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Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs
Naval War College Review Volume 57 Article 21 Number 2 Spring 2004 Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World Zygmunt Dembek Adrienne Mayor Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Dembek, Zygmunt and Mayor, Adrienne (2004) "Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World," Naval War College Review: Vol. 57 : No. 2 , Article 21. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol57/iss2/21 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 186 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW Dembek and Mayor: Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemic experience of the First World War that marked the passing of the Mahanian ideal of climactic shoot-outs between Mayor, Adrienne. Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & battleships and pointed to new realities Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in naval strategy? Almost from the time in the Ancient World. New York: Overlook, 2003. the echo of the guns in the North Sea 319pp. $27.95 faded, naval strategy shifted to things Adrienne Mayor’s recent effort is a radically different from decisive battles comprehensive review of the use of bio- between capital ships. The strategic logical and chemical weapons by an- framework of Forward...from the Sea cient cultures. -
The Madrid Skylitzes
Ouachita Baptist University Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita History Class Publications Department of History 4-24-2015 The aM drid Skylitzes David Willhite Ouachita Baptist University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/history Part of the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Willhite, David, "The aM drid Skylitzes" (2015). History Class Publications. 19. https://scholarlycommons.obu.edu/history/19 This Class Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Class Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons @ Ouachita. For more information, please contact [email protected]. David Willhite 04/ 24/ 15 Medieval Europe Dr. Bethany Hicks The Madrid Skylitzes In the late 11th century, following the reign of Emperor Isaac I Komnenos, historian John Skylitzes recorded a history of the Byzantine Empire. This history, later to be called The Synopsis of Histories follows the Byzantine Empire from the year 811CE to 1057. Sometime in the two centuries to follow, the 250 year history was copied by scribes onto several manuscripts. Named after the current city it rests in, the Madrid Skylitzes is the only surviving manuscript of The Synopsis of Histories. Not only is the Madrid Skylitzes the only surviving manuscript of John Skylitzes’ work, it is also the only surviving illuminated manuscript of a Greek chronicle.1 The manuscript contains over 500 individually painted miniatures along with many pages containing space for miniatures that the illuminators failed to complete.2 Along with missing illuminations, many of the original manuscript pages are missing altogether. -
Abaris, 141 Achilleus Tatios, Xxiv Agnes of France, Xi, Xii, Xiii, Xiv, Xvii
INDEX Abaris, 141 Barbarossa, 4 7, 81 Achilleus Tatios, xxiv Basil of Kaisareia, xxv Agnes of France, xi, xii, xiii, xiv, xvii, Bela III of Hungary, 102 5, 90, 104, 144, 172, 195 Choaspes, 9 Alexander the Great, 16 Christian, bishop of Mainz, 31 Alexios I Komnenos, ix, xiv, 28, 36, Claudiopolis, 134,143,174, 193, 195 39, 69, 81, 82, 99, 104, 105, 107, Constantine Angelos, 214 115,133,179,183,185,187,189, Constantinople, 147, 167, 222 192,197,198,217,220,228 Constantinople's water supply, 6, 211 victor, 190, 197 Crusade, Second, 36 Alexios II, ix, xi, xii, xiv, 58, 59, 144 Cumans, 80 as a young shoot, 150, 157, 159, 162 Dalmatia, 219 as bringer of peace, 163 David, 75, 114, 122 as orator, 165 Demetrios of Lampe, 226 compared with Achilleus, 60 Didymus Caecus, xxv praise of, 59, 60, 61, 160, 162, 165 doctrinal controversies, 226 Alexios III, xv Dorylaion, 103,215,217,218 Alexios Porphyrogennetos. See Alexios Doukas. See John Doukas II earthquake, 7 Alkibiades, 128 Egypt, 224 Amalric, 220, 224 Epiphanios, xxv Amalric, King of Jerusalem, 99, 188 Eterianus, 226 Anatolia, 215 Euthymios Malakes, ix, 77, 90, 106, Ancona,31,33,41,43,44,45,46,53, 122, 123, 124, 145, 179,189,218, 96 222 Andronikos I, ix, 46 fortifications, 217 Antalkidas, 87 Frangipane, 48, 50, 51 aqueduct of Val ens, 211 Genoese, 157 Archelaos, 16 Germans, 37 Ark of the Covenant, 121 Greek Anthology, xxiv Armenians, 20 Greek fire, 60 Arrian, xxiv Gregory ofNazianzus, xxv Athanasios, xxv Gregory of Nyssa, xxv Athenaios, xxv Hagar, 138, 151, 185, 191,193,207 Auson, 35 Hermogenes, -
