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Copyrighted Material Index Note: The prefix ‘Al-’ is ignored in alphabetical filing of entries. Listings are by first given name in text for Arabic names. Page references in italics are to illustrations. Page references in bold are to definitions. Abbas I, Shah (r.1587–1629) 161 Abu ‘Abdullah Mas‘ud al-Jawi 147 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, Shah (d.1823) 192 Abu ‘Abdullah Muhammad ibn Karram ‘Abd al-Baqi al-Bakri 198 (d.874) 45 ‘Abd al-Ghafur (d.1877) 194 Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d.990 or ‘Abd al-Hafid, Sultan (r.1908–1912) 995) 52 200 Abu al-Ghazi Burasˇ-ugl€ı 204–205 ‘Abd al-Hamid II, Sultan Abu Hafs ‘Umar al-Suhrawardi (r.1876–1909) 208–209 (d.1234) 85–86, 96 ‘Abd al-Haqq 166 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d.1111) ‘Abd al-Karim al-Jili (d.1408 or 72, 85 1428) 79, 94 and light 55, 75 ‘Abd al-Khaliq al-Ghijduwani Abu al-Huda al-Sayyadi (d.1220) 90 (1850–1910) 208 Abd al-Malik 223 Abu Ishaq al-Kazaruni (d.1035) 58, ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza’iri (1808–1883) 60, 96 199–200, 201, 209 shrine 98 ‘Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (d.1166) 84, 87, Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi (d.1168) 84, 88, 125 85–86 ‘Abd al-Rahman Chishti (d.1683) Abu Nasr al-Sarraj (d.988) 52 163–164 Abu Sa‘id ibn Abi’l-Khayr (d.1049) ‘Abd al-Rahman Illaysh 202 59–60, 62, 86, 93, 96, 106 ‘Abd al-Ra’uf (d.1693) 169 Abu Sa‘id al-Kharraz, of Baghdad ‘Abd al-Satar 144COPYRIGHTED(d.899) MATERIAL 29–33, 41 abdal (substitutes) 34 and classification 32–33 ‘Abdullah al-Ghazwani (d.1529) 151 and intimacy with God 32 Abu ‘Abd al-Rahman Al-Sulami Kitab al-Sidq (Book of Truthfulness) (d.1021) 50, 52, 53, 54 30, 31 Sufism: A Global History, First Edition. Nile Green. Ó 2012 Nile Green. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 246 Index Abu Sa‘id al-Kharraz (Continued) Ahmad Yasawi (d.1166?) 84, 112, and the Path 31–32 205 and tradition 30–31 Ahmad al-Zarruq (d.1493) 150, 169 Abu Yazid (Bayezid) Bistami ahwal (ecstatic states) 8, 37, 41 (d.875) 37–38, 76, 210 ‘A’in-e Akbari (c.1590) 142 Abu’l Fazl 142 Akbar (r.1556–1605) 142, 144, 147, Abu’l Hasan al-Shadili (d.1258) 84 165, 168 Abu’l Qasim Firdawsi (d.1020), ‘Ala al-Dawla al-Simnani (d.1336) 99 Shahnama 104–106 ‘Ala al-Din Ahmad Shah II Abu’l-Qasim al-Qushayri (d.1074) 52, (r.1436–1458) 146 210 ‘Ala al-Din Ri‘ayat Shah, Sultan Aceh sultanate 167–168 (r.1588–1604) 167 act and intention 31 Algeria: French conquest 199–200 adab (etiquette) 8, 9, 83, 85, 107, and Islamism 219 239 ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, and family of Adi, Shaykh 103 Muhammad 24 ‘Adil Shah sultans 147 ‘Ali ibn Karmakh 83 Afaq Khwaja (d.1694) 162 ‘Ali ibn ‘Uthman Al-Hujwiri (d. circa Afghanistan: Sufi influence 211–212 1075) 52, 60, 106 as uncolonized 187–188, 194, 207 allegiance to brotherhoods 