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Jamile Tese Copia Final 1 PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL JAMILE GAMBA DALPIAZ REPRESENTAÇÕES DO BRASIL NA IMPRENSA BRITÂNICA: UMA ANÁLISE CULTURAL DO JORNAL THE GUARDIAN Porto Alegre 2013 2 JAMILE GAMBA DALPIAZ REPRESENTAÇÕES DO BRASIL NA IMPRENSA BRITÂNICA: UMA ANÁLISE CULTURAL DO JORNAL THE GUARDIAN Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial à obtenção do grau de doutor. Orientadora: Profª Drª Ana Carolina D. Escosteguy Porto Alegre 2013 Catalogação na Publicação D149r Dalpiaz, Jamile Gamba Representações do Brasil na imprensa britânica: uma análise cultural do jornal The Guardian / Jamile Gamba Dalpiaz. – Porto Alegre, 2013. 202 p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Comunicação Social, PUCRS. Orientadora: Profª Drª Ana Carolina D. Escosteguy 1. Comunicação Social. 2. Jornalismo Britânico. 3. The Guardian (Jornal) – Crítica e Interpretação. 4. Identidade – Brasil. 5. Estudos Culturais. I. Escosteguy, Ana Carolina D. II. Título. CDD 301.16 Bibliotecária responsável: Salete Maria Sartori, CRB 10/1363 3 REPRESENTAÇÕES DO BRASIL NA IMPRENSA BRITÂNICA: UMA ANÁLISE CULTURAL DO JORNAL THE GUARDIAN Aprovada em 17 de abril de 2013. Banca examinadora: Profª Drª Gislene Silva - UFSC _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Henn - Unisinos _______________________________________ Profª Drª Virgínia Pradelina da Silveira Fonseca - UFRGS _______________________________________ Profª Drª Doris Fagundes Haussen - PUCRS _______________________________________ Profª Drª Ana Carolina Escosteguy (Orientadora) _______________________________________ 4 AGRADECIMENTOS À Capes, pelas bolsas do curso de doutorado e PDSE na Inglaterra. À minha orientadora, profa. Ana Carolina D. Escosteguy, pelo incentivo e amizade, pelas leituras críticas e os diversos inputs fornecidos durante este percurso e que foram fundamentais para este resultado. À minha coorientadora na Inglaterra, profa. Olga Guedes Bailey, por ter me acolhido e recebido com carinho durante o estágio de doutoramento na Nottingham Trent University [NTU], quando foi mais do que uma professora, quase “mãe”, enfim, tornou-se uma amiga para sempre. Às professoras Virgínia Fonseca e Janete Abrão, pelas contribuições resultantes da banca de qualificação. Aos coordenadores do PPGCOM/PUCRS, Cristiane Freitas e Juremir Machado, e as secretárias Lúcia Stasiak e Patrícia Baptista, pelo apoio institucional. À bibliotecária, Jane Bonnell, da NTU, por ter me ensinado os “tricky paths” dos databases. Aos jornalistas/correspondentes – Alex Bellos, Martin Hodgson e Tom Phillips – que compartilharam suas experiências, “vitais” para este trabalho. Aos meus amigos Cristina Cafruni, Deivison Campos, Kornelia Trytko, Lidia González e Farah Wissam, que me escutaram, incentivaram e torceram por mim continuamente. Ao meu irmão Vicente Correa Júnior, que “segura a minha onda” desde sempre. Aos meus pais, Jaime e Maria Luiza Dalpiaz, pelo amor eterno e pela vida, e as minhas irmãs, Jalusa e Jenara, e sobrinhos, Enzo, Enrico e Frederico, que “compreendem” sempre a minha ausência diante de um novo desafio. Ao meu amor Floriano Raffin Pohlmann, quem mais me ouviu falar desta tese, arguiu sobre as minhas escolhas, sugeriu caminhos, traduções, me apoiou e tranquilizou nos momentos mais desanimadores, enfim, “aguentou” firme! 5 Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais, que me deram tudo, educação, amor, vida... e são meu maior exemplo de superação, de que é preciso lutar sempre por esses três elementos fundamentais e jamais perder a esperança na vida. 6 RESUMO Este estudo trata da temática do jornalismo internacional a partir da perspectiva dos estudos culturais, abordando as representações do Brasil no contexto da imprensa de qualidade britânica. O principal objetivo é investigar os elementos culturais presentes no jornal The Guardian que, se analisados em conjunto, contribuem para dar visibilidade a uma identidade brasileira, permeada por práticas simbólicas do contexto onde circulam. Para tanto, busca aportes teóricos no campo dos estudos culturais britânicos e do jornalismo, adotando a perspectiva da análise cultural e o modelo analítico de Richard Johnson (1999) como percurso metodológico, que propõe uma articulação entre os momentos do processo comunicativo [circuito de cultura]. Nesse sentido, foram perseguidas as características e as implicações de cada momento, porém a ênfase reside nas articulações entre eles, que fornecem uma estrutura analítica para a pesquisa: produção e culturas vividas, produção e textos e textos e leituras. Os resultados finais apontam que a identidade brasileira construída pelos britânicos desponta mais próxima à ideia de complexidade