût ve İfrit ...................................................................................... 83 1.4. Zülkarneyn Kıssası ve Ashâbu’l-Meymene ................................................. 88 2. Raşit Halifeler ve Emevîler Döneminde İran ..................................................... 91 2.1. İlk Karşılaşma ve İran’ın Alınması .............................................................. 91 2.2. Yeni Kentlerin Kurulması ............................................................................. 95 2.3. Zerdüştî Göçleri ve Karin İsyanı .................................................................. 98 2.4. Ali-Muaviye Kavgası ve Zerdüştîler .......................................................... 103 2.5. Horasan’da Bihâferîd Reformu .................................................................. 107 3. Abbasî İhtilâli ve Fars Kültürü .......................................................................... 111 3.1. İhtilâlin Kültürel ve Teolojik Altyapısı ...................................................... 111 i 3.2. İhtilalci Teolojik Oluşumlar: Hürremîler ve Üstâdîler ............................ 114 3.3. İktidarda Fars Egemenliği .......................................................................... 120 3.4. Kültürel Hayat, Şüphe Edebiyatı ve Beytü’l-Hikme ................................ 127 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................ 133 MÜSLÜMAN KELAMININ İRANLILAŞMA SÜRECİ ....................................... 133 1. Celîlü’l-Kelâm ve Dakîku’l-Kelâm .................................................................... 136 2. İlahiyyât Konuları ............................................................................................... 137 2.1. Tevhid Problemi ........................................................................................... 138 2.2. Tenzih Problemi: Allah’ın Sıfatları ve Kötülüğün Allah’a Nispeti ......... 142 2.3. Antropomorfizm ve Allah’ın Görülmesi .................................................... 145 3. Kozmoloji ve Mebde’-Mead Konuları............................................................... 147 3.1. Mebde’ Konuları: Yokluk ve Yaratma ...................................................... 148 3.2. Ruh-Beden Düalizmi ve Kabir Azabı ......................................................... 151 3.3. Kıyamet ve Kıyamet Alametleri ................................................................. 155 3.4. Hz. İsa ve Mehdî-Süfyânî Tartışması: İlahi Kurtarıcı ............................. 157 3.5. Ahiret Yurdu ................................................................................................ 161 4. Nübüvvet Konuları .............................................................................................. 168 4.1. Nübüvvetin İspatı: Mucize .......................................................................... 168 4.2. Miraç Hadisesi .............................................................................................. 172 5. Kader İnancı: İnsanın Özgürlüğü Problemi ..................................................... 176 SONUÇ ........................................................................................................................ 182 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 187 EK-1: AVESTAÎ KAYNAKLARIN TARİHLENDİRİLMESİ ............................. 197 ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... 198 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ 199 ii KISALTMALAR Dînkerd: Dk. Dadestan-i Dînik: Dad. Zadsparam: Zsp. Nameha-yi Menuçehr: Men. Şkand Gûmânîk Vîçâr: Şk. Camaspname: Cam. Zend-i Vohuman Yasn: Zvy. Bahman Yaşt (E.W. West): Znd. Şayest Neşayest: Şay. Ardâvîrâfnâme: Ard. Ardâvîrâfnâme (Türkçe): Avr. Bundehişn: Bun. Büyük Bundehişn: Bnd. Dadestan-i Mîno-yi Hırad: Mnh. Vendidad: Ven. Yasna: Yas. Column (Sütun): C İslam Ansiklopedisi: TDVİA Yaşt: Yt. Pehlevice: P Hicri: h. Bakınız: Bkz. Sayfa: s. Çeviren: çev. Tahkik: tah. Tarihsiz: t.siz Ve devamı: vd. Ve saire: vs. Yayınları: Yay. iii ÖNSÖZ İki toplumun karşılaşmasının sonuçları sadece bir şeye indirgenemez yahut bir toplumun dini inançlarını değiştirmesi, yalnızca bir sebeple izah edilemez. Tarihte yaşanmış olayları tek neden etrafında düşünmek doğru bir metod değildir. Bu açıdan Arap-Fars karşılaşmasını yeni baştan ele almanın ve tarih tenkit metotlarını kullanarak anlamaya çalışmanın gerekli olduğunu düşündük. Bu bağlamda Kelam ilminin doğuş nedenleri arasında gösterilen “farklı kültürlerle karşılaşma” meselesini, İran özelinde inceledik. Araştırmamıza İran tarihi ve kültürü hakkında bilgi vererek başladık. Birinci bölümde İran’ın İslamlaşma sürecini ele aldık. İran’ın İslamlaşmasını, Müslüman geleneği yüceltmek için “hoşgörü” bağlamında değerlendirmek yerine tarih kaynaklarında verilen bilgileri objektif olarak değerlendirdik. İslamlaşma süreci ile ilgili bilgi veren kaynakların çoğu Arapçaydı. Bu nedenle Arapça kaleme alınmış tarih eserlerinden birinci bölümde daha çok yararlandık. İkinci bölümde ise Kelam ilminin teşekkülü ile İran’ın İslamlaşma sürecini paralel bir biçimde okuduk. Zerdüştî klasiklerini Pehlevice, Farsça ve İngilizce olarak temin ettik ve karşılaştırmalı bir biçimde okuma yaptık. Zaman zaman incelediğimiz Farsça ve İngilizce tercümelerde çelişkiler gördüğümüz
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