83, 91, 192, Africa: and British Empire 197–199 194, 223, 241 and brotherhoods 219–220 allusions (isharat)32 and early modern Sufism 12 Amadu Bamba Mbacke and French Empire 201–202 (1853–1927) 202, 203, 220, 221 and Islamism 219–220 Amanullah, King (r.1919–1929) 211 see also North Africa; Saharan Africa; America, and modern forms of South Africa Sufism 220, 223, 224, 227 agriculture, and land-grants 89, 146, Amir Khusraw (d.1325) 110, 111 149–150, 152, 153, 172, 195 Amir Kulal, Sayyid (d.1370?) 100 Agueli, Ivan (Shaykh ‘Abd al-Hadi ‘Amr ibn Uthman al-Makki 39 Aqili’; 1869–1917) 201 Anatolia: and Bektashi Ahmad ibn ‘Ajiba (d.1809) 170 brotherhood 133, 135–136 Ahmad ibn ‘Ali, shrine 211 and Naqshbandi brotherhood 134, Ahmad ibn al-Rifa‘i (d.1182) 84 157, 218 Ahmad ibn Idris (d.1837) 172 and Saljuk Turks 72, 79, 102, 109, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali 112 (d.1126) 80 anbiya (Prophets) 33 Ahmad al-Alawi (1869–1934) 201 ‘Andalib, Muhammad Nasir (d.1759) Ahmad al-Araj (r.1517–1544) 151 166 Ahmad Barelwi (d.1831) 192–193 angels 75–76, 78 Ahmad Ghulam Khalil (d.888) 37 anjuman-e ukhuwwat (Fraternal Ahmad Kasani (d.1543) 150, 162 Society) 211 Ahmad Sirhindi (d.1624) 164–166, 168 Ansari, ‘Abdullah (d.1089) 59, 60, 86 Ahmad al-Tayyib (d.1824) 172 anthropomorphism 45, 76 Ahmad al-Tijani (d.1815) 166–167, anti-populism, and early Sufism 32 169–170, 172, 199 antinomianism 6, 8, 80, 134, 136, 165 Index 247 Aqasi, Hajji Mirza (1783–1848) 210 and Hallaj of Baghdad 40 aqtab al-dawla (axes of the state) 151, and interpretation of the Quran 35 168 and Junayd of Baghdad 38–39 Arab renaissance 209 and Kharraz of Baghdad 31, 33 Arab states, and anti-Sufism 214, 218 and miracles 40, 93 Arabic: Christian use 18, 19 and Prophets 32–33, 47–48, 78 as lingua franca 49, 103 as saints 4, 9, 35, 60, 92–103, 114, literature in 112–113, 168 239 loanwords 80, 103–104, 110–111, and Tustari of Basra 33–35, 38 148 and visionary experiences 76 Arberry, A.J. 1, 6–7 see also wilaya army shaykhs (ordu shaykhi) 135 Awrangzeb (r.1658–1707) 165 ascent to God 9, 76, 240 awtad (cosmic tent-pegs) 34 in Christian mysticism 21 axes of the state (aqtab al-dawla) 151, asceticism: Christian 18–23 168 female 21 ‘Aydarusi brotherhood 168–169 frontier warrior 23, 48, 52, 56–57, ‘Ayn al-Qudat (d.1131), Shakwa 135 al-Gharib 99 Khurasani 45 Al-Azhar (Egypt) 160 and mysticism 20–22, 43–44 showy 29, 31–32, 37, 46 Baba Gor, shrine 174 socialization 43–44 Baba Tahir (d.1020?) 106, 210 zuhd 20–21, 32, 43, 242 Baba Tukles€ 100 ‘Ashiq Pasha (d.1333) 112 Babur, Emperor (r.1526–1530) 141 Ataturk,€ Mustafa Kamal Badr al-Din 136 (1881–1938) 209–210 Baghdad: as ‘Abbasid capital 24 Attar, Farid al-Din (d. circa 1220) 108, and book production 15–16, 26, 30 109, 111, 113, 210 and early medieval Sufism 15–16, Australia, and fusion Sufism 225 28, 42–43 authority: and authoritarianism 2–3, 5, and Hallaj 39–40 35, 62 and Junayd 36–39 and