PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE MINAS GERAIS Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social Paula Lima Gomes O CONFLITO ISRAEL-PALESTINO: a construção de narrativas, suas disputas e a busca de legitimidades e hegemonias Belo Horizonte 2016 Paula Lima Gomes O CONFLITO ISRAEL-PALESTINO: a construção de narrativas, suas disputas e a busca de legitimidades e hegemonias Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação Social. Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Márcio Pinto de Moura Barros Área de concentração: Midiatização e Processos de Interação Belo Horizonte 2016 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Elaborada pela Biblioteca da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Gomes, Paula Lima G633c O conflito Israel-palestino: a construção de narrativas, suas disputas e a busca de legitimidades e hegemonias / Paula Lima Gomes. Belo Horizonte, 2016. 161 f. : il. Orientador: José Márcio Pinto de Moura Barros Dissertação (Mestrado) – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social. 1. Conflito árabe-israelense. 2. Conflito árabe-israelense - Narrativas pessoais. 3. Narrativa (Retórica). 4. Análise do discurso narrativo. 5. Hegemonia. 6. Legitimidade (Direito). I. Barros, José Márcio Pinto de Moura. II. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social. III. Título. CDU: 327.56 Paula Lima Gomes O CONFLITO ISRAEL-PALESTINO: a construção de narrativas, suas disputas e a busca de legitimidades e hegemonias Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação Social. ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Márcio Pinto de Moura Barros – PUC Minas (Orientador) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Fernando Antônio Resende – UFF (Banca Examinadora) ___________________________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Mozahir Salomão Bruck – PUC Minas (Banca Examinadora) Belo Horizonte, 11 de março de 2016. Ao povo palestino, que me inspira todos os dias a ser essa pesquisadora-militante. Venceremos AGRADECIMENTOS A minha família, pelo incentivo de sempre e por me forjarem, muito antes de optar pela vida Acadêmica, a ser uma profissional com “sangue no olho”. A minha eterna mentora, que me apresentou o tema, a causa e tantas experiências e referências desde 2009. A minha amiga de Gaza, que literalmente, me levou para dentro do conflito e para a sua terra Palestina. Ao meu namorado, Wilson Milani, por me dar tanta força e incentivo neste processo que compartilhamos e vivemos juntos. A Rede de Ensino Doctum e, em especial, ao Cláudio Leitão e Américo Galvão que me apoiaram e viabilizaram a concretização deste sonho. Ao meu orientador, José Márcio, pela contribuição e atenção dispendida nessa árdua e prazerosa pesquisa. Aos membros da Banca, Fernando Resende e Mozahir Salomão, pelas generosas contribuições. A todos meus amigos palestinos e árabes, meus mais sinceros agradecimentos. RESUMO Esta pesquisa, fruto de uma relação com o tema desde 2009, se volta, sobretudo, para a investigação dos conflitos do conflito Israel-palestino, tendo como foco a observação e análise das disputas narrativas entre suas forças hegemônicas atuais: o Estado de Israel e a resistência do povo palestino, liderada pelo Hamas. Para tanto, escolhe-se como recorte o confronto de 2014 que durou 50 dias, indo do dia 12 de junho à 26 de agosto deste ano, se tornando o terceiro e mais recente embate entre os atores em questão. Para sustentar a análise, transita-se de Walter Benjamin e Fernando Resende à Ilan Pappe e Benny Morris, olhando, a luz dessas reflexões, àquilo que há de “histórico” e “atualizado” nesses conflitos de narrativas. Estruturada em três capítulos, a Dissertação busca compreender e conceituar os elementos basilares deste objeto (ato de narrar, processos de legitimação, conflitos de narrativa, luta por hegemonia etc.), olhando, por conseguinte, para três camadas de referência (conexão territorial judaica, holocausto nazista e Guerra de 1948) e para o embate das narrativas hegemônicas propriamente ditas, que se deram, sobretudo, no espaço mediado no período do confronto estudado. Neste espaço, olha-se então, para a difusão de falas dos agentes do conflito em notícias da BBC Brasil (75 no total), entrevistas audiovisuais (4 no total), produções acadêmicas diversas e relatos das testemunhas do próprio conflito. E tudo isso no intuito de responder a nossa atual pergunta: “de que modo a construção de binômios hegemônicos (o israelense e o palestino), que circulam e são colocados em interação no espaço virtual, produzem e disputam sentidos acerca do conflito Israel-palestino