sociocultural da nação, tendo como temas principais o território, a desigualdade social e a diversidade cultural do país. Palavras-chave: Análise cultural, Jornalismo britânico, Representação, Identidade brasileira, The Guardian 7 ABSTRACT This study is about the representations of Brazil in the context of the UK ‘quality’ press. The main objective is to investigate the cultural elements present in The Guardian newspaper that contribute to give visibility to a Brazilian identity, which is constructed by symbolic practices of the context of its circulation. The theoretical approach is based on the field of the British cultural studies and journalism, by taking the perspective of cultural analysis and the analytical model of Richard Johnson (1999). This methodological approach proposes an articulation between the moments of the communicative process [circuit of culture]. In this sense, the thesis pursues the characteristics and implications of each moment, but the emphasis is on the connections between them, which provides an analytical framework for research: production and lived cultures, production and texts and texts and readings. The final results point out that the Brazilian identity constructed by the British emerges closer to the idea of socio-cultural complexity of the nation. The main cultural meanings produced and analysed through the articulations are the territory, social inequality and cultural diversity of the country. Keywords: Cultural analysis, British Journalism, Representation, Identity Brazilian, The Guardian 8 SUMÁRIO LISTA DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................... 10 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 11 2 ENQUADRAMENTO TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICO ....................................... 20 2.1 PROBLEMATIZAÇÃO TEÓRICA..................................................................... 20 2.2 UMA APROXIMAÇÃO AO OBJETO................................................................ 28 3 JORNALISMO E A ANÁLISE CULTURAL .......................................................... 34 3.1 PRINCIPAIS CAMPOS DE PESQUISA EM DIÁLOGO .................................. 39 3.2 A PERSPECTIVA CULTURAL ......................................................................... 40 3.2.1 Tensões entre os campos .................................................................................... 43 3.2.2 Percurso metodológico cultural .................................................................... 50 4 A IDENTIDADE BRASILEIRA ............................................................................... 59 4.1 A FORMAÇÃO DO BRASIL-NAÇÃO .............................................................. 60 4.2 O PAPEL DO MEDIADOR SIMBÓLICO .......................................................... 62 4.3 ENTRE O BRASIL IDEAL E O BRASIL REAL ............................................... 66 4.4 O MITO DA BRASILIDADE E QUESTÃO DA DESIGUALDADE ................ 69 4.5 AS POLÍTICAS INTERNACIONAIS BRASILEIRAS E AS RELAÇÕES COM O REINO UNIDO .................................................................................................. 76 4.5.1 O posicionamento internacional brasileiro ......................................................... 77 4.5.2 Pontos históricos de intercâmbio político-econômico e cultural entre Brasil e Reino Unido ........................................................................................................... 84 5 AS REPRESENTAÇÕES DO BRASIL NO JORNALISMO BRITÂNICO ........... 94 5.1 CARACTERÍSTICAS EDITORIAIS DA IMPRENSA BRITÂNICA .................. 95 5.2 RECORTES DO OBJETO ..................................................................................... 117 9 6 O BRASIL NO THE GUARDIAN.............................................................................. 121 6.1 PRODUÇÃO E CULTURAS VIVIDAS ............................................................. 121 6.2 PRODUÇÃO E TEXTOS .................................................................................... 133 6.3 TEXTOS E LEITURAS ....................................................................................... 150 7 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ..................................................................................... 178 REFERÊNCIAS ............................................................................................................. 183 ANEXOS ......................................................................................................................... 197 ANEXO A – PRESS GAZETTE – DADOS DE CIRCULAÇÃO DA IMPRENSA 198 BRITÂNICA ...............................................................................................
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