certification 50 and Kharraz 29–33 of philosophers 24 and Muhasibi 29 political 128, 144, 147, 150–152, Mongol conquest 72, 86 161–162 and Mu‘tazilites 24 of the Prophet 3, 24, 35 Nizamiyya madrasa 55, 85 of saints and Friends of God 4–5, 9, and Suhrawardi brotherhood 85–86 31, 39, 77, 126–127, 168, 227 Baha al-Din al-Naqshband (d.1389) of scholars 25, 30, 33, 35, 86 84, 90–91 of scripture 28, 61 Baha al-Din Zakariya (d.1262) 86 of tradition 30–31, 77, 130, 175 Baldick, Julian 27, 65 n.29 of ‘ulama 42, 76 Bali Efendi (d.1553) 135 autobiography, early 47, 55 Balım Sultan (d.1516) 136 awliya (Friends of God) 4, 9, 61, 62, Balkans, Muslims in 187 239 baqa (surviving) 9, 32, 37, 239 and Hakim 47 Baqi B’illah (d.1603) 164 248 Index baraka (blessing) 54, 87, 93, 95–96, branding 83–86, 89–91 114, 127, 239 in Central Asia 90–91, 149–150 and shrines 102 and colonialism 192–194, 197, 199, transmission through 200, 202–206, 226 bloodlines 101, 154 and deputies 84, 86, 90, 193 Barelwi movement 191, 192–193 and early modern empires 131–154, barzakh (isthmus, interface) 9, 78, 239 170 Bashir Ahmad Dultz (b.1935) 223–224 family 153, 170–171 Basra: early medieval asceticism 21 founders 84–87, 114 and Ikhwan al-Safa 32 in India 86, 89–90, 92, 98, 110, 111, Tustari of Basra (d.896) 33–36 132, 141 batin (esoteric) 36, 217, 239 inheritance systems 84–85 bay‘a (oath) 9, 51, 192, 194, 223, 239 and initiation 9, 83, 86–87, 91 Bayezid II, Sultan (r.1481–1512) 136, institutionalization 81–91, 139–140 114–115, 175 Bayazid Ansari (d.1585) 144 in Iran 86, 161 begging bowls (kashkul) 19 in Iraq 85–86 being: and light 75 and lineages 84, 97, 127, 153 Unity of Being 78–79, 145, 158, 163, in North Africa 170 164–165, 168, 242 patronage 84, 86, 98, 109, 114, 161, Bektashi brotherhood 133, 135–136, 194 207 and reform and renewal 164–166, Berber tribes 151, 152 168–169, 170–172, 174, 190 bid‘a (innovation) 239 rivalries between 90 in colonial period 189, 192–193 rules 52, 59, 81, 83, 85–86 in early medieval period 61 in Russia 204 and renewal 125, 155–156, 158, in Saharan Africa 152–153, 160–161, 164, 166, 169–172, 175 170–171 Bilgrami, ‘Abd al-Wahid (d.1608), and sanctification of leading Sufis Haqa’iq-e Hindi 163 92–93, 102, 114 biographies: and brotherhoods 89 sub-brotherhoods 130, 132 early 22–23, 53–54, 58, 60, 61, 80 suppression 205, 207, 209 of saints 96, 110, 113, 211 and tradition 84–85, 114–115, 131, Bishr ibn al-Harith (d.841) 22 154, 175, 190 Bombay, colonial 196, 210–211 urban 132–136 books: and circulation of ideas 15–16, Brown, Peter 96 26, 49 Bulleh Shah (d.1757) 145, 167 handbooks 52, 60 bureaucracies: religious 134, 136, 149, Sufi 26, 30 158–159 see also biographies; printing state 55, 72, 82, 89, 126, 127, Boutchichi brotherhood 223 151–152, 165–166 British Empire 187, 192–199, 211, 214–215, 225 caliphate, and Mongol conquests 72, brotherhoods (tariqa; pl.
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