enquanto parte de um conflito de narrativas?” Onde esta reflexão chegou? Há mais perguntas do que respostas, afinal, o objeto que aqui se estuda é algo em processo, assim como tem sido a própria reflexão sobre o mesmo. Pois, mais do que reforçar a lógica hegemônica do conflito, baseada em uma abordagem simplificadora e antitética, o que aqui se mostra é: se por um lado, existe uma força e uma narrativa “mais hegemônica”, por outro, não há um vencedor definitivo e uma história homogênea. Sendo isto, portanto, o que torna este conflito um fenômeno complexo e aberto como se verá. Palavras-chave: Conflito Israel-palestino. Narrativas de conflito. Conflitos de narrativas. Processos de legitimação. Lutas por hegemonia. ABSTRACT This research, the result of a relationship with the theme since 2009, turns, mainly, to the investigation of conflicts of conflict the Israel-Palestinian conflict, focusing on the observation and analysis of the narrative disputes between its current hegemonic forces: the State of Israel and the resistance of the Palestinian people, led by Hamas. For this, the elected frame of study was the confrontation of 2014, which lasted 50 days, going from June 12 to August 26, becoming the third and most recent clash between the two sides. To support the analysis, a path of analysis was established, from Walter Benjamin and Fernando Resende to Ilan Pappe and Benny Morris, looking, under this light, into what is “historic” and “actualized” about the conflict of narratives. Structured into three chapters, the dissertation seeks to understand and conceptualize the basic elements of this object (the act of narrating, legitimation processes, narrative conflict, struggle for hegemony etc.), looking, therefore, at three layers of reference narratives (Jewish territorial connection, Nazi Holocaust and the War of 1948) and at the clash of hegemonic narratives themselves that take place, especially in the mediated space, in the period of confrontation studied. In this frame of work we, then, looked into the dissemination of speeches of the agents of the clash in news from BBC Brazil (75 in total), audiovisual interviews (4 in total), many academic productions and accounts of witnesses of the conflict itself. All this in order to answer our present question: “how does the construction of hegemonic binomials (Israeli and Palestinian), that circulate and are put in interaction in virtual space, produce and dispute meanings about the Israel-Palestine conflict, as part of a conflict of narratives?” Where has this reflection come to? There are more questions than answers, after all, the object here at hand is something in process, as has been the very reflection on it. For more than reinforcing the hegemonic logic of conflict, often based on a simplistic and antithetical approach, what is shown here is: if, on one hand, there is one "more hegemonic" narrative force, on the other hand, there is not one definite winner and one homogeneous story. This, therefore, is what renders such phenomenon a complex and open one, as will be seen. Keywords: Israel-Palestinian conflict. Narratives of conflict. Conflicting narratives. Legitimation processes. Struggles for hegemony. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1 – Divisão territorial segundo a narrativa israelense ............................................... 48 FIGURA 2 – Palestina segundo a narrativa palestina .............................................................. 49 FIGURA 3 – Total de mortos e feridos no confronto Israel-palestino de 2014 ....................... 74 FIGURA 4 – Matéria da BBC Brasil sobre a morte dos jovens israelenses ............................ 79 FIGURA 5 – Comparação entre as matérias da BBC Brasil sobre as mortes em questão ....... 85 FIGURA 6 – Frames e narração do vídeo sobre o episódio com Tariq ................................... 87 FIGURA 7 – Imagem das matérias da BBC Brasil e do Brasil de Fato ................................... 90 FIGURA 8 – Acusando o Hamas de utilização de “escudo humano”...................................... 95 FIGURA 9 – “tunnel to palestinians” and “tunnel to israel” .................................................. 102 LISTA DE MAPAS MAPA 1 – Detalhe do futuro território em disputa .................................................................. 53 MAPA 2 – Detalhe da “Grande Palestina” e do território que “sobrou” para Israel ................ 65 MAPA 3 – Evolução territorial Israel-Palestina ....................................................................... 67 MAPA 4 – Desenvolvimento territorial da Cisjordânia
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