Information Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres
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The Two Halves of the Brain Information Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres edited by Kenneth Hugdahl and René Westerhausen The Two Halves of the Brain The Two Halves of the Brain Information Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres edited by Kenneth Hugdahl and Ren é Westerhausen The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. MIT Press books may be purchased at special quantity discounts for business or sales promotional use. For information, please email [email protected] or write to Special Sales Depart- ment, The MIT Press, 55 Hayward Street, Cambridge, MA 02142. This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The two halves of the brain : information processing in the cerebral hemispheres / edited by Kenneth Hugdahl and Ren é Westerhausen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-01413-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Cerebral dominance. 2. Laterality. I. Hugdahl, Kenneth. II. Westerhausen, Ren é , 1976– [DNLM: 1. Functional Laterality — physiology. 2. Cerebrum — physiology. 3. Dominance, Cerebral — physiology. WL 335 T974 2010] QP385.5.T86 2010 612.8a 25 — dc22 2009039297 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Preface ix Introduction and Overview 1 Kenneth Hugdahl and René Westerhausen I Genetic and Evolutionary Perspectives on Hemispheric Asymmetry 19 1 Differential Gene Transcription in the Left and Right Cerebral Cortex 21 Tao Sun 2 Evolutionary Depth of Human Brain Language Areas 37 Patrick J. Gannon 3 Handedness and Cerebral Asymmetry : An Evolutionary Perspective 65 Michael C. Corballis II Hemispheric Asymmetry in Nonmammalian Species 89 4 Hemispheric Asymmetry of Songbirds 91 Isabelle George 5 The Embryonic Development of Visual Asymmetry in the Pigeon 121 Onur G ü nt ü rk ü n and Martina Manns III Neuroimaging and Hemispheric Asymmetry 143 6 Structural Indices of Asymmetry 145 Katrin Amunts 7 Asymmetry of White Matter Pathways 177 Marco Catani, Stephanie Forkel, and Michel Thiebaut de Schotten 8 Electroencephalographic and Magnetoencephalographic Indices of Hemispheric Asymmetry 211 Alfredo Brancucci vi Contents IV Hormones, Sex Differences, and Sleep Asymmetry 251 9 Sex Hormonal Effects on Hemispheric Asymmetry and Interhemispheric Interaction 253 Markus Hausmann and Ulrike Bayer 10 Sex Differences in Handedness, Brain Asymmetry, and Language Lateralization 287 Iris E. C. Sommer 11 Laterality and Sleep 313 Maria Casagrande V Asymmetry of Perception 347 12 Auditory Laterality : Recent Findings in Speech Perception 349 Patricia E. Cowell 13 Processing Asymmetries in the Visual System 379 Joseph B. Hellige, Bruno Laeng, and Chikashi Michimata 14 Integrating Auditory and Visual Asymmetry 417 Heikki H ä m ä l ä inen and Fiia Takio VI Asymmetry of Cognition 439 15 A Unifi ed Structural-Attentional Framework for Dichotic Listening 441 Stefan Pollmann 16 Cognitive Control of Auditory Laterality 469 Ren é Westerhausen and Kenneth Hugdahl 17 Hemispheric Asymmetry of Memory 499 Gr é goria Kalpouzos and Lars Nyberg VII Asymmetry in Neurological and Pediatric Disorders 531 18 Visuospatial Function and the Neglect Syndrome 533 Victoria Singh-Curry and Masud Husain 19 Hemispheric Asymmetry in Pediatric Developmental Disorders: Autism, Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Dyslexia 561 Deborah W. Moncrieff Contents vii VIII Asymmetry in Schizophrenia and Psychosis 603 20 Lateral Differences in the Default Mode Network in Schizophrenia 605 Nathan Swanson, Tom Eichele, Godfrey Pearlson, and Vince D. Calhoun 21 The Origins of Psychosis and the Evolution of Language : Cerebral Asymmetry, Sex Chromosomes, and Speciation 621 Timothy J. Crow Contributors 663 Index 665 Preface The current volume is a follow-up to the two previous MIT Press volumes on hemi- spheric asymmetry and brain laterality in 1995 (Davidson & Hugdahl: Brain Asym- metry ) and 2003 (Hugdahl & Davidson: The Asymmetrical Brain ). The main reason for an update is that the fi eld is rapidly expanding again, after a resting period in the last decade, attracting the interest of a new generation of researchers. This renewed inter- est in hemispheric asymmetry is coming both from new theoretical approaches and applications to new areas and from the development of new measuring techniques. Another new trend in the literature is the increasing number of international research- ers engaged in hemispheric asymmetry research. The current volume clearly refl ects these trends with a mix of well-established and young researchers, refl