A Multidisciplinary Investigation of Medieval Flamethrowers: a Case Study
A Multidisciplinary Investigation of Medieval Flamethrowers: A Case Study Neel, W. Wayne1, Hardin, Jon-Michael2 Abstract - Multidisciplinary projects provide a unique opportunity to foster critical thinking in undergraduate engineering students and to help students develop an understanding of the design process. These types of projects can also motivate student interest in the engineering design process. In this paper, the authors will present a case study of one such interdisciplinary project, which combined engineering analysis and a study of technological history, conducted by an undergraduate mechanical engineering student. The student investigated three different designs for a hand-held flamethrower that projected a highly flammable liquid, known as Greek fire. For this project, a student used historical accounts to design, construct, and test each of three flamethrower designs to determine the feasible operation for each. This work concentrated on the student’s ascertaining the similarities and differences between the three designs and on the student’s developing effective operating and valve systems. The original project was to investigate Chinese and Byzantine designs, but during the project, information in the Arab design was obtained and that design was also constructed by the student. [Englehart, 3] Keywords: Flamethrower, Byzantine, Chinese, Arab, medieval. Introduction Warfare in the Byzantine Empire between the 7th and 11th centuries CE saw the development of weapons systems using fire. Partially responsible for this revolution in weapons was the creation of a highly flammable liquid by the Syrian architect Callinicos in 7th century CE. [Davidson, 2] This was known as liquid fire, later referred to as Greek fire. Greek fire was utilized in one particularly effective weapon, the flamethrower. -
Essay on the Byzantine Revival
ESS AY OH T H E B Y Z A N T I N E R E V I V A L . 717 - 1071. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. CONTENTS . 1. Origin or the Krpir e. Br ief survey or history up to !saurian dynast y . 11. Re tound1ns or declining Empire by Leo the !saurian. 111. The Empir e inder Iconoclasts. (a) Int ernal Reforms (1) Iconoclast str uggles, (2 )1eg1slat1on taxation etc , . (b) Exter nal Affair s . ~a ra c en and Bulgar ian war a . (c) Development or Ruos lan Emp i r e, and at t ac J~ on Constan- tinople. (d) Re latione between Easter n and Wes ter n Empi r es. (e) Commer ce. (t) Advance or learning as seen in science , literature, art, jurisprudence, and i mproved philanthropy. lV. Eopir e under Basilian dynasty. rughost pitch of prosperity in internal and external aftair o. (a} Internal affairs (1) Legislation, taxat ion, (21 OoDDpir acies. (b) Exter nal affairs . Saracens; "ulgarlans ; ~clavonians ; Pauliclans; Russians; Patzlnaks; Hungarian$; Sicily; Cyprus. -
India, China, and Byzantium
c H A p T E R 9 India, China, and Byzantium Lin Cheng yawned and pushed aside the report he had been writing. Noticing that the room was filled with a soft glow, he looked out the window. A full moon lit up the canal below. Barges filled with rice floated by on their way to Beijing. It had been a good harvest, and the peasants were singing as they poled their barges through the water. Tonight, Lin Cheng felt like a father to these strong, hard- working people. He had been their governor for 20 years. And thanks to the policies of the emperor, he had been a just one. Lin Cheng thought how lucky he had been. He no longer minded that his older brother had inherited the family property. He, Lin Cheng, had been the clever one. He had scored high on the civil service examination. Now, instead of acting as the manager of his brother's estate, he ruled a whole province. What if he had been born under the previous line of emperors? Under the Sui, he would have had no opportunity for advancement. Would he have grown resentful of his brother's arrogance? Would he have escaped to this very province? Instead of bringing peace and plenty to its people, would he have urged them to rebel against their rulers? Lin Cheng felt his pulse quicken a little. These contrasting fates would make a good poem. He turned back to his writing table and dipped his brush in the ink. 157 U s empires grew larger and more complex, their rulers tried Ei! many methods of governing. -
Byzantine Names for SCA Personae