ecting both continuity and novelty. There are 21 contributions from 11 countries (the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, France, the Nether- lands, Finland, Norway, and Sweden), and four different continents, covering the range of asymmetry research from the molecular to the cognitive and clinical level of explanation. It has been the ambition of the editors to present a comprehensive update on the fi eld. With all the challenges and pitfalls inherent in such an ambitious under- taking, we think that the current volume has been successful in achieving its goals. Kenneth Hugdahl and René Westerhausen Bergen, Norway, May 2009 Introduction and Overview Kenneth Hugdahl and Ren é Westerhausen Aims and Objectives In this general introduction we outline a theoretical umbrella perspective on the 21 chapters in the book, to emphasize novel theories, methods, and applications of research devoted to hemispheric asymmetry and laterality. Despite all the research devoted to hemispheric asymmetry and laterality over the last decades, this is an area in which big questions remain with respect to understanding the neural under- pinnings of cognition, and the questions being addressed in this fi eld are ones that come up for almost any cognitive science researcher. Moreover, it is not possible to advance a theoretical understanding of brain– behavior relations without taking asymmetry and laterality into account. Similarly, issues related to asymmetry and laterality penetrate most theories and models of neuropsychology and neurocogni- tive aspects of the major neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. However, despite the large amount of empirical data accumulated over the last decades (see Davidson & Hugdahl, 1995 ; Hugdahl & Davidson, 2003 ), theoretical understanding of the behavioral signifi cance and the neural basis of laterality remains limited. Thus, the questions of “ why, ” “ how, ” and “ what ” are as valid today as they were 30 years ago (e.g., Bradshaw & Nettleton, 1981 ; Bryden, 1982 ; Harnad et al., 1977 ; Porac & Coren, 1981 ). Our objective when compiling the current volume has therefore been not only to update the reader on the latest data and empirical results but also to provide a coher- ent theoretical perspective whenever possible to put the different chapters and con- tributions into perspective. The fi eld of hemispheric asymmetry has more or less exploded in recent years with ever new data and applications, but there has not been a corresponding explosion of theoretical advances. In this introduction, we comment on the different contributions from a theoretical perspective, moving from molecular, genetic, and evolutionary to cognitive and clinical factors in the understanding of one of the most fascinating phenomena in neuroscience, neuropsychology, psychiatry and neurology, and cognitive sciences. 2 Introduction and Overview Functional Segregation and Integration in an Asymmetrical Brain The issue of functional segregation and integration in the brain has a long history in neuroscience, with the observations of Broca and Wernicke as classic examples for the localization of language areas in the left hemisphere. However, it was not until the development of the hemodynamic neuroimaging techniques that the concept of functional segregation also gained acceptance in mainstream cognitive psychol- ogy and cognitive neuroscience ( Friston, 2005 ). Before this development, it was not uncommon to fi nd statements like “ Where is memory localized in the brain? — Everywhere and nowhere ” in standard textbooks in psychology and neuroscience. Such statements have almost totally disappeared from the literature following the introduction of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic reso- nance imaging (fMRI) as well as modern analysis techniques— for example, source localization, to supplement magnetic- and electroencephalographical (EEG) methods, such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) and EEG/ERPs. Frith (1997) provides several arguments as to why segregation, rather than integration, is the guiding principle behind the functional organization of the brain, taking arguments from evolution, economy, and the complexity of the design of the brain. In his review of EEG/MEG measures of hemispheric asymmetry, Alfredo Brancucci (chapter 8) shows how EEG was the fi rst “ objective ” measure to be used to infer asym- metry of neuronal fi ring in the two hemispheres by comparing EEG responses obtained from the left and right side of the scalp. The later development of newer recording techniques, for example, the use of MEG, opened up opportunities for