1 A Short (and rough) Guide to Byzantine Names for SCA personae This is a listing of names that may be useful for constructing Byzantine persona. Having said that, please note that the term „Byzantine‟ is one that was not used in the time of the Empire. They referred to themselves as Romans. Please also note that this is compiled by a non-historian and non-linguist. When errors are detected, please let me know so that I can correct them. Additional material is always welcomed. It is a work in progress and will be added to as I have time to research more books. This is the second major revision and the number of errors picked up is legion. If you have an earlier copy throw it away now. Some names of barbarians who became citizens are included. Names from „client states‟ such as Serbia and Bosnia, as well as adversaries, can be found in my other article called Names for other Eastern Cultures. In itself it is not sufficient documentation for heraldic submission, but it will give you ideas and tell you where to start looking. The use of (?) means that either I have nothing that gives me an idea, or that I am not sure of what I have. If there are alternatives given of „c‟, „x‟ and „k‟ modern scholarship prefers the „k‟. „K‟ is closer to the original in both spelling and pronunciation. Baron, OP, Strategos tous notious okeanous, known to the Latins as Hrolf Current update 12/08/2011 Family Names ............................................................. 2 Male First Names ....................................................... -
Table of Contents
The Sundered Eagle Contents The Middle Classes ........................ 37 I. Introduction 6 III. The Order of Hermes 20 The Lower Classes .......................... 37 BYZANTINE LANDSCAPE ....................... 6 HERMETIC HISTORY .......................... 20 Slavery ............................................ 37 BYZANTINE REALMS ............................ 6 Before the Order of Hermes ........... 20 Eunuchs .......................................... 37 BYZANTINE PEOPLES ........................... 6 Shaping the Theban Tribunal ......... 20 Women ........................................... 38 BYZANTINE LEGENDS .......................... 6 The Collapse of an Empire .................22 THE EASTERN CHURCH ..................... 38 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ................... 7 THE LEAGUES OF THEBES .................. 22 The Two Patriarchs The League of Constantine ............ 22 of Constantinople ........................... 38 The Children of Olympos .............. 23 Buildings ......................................... 39 II. History of the Empire 8 The League of the Vigilant ............. 24 Clergy ............................................. 39 League Against Idolatry .................. 24 The Origin of Mankind .................... 8 Monastics ....................................... 40 The Age of Heroes ........................... 8 THEBAN TRIBUNAL POLITICS .............. 24 Icons ............................................... 40 The Trojan War .................................8 THE HERMETIC POLITY ..................... 24 INHABITANTS................................... -
Islam in Byzantium?
DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation Seeing Eye to Eye: Islamic Universalism in the Roman and Byzantine Worlds, 7th to 10th Centuries Verfasser Olof Heilo angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Wien 2010 Studienblatt: A 092 383 Dissertationsgebiet: Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Johannes Koder Acknowledgements I have been fortunate to simultaneously enjoy a number of benefits: thanks to the European Union, it was possible for me to embark upon this work in Austria while receiving financial support from Sweden, and in an era when boundless amounts of information are accessible everywhere, I could still enjoy a certain time for reflexion in the process of my studies. I am blessed with parents and siblings who not only share my interests in different ways, but who have actively supported me in all possible ways, and particularily during the two overtime years it took me to write a work I initially hoped would be finished in two years alone. From my years of studies in Lund and Copenhagen, I owe gratitude to profs. Karin and Jerker Blomqvist, prof. Bo Holmberg and dr. Lena Ambjörn, Eva Lucie Witte and Rasmus Christian Elling. Dr. Carl and Eva Nylander have inspired my pursuit of studies, whereas the kind advices of prof. Werner Seibt almost ten years ago encouraged me to go to Vienna. Dr. Roger Sages, whose Talmud readings I had the pleasure to attend in Lund, has been my mentor in philosophical matters; my godmother Barbro Brilioth has brought me contacts everywhere. I am particularily in debt to dr. Karin Ådahl at the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul and to prof. -
Theotokis, Georgios (2010) the Campaigns of the Norman Dukes of Southern Italy Against Byzantium, in the Years Between 1071 and 1108 AD
Theotokis, Georgios (2010) The campaigns of the Norman dukes of southern Italy against Byzantium, in the years between 1071 and 1108 AD. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1884/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the Author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The topic of my thesis is “The campaigns of the Norman dukes of southern Italy to Byzantium, in the years between 1071 and 1108 A.D.” As the title suggests, I am examining all the main campaigns conducted by the Normans against Byzantine provinces, in the period from the fall of Bari, the Byzantine capital of Apulia and the seat of the Byzantine governor (catepano) of Italy in 1071, to the Treaty of Devol that marked the end of Bohemond of Taranto’s Illyrian campaign in 1108. My thesis, however, aims to focus specifically on the military aspects of these confrontations, an area which for this period has been surprisingly neglected in the existing secondary literature. My intention is to give answers to a series of questions, of which -
An Analysis of Byzantine Imperial Geography a Dissertation Submitted
University of Nevada Axis Mundi: An Analysis of Byzantine Imperial Geography A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography by Richard Allen Catlin III Paul Starrs, PhD Advisor and Committee Chair May 2014 © Copyright by Richard Allen Catlin III, 2014 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by Richard Allen Catlin III entitled Axis Mundi: An Analysis of Byzantine Imperial Geography be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Paul Starrs, PhD, Advisor and Committee Chair Elliott Parker, PhD, Committee Member Scott Bassett, DDes, Committee Member Nigel Allan, PhD, Committee Member Margaret Ferrara, PhD, Graduate School Representative David Zeh, PhD, Dean of the Graduate School i ABSTRACT This work is a geopolitical analysis of the Byzantine Empire’s method of governance, expansion, and imperial administration over the lands it chose to inhabit. While no single scholar or then-contemporary Byzantine author has articulated a specific policy of geostrategy in the Byzantine Empire, this dissertation demonstrates an overt bias in Byzantine military and diplomatic operations toward coastal regions and maintenance of their physical control within the Mediterranean Basin. These imperial choices were fueled largely by: 1) the reigning geopolitical model of the Byzantine Empire; 2) the importance of the capital, today’s Istanbul (then Byzantium, and later, Constantinople); 3) the distribution of other major cities of the Empire; and 4) the maritime-based trade economy of the Byzantine Empire. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I must start by acknowledging the faith and confidence that Dr. -
Righteous Flames: the Use of Fire As a Weapon from the First Through the Albigensian Crusade
Righteous Flames: The Use of Fire as a Weapon from the First through the Albigensian Crusade Rachel Carta Wagman Department of History, Barnard College Senior Thesis Professor Wennerlind April 18, 2018 “If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned.” John, 15:6 2 List of Maps Figure One. Neal Schwartz, “The First Crusade.” ………………………………………………24 Figure Two. John Bartram, “Expansion of the Angevin Empire.” ……………………………...27 Figure Three. “Béziers in Modern France.” ……………………………………………………..31 Figure Four. “Lavaur in Modern France.” ………………………………………………………34 Figure Five. Neal Schwartz, “The First Crusade.” ……………………………………………...39 Figure Six. “The Second Crusade, 1147-49.” ………………..…………………………………43 Figure Seven. “The Fourth Crusade, 1202-04.” …...……………………………………..……..46 Figure Eight. Sehrat Engül, “Byzantine Empire Under Seljuk Pressure.” ………………….…..52 Figure Nine. Neal Schwartz, “The First Crusade.” ……………………………………………..55 Figure Ten. “The Kingdom of Jerusalem and Saladin’s Empire in 1187 A.D.” ……………......58 Figure Eleven. Tyler Durden, “The Third Crusade, 1189-91.” ………………………….…...…60 Figure Twelve. Evan Centanni, “Territorial Control in Syrian Civil War as of August 2014.” ..65 Figure Thirteen. “The Second Crusade (1147-1149).” …………………………………………65 3 Table Of Contents Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………………………5 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………6 Chapter One: On Fire and the Crusades ...………………………………………………………12 Chapter Two: Heretics …………………………………………